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Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial Facultad De UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLÓGICA EQUINOCCIAL FACULTAD DE TURISMO, HOTELERÍA Y GASTRONOMÍA CARRERA DE GASTRONOMÍA TEMA: ESTUDIO INVESTIGATIVO DE LA FRUTA JIRÓN, ANÁLISIS DE SUS PROPIEDADES Y SU APLICACIÓN EN LA GASTRONOMÍA. TESIS DE GRADO PREVIA A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE ADMINISTRADOR GASTRONÓMICO. AUTOR: EDISON ANDRES CHÁVEZ ACURIO. DIRECTOR: CHEF ALBERTO MELO. QUITO, JUNIO 2013. CERTIFICADO DE ASESORÍA. En calidad de Asesor del presente trabajo de investigación, certifico que la tesis, cuyo tema es: “Estudio investigativo de la Fruta Jirón, análisis de sus propiedades y su aplicación en la Gastronomía.”, fue elaborado por el Sr. EDISON ANDRES CHÁVEZ ACURIO, y cumple con los requisitos metodológicos y científicos que la Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial exige, por lo tanto autorizo su presentación para los trámites pertinentes. Chef Alberto Melo, Asesor ii DECLARACIÓN DE AUTORÍA. El Patrimonio intelectual le corresponde al Sr. Edison Andrés Chávez Acurio, quien se declara autor de este proyecto de investigación titulado: “Estudio investigativo de la Fruta Jirón, análisis de sus propiedades y su aplicación en la Gastronomía”. Las opiniones vertidas en ésta, son de exclusiva responsabilidad del autor. ………………………………………… Edison Andrés Chávez Acurio Autor iii DEDICATORIA Este trabajo lo dedico a Dios y a dos personitas que ahora están en el cielo pero que me hubiese gustado contar con su presencia en este momento tan importante para mí los cuales día a día me ha sabido guiar, dándome la fortaleza necesaria para salir siempre adelante, pese a las circunstancias que se me han presentado a lo largo de mi camino, iluminando cada paso que doy y proporcionándome sabiduría y fuerza para poder seguir con mi carrera y mi vida. A mis padres y hermanos quienes han sido un pilar fundamental en mi vida académica y personal, por su infinito apoyo y comprensión, por ser mi gran fortaleza en mis momentos de debilidad. A mi hijo y mi mujer que han estado conmigo apoyándome siempre y dándome fuerzas , apoyo para levantarme y seguir , para cada día ser mejor persona y mejor en el ámbito profesional. A todas aquellas personas que hicieron posible la realización de este documento, por su colaboración y comprensión. iv AGRADECIMIENTO A mis padres por apoyarme en todo lo que he querido y ser quienes me aconsejan y se preocupan día a día no solo de mí sino de todas las personas que vivimos con ellos. A mi mujer que siempre me ha apoyado en todas las decisiones que he tomado y hemos salido juntos de las buenas y de las malas. A mis hermanos y familia que han estado siempre pendientes de las cosas buenas o malas que me pasa en la vida diaria y por apoyarme y siempre querer lo mejor para mí y a mi familia. Agradezco de manera muy especial al Chef Alberto Melo quien me brindó sus conocimientos para la elaboración del presente trabajo, sin su ayuda y sus correcciones no hubiera sido capaz de elaborar la siguiente investigación. A los licenciados que nos dieron todas sus enseñanzas en clases para adquirir nuevos conocimientos y ser buenos profesionales. v INDICE Pg. • Planteamiento del problema…………………………………….1 • Antecedentes……………………………………………………..1 • Justificación e importancia……………………………………...2 • Delimitación del tema…………………………………………....3 • Objetivos………………………………………………………….4 • Objetivo General………………………………………………4 • Objetivos Específicos…………………………………………4 • Formulación de Hipótesis………………………………………4 • Variables………………………………………………………....4 • Variables Independientes…………………………………...4 • Variables dependientes……………………………………..5 • Metodología de la Investigación............................................5 • Métodos ………………………………………………………5 • Método deductivo…………………………………………..5 • Método Inductivo………………………………………….5 vi CAPITULO I 1 Generalidades de la fruta Jirón……………………………………...7 1.1 Origen y distribución geográfica…………………………………... 15 1.2 Historia del Jirón………………………………………………..........16 1.3 Clasificación Botánica……………………………………………….21 1.4 Características de la fruta……………………………………...........29 1.5 Producción del Jirón......................................................................33 1.6 Producción en el Ecuador…………………………………………..43 1.6.1 Condiciones de cultivo ……………………………………………...44 1.6.2 Fecha de siembra de la fruta Jirón................................................45 1.7 Condiciones de Cultivo……………………………………………..45 1.7.1 Condiciones ambientales...............................................................46 1.7.1.1 Humedad……………………………………………………………...49 1.7.1.2 Clima- temperatura…………………………………………………..50 1.7.1.3 Salinidad…………………………………………………………….50 1.7.1.4 Suelo …………………………………………………..……………..51 1.7.1.4.1 Características físicas del suelo………………………………...63 1.7.1.4.2 Color……………………………….............................................64 vii 1.7.1.4.1.2 Permeabilidad…………………………..................................66 1.7.1.4.1.3 Porosidad ……………………………………………………...68 1.7.1.4.1.4 Drenaje ………………………………………………………...68 1.7.1.4.1.5 Profundidad efectiva …………………………………………70 1.7.1.4.1.6 Necesidades de nutrientes…………………………………..71 1.7.1.4.1.7 Consistencia …………………………… ……………………72 1.7.1.5 Cosecha……………………………………………...................78 1.7.1.6 Zonas aptas en el Ecuador………………………………………..79 1.7.2 Plagas ………………………………………………………………...79 1.7.3 Enfermedades ……………………………………………………….83 1.8 Información nutricional de la fruta Jirón…………………………….87 1.8.1 Información nutricional por cada 100 g de Jirón…………………..87 1.9 Cuadro comparativo de las necesidades básicas en una dieta diaria vs lo que aporta la fruta jirón………………………………………………….89 1.10 .Agua…………………………………………………………………....90 1.11 Grasas…………………………………………………………………..91 1.12 Proteínas……………………………………………………………….91 1.13 Fibra…………………………………………………………………….93 1.14 Ceniza………………………………………………………………….94 viii 1.15 Minerales……………………………………………………………...95 1.16 Vitaminas……………………………………………………………...96 1.17 Beneficios…………………………………………………………….99 1.18 Usos…………………………………………………………………...100 CAPITULO II 2.Investigación de campo…………………………………………………102 2.1Determinación de la muestra…………………………………………102 2.2 Objetivos de la encuesta……………………………………………..103 2.3 Diseño de la encuesta……………………………………………….103 2.3.1 Tabulación de las preguntas…………………………………….105 2.3.1.1 Pregunta 1……………………………………………………..105 2.3.1.2 Pregunta 2…………………………………………………….106 2.3.1.3 Pregunta 3…………………………………………………….108 2.3.1.4 Pregunta 4…………………………………………………….109 2.3.1.5 Pregunta 5…………………………………………………….110 2.3.1.6 Pregunta 6……………………………………………………111 2.3.1.7 Pregunta 7……………………………………………………112 2.3.1.8 Pregunta 8……………………………………………………113 ix 2.3.1.9 Pregunta 9……………………………………………………115 2.3.1.10 Pregunta 10…………………………………………………..116 2.4 Entrevista a los profesionales de la gastronomía acerca de la fruta Jirón………………………………………………….117 CAPITULO III 3 Creación de las recetas estándar y costos de las mismas…….141 3.1 Entradas y ensaladas……………………………………………...141 3.2 Sopas………………………………………………………….........147 3.3Platos fuertes……………………………………………………….148 3.3 Cocteles………………………………………………………........154 3.5Postres…………………………………………………………...... 156 3.6Focus Group……………………………………………………. …172 3.6.1Resultados del Focus Group…………………………………...173 3.6.2 Gráficas de resultados de Focus Group…………………….175 CAPITULO IV 4 Métodos y Técnicas de cocción ………………………………..180 4.1 Métodos de cocción………………………………………………180 4.1.1Conducción………………………………………………………180 x 4.2 Técnicas de cocción……………………………………….............181 4.2.1Cocción en medio seco………………………………………….181 4.2.2 Cocción en medio liquido o húmedo………………………….181 4.2.3 Cocción en medio graso………………………………………..182 4.2.4 Cocción mixta o combinada …………………………………...183 4.2.5 Otras técnicas que se aplicaron a la fruta……………………184 4.3 Análisis de las técnicas que más se adaptan a la fruta y las que menos se adaptan……………………………………………………………...185 CAPITULO IV 5 Análisis de impactos …………………………………………….186 5.1 Análisis de impacto en lo social………………………………...187 5.2 Análisis de impacto en lo económico…………………………..188 5.3 Análisis de impacto en lo educativo………...............................189 5.4 Análisis de impacto en lo ambiental……………………………191 5.5 Análisis de impacto en lo turístico ……………………………...192 Conclusiones y recomendaciones ............................194 Bibliografía ……………………………………………197 xi ANEXOS Fotos de la fruta Jirón…………………………………………...200 Diseño de la encuesta para la aceptación de la fruta...........207 Diseño de la hoja de calificación para Focus Group………..209 Listado de mercado con precios respectivos…………………211 Lista de productos cárnicos y derivados……………………...214 Lista de bebidas alcohólicas y aguas………………………...215 Fotos Focus Group……………………………………………...216 Glosario …………………………………………………………..220 xii 9 xiii Planteamiento del problema. Estudio de la fruta Jirón y de sus propiedades. Las costumbres tradicionales han permitido el conocimiento de las distintas y nuevas frutas que en el Ecuador se están produciendo y consumiendo por motivo de salud, en estos últimos tiempos se hace una campaña exhaustiva de lo importante y necesario que es el consumo de frutas, aparte este mismo contribuye a un aumento importante en la economía Ecuatoriana porque su consumo no solo es interno sino que también la comercialización de estas frutas tropicales han comenzado a proliferar con una gran variedad en los mercados Occidentales siendo hasta ahora desconocidas para muchos , así como sus características y cualidades que nos ofrecen estas nobles frutas también como los beneficios medicinales ,industriales y alimenticios para el ser humano . En la actualidad esta fruta se lo está consumiendo muy poco ya que es relativamente nueva en el mercado Ecuatoriano siendo así que no se lo ha podido
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