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Maracujina' (Sicana Odorifera Naud.) Fruits, 2015, vol. 70(6), p. 341-349 c Cirad / EDP Sciences 2015 DOI: 10.1051/fruits/2015035 Available online at: www.fruits-journal.org Original article ‘Melão croá’ (Sicana sphaerica Vell.) and ‘maracujina’ (Sicana odorifera Naud.): chemical composition, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals in native fruits from the Brazilian Atlantic forest Galdino Xavier de Paula Filho1,, Tibério Fontenelle Barreira1, Soraia Silva Pinheiro1, Leandro de Morais Cardoso2, Hércia Stampini Duarte Martino3 and Helena Maria Pinheiro-Sant’Ana1 1 Laboratório de Análise de Vitaminas; Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde; Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Avenida PH Rolfs, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil 2 Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Governador Valadares, Avenida Israel Pinheiro, 2000, 35010-177, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brasil 3 Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental; Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde; Universdade Federal de Viçosa. Avenida PH Rolfs, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil Received 1 December 2014 – Accepted 10 July 2015 Abstract – Introduction. In the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, indigenous fruits are part of the eating habits of the popu- lation. Among these, ‘melão croá’ (Sicana sphaerica Vell.) and ‘maracujina’ (S. odorifera Naud) are rich in bioactive compounds such as carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins. The physical characteristics, physicochemical and proximate composition, concentration of carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin E and minerals were investigated in both fruits found in Atlantic Forest of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Materials and methods. Titratable acidity was analyzed by volumetric neutralization; soluble solids (SS) by refractometry; pH by potentiometry; moisture and ash by gravimetry after dry- inginanovenandmuffle furnace, respectively; proteins by the micro-Kjeldahl method; lipids by gravimetry using soxhlet; dietary fibers by non-enzymatic gravimetry; carotenoids and vitamin C by HPLC-DAD; vitamin E by HPLC- fluorescence; minerals by ICP-AES. Results and discussion. S. sphaerica presented the highest concentrations of SS (5.80 ◦Brix), TA (0.51 g of citric acid 100 g−1), pH (6.95), moisture (83.4 g 100 g−1), carbohydrate (13.38 g 100 g−1), vi- tamin A (123.33 µg RAE 100 g−1), vitamin C (4.97 mg 100 g−1), vitamin E (334.66 µg 100 g−1), K (28.79 mg 100 g−1), Fe(1.92mg100g−1), and Zn (1.04 mg 100 g−1); while S. odorifera had the highest concentrations of total dietary fibers (1.33 g 100 g−1), lipids (1.00 g 100 g−1), proteins (2.62 g 100 g−1), ash (0.77 g 100 g−1), P (1.26 mg 100 g−1), and Ca (1.74 mg 100 g−1). Conclusion. The analyzed fruit showed a potential source of nutrients that can contribute to reducing food and nutrition insecurity of rural people, especially in the American continent, occurrence region of these fruits. Keywords: Brazil / Sicana sphaerica / Sicana odorifera / indigenous fruit / nutritional value / vitamins / carotenoids Résumé – ‘Melão Croa’ (Sphaerica sicana Vell.) et ‘maracujina’ (Sicana odorifera Naud.) : composition chi- mique, en caroténoïdes, vitamines et minéraux de ces fruits natifs de la forêt atlantique brésilienne. Introduc- tion. Les fruits natifs de la forêt atlantique brésilienne font partie des habitudes alimentaires de la population. Parmi ceux-ci, melão croa (Sicana sphaerica Vell.) et maracujina (S. odorifera Naud.) sont riches en composés bioactifs tels que les caroténoïdes et les vitamines antioxydantes. Les caractéristiques physiques, physico-chimiques et la composi- tion globale en caroténoïdes, en vitamine C et vitamine E, et en éléments minéraux ont été étudiés dans les deux espèces de fruits collectés dans la forêt atlantique du Minas Gerais, au Brésil. Matériels et méthodes. L’acidité titrable a été ana- lysée par neutralisation volumétrique ; les solides solubles (SS) par réfractométrie ; le pH par potentiométrie ; l’humidité et le taux de cendres par gravimétrie après séchage au four ; les protéines par la méthode de micro-Kjeldahl ; les lipides par gravimétrie au soxhlet ; les fibres alimentaires par gravimétrie non enzymatique ; les caroténoïdes et la vitamine C par HPLC-DAD ; la vitamine E par HPLC-fluorescence ; les minéraux par ICP-AES. Résultats et discussion. S. sphae- rica a présenté les plus fortes concentrations en SS (5,80 ◦Brix), TA (0,51 g d’acide citrique 100 g−1), le pH (6,95), l’humidité (83,4 g 100 g−1), de glucides (13,38 g 100 g− 1), la vitamine A (123,33 µg RAE 100 g −1), la vitamine C (100 mg 4,97 g−1), la vitamine E (100 µg 334,66 g−1), K (28,79 mg 100 g−1), Fe (1,92 100 mg g−1), et Zn (1,04 mg 100 g−1) ; alors que S. odorifera avait les plus fortes concentrations de fibres alimentaires totales (1,33 g 100 g−1), lipides (1,00 g 100 g−1), protéines (2,62 g 100 g−1), cendres (0,77 g 100 g−1), P (1,26 mg 100 g−1), et Ca (1,74 mg 100 g−1). Corresponding author: [email protected] 342 Galdino Xavier de Paula Filho et al.: Fruits 70 (2015) 341–349 Conclusion. Les fruits analysés ont montré une source potentielle d’éléments nutritifs pouvant contribuer à réduire l’insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle des populations rurales, en particulier dans le sous-continent américain, région d’origine de ces fruits. Mots clés : Brésil / Sicana sphaerica / Sicana odorifera / fruits indigènes / valeur nutritionelle / vitamines / caroténoïdes 1 Introduction (Grindomix, GM300, Brazil) and spatula. Next, the pulp was homogenized in a domestic food processor (Philips, RI 7625, Brazil is home to a large number of indigenous fruit species Brazil), packaged in polyethylene bags wrapped in aluminum of potential interest to the agricultural industry, which are foil and stored in a freezer (−18 ± 1 ◦C) until performing the sources of nutrients and income for the local population [1]. analyzes, which occurred within 72 h. However, the nutritional value of these fruits is still little known among the population and in scientific literature, caus- ing them to be little valued and used [2, 3]. 2.2 Physical characterization The Brazilian Atlantic Forest presents environmental con- ditions that contribute to the diversity of food sources, includ- Measurements of length and diameter were obtained from ing indigenous fruits [4]. These fruits contribute to feed the 20 fruits of each species using a digital caliper (Mitutoyo, local population and may play an important role in food secu- M5, Brazil). Individual direct weighing of the total fruit mass rity and food sovereignty for many families, especially those (FM), edible portion (EM) and non-edible portion (peel mass living in rural areas of this biome [4]. Native fruits of the At- – PM, seed mass – SM) was performed on a semi-analytical lantic Forest may contribute to increase the quality of life of scale (Gehaka, BG 2000, Brazil). Then the ratio of the edible the individuals who consume them, since they are rich in an- part of each of the fruits was calculated using the following tioxidants which are associated with reduced risk of chronic equation: (EM/FM) × 100. diseases caused by oxidative stress [5]. The functional proper- ties of these fruits have been widely attributed to their elevated levels of phenolic compounds, carotenoids and ascorbic acid, 2.3 Chemical analyses among others [5, 6]. The genus Sicana belongs to the botanical family Cucur- The chemical analyses were performed, in three repeti- bitaceae, comprising a group of Brazilian native plants found tions, at the Food Analysis and Vitamin Analysis Laborato- in the Northeast and Southeast regions, and spread through ries of the Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal Uni- Central and South America. Among the species belonging to versity of Viçosa, Brazil. Titratable acidity (TA) was analyzed this genus that stand out are S. sphaerica and S. odorifera. by volumetric neutralization and soluble solids (SS) by refrac- There are few studies on the nutritional value of fruit of the tometry; pH by direct potentiometry according to analytical genus Sicana [7,8]. Given the above, the present study investi- standard of the Instituto Adolfo Lutz [9]; moisture by gravi- gated the physical characteristics, physicochemical and prox- metric analysis after oven drying (SP Labor , SP 200, Brazil) ◦ imate composition, and concentration of carotenoids, vitamin at 105 C; ash by gravimetry after drying in a mufflefur- ◦ C, vitamin E and minerals in fruit of S. sphaerica and S. odor- nace (Quimis, 318, Brazil) at 550 C; proteins by the micro- ifera found in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. The present study Kjeldahl method; lipids by gravimetry after ethyl ether extrac- intends to describe the concentration of nutrients in both fruits, tion using a soxhlet extractor and; total dietary fiber (TDF) by contributing to fill the gap in information on their nutritional non-enzymatic gravimetry according to analytical methods of composition. the Association of Official Analytical Chemists [10]. Carbohy- drates were calculated as the difference using the equation: [100 – % moisture – % lipids – % protein – % TDF – % ash] 2 Materials and methods The total energetic value was estimated considering the 2.1 Collection and preparation of the samples conversion factors of 4 kcal g−1 protein or carbohydrate and 9 kcal g−1 lipid according to the methodology reported by Fruits of the genus Sicana were collected in April 2013, Frary et al.[11]. in the municipality of Viçosa (20◦4514 S latitude and 42◦5244 W longitude), Minas Gerais, Brazil. Samples were collected in five different rural locations, which characterized 2.4 Extraction and analysis of carotenoids the repetitions. In each repetition, approximately 1.5 kg fruit and vitamins were obtained from at least three distinct plants. Samples were transported from the collection site to the Preparation and analysis of carotenoids and vitamins were laboratory in polystyrene boxes within two hours after collec- performed in five repetitions using recently validated methods tion.
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