DOCSLIB.ORG

A Case Study on Kagnew Station by Selam Negassi Kidane BA In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Case Study on Kagnew Station by Selam Negassi Kidane BA In Interrogating Theories of Imperialism: A Case Study on Kagnew Station by Selam Negassi Kidane B.A. in African and African-American Studies, May 2010, Washington University in St. Louis May 17, 2015 A Thesis submitted to The Faculty of The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Thesis directed by Dane Kennedy Professor of History and International Affairs Dedication This work is dedicated to the following individuals who inspired, encouraged, and supported me throughout this whole process: To my parents, Negassi Kidane and Rezan Asfaha, for their tireless support, encouragement, and love. To my sister, Senit, for inspiring me with her passion and commitment to social justice and equality. To my grandfather, Kidane Andehaimenot, whose hard work and life lessons of the gift of education built a strong foundation for our family. This thesis is dedicated to his memory and the legacy he established. ii Acknowledgments This thesis would not have been possible without the gracious help of several individuals. I would like to thank Professor Dane Kennedy for working with me on this project. His suggestions, insight, and above all, steadfast encouragement helped me to develop my initial ideas and interests into the work it has become. His help has been invaluable, and I am immensely grateful for it. I would also like to thank Professor Nemata Blyden for her help with this project. Her feedback and encouragement have helped me further enhance and improve this work along the way. Special thanks go to the numerous ‘Kagnew-ites’ who opened up their homes to me and shared their memories and recollections of Kagnew Station. Without their voices, this work would not exist. Thank you. iii Table of Contents Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………ii Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………..iii Introduction…………………………………………………………..……………………1 Road to Kagnew Station………………………………………………………………....15 Economic and Social Impacts……………………………………………………………24 Economic Impacts………………………………………………………………..24 Social Impacts……………………………………………………………………42 Understanding Eritrean and American Relations………………………………………..52 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….70 Bibliography……………………..………………………………………………………72 Appendices….……………………………………………………………………………75 iv Introduction When Kidane Andehaimenot decided to finally leave his village, Halibo, and make a permanent move to Eritrea’s capital city, Asmara, in 1956, he first turned to his cousin and childhood friend, Haptesillase Gheremedin.1 As captain of the Native Guard of the United States Army base, Kagnew Station, Haptesillase was charged with the responsibility of hiring local Eritreans to work alongside the US military police as security guards, inspecting personnel entering and exiting the base as well as patrolling and protecting its perimeter.2 Appealing to Haptesillase to help him obtain a job at Kagnew Station, Kidane was determined to finally make a permanent move to the city and the opportunities it would provide him and his family. A former askari in the Italian colonial army and restless youth who frequently sought opportunities to leave the village and travel throughout Eritrea, Kidane had reluctantly returned to Halibo following his discharge from the Italian colonial army to take up the hereditary position of chiqa, an arbitrator of disputes among members of the village. Despite his guaranteed access to arable land and possession of a distinguished, albeit not lucrative3, position within his village, Kidane was not satisfied with the prospect of a subsistence-based living, devoid of the opportunity to partake in the western 1 The experiences recounted here and throughout this work were obtained through oral interviews conducted by the author. Appendix A records the list of interviews. Kidane Andehaimenot’s story was obtained from interviews 15 and 16. 2 Eritrean naming practices entail an individual’s last name to be their father’s first name rather than a shared, continuous family name. Consequently, in Eritrean society, individuals are referred to primarily by their first name. This work will adhere to that practice, providing Eritreans’ full name initially and referencing by their first afterwards. Kagnew Gazelle (29 April 1955 – “Native Guards Complement M.P.’s”) – Article describes Haptesilassie’s role as captain of the Native Guard as well as the role of the unit as a whole. 3 As chiqa, Kidane would charge villagers two birr to hear and deliberate on disputes. However, given that most villagers could not afford to pay the necessary fee, Kidane either waved the fee or did not grant a decision depending on circumstances. As a result, Kidane enjoyed the prestige that being chiqa afforded him but was forced to rely on farming as a means of subsistence. 1 lifestyle and education which he had been exposed to as an askari. Thus, when Haptesillase guaranteed him a job at Kagnew as a member of the Native Guard if he were to move to Asmara, Kidane packed up his wife and three children and left Halibo for Asmara and a new future. As Eritrea transitioned through different political administrations following the end of Italian colonial rule, each bringing economic instability through neglect and dismantling of key resources and infrastructure, Kagnew Station came to represent and provide opportunities for economic security and prosperity during times of escalating hardship. While every Eritrean working at Kagnew Station did not necessarily share Kidane’s experience with prior colonial administrations or social and economic background, each shared a desire to secure employment during difficult times as well as pursue opportunities for social mobility. Together, these Eritrean employees of Kagnew Station and their compatriots whose livelihoods depended on the station experienced the social and economic benefits provided by work there. A major communications facility for the United States Army, Kagnew Station’s4 official purpose, as expressed by military personnel, was to relay military and diplomatic communications to and from the United States and its worldwide network of military and diplomatic posts: The mission of this United States Army installation, an integral part of the worldwide communications network developed by the United States, is to serve as part of a program to provide rapid radio relay and secure communications for 4 The Kagnew Station complex consisted of eight tracts located throughout Asmara and the surrounding region. Each tract, lettered A through H, housed specific offices and buildings. A list of each tract, its buildings/overall purpose is located in Appendix B. Although Kagnew Station was the official title of Tract E, the residential and recreational quarters, the entire complex as a whole was also referred to as Kagnew Station. For the purpose of clarity, when used in this paper Kagnew Station will refer to the entire complex and “tract E” will be used to refer to the residential area specifically. 2 defense of the United States and the free world. Additional functions include monitoring transmission security procedures and research into natural electronic phenomena. 5 While accusations that its true purpose was a “listening or monitoring post for the Middle East and Soviet Union” were denied by US officials, rumors regarding the actual operations occurring within the station complex, not confirmed until decades following its closure in 1977, circulated among journalists, suspicious locals, and resentful Ethiopians viewed Kagnew Station and American presence in Ethiopia as complicit with Haile Selassie’s “autocratic regime.”6 Despite these rumors and suspicions, Kagnew Station enjoyed a successful 24-year long operation in Eritrea, serving as a temporary home to thousands of US soldiers and dependent spouses and children as well as providing employment to thousands of Eritreans. For Kidane, Haptesillase, and their Eritrean coworkers, however, Kagnew Station represented more than a suspicious hint of wrongful American interference with matters of self-determination. Rather, Kagnew Station, and more importantly employment at Kagnew Station, represented opportunity. A chance for economic security and social mobility not easily attained in Ethiopia-administered Eritrea, where most, if not all, of the relatively few economic development and modernization projects sponsored by the government were directed towards Ethiopia’s capital city, Addis Ababa, and the surrounding region.7 Coupled with a post-war economic recession, Eritreans were left 5 Quoted in “Ethiopians are Suspicious of Big U.S Army Base” - The New York Times, 28 August 1970 6 “U.S. Base in Ethiopia has benefits, but may be phased out” Palo Alto Times 4 April 1970. And “Ethiopians are Suspicious of Big U.S Army Base” - The New York Times 28 August 1970 Additional rumors also circulated among locals, specifically in the Gura region (Tracts F, G, and H), that precious minerals were being mined within Kagnew Station enclosed areas. These rumors will be further discussed later. 7 Interviews 1, 2, and 15. 3 with few viable economic options. Kagnew Station brought jobs, and plenty of them. With close to 5,000 American soldiers and dependents in Eritrea at a time, $69.5 million invested in the creation of a “full-fledged American community snugly ensconced in the Eritrean highlands,”8 and “more than $5.3 million poured into the local economy in the form of rental payments, salaries…and other expenses…not include[ing] payments
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Post-Colonial Journeys: Historical Roots of Immigration Andintegration
    Post-Colonial Journeys: Historical Roots of Immigration andIntegration DYLAN RILEY AND REBECCA JEAN EMIGH* ABSTRACT The effect ofItalian colonialismon migration to Italy differedaccording to the pre-colonialsocial structure, afactor previouslyneglected byimmigration theories. In Eritrea,pre- colonialChristianity, sharp class distinctions,and a strong state promotedinteraction between colonizers andcolonized. Eritrean nationalismemerged against Ethiopia; thus, nosharp breakbetween Eritreans andItalians emerged.Two outgrowths ofcolonialism, the Eritrean nationalmovement andreligious ties,facilitate immigration and integration. In contrast, in Somalia,there was nostrong state, few class differences, the dominantreligion was Islam, andnationalists opposed Italian rule.Consequently, Somali developed few institutionalties to colonialauthorities and few institutionsprovided resources to immigrants.Thus, Somaliimmigrants are few andare not well integratedinto Italian society. * Direct allcorrespondence to Rebecca Jean Emigh, Department ofSociology, 264 HainesHall, Box 951551,Los Angeles, CA 90095-1551;e-mail: [email protected]. ucla.edu.We would like to thank Caroline Brettell, RogerWaldinger, and Roy Pateman for their helpfulcomments. ChaseLangford made the map.A versionof this paperwas presentedat the Tenth International Conference ofEuropeanists,March 1996.Grants from the Center forGerman andEuropean Studies at the University ofCalifornia,Berkeley and the UCLA FacultySenate supported this research. ComparativeSociology, Volume 1,issue 2
    [Show full text]
  • John Steel, Artist of the Underwater World
    Historical Diver, Number 19, 1999 Item Type monograph Publisher Historical Diving Society U.S.A. Download date 23/09/2021 12:48:50 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/30862 NUMBER 19 SPRING 1999 John Steel, Artist of the Underwater World Salvage Man - The Career of Edward Ellsberg • Sicard's 1853 Scuba Apparatus Underwater Photography 1935 • Lambertsen Gas Saver Unit • Lang Helmet • NOGI Awards ADC Awards • D.E.M.A. Awards • Carol Ann Merker • Beneath the Sea Show HISTORICAL DIVING SOCIETY USA A PUBLIC BENEFIT NON-PROFIT CORPORATION PMB 405 2022 CLIFF DRIVE SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA 93109-1506, U.S.A. PHONE: 805-692-0072 FAX: 805-692-0042 e-mail: [email protected] or HTTP://WWW.hds.org/ ADVISORY BOARD CORPORATE MEMBERS Dr. Sylvia Earle Lotte Hass DIVERS ALERT NETWORK Dr. Peter B. Bennett Dick Long STOLT COMEX SEAWAY Dick Bonin J. Thomas Millington, M.D. OCEAN FUTURES Scott Carpenter Bob & Bill Meistrell OCEANIC DIVING SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL Jean-Michel Cousteau Bev Morgan D.E.S.C.O. E.R. Cross Phil Nuytten SCUBA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. Andre Galerne Sir John Rawlins DIVE COMMERCIAL INTERNATIONAL, INC. Lad Handelman Andreas B. Rechnitzer, Ph.D. MARES Prof. Hans Hass Sidney J. Smith SEA PEARLS CALDWELL'S DIVING CO. INC. Les Ashton Smith OCEANEERING INTL. INC. WEST COAST SOCIETY BOARD OF DIRECTORS DRS MARINE, INC. Chairman: Lee Selisky, President: Leslie Leaney, Secretary: AQUA-LUNG James Forte, Treasurer: Blair Mott, Directors: Bonnie W.J. CASTLE P.E. & ASSOC.P.C. Cardone, Angela Tripp, Captain Paul Linaweaver, M.D., MARINE SURPLUS SUPPLY BEST PUBLISHING U.S.N.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genesis of the Modern Eritrean Struggle (1942–1961) Nikolaos Biziouras Published Online: 14 Apr 2013
    This article was downloaded by: [US Naval Academy] On: 25 June 2013, At: 06:09 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK The Journal of the Middle East and Africa Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujme20 The Genesis of the Modern Eritrean Struggle (1942–1961) Nikolaos Biziouras Published online: 14 Apr 2013. To cite this article: Nikolaos Biziouras (2013): The Genesis of the Modern Eritrean Struggle (1942–1961), The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 4:1, 21-46 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2013.771419 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection
    [Show full text]
  • DEPARTMENT of STATE AIRGRAM A-30 Department of State INFO: ADDIS ABABA PASS: CGUSASA, CINCSTRIKE, DOD from Amconsul Asmara DATE
    DEPARTMENT OF STATE AIRGRAM A-30 Department of Stat e INFO : ADDIS ABABA PASS: CGUSASA, CINCSTRIKE, DOD FROM AmConsul Asmara DATE : April 10, 196 9 SUBJECT: The Eritrean Liberation Front and Kagnew Statio n REF A-174 of October 9, 1968 The reference airgram contained our assessment, as of six months ago, o f the potential ELF threat to Kagnew Station . At that time we conclude d that the ELF lacked both intent and capability to damage the U .S . presenc e in Eritrea, but that the beginnings of a more militant policy plus a large r degree of anti-American influence in the Front could be discerned . INCREASED TEMPO OF ELF ACTIVITY In view of recent events, we think it timely to take a further look a t the possibility for hostile action against Kagnew. After a midwinter lull , the ELF has in March and A pril shown a hi gh degree of activism an d effectiveness against Ethiopian security forces . March saw the destructio n of three oil tankers and two buses on the vital Asmara-Massawa highway , and the spectacular sabotage-bombing of an Ethiopian Air Lines commercia l jet in Frankfurt, Germany ; while in the first week of April, the ELF ha s staged a sophisticated attack on the main electiic power and water suppl y systems of the city of Asmara (ourtel 197) . Taken together, these recen t incidents show a shift in ELF tacti cs an d also a more sophisticated capability, previously lacking, to conduct skilled sabotage operations with modern explosive devices and weapons .
    [Show full text]
  • UN/US Sanctions on Eritrea: Latest Chapter in a Long History of Injustice
    600 L St., NW, Suite 200 | Washington, DC 20001 | www.eritrean-smart.org | INFO@ Eritrean-Smart.org UUNN//UUSS SSaannccttiioonnss oonn EErriittrreeaa:: LLaatteesstt CChhaapptteerr iinn aa LLoonngg HHiissttoorryy ooff IInnjjuussttiiccee Eritrean-SMART Campaign Working Paper No. 2 By the E-SMART Research Team December 23, 2010 http://www.eritrean-smart.org Support our Worldwide E-SMART Campaign Eritrean Sanctions Must be Annulled and Repealed Today! Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Part I: A HISTORY OF BETRAYALS ............................................................................................................. 6 Denial of Right to Self‐Determination and Independence ........................................................................... 6 A Sham Federal Arrangement ...................................................................................................................... 7 OAU’s Refusal to Address the Plight of the Eritrean People ........................................................................ 8 U.S. Support of Ethiopia during Eritrea’s War of Independence .................................................................. 8 Efforts to Make Eritreans Settle for Something Short of Independence ....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • History of Eritrea IndigenousindigenousAfricansAfricansTowardTowardNewNewSolarsolarCellcell Technologytechnology
    History of Eritrea IndigenousIndigenousAfricansAfricanstowardtowardNewNewsolarsolarcellcell technologytechnology MussieMussieMussieMussieAlemseghed,Alemseghed,Alemseghed,Alemseghed,Ph.D.Ph.D.Ph.D.Ph.D. UniversityUniversityofofCincinnati/OakCincinnati/OakRidgeRidgeNationalNationalLabLab UniversityUniversityofofCincinnati/OakCincinnati/OakRidgeRidgeNationalNationalLabLab NanoPowerNanoPowerAfricaAfrica NanoPowerNanoPowerAfricaAfrica 11/08/201111/08/2011 11/08/201111/08/2011 The Scramble for Africa • One of the major reasons for bad relations amongst the nations of Europe in the years before 1914 was that they were engaged in a struggle to obtain overseas colonies. • Although this happened in several areas of the world, the most dramatic changes took place in Africa. Many nations took part in what became known as the “Scramble for Africa”. • The following pages will show the territory gained by each nation, and will explain why the race to gain colonies played a part in the build-up of international tensions which eventually resulted in World War One. This map shows Africa in 1914 and shows how much land the major nations had taken over. There is so much detail that it is a little difficult to see exactly what has happened. To get a better idea of how much of Africa was controlled by each European power, click on any of the links below. BRITAIN FRANCE GERMANY ITALY BELGIUM NEXT PAGE British Colonies Britain had managed to get some of the most valuable land in Africa. EGYPT The most important gain was Egypt SUDAN because of the Suez NIGERIA Canal. BRITISH EAST AFRICA This provided a much quicker and safer route to India – the RHODESIA “Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire. BECHUANALAND SOUTH AFRICA French Colonies France had also built up a large colonial ALGERIA empire, mostly in the MOROCCO TUNIS north west of Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Cryptologic Quarterly, 2019-01
    Cryptologic Quarterly NSA’s Friedman Conference Center PLUS: Vint Hill Farms Station • STONEHOUSE of East Africa The Evolution of Signals Security • Mysteries of Linguistics 2019-01 • Vol. 38 Center for Cryptologic History Cryptologic Quarterly Contacts. Please feel free to address questions or comments to Editor, CQ, at [email protected]. Disclaimer. All opinions expressed in Cryptologic PUBLISHER: Center for Cryptologic History Quarterly are those of the authors. Th ey do not neces- CHIEF: John A. Tokar sarily refl ect the offi cial views of the National Security EXECUTIVE EDITOR: Pamela F. Murray Agency/Central Security Service. MANAGING EDITOR: Laura Redcay Copies of Cryptologic Quarterly can be obtained by ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Jennie Reinhardt sending an email to [email protected]. Editorial Policy. Cryptologic Quarterly is the pro- fessional journal for the National Security Agency/ Central Security Service. Its mission is to advance knowledge of all aspects of cryptology by serving as a forum for issues related to cryptologic theory, doc- trine, operations, management, and history. Th e pri- mary audience for Cryptologic Quarterly is NSA/CSS professionals, but CQ is also distributed to personnel in other United States intelligence organizations as well as cleared personnel in other federal agencies and departments. Cryptologic Quarterly is published by the Center for Cryptologic History, NSA/CSS. Th e publication is de- signed as a working aid and is not subject to receipt, control, or accountability. Cover: “Father of American cryptology” William Friedman’s retirement ceremony in the Arlington Hall Post Theater, Arlington, VA, 1955. Lieutenant General Ralph Canine is at left, Solomon Kullback is seated left, Friedman is second from right, and Director of Central Intelligence Allen Dulles is at far right.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity in Ethiopia: the Oromo from the 16Th to the 19Th Century
    IDENTITY IN ETHIOPIA: THE OROMO FROM THE 16 TH TO THE 19 TH CENTURY By Cherri Reni Wemlinger A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Washington State University Department of History August 2008 To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the thesis of Cherri Reni Wemlinger find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ___________________________________ Chair ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT It is a pleasure to thank the many people who made this thesis possible. I would like to acknowledge the patience and perseverance of Heather Streets and her commitment to excellence. As my thesis chair she provided guidance and encouragement, while giving critical advice. My gratitude for her assistance goes beyond words. Thanks are also due to Candice Goucher, who provided expertise in her knowledge of Africa and kind encouragement. She was able to guide my thoughts in new directions and to make herself available during the crunch time. I would like to thank David Pietz who also served on my committee and who gave of his time to provide critical input. There are several additional people without whose assistance this work would have been greatly lacking. Thanks are due to Robert Staab, for his encouragement, guidance during the entire process, and his willingness to read the final product. Thank you to Lydia Gerber, who took hours of her time to give me ideas for sources and fresh ways to look at my subject. Her input was invaluable to me.
    [Show full text]
  • FINAL FINAL Draft
    Copyright by James Roslyn Jesson 2010 The Dissertation Committee for James Roslyn Jesson certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Radio Texts: The Broadcast Drama of Orson Welles, Dylan Thomas, Samuel Beckett, and Tom Stoppard Committee: ___________________________________ Alan Friedman, Supervisor ___________________________________ Elizabeth Cullingford ___________________________________ Michael Kackman ___________________________________ James Loehlin ___________________________________ Elizabeth Richmond-Garza Radio Texts: The Broadcast Drama of Orson Welles, Dylan Thomas, Samuel Beckett, and Tom Stoppard by James Roslyn Jesson, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2010 Acknowledgements I owe many people thanks for their encouragement and support during this project. I could not ask for a more generous and helpful committee. Alan Friedman introduced me to the drama of Samuel Beckett and shaped my understanding of Beckett’s approaches to writing and performance. Early in my graduate career he assured me that I could say something original about Beckett’s radio plays, and his praise for my work encouraged me to expand my focus to other authors’ radio drama. Over six years, Alan has been unfailingly supportive and generous with his time and advice on all matters academic and professional. Like Alan, James Loehlin has been a careful reader who has taught me much about my writing. I was inspired by his teaching in two seminars, and his guidance as the director of my Masters Report shaped my scholarship significantly.
    [Show full text]
  • GNM Silent Killers.Qxd:Layout 1
    “A truly engrossing chronicle.” Clive Cussler JAMES P. DELGADO SILENT KILLERS SUBMARINES AND UNDERWATER WARFARE FOREWORD BY CLIVE CUSSLER © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com SUBMARINES AND UNDERWATER WARFARE JAMES P. DELGADO With a foreword by Clive Cussler © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS Foreword 6 Author’s Note 7 Introduction: Into the Deep 11 Chapter 1 Beginnings 19 Chapter 2 “Sub Marine Explorers”: Would-be Warriors 31 Chapter 3 Uncivil Warriors 45 Chapter 4 Missing Links 61 Chapter 5 Later 19th Century Submarines 73 Chapter 6 Transition to a New Century 91 Chapter 7 Early 20th Century Submariness 107 Chapter 8 World War I 123 Chapter 9 Submarines Between the Wars 143 Chapter 10 World War II: the Success of the Submarine 161 Chapter 11 Postwar Innovations: the Rise of Atomic Power 189 Chapter 12 The Ultimate Deterrent: the Role of the 207 Submarine in the Modern Era Chapter 13 Memorializing the Submarine 219 Notes 239 Sources & Select Bibliography 248 Index 260 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com FOREWORD rom the beginning of recorded history the inhabitants of the earth have had a Fgreat fascination with what exists under the waters of lakes, rivers, and the vast seas. They also have maintained a great fear of the unknown and very few wished to actually go under the surface. In the not too distant past, they had a morbid fear and were deeply frightened of what they might find. Only three out of one hundred old-time sailors could swim because they had no love of water.
    [Show full text]
  • The Eritrean Liberation Front: Social and Political Factors Shaping Its Emergence, Development and Demise, 1960-1981
    The Eritrean Liberation Front: Social and Political Factors Shaping Its Emergence, Development and Demise, 1960-1981 A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in African Studies (Research) Michael Weldeghiorghis Tedla Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Jon Abbink Prof. Dr. Robert J. Ross Leiden, the Netherlands August, 2014 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures, Tables and Maps ............................................................................... v List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgments.................................................................................................... vii Abstract .................................................................................................................... xii INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Problem Statement and Rationale .............................................................................. 1 Research Questions and Scope of the Study .............................................................. 4 Theoretical Considerations ........................................................................................ 4 Methodology .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Smith-Raymond.Pdf
    The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project RAYMOND F. SMITH Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: January 14, 2009 Copyright 2015 ADST Q: Today is the 14th of January, 2009, and this is an interview with Raymond F. Smith, and this is being done on behalf of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, and I am Charles Stuart Kennedy. And you go by Ray, is that right? SMITH: That’s right. Q: Okay. Alright, let’s start at the beginning. When and where were you born? SMITH: I was born May 31, 1941, in Philadelphia. Q: Alright, let’s talk about- What do you know about your- say on the Smith side of the family first. SMITH: The Smiths, well, my father was Frank, Francis Raymond Smith. He was born in September, 1896 in Philadelphia and died in 1977 in Los Angeles. He had an eighth grade education. My mother, Catharine Miriam McGrory, was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey, February 12, 1912 and died on February 11, 2005 in St. Augustine, Florida. She had a high school education. Both sides of the family are of Irish ancestry. Q: Alright. Do you know- Well, in the first place, what, say your grandparents on both sides, what were they up to? SMITH: Both of my grandfathers died before I was born. On my mother’s side, my grandfather was William Philip McGrory, born March 16, 1879 in Philadelphia and died May 6, 1941, just a few weeks before I was born. He had an elementary school education, ending at 6th grade.
    [Show full text]