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Pelagic Habitat Use by Juvenile Reef Fishes in the Gulf of Mexico Katie Bowen [email protected]

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Pelagic Habitat Use by Juvenile Reef Fishes in the Gulf of Mexico Katie Bowen Kb1432@Nova.Edu Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Theses and Dissertations HCNSO Student Work 12-9-2015 Connectivity of Coastal and Oceanic Ecosystems: Pelagic Habitat Use by Juvenile Reef Fishes in the Gulf of Mexico Katie Bowen [email protected] This document is a product of extensive research conducted at the Nova Southeastern University Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography. For more information on research and degree programs at the NSU Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, please click here. Follow this and additional works at: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Katie Bowen. 2015. Connectivity of Coastal and Oceanic Ecosystems: Pelagic Habitat Use by Juvenile Reef Fishes in the Gulf of Mexico. Master's thesis. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, . (394) http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/394. This Thesis is brought to you by the HCNSO Student Work at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HALMOS COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND OCEANOGRAPHY CONNECTIVITY OF COASTAL AND OCEANIC ECOSYSTEMS: PELAGIC HABITAT USE BY JUVENILE REEF FISHES IN THE GULF OF MEXICO By Katie Bowen Submitted to the Faculty of Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science with a specialty in: Marine Biology Nova Southeastern University December 9, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents i Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Introduction 1 2. Methods 2 2.1. Sampling. 2 2.2. Gear and strategy. 4 2.3. Processing. 5 2.4. Data analysis. 5 3. Results 10 3.1. Ichthyofaunal composition. 10 3.1.1. Annotated species list 11 3.1.2. Faunal composition as a function of depth. 38 3.2. Vertical distribution. 40 3.3. Frequency of occurrence. 43 3.4. Biomass. 48 3.5. Multivariate community analysis. 52 4. Discussion 55 4.1. Ichthyofaunal composition. 55 4.2. Horizontal distribution. 56 5. Literature Cited 60 6. Appendix 64 i ABSTRACT The assemblage structure, abundance, biomass, and vertical distribution of juvenile reef fishes in the offshore pelagic habitat of the northern Gulf of Mexico are described as part of the NOAA-supported Offshore Nekton Sampling and Analysis Program. The results presented here are from a 3-month, continuous sampling series in 2011 in which discrete depth strata from 0 to 1500 m were sampled using a 10-m2 MOCNESS midwater trawl. This is the first study to examine pelagic juvenile reef fish distributions across the entire oceanic northern Gulf of Mexico seaward of the continental shelf break after the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. During this series, 87,407 specimens were collected, of which 838 were reef fishes, representing seven orders, 30 families and 119 species. The faunal composition of pelagic juvenile reef fishes was diverse and well mixed, with no discernable spatial structure with respect to water masses and solar cycle. Seventy-nine percent of the pelagic juvenile reef fishes were collected in the epipelagic and the dominant families were Congridae, Carangidae, Tetraodontidae, and Acanthuridae. Species richness, biomass, and frequency of occurrence of pelagic juvenile reef fishes was greatest between 0-200 m and decreased with depth. Data from the assemblage structure, abundance, biomass, and vertical distribution of pelagic juvenile reef fishes collected from this cruise series will contribute to the lack of knowledge regarding the dispersal dynamics and coastal-connectivity of these fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Keywords: faunal composition, abundance, biomass, species richness, distribution, frequency of occurrence, MOCNESS, Acanthuridae, Carangidae, Congridae, Tetraodontidae, Rhynchoconger flavus ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to my major advisor Dr. Tracey T. Sutton for providing me with the opportunity to be a part of the Oceanic Ecology lab. I have had the time of my life while working under your supervision and have enjoyed working with other scientists that share the same passion. I have developed a fondness for deep-sea fishes that I will carry with me forever. I could not have asked for a better advisor and friend. Thank you to my committee members Dr. Richard Spieler and Dr. Dave Kerstetter who encouraged me to do the best work possible, while having my interest as a scientist and student in mind. Thank you to my family and friends who kept me going when times were tough. You have encouraged and supported me throughout my pursuit to become a marine biologist. Without all of you, I never would have made it this far in my career and for that I am truly grateful. Thank you to all of the dedicated members of the Oceanic Ecology lab. We have shared numerous stories and laughs while sorting samples. This experience will truly stay with me for the rest of my life. Tracey, April, Marsh, Kendall, Alex, Lacey, Mike, and Nina, I will always think of you as my second family. iii INTRODUCTION The majority of coral reef fishes exhibit two disparate life stages, the pelagic juvenile stage and the demersal adult stage. Pelagic juvenile reef fishes have historically been overlooked in oceanic ecology studies, often being labeled as “unidentified other fishes” (Hopkins and Lancraft, 1984). Likewise, most studies of reef fishes focus solely on the adult demersal stage rather than the pelagic juvenile phase. Of more than 100 families of bony reef fishes, only five do not exhibit an early life pelagic stage (Leis, 1991). Kendall et al. (1984) stated that regardless of adult habitat preferences (demersal, pelagic, coastal, or oceanic) most marine fishes have externally fertilized pelagic eggs that are designed to float at the surface. Once the eggs hatch, the pelagic larvae remain near the surface for varying durations of time during development. Many reef fish larvae remain pelagic for up to six weeks (Brothers and Thresher, 1985). The pelagic phase is fundamental to the ecology of the species given the dispersal of juveniles up to thousands of kilometers (Leis, 1991). Even though thousands to millions of eggs may be broadcast by one female, the pelagic phase of the earliest life history stages (eggs, larvae, post- larvae) may experience close to 100% mortality, making the pelagic juvenile stage the key to successful recruitment of adult populations (Doherty, 1983). Leis (1991) speculated that more total energy of a reef fish population may exist in the pelagic juvenile phase than in the adult demersal phase. This speculation is supported by the importance of pelagic juvenile reef fishes as regular food resources for epipelagic predators, such as tunas and dolphinfishes (Carbonell et al., 1998; Allain, 2005). There are several reasons why sampling pelagic fishes is difficult. Pelagic fishes are over dispersed (patchy), not evenly distributed within the water column vertically or horizontally; distributions often vary with seasons, and there is no sampling method available for all pelagic stages (Leis, 1991). The Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program (SEAMAP) is a State/Federal and educational program that conducts ichthyoplankton surveys of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). SEAMAP surveys utilize bongo and neuston samplers, a 1-m MOCNESS, and Methot fish trawl to sample 1 the mid continental shelf to deep Gulf waters in order to assess the occurrence, abundance, and distribution of early life stages of fish larvae. In addition to larval fishes, adult deep-pelagic fishes were collected as part of the NOAA-supported Offshore Nekton Sampling and Analysis Program (ONSAP). The ONSAP survey, which is believed to be the largest of its kind, targeted the water column (0-1800 m) of the northern GoM in 2010-2011. The results of these surveys have created a much needed baseline data source for the GoM. In order to address a standing gap in our knowledge of pelagic juvenile reef fish population ecology, this study utilized the large sample set from ONSAP to examine the pelagic habitat use of juvenile reef fishes in the GoM. The assemblage structure, abundance, biomass, vertical distribution, and an annotated species list of pelagic juvenile reef fishes across the entire oceanic northern GoM seaward of the continental shelf break are presented in this paper. 2. METHODS 2.1. Sampling. Specimens were collected during ONSAP, which was developed and implemented by Dr. Tracey Sutton (NSU) at the request of NOAA to provide data needed for Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (DWHOS) Natural Resource Damage Assessment. Seven major cruise series were conducted throughout 2010-2011. This study will focus on data collected from the M/V Meg Skansi 7 (MS7) cruise series, which sampled the northern GoM from April 20, 2011 through June 29, 2011, and coincided with the timing of the DWHOS one year prior. The MS7 cruise series was divided into five legs: Leg 1 was sampled from April 20 through April 26, Leg 2 was sampled from May 4 through May 12, Leg 3 was sampled from May 14 through May 25, Leg 4 was sampled from June 2 through June 12, and Leg 5 was sampled from June 17 through June 29. The goal of the MS7 cruise series was to evaluate the distribution and abundance of pelagic fishes and invertebrates throughout the northern GoM at specific sites and depth strata after the DWHOS. The sampling sites from the ONSAP were equidistant (30 n.m.) from each other forming a grid pattern across the northern Gulf (27°N to 29°N, 2 85.5°W to 92.5°W) (Fig. 1). A total of 340 samples were collected from 45 stations positioned seaward of the 1000-m isobath, both day and night (Table 1 in the Appendix). Figure 1.
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