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Institute of Distance and Open Learning Gauhati University PS-05-III (1) Institute of Distance and Open Learning Gauhati University MA in Political Science Paper III Politics in India (1) Block 1 Nature of Indian State Contents: Block Introduction– Unit 1 : Legacy of Colonialism and Freedom Movement Unit 2 : Constitutional Framework of the Indian State Unit 3 : Socio-Economic Foundation and Ideological Bases of the Indian State (1) Contributors: Rumi Roy : Research Scholar (Units 1 & 3) JNU, New Dehi E.K. Shantha : Development Consultant (Unit 2) Course Co-ordination Dr. Kandarpa Das : Director IDOL,GU Barnalee Choudhury : Lecturer in Political Science IDOL, GU Editorial Team Barnalee Choudhury : Lecturer in Political Science IDOL, GU Format Editing : Prasenjit Das Editor in Charge IDOL, GU Language Editing : Sanghamitra De Lecturer in English IDOL, GU Cover Page Designing: Kaushik Sarma : Graphic Designer CET, IITG July, 2010 © Institute of Distance and Open Learning, Gauhati University. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the Institute of Distance and Open Learning, Gauhati University. Further information about the Institute of Distance and Open Learning, Gauhati University courses may be obtained from the University's office at BKB Auditorium (1st floor), Gauhati University, Guwahati-14. Published on behalf of the Institute of Distance and Open Learning, Gauhati University by Dr. Kandarpa Das, Director and printed at Maliyata Offset Press, Mirza. Copies printed 1000. Acknowledgement The Institute of Distance and Open Learning, Gauhati University duly acknowledges the financial assistance from the Distance Education Council, IGNOU, New Delhi for preparation of this material. (2) Block Introduction: We already know that India was under the domination of the British Colonial rule for more than 200 years. On 15th August, 1947 India attained its freedom and the 26th January of 1950 marks a great event in the history of India since the Constitution of India is brought into force on that day. However, the impact of the British rule is visible on Indian political system even today. This block makes an attempt to analyze the impact of the British rule on contemporary Indian political and governmental system. Here we shall also discuss some important ideologies which are followed by the freedom fighters and their role in our present system. In this block we are going to analyze the basic structure of Indian Constitution. We shall also focus on the various development schemes that the Government of India has implemented as its welfare principle for the benefit of the poor. In this block we are going to analyze such developmental programmes and role of the Indian Constitution to promote harmony, equality and fraternity among the Indian citizens. Caste has been playing a crucial role in the stratification of Indian society. Besides caste, class and gender are also contributing to increase grave social inequalities. In this block we shall also discuss the role of caste and class in Indian political system with reference to the reservation policy for minorities and women. Thus, this block aims to help you explore the basic structure of Indian Political System, its past, present and future in three units. Unit 1 deals with the legacy of colonialism and freedom movement. The influence of the past cannot be negated in the formulation of a nation’s history. Hence, the British rule in India has significantly influenced the present political system of the nation. Their arbitrary rule forced Indian people to organize a mass movement against them and finally under the guidance of Gandhi, Nehru and other nationalist leaders India got its freedom. These past legacies have shaped the present Constitution of India. In this unit, we shall discuss the past legacies of our present system and ideology of freedom struggle followed by the framers of Indian Constitution. (3) Unit 2 deals with the Constitutional framework of India. Indian Constitution is one of the lengthiest constitutions dealing elaborately with Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles. Again, like the British pattern, Indian Constitution also provides the Rule of Law. In this unit we shall discuss the Rule of Law, the Fundamental Rights and its limitations by the intervention of the State. In this context, it is pertinent to mention here that without having an independent judicial system it is impossible to achieve the desired goals of the people. In this unit we shall discuss the role of the apex courts as an instrument of checks and balances on the power of the State and thus ensuring constitutional rule. The unit also deals with the implementation of Directive Principles with reference to different development activities done and implemented by the Indian Government. Unit 3 discusses the socio-economic foundation and ideological bases of the Indian state. Caste, class and gender play a crucial role in Indian society. It is not wrong to say that the present Indian political system is running on the basis of these there phenomena. In this unit, we are going to discuss the history of social relations and the process of how social relations become shaped in India. The unit also deals with the social ills that have become important factors in propagating inequality in the modern world. Thus this block helps you to explain the basic structure of Indian State and its sociological framework along with the important provisions of Indian Constitution. Here, we shall discuss the dynamics of Indian political system in the following units. This block has the following units: Unit 1 : Legacy of Colonialism and Freedom Movement Unit 2 : Constitutional Framework of the Indian State Unit 3 : Socio-Economic Foundation and Ideological Bases of the Indian State (4) Unit 1 Legacy of Colonialism and Freedom Movement Contents: 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Contending Views on Indian State 1.4 Continuity of Colonial Foundation of Indian State 1.4.1 Police Administration 1.4.2 Bureaucracy 1.4.3 Coercive Laws 1.4.4 Territorial Integrity 1.5 Political Values Promoted by the Freedom Struggle and Indian State 1.5.1 Democracy 1.5.2 Social Justice and State Responsibility 1.5.3 Secularism and Gandhian Values 1.6 Summing up 1.7 References and Suggested Readings 1.1 Introduction Indian society is noted for its diversity and heterogeneity. The diversity represented by Indian society is apparent in terms of the people, society, geography and resources. Yet the country shares common characteristics inherited from their colonial pas in the form of language, culture, and institutions. The legacies in India which evolves out of the peculiar historical background as a mixture of indigenous and colonial elements have given the country its unique feature. While few educated South Asians will deny that British Colonial rule is detrimental to the interests of the common people of the sub-continent, some people think that the rule of the British can also be seen in a positive sense. This unit aims to examine the legacy of colonialism and freedom movement in India. (5) This unit will help you to make a brief survey of the British legacy bequeathed to India. Our aim is to help you see the legacy of the British in India after their departure in clear light. This unit will help you take into account some of the important values relevant for the British Rule which still play important role in the Indian Administration. 1.2 Objectives India administration is the relic of its past as it has a glorious past. However, British colonial rule improvises the nature of Indian administration. After reading this unit you will able to • examine the patterns of colonial legacy • explain the effects of colonization • describe the rationale for the continuance of the colonial foundation in various apparatus of modern India. 1.3 Contending Views on Indian State The British as a colonial master has contributed a lot towards the history of India. Colonialism is nothing but a theoretical framework developed to understand the relation between European and native Indians. The mutual contact between them leads to a relation and this relation has continued and contributed towards building a new reality for both the Europeans and native Indians. It is important to know here that the East India Company has established its rule in India in the 18th century. During the time, the political power in India is found divided among various princely states. After witnessing the First War of Independence in 1857, Queen Victoria takes the administration of India in her own hand in the year 1858. Consequently, the British administration starts collecting revenue and for this purpose they evolve an integrated administration in India. The Indian elites regard it as the first attempt at state formation. But the British have kept the princely states as a (6) separate entity under the rule of the supreme power and they gradually start to build the state machinery with the help of Indian Civil Service. It needs to be mentioned here that there are two institutions in British colonial state which play influential role in Indian society. These are the British education system and the legal system. The missionaries have come to India with the purpose of popularising Christianity and consequently they set up various schools and colleges. The government offices and the companies start recruiting the people who have studied in these schools and colleges and such recruitments introduce a sense of great relief in Indian society. Again, the introduction of the zamindari system and ryotwari system requires an army of surveyors and record-keepers to demarcate agricultural land and legitimise property rights to determine the extent of revenue. This in turn requires the establishment of courts of law to settle property disputes and here lies the importance of the British legal system.
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