Political Science Paper- V Indian Government and Politics: Basics / Political Ideologies/ Nation Building Author Dr. Jayanta Kumar Dash & Dr. Ratnaprava Barik Edited By Prof. Amareswar Mishra 1 Detailed Syllabus Unit-I Indian government and politics: basics Nation­Building in India: Theoretical, Historical, Cultural perspective, National Movements in India. Unit-II Making of the Indian Constitution: The Constituent Assembly ­ Background, Composition, Nature and its working, Ideological Contents: Preamble, fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy. Unit-III Distinctiveness of Indian Secularism, Constitution as an instrument of social change: Constitutional Amendments. Unit-IV Federalism and its working: Nature, the Areas of Tension in Centre­State relations, Demands for State Autonomy, Separatist Movements. Unit-V Executive and Central Administration: President, Prime Minister, and council of ministers, Union Territories: Administration, Critical Appreciation. 2 UNIT-I 1.0: Objectives 1.1: Introduction 1.2: Definition of Nation Building 1.3: Mechanisms of Nation Building 1.4: Nation Building: A Historical Overview 1.4.1: Nation Building: A traditional, pre­modern state point of view 1.4.2: Nation Building: Nationalist, and Modernist and imaginist Schools of Thought 1.4.3: Nation Building: As a Recent phenomena 1.4.4: War and Nation Building 1.5: Nation and state 1.6: Aspects of Effective Nation­Building 1.7: The process of Nation­Building in India: An overview 1.7.1: India and its Nationhood 1.7.2: Cultural Perspective of Nation building in India 1.7.3: Steps of failure of Nation­Building in India 1.7.4: Hindrances of Nation­Building in India 1.8: United Nations: The role of Nation Building 1.9: Summary 1.10: Possible Questions 1.11: Further Readings 3 “There cannot be firmly established political state unless there is a teaching body with definitely recognized principles. If the child is not taught from infancy that he ought to be a republican or a monarchist, a Catholic or a free-thinker, the state will not constitute a nation; it will rest on uncertain and shifting foundations; and it will be constantly exposed to disorder and change” Napoleon I 1.0: Objectives The unit aims to introduce theoretical, historical and cultural perspectives of nation­ building along with the national movements in India which helped and stimulated the process of Nation­building in the country as a whole. After going through this unit, you will be able to Enlighten the meaning, definition and factors of Nation­building. Deliberate the theoretical concept of Nation­ building from different schools of thought. Generalize the cultural and historical process of the Nation Building. 1.1: Introduction Nation­building is one of the important aspect of a Nation. It is a process of uniting the people of the state into a well­functioning, good governing, well­dignified and unified nation. It builds in the state through the state of power with the political, social, economic, and cultural institutions. It inculcates the emotional unity of the people. It creates an enthusiasm among the people to participate in the process of modernization, development and socio­economic reconstruction of a nation. It creates a spirit of nationalism among the people of a nation. It always tries to unite the free people to give their efforts to develop a new egalitarian society with the high altitude of social, economic, political and emotional development in the era of Modernization, 4 Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization. It is a great challenge before each Nation to build the nation on the basis of identity, formation, culture etc. Nation Building refers the phase that is ‘How to construct and restructure the identity of a Nation by using the power of the state’. Nation the word binds all the people in the single thread not only to form a state but also to find the process by which the nation states came into existence. Nation builders are those members of a state who take the initiative to develop the national community through government programmes, including military conscription and national content mass schooling. Nation­building can involve the use of propaganda or major infrastructure development to foster social harmony and economic growth. Nation Building is a process of building the following: (a)State Building (b)People Building (c) Democracy Building (d) Citizen Building (e) Economy Building (f) Social Building (g) Government Building It is a process which focusses on the Nation States as well as true Nation States; people as well as well­organized, well defined and well­ focused people; society as well as democratic and developed society and so on. It not only tends the people of a nation but also emphasizes on the legitimate role of the political system in fulfilling the demands and need of the people. It also stretches the power of the political systems by making them autonomous bodies. It implies the arrangement of a large number of individuals from the middle and lower classes linked to regional centers and leading social groups, by channel of social communications and economic intercourse. It involves the blend of integration of masses and the elite class. 5 Nation Building refers to a process of exercising the people in to a nation committed to all old­fashioned, indigenous allegiances, arrangements and power systems to one overriding loyalty to the nation, the motherland and to the authority of the state. All want to see their nation stand prosperous and proud. The question is ‘how is it going to happen?’ Building a nation may not mean to develop ‘infrastructure and material’ by the government for people in order to improve trade and technology or to encourage arts and culture to flourish using government funds etc. Nation Building is something humanistic development along with all these materialistic progress. Building a nation is certainly not by members of the ruling party in Government 'learning new technologies' by going on foreign trips. All these are products of the peculiar brand of socialism that we have followed in our country since Independence. From the individualistic ground of none is blamed or cursed for the development of a nation. Let's not blame Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru entirely for this state, a great wave of acceptance sweeped across the country when Nehru announced his 'Five Year Plans' and other incentives for industry, agriculture and trade. People were ready for progress, they didn't care in which form it came, they didn't care from whose pockets the money flowed. It is that altruist morality that has landed us here today. From the ground of a businessman, the Nation Building is something individualistic. The central question is ‘What does a 'man of business' do in this country today? By this, it broadly refers to anyone who has something creative to offer. Such men of business today are too busy to see all this, they are busy waiting to jump off their office balcony, twist their necks, crawl on their bellies and lick boots to get 'documents passed' or 'projects cleared'. They are willing to 'pay' bribes, run errands, wait years 'for the next government to come' to get things going. Our businessmen are willing to work under any system as long as they are free to make a little profit. They are willing to listen to environmentalists, charlatans, soothsayers, yoga therapists, hi­tech consultancy agencies about matters of business policy. They are ready to shake hands with the worst of their enemies to gain political pull. They are willing to sponsor civic amenities like road blocks, dividers, traffic signals, pavements and are willing to forego the costs, satisfied with their logo being brandished on these 'civic amenities'. 6 1.2: Definition of Nation Building Nation Building is process of developing a developed nation through collective, united and systematized efforts. Modern nation­building refers to the efforts taken by the newly independent nations, to redefine the populace of territories that had been carved out by colonial powers or empires without regard to ethnic, religious, or other boundaries Nation­building includes the creation of national equipment such as flags, anthems, national days, national stadiums, national airlines, national languages, and national myths. At a deeper level, national identity needed to be deliberately constructed by molding different ethnic groups into a nation, especially since in many newly established states colonial practices of divide and rule had resulted in ethnically heterogeneous populations. “Nation Building and Nation formation is the broad process through which Nations come into being. Nation­building wishes at the association of the people within the state and tries to bring a politically stable and practicable state with a long existence”. Paul James “Nation Building and Legitimate authority in modern national states are connected to popular rule, to majorities. Nation­building is the process through which these majorities are constructed”. Harris Mylonas “Nation Building is broad spectrum and wide ranging process, which begins after the creation of a nation state so as to make it viable, cohesive, and well­organized, authomous and widely acceptable entity”. Myron Weiner 7 “A nation is not defined by its borders or the boundaries of its land mass Rather, a nation is defined by adverse people who have been unified by a cause and a value system and who are committed to a vision for the type of society they wish to live in and give to the future generations to come.” Fela Durotoye “A nation that craves for development and a stronger union should carry everyone along irrespective of language, colour, race, creed, ethnic diversity, religion, cultural values or sexual orientation. In essence, the country in question should practice an equitable distribution of wealth, equal opportunities and procrustean development where every individual will see each other as equal more so where no ethnic, race or group of persons should see the country as patrimony or 'born to rule syndrome.” Lucas Anuforo “No nation can ever be worthy of its existence that cannot take its women along with the men.