Constitution & Rules of the Indian National Congress
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Constitutional Development in India
1 Department – Political Science and Human Rights Semester- B.A. 2nd Semester Paper- Indian Government and Politics Note- I do not claim the material provided hereunder as my intellectual property as this is the collection from the writings of different scholars uploaded on websites. I have just collected, edited and arranged articles in one file according to syllabus for the purpose of enriching the students for preparation of their exams during the lockdown period. Students can also use various online sources for better understanding. I expressed my heartfelt thanks to all the authors whose writings have been incorporated in preparing this material. Constitutional Development in India Constitution is the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it. It is a written instrument embodying the rules of a political or social organization. It is a method in which a state or society is organized and sovereign power is distributed. A constitution is a set of fundamental principles according to which a state is constituted or governed. The Constitution specifies the basic allocation of power in a State and decides who gets to decide what the laws will be. The Constitution first defines how a Parliament will be organized and empowers the Parliament to decide the laws and policies. The Constitution sets some limitations on the Government as to what extent a Government can impose rules and policies on its citizen. These limits are fundamental in the sense that the Government may never trespass them. -
The Emerging Constitutional Challenge of Climate Change: India in Perspective
Fordham Environmental Law Review Volume 19, Number 1 2009 Article 1 The Emerging Constitutional Challenge of Climate Change: India in Perspective Deepa Badrinarayana∗ ∗Chapman University School of Law Copyright c 2009 by the authors. Fordham Environmental Law Review is produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/elr ARTICLES THE EMERGING CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGE OF CLIMATE CHANGE: INDIA IN PERSPECTIVE Deepa Badrinarayana* Persuading polluters to pay for the damage they cause elsewhere, in the interest of helping those worst affected, will be a major challenge in coming decades. Burden sharing is a very complex issue, and frankly I don't see much sign of it happening yet. --Rajendra Pachauri, Chairman IPCC 1 I. INTRODUCTION A major breakthrough in negotiations was achieved in Bali when the United States agreed to rejoin negotiations to establish an inter- national regime to address climate change concerns post-Kyoto.2 Despite U.S. re-engagement, the future of the negotiations and an effective global climate regime depend on the ability of developed nations such as the United States and rapidly developing economies such as China and India to agree on emissions reduction targets and binding mitigation obligations, and for developed countries to pro- * Assistant Professor of law, Chapman University School of Law, Orange California. 1. Laurie Goering, Warming to the Challenge of Climate Change, Chicago Tribune, Apr.29, 2007, http://inel.wordpress.corn/2007/04/29/rajendra-pachauris- 3-points-on-climate-change/. 2. Juliet Eilperin, Bali Forum Backs Climate 'Road Map,' U.S. Accedes on Aid Pledges, Wins Fight to Drop Specific Targetsfor Emissions Cuts, Wash. -
White Paper on the Management of COVID-19 by the Government of India
White Paper on the Management of COVID-19 by the Government of India JUNE 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Executive Summary…………………………………………... (i) 2. The Need for a White Paper on the Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic………………………………….. 1 3. Early Inaction Against COVID-19………………………….. 5 4. Policy Response to the First Wave………………………… 10 5. Hubris and Political Avarice………………………………… 18 6. Ignoring the Signs and the Science………………………... 27 7. Unforgivable Negligence…………………………..…………. 41 8. Vaccine Mismanagement..……………………………...…… 51 9. Wider Impact of Policy Failures…………………………….. 82 10. The Way Ahead……………………………………………….. 89 11. Annexure 1. Indian National Congress: Compendium of Statements, Letters and Resolutions on COVID-19 (March 2020 - June 2021)…………………………………… A1 Executive Summary The mismanagement of the COVID-19 pandemic has been independent India’s gravest governance failure. The Union government under Prime Minister Narendra Modi did not take adequate measures to prevent and contain the pandemic. Therefore, there is a Need for a White Paper (Chapter-1) that examines the government’s acts of omission and commission, its impact on India and suggests constructive measures to improve policy responses to the current and future waves of the pandemic. The Modi government’s handling of the COVID-19 crisis began with its Early Inaction in January 2020 (detailed in Chapter-2). The government ignored early warnings from experts and political leaders from the Opposition. It failed to learn from the lessons and response models of other countries which had been hit by the pandemic. It did not scale up nationwide the lessons from Kerala’s experience in successfully suppressing a virus outbreak (the Nipah virus). -
A C T I V I T Y the Path to Constitution Onstitution
3.3 MAKING OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION Like South Africa, India’s like. Much of this consensus had Constitution was also drawn up evolved during the freedom struggle. under very difficult circumstances. Our national movement was not The making of the constitution for a merely a struggle against a foreign huge and diverse country like India rule. It was also a struggle to VallabhbhaiVallabhbhaiVallabhbhai was not an easy affair. At that time rejuvenate our country and to Jhaverbhai Patelatelatel the people of India were emerging transform our society and politics. (1875-1950) born: Gujarat. from the status of subjects to that There were sharp differences of Minister of Home, of citizens. The country was born opinion within the freedom struggle Information and through a partition on the basis of about the path India should take Broadcasting in the Interim religious differences. This was a after Independence. Such Government. Lawyer and leader of Bardoli peasant traumatic experience for the people differences exist even today. Yet satyagraha. Played a of India and Pakistan. some basic ideas had come to be decisive role in the Atleast ten lakh people were killed accepted by almost everyone. integration of the Indian on both sides of the border in As far back as in 1928, Motilal princely states. Later: partition related violence. There was Nehru and eight other Congress Deputy Prime Minister. All sketches by Rajeev Kumar another problem. The British had leaders drafted a constitution for left it to the rulers of the princely India. In 1931, the resolution at the states to decide whether they Karachi session of the Indian wanted to merge with India or with National Congress dwelt on how Pakistan or remain independent. -
Constitution Day and Fundamental Duties
Constitution Day and Fundamental Duties Constitution Day also known as ‘Samvidhan Divas’, is celebrated in our country on 26th November every year to commemorate the adoption of the Constitution of India. On 26th November 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution of India, which came into effect from 26th January 1950. The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment on 19th November 2015 notified the decision of Government of India to celebrate the 26th day of November every year as ‘Constitution Day’ to promote Constitution values among citizens. The Constitution of India was framed by a Constituent Assembly set up under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946. The Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946, and elected Dr. Sachhidanand Sinha, the oldest member of the Assembly as the Provisional President. On December 11, 1946, the Assembly elected Dr Rajendra Prasad as its permanent Chairman. The Constituent Assembly set up 13 committees for framing the constitution including a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. On the basis of the reports of these committees, a draft of the Constitution was prepared by a seven-member Drafting Committee. It is the longest written Constitution in the world containing 395 Articles, 22 Parts and 12 Schedules. The Constitution of India was not typeset or printed but was handwritten and calligraphic in both English and Hindi. It was entirely handcrafted by the artists of Shantiniketan under the guidance of Acharya 1 | P a g e Nandalal Bose, with the calligraphy texts done by Prem Behari Narain Raizada in Delhi. -
Kas 30085-1522-1-30.Pdf
ENERGY SECURITY KAS Publication Series No. 32, New Delhi, 2011 ENERGY SECURITY Managing risks, balancing concerns and developing frameworks 5th TERI-KAS International Energy Dialogue 24-26 October 2010, New Delhi Published by: Office of the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung in India 2, Nyaya Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021 Tel: 91-11-26113520 Webpage: www.kas.de © Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Responsible: Ligia Noronha and Ravi K. Batra, TERI Printers: Anshah Publishing House, Delhi-110092 [email protected] Published in 2011 Foreword Foreword The politics of energy security has emerged as a key concern worldwide and national energy strategies are increasingly treated as part of the traditional security agenda. The global demand for energy is slated to grow dramatically over the next 20 years, with the most rapid incremental consumption becoming evident in Asia, particularly in China and India. All governments will therefore need to develop comprehensive policies to meet the challenges posed by the growing demand for energy globally. Access to cheap energy has become essential to the functioning of modern economies. However, the uneven distribution of energy supplies among countries has led to significant vulnerabilities. Threats to energy security include the political instability of several energy producing countries, the manipulation of energy supplies, the competition for energy resources, attacks on supply infrastructure as well as accidents and natural disasters. Energy security will thus become an increasingly important component of foreign and security policy agendas in the countries the world over. As the strategic importance of energy rises, both globally and nationally, the more it is going to be the focus of intense public and political debate. -
Olitical Amphlets from the Indian Subcontinent Parts 1-4
A Guide to the Microfiche Edition of olitical amphlets from the Indian Subcontinent Parts 1-4 UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA fc I A Guide to the Microfiche Collection POLITICAL PAMPHLETS FROM THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT Editorial Adviser Granville Austin Associate Editor and Guide compiled by August A. Imholtz, Jr. A microfiche project of UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA An Imprint of CIS 4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publicaîion Data: Indian political pamphlets [microform] microfiche Accompanied by a printed guide. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-55655-206-8 (microfiche) 1. Political parties-India. I. UPA Academic Editions (Firm) JQ298.A1I527 1989<MicRR> 324.254~dc20 89-70560 CIP International Standard Book Number: 1-55655-206-8 UPA An Imprint of Congressional Information Service 4520 East-West Highway Bethesda, MD20814 © 1989 by University Publications of America Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. TABLE ©F COMTEmn Introduction v Note from the Publisher ix Reference Bibliography Part 1. Political Parties and Special Interest Groups India Congress Committee. (Including All India Congress Committee): 1-282 ... 1 Communist Party of India: 283-465 17 Communist Party of India, (Marxist), and Other Communist Parties: 466-530 ... 27 Praja Socialist Party: 531-593 31 Other Socialist Parties: -
Surviving in the Sundarbans: Threats and Responses
SURVIVING IN THE SUNDARBANS: THREATS AND RESPONSES focuses on the conduct of different groups and various agencies, and attempts to understand this conduct in the context of deteriorating ecosystem integrity, and heightened vulnerability of human society, where natural processes are averse to human presence, and where the development process is weak. The study explores the socio-political and physical complexities within which sustainable development strategies need to be developed. The emphasis is not so much on how to develop these strategies but on understanding the contrasting forces, competing interests, and contradictions in operation. DANDA In this study the concept of collective or self-organised action is used as an analytical tool to help unravel the complex interactions that take place at different levels and to shed light on conditions associated with better management of the various contradictions at play in the eco-region. Surviving in the Sundarbans: It is argued that the unique eco-region of the Sundarbans requires special policy measures to address ecological sustainability and distributional equity, to overcome the ills that undermine human well-being, and to ensure that Threats and Responses people of this eco-region have the choices to live the way they like and value what they have reason to value. S u r v i v i n g i n t h e S u n d a r b a n s : T h r e a t s a n d R e s p o n s e s 2007 SURVIVING IN THE SUNDARBANS: THREATS AND RESPONSES An analytical description of life in an Indian riparian commons DISSERTATION to obtain the doctor´s degree at the University of Twente, on the authority of the rector magnificus, prof. -
Traditional Fishers in the Sundarban Tiger Reserve a Study on Livelihood Practice Under Protected Area
Traditional Fishers in the Sundarban Tiger Reserve A study on livelihood practice under protected area Study supported by International Collective in Support of Fishworkers (ICSF) Society for Direct Initiative for Social and Health Action DISHA 20/4, Sil Lane. Kolkata – 700 015 Phone: 91-33-2329 7662, FAX: 91-33-23283989, e-mail: [email protected] 2009 This study is dedicated to the small fishers who are struggling for their fishing rights and upkeep of the fish stock in the difficult waters of STR. We are shocked at the untimely and unfortunate death of Sri Shekhar Mondal, a fisher and a respondent of the survey undertaken for the present study. Shekhar was returning from a fishing sortie in the waters of Sundarban Tiger Reserve in the morning of 22nd December 2008 when dense fog made navigation almost impossible and his boat got stuck in the shallows. He and other crews of the boat tried to push back the boat into deeper waters getting down in the shallow. It was then that the tiger suddenly emerging from the dense fog pounced on Shekhar and took him away in a whiz. His remains, if any, are yet to be located or recovered. Society for Direct Initiative for Social and Health Action (DISHA) 1 The Team Pradip Chatterjee : Chief Investigator Nilambar Bhuinya : Survey Data Collector and Data Manager. Shyamal Mondal : Survey Field Manager. Acknowledgement We are thankful to the members of fishing community in Sundarban who cooperated with us during interviews and have enlightened this study with their perceptions. We are thankful to Sri Harekrishna Debnath, Ms. -
National Liberation, Non-Racialism and “Indianness” the 1947 Visit of Dadoo and Naicker to India
National Liberation, Non-Racialism and “Indianness” the 1947 visit of Dadoo and Naicker to India Goolam Vahed and Ashwin Desai Introduction This paper focuses on a trip that the leaders of the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) and the Natal Indian Congress (NIC), Yusuf Dadoo and Monty Naicker, made to India from March to May 1947. The trip is used as a lens through which to attempt to understand the relationship between the South African Indian Congresses and the Indian National Congress (INC), and the local issues that Dadoo was grappling with - Indo-African relations (race), national liberation (nationalism), and place of the Communist Party (class) in the struggle against white minority rule. Background The two Edinburgh trained medical doctors Yusuf Dadoo and Monty Naicker were central figures in the fight to wrest control of the Indian Congresses from moderate leaderships. These battles raged through the first half of the 1940s against the Kajee/Pather faction that held sway in Natal and the Nana/Valod group that dominated the Transvaal. In the Transvaal especially the faction fight within the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) took a particularly vicious form between Dadoo’s Nationalist Bloc and the Nana/Valod group. At a meeting on 4 June 1939 at Osrin’s Picture Palace a fight broke out between these groups. Manilal Gandhi who attended the meeting wrote that it ‘resembled a slaughter house, butcher knives being freely used in addition to bottles, heavy clubs, bicycle chains and knuckle-dusters’.1 In this confrontation Dayabhai Govindjee was to lose his life. The name of Dadoo’s group is especially intriguing and one for which there is no ready answer. -
Framing the Constitution 405
FRAMING THE CONSTITUTION 405 Framing the Constitution THEME The Beginning of a New Eraaa FIFTEEN The Indian Constitution, which came into effect on 26 January 1950, has the dubious distinction of being the longest in the world. But its length and complexity are perhaps understandable when one considers the country’s size and diversity. At Independence, India was not merely large and diverse, but also deeply divided. A Constitution designed to keep the country together, and to take it forward, had necessarily to be an elaborate, carefully-worked-out, and painstakingly drafted document. For one thing, it sought to heal wounds of the past and the present, to make Indians of different classes, castes and communities come together in a shared political experiment. For another, it sought to nurture democratic institutions in what had long been a culture of hierarchy and deference. The Constitution of India was framed between December 1946 and November 1949. During this time its drafts were discussed clause by clause in the Constituent Assembly of India. In all, the Assembly Fig. 15.1 The Constitution was signed in December 1949 after three years of debate. 2021–22 406 THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III held eleven sessions, with sittings spread over 165 days. In between the sessions, the work of revising and refining the drafts was carried out by various committees and sub-committees. From your political science textbooks you know what the Constitution of India is, and you have seen how it has worked over the decades since Independence. This chapter will introduce you to the history that lies behind the Constitution, and the intense debates that were part of its making. -
Cleaning Constitutional Cobwebs Reforming the Seventh Schedule
Cleaning Constitutional Cobwebs Reforming the Seventh Schedule Sohini Chatterjee Akshat Agarwal Kevin James Arghya Sengupta About the Authors Sohini Chatterjee, Akshat Agarwal and Kevin James are Research Fellows at the Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy. Dr. Arghya Sengupta is Research Director at the Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Lalit Panda, Research Fellow, Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy for his inputs. We would also like to thank Abhijeet Singh Rawaley, Pranay Modi and Shubham Dutt for research assistance. Errors, if any, in the report are the authors’ alone. The Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy is an independent think-tank doing legal research to make better laws and improve governance for the public good. For more information, see www.vidhilegalpolicy.in Contents Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7 A. Background to Indian Federalism ................................................................................................................................................. 7 B. Federal Scheme of the Indian Constitution ............................................................................................................................... 7 C. Cleaning Constitutional Cobwebs ................................................................................................................................................ 8