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Ÿþm Icrosoft W South Afr.ica South Afr.ica India Edited by T G Ramamurthi I INDIAN COUNCIL FOR CULTURAL RELATIONS i~~~~~~ < @ I .. South Africa has occupied a special place in the national ethos of India, because of the link between its own independence and the struggle for equality and justice begun by the Father of the Nation in South Africa. As President Nelson Mandela put it, the victory of the people of South Africa 'is also India's victory'. The inauguration of the Government of National Unity, under the Presidency of Dr. Nelson Mandela, ushered in a new phase in the relations between the two countries at the state level-from one of conflict of interests and confrontation to one of mutuality of interests and co-operation. Also, as President Shanker Dayal Sharma observed, 'as nations linked by the Indian Ocean, we look forward to close regional cooperation... It is in this context that the present collection of documents, spread over half a century, is presented. In theii endeavour for future partnership in development, the old ties of friendship and solidarity during the liberation struggle would undoubtedly serve as a strong foundation. The Documents, included in the present collection, have been selected to place the prospective co-operation for development against the backdrop of the past collaboration during the freedom strggle. E. S. Reddy, former Assistant Secretary General of the United Nations, in his Introduction, besides placing the collection of documents in the perspective of history, visualizes the prospects for the future cooperative relations, between India and South Africa for mutual development. ISBN: 81-224-0777-3 South Africa India Partnership in Freedom and Development Edited by T G Ramamurthi INDIAN COUNCIL FOR CULTURAL RELATIONS NEW DELHI & NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS LIMITED (FORMER WILEY EASTERN LIMITED) NEW DELHI 9 BANGALORE * BOMBAY * CALCUTTA 9 GUWAHATI HYDERABAD * LUCKNOW s MADRAS * PUNE 9 LONDON Copyright @ 1995 ICCR (Indian Council for Cultural Relations) New Delhi NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS LIMITED (Former WIEY EASTERN LIMITED) NEW DELHI BANGALORE BOMBAY CALCUITA GUWAHATI HYDERABAD LUCKNOW MADRAS PUNE LONDON 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002. 27, Bull Temple Road, Basavangudi, Bangalore 560 004 128/A. Noorani Building, Block No. 3, First Floor, L.J Road, Mahim, Bombay 400 016. 40/8, Ballygunge, Circular Road, Calcutta 700 019. Pan Bazar, Rani Bari, Guwahati 781 001 2-412/9, Gaganmahal, Near AV. College, Domalguda, Hyderabad 500 029. 18, Madan Mohan Malviya Marg, Lucknow 226 001. 20, llnd Main Road, Kasthuribai Nagar, Adyar. Madras 600 020. Flat No. 2, Building No. 7, Indira Cooperative Housing Society Ltd., Indira Heights, Erandawane, Karve Road. Pune 411 038. Wishwa Prakashan Ltd., Spantech House, Lagham Road, South Godstone, Surrey, RH9 8HB UK. This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. This book is not to be sold outside the country to which it is consigned by Wiley Eastern Ltd. ISBN: 81-224-0777-3 Published by V. S. Johri for Wiley Eastern Limited, 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganij, New Delhi 110 002, and printed at Indraprastha Press, New Delhi 110 002. PRINTED IN INDIA FOREWORD South Africa has occupied a special place in the national ethos of India, with the link between its own independence and the struggle for equality and justice begun by Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa. It was, therefore, a proud moment for the people and the Government of India, when South Africa entered a new phase in its history, with the inauguration of the Government of National Unity, under the Presidency of Dr. Nelson Mandela. This also ushered in a new phase in the relations between the two countries at the State level-from one of conflict of interests and confrontation to one of mutuality of interests and cooperation. In this new endeavour for future partnership in development, the old ties of friendship and solidarity during the liberation struggle would undoubtedly serve as a strong foundation. It is in this context that the present collection of documents, spread over half a century, is presented. It seeks to place the prospective cooperation for development against the backdrop of the past collaboration during the freedom struggle. It is also a tribute to the brave people of South Africa, of all races, whose dedication to the goal of a non-racial, democratic South Africa comes through clearly and unmistakably in the documents included here. The Indian Council for Cultural Relations, dedicated to the promotion of people- to-people relations, has given pride of place to its publication programme. In recent months, this activity has been intensified and a number of Special Issues of the Council's publications, the Indian Horizons and the Africa Quarterly have been dedicated to varied topics of interest in people-to-people relations. Special mention may be made of the Special Issue on India-China of the Indian Horizons and the Special Issues of the Africa Quarterly on Post-Apartheid South Africa, India and the Horn of Africa, Protest Literature in Africa and India- Namibia. Some of these have been brought out in book form also. We are happy to present this documentary survey of five decades of partnership between the peoples of India and South Africa, as yet another Special Issue of the Africa Quarterly and also as a book. The Council records its appreciation of the collaboration of New Age International and Wiley Eastern Limited in the publication of the book. (Shiv Shankar Mukherjee) Director-General Indian Council for Cultural Relations EDITOR'S NOTE For India, the birth of a democratic, egalitarian and non-racial South Africa is like the second coming of her own independence. As is well-known, it was in South Africa that the Father of the Indian Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, conceived and gave a firm shape to the method of non-violent mass movement. Gandhiji did not fight for the freedom or political rights of any people or community in particular, but for human dignity and equality. As far back as 26 October 1894, he wrote in a letter to the Editor of The Times of Natal: The Indians do not regret that capable natives can exercise the franchise. They would regret if it were otherwise. They, however, assert that, they too, if capable, should have the right. You, in your wisdom, would not allow the Indian or the native the precious privilege under any circumstances, because they have a dark skin. It was exactly a century later that his wish for a non-racial franchise was fulfilled in South Africa. That was a moment of pride not only for the people of South Africa but also for the people of India. Throughout her own long and arduous struggle for freedom from 1857 to 1947, the Indian people believed that freedom was indivisible and universal. From the founding of the Indian National Congress, the people of India extended their sympathy and support for all colonised peoples everywhere in the world. And after her own independence, India carried on the fight against colonialism, and racialism, declaring that our own independence was incomplete till all peoples were free. The fact that India placed the question of racial discrimination on the agenda of the United Nations Organisation, at the very first session of the General Assembly in 1946, has often been acknowledged. But it is not often recognized that, in an Assembly where the Asian-African group had negligible voting strength, even the inscription of the item required subterfuge, to wit, deterioration in bilateral relations, rather than the straightforward question of racial discrimination. It was, thus, only in the presentation of the case of the persons of Indian origin in South Africa, that India drew attention to the larger and wider implications of the policies and practices in a State where the majority of the people remained voiceless. The lot of the people of Indian origin in South Africa was but the shadow of the substance of racial discrimination. The Documents, included in the present collection, have been selected to underscore the fact that from 1946 onwards, the cause upheld by India was universal and concerned human dignity and equality. After 1952, the real issue came to the fore when the issue of racial conflict arising from the policies and practices of apartheid was placed on the U.N. Agenda by India and 12 other Asian-African nations. The accretion of support, especially since the sixties, strengthened India's will to carry the struggle to other fora, including the Commonwealth and the Non- Aligned Movement. Since the beginning of the Eighties, India stepped up her efforts to end apartheid, being convinced that it cannot be mended. At the New Delhi Non-Aligned Summit in 1983, India resumed her leading role, initiating a campaign for sanctions against the racist regime. It was the concerted drive of the mid-eighties towards economic isolation of the apartheid state that led to the happy denouement in the beginning of the nineties. The Editor wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor Vijay Gupta of the Jawaharlal Nehru University for valuable assistance in the collection, collation and compilation of the documents. Mr. E.S. Reddy, former Assistant Secretary General of the United Nations made available a number of rare documents and also suggested various editorial changes which have been adopted with profit. His Introduction, besides placing the collection of documents in the perspective of history enables the reader to visualise the foundation for the future cooperative relations between India and South Africa for mutual development. Special mention needs to be made of the unfailing and cheerful assistance extended by Mr.
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