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Indian National Congress Indian National Congress The Indian National Congress ( pronunciation ) (INC, often called the Congress Party or simply Congress) is a broadly based political Indian National Congress party in India.[14] Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa.[a][15] From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement.[16] Congress led India to independence from Great Britain,[b][17][c][18] and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire.[d][15] Congress is a secular party whose social liberal platform is generally Abbreviation INC considered to be on the centre-left of Indian politics.[19] Congress' President Rahul Gandhi social policy is based upon the Gandhian principle of Sarvodaya—the Parliamentary Sonia Gandhi[1] lifting up of all sections of society—which involves the improvement Chairperson [2] of the lives of economically underprivileged and socially marginalised Lok Sabha leader Mallikarjun Kharge people.[20][21] The party primarily endorses social liberalism—seeking Rajya Sabha leader Ghulam Nabi Azad to balance individual liberty and social justice, and secularism— (Leader of the Opposition)[3] asserting the right to be free from religious rule and teachings. Founder Allan Octavian Hume After India's independence in 1947, Congress formed the central Dadabhai Naoroji [22] government of India, and many regional state governments. Dinshaw Wacha Congress became India's dominant political party; as of 2015, in the 15 Founded 28 December 1885 general elections since independence, it has won an outright majority Headquarters 24, Akbar Road, New on six occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further four times, Delhi 110001[4] heading the central government for 49 years. There have been seven Newspaper Congress Sandesh Congress Prime Ministers, the first being Jawaharlal Nehru (1947– Student wing National Students 1964), and the most recent Manmohan Singh (2004–2014). Although it Union of India did not fare well in the last general elections in India in 2014, it Youth wing Indian Youth Congress remains one of two major, nationwide, political parties in India, along with the right-wing, Hindu nationalist, Bharatiya Janata Party Women's wing All India Mahila Congress (BJP).[e][23] In the 2014 general election, Congress had its poorest Labour wing Indian National Trade post-independence general election performance, winning only 44 seats Union Congress of the 543-member Lok Sabha. Minority wing Minority Congress From 2004 to 2014, the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance, a Membership c. 20–40 million[5] coalition of several regional parties, formed the Indian government, and Ideology Social democracy was headed by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The leader of the Democratic socialism party during the period, Sonia Gandhi has served the longest term as Social liberalism the president of the party. As of May 2018, the party is in power in four Indian nationalism legislative assemblies: Punjab, Mizoram, Karnataka (in an alliance with Gandhian socialism the JD(S)), and the union territory of Puducherry (in an alliance with Secularism the DMK). Progressivism Political position Centre-left[6] Contents International Progressive Alliance[7] affiliation Socialist International[8] History Colours Sky blue[9][10] Pre-independence Foundation ECI Status National Party[11] Early years Alliance United Progressive Congress as a mass movement Alliance (UPA) Post-independence Seats in Lok Sabha 49 / 545 Nehru/Shastri era (1947–1966) Indira era (1966–1984) [12](currently 530 Rajiv Gandhi and Rao era (1985–1998) members + 1 Sonia/Rahul era (1998 - onward) Speaker) Election symbols Seats in Rajya Sabha 50 / 245 In general elections (currently 244 Current structure and composition members)[13] Dynasticism Number of states 4 / 31 State and territorial units and union territories Ideology and policies in government Economic policy Election symbol Healthcare and education Security and home affairs Foreign policy Presence in state governments List of current INC and UPA governments List of Prime Ministers List of Prime Ministers (former Congress members) See also Website www.inc.in References Notes Politics of India Citations Political parties Further reading Elections External links History The history of the Indian National Congress (INC) falls into two distinct eras: The pre-independence era, when the party was the umbrella organisation leading the campaign for independence; The post-independence era, when the party has had a prominent place in Indian politics. Pre-independence Foundation The Indian National Congress conducted its first session in Bombay from 28–31 December 1885 at the initiative of retiredCivil Service officer Allan Octavian Hume. In 1883, Hume had outlined his idea for a body representing Indian interests in an open letter to graduates of the University of Calcutta.[24][25] Its aim was to obtain a greater share in government for educated Indians, and to create a platform for civic and political dialogue between them and the British Raj. Hume took the initiative, and in March 1885 a notice convening the first meeting of the Indian National Union to be held in Poona the following December was issued.[26] Due to a cholera outbreak there, it was moved to Bombay.[27][24][28] Hume organised the first meeting in Bombay with the approval of the Viceroy Lord Dufferin. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the first president of Congress; the first session was attended by 72 delegates. Representing each province of India.[29][30] Notable representatives included Scottish ICS officer William Wedderburn, Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta of the A. O. Hume, one of the Bombay Presidency Association,Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, social founders of the Indian reformer and newspaper editor Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, Justice K. T. Telang, N. G. National Congress Chandavarkar, Dinshaw Wacha, Behramji Malabari, journalist and activist Gooty Kesava Pillai, and P. Rangaiah Naidu of the Madras Mahajana Sabha.[31][32] This small elite group, unrepresentative of the Indian masses at the time,[33] functioned more as a stage for elite Indian ambitions than a political party for the first decade of its existence.[34] Early years At the beginning of the 20th century, Congress' demands became more radical in the face of constant opposition from the British government, and the party decided to advocate in favour of the independence movement because it would First session of Indian National Congress, allow a new political system in which Congress could be a major party. By Bombay, 28–31 December 1885 1905, a division opened between the moderates led by Gokhale, who downplayed public agitation, and the new extremists who advocated agitation, and regarded the pursuit of social reform as a distraction from nationalism. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who tried to mobilise Hindu Indians by appealing to an explicitly Hindu political identity displayed in the annual public Ganapati festivals he inaugurated in western India, was prominent among the extremists.[35] Congress included a number of prominent political figures. Dadabhai Naoroji, a member of the sister Indian National Association, was elected president of the party in 1886 and was the first Indian Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons (1892–1895). Congress also included Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Mohammed Ali Jinnah. Jinnah was a member of the moderate group in the Congress, favouring Hindu–Muslim unity in achieving self-government.[36] Later he became the leader of the Muslim League and instrumental in the creation of Pakistan. Congress was transformed into a mass movement bySurendranath Banerjee during the partition of Bengal in [32] 1905, and the resultant Swadeshi movement. Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee, The First president of Indian National Congress as a mass movement Congress Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1915. With the help of the moderate group led by Ghokhale, Gandhi became president of Congress. After the First World War, the party became associated with Gandhi, who remained its unofficial spiritual leader and icon.[37] He formed an alliance with the Khilafat Movement in 1920 to fight for preservation of the Ottoman Caliphate, and rights for Indians using civil disobedience or satyagraha [38] as the tool for agitation.[38] In 1923, after the deaths of policemen at Chauri Chaura, Gandhi suspended the agitation. In protest, a number of leaders, Chittaranjan Das, Annie Besant, and Motilal Nehru, resigned to set up the Swaraj Party. The Khilafat movement collapsed and Congress was split.[39] The rise of Gandhi's popularity and his satyagraha art of revolution led to support from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Chakravarti Rajgopalachari, Dr. Anugraha Congress "extremist" Bal Narayan Sinha, Jayaprakash Narayan, Jivatram Kripalani, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. Gangadhar Tilak speaking in As a result of prevailing nationalism, Gandhi's popularity, and the party's attempts at 1907 as the Party split into eradicating caste differences, untouchability, poverty, and religious and ethnic divisions, moderates and extremists. Congress became a forceful and dominant group. Although its members were predominantly Seated
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