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Fig. 1: Major government initiatives on heritage conservation Person on Conservation of Historical Buildings by BD and Buildings of Historical Person on Conservation Annex 10 and 19. Process Memorandum on EIA Technical (Planning Department (PlanD, 2010) The Commissioner for Antiquities Heritage and Office Monument (CHO) Officein conservation authorities to govern heritage governmental and (AMO) the are the main Md. Mahmud Hassan Talukdar Md. Mahmud Hassan Talukdar ٭ 1 Recieved 11.17.2013; Accepted 09.03.2014 Accepted Recieved 11.17.2013; Planning Context Review) Planning Context Since the enactment of the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance in 1971 and the establishment of and the establishment Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance in 1971 of the Since the enactment Heritage Conservation, , Policy and Planning, Context Review Hong Heritage Conservation, eritage Conservationin Hong kong (Policy and Hong kong eritage Conservationin [email protected] H M.Sc. The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong & Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB), Bangladesh. International Bangladesh (TIB), Hong Kong, Hong Kong & Transparency M.Sc. The University of 1 INTRODUCTION privately-owned buildings; inadequate incentives; shortage of funding sources; and lack of transparency. After the After funding sources; and lack of transparency. shortage of incentives; privately-owned buildings; inadequate identification of deficiencies from theexisting heritage conservation policies and institutional arrangement, a new set of recommended policy is suggested to improve the deficiencies. The recommended policy framework contains four aspects: Revision of political system; provision of integrated conservation approaches and incentives; diversification of funding sources and widening of public participation. Keywords: Antiquities and Monuments Office in 1976, the Hong Kong Government has set up several institutions with particular with institutions several up set has Government Kong Hong the 1976, in Office Monuments and Antiquities of yet the protection initiatives, the set-up of government With ordinances and schemes for Heritage Conservation. of policy and planning. So, the main aim of this due to the ambiguity is still limited heritage physical and cultural policy suggest revised to and conservation of heritage planning and policy of existing loopholes the is to identify framework. After a thorough review towards the existing policy framework of heritage conservation in Hong Kong, it is found that six Australia and Macao), together with the lessons studies (Singapore, case learnt from international major deficiencies affecting the different aspects within the process of heritageare: Insufficient context; coverage inadequate of institutional heritage’s capacity; limited conservation conservation approaches for in Hong Kong. They ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT: International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development and Urban Architecture of Journal International 2015 Winter No.1, Vol.5,

*Corresponding Author Email: Impact Assessment Mechanism for Capital Works Projects by Projects Works Assessment Mechanism for Capital Impact Authorized Note for Bureau (DevB), Practice Development guidelines for heritage conservation in Hong Kong which are; Ch.10 of Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines by on Heritage Circular Technical (PlanD), Department Planning (Cap.499), Urban Renewal Authority Ordinance (URAO) Ordinance Authority Renewal Urban (Cap.499), Planning Ordinance (TPO) (Cap. 131) and Town (Cap. 563), There are four Building Ordinance (BO) (Cap. 123). Moreover, There are five ordinances regarding heritage(Cap. conservation Ordinance (A&M) in Monuments Antiquities& Kong; Hong Assessment Ordinance (EIAO) Impact 53), Environmental Antiquities and Monuments Office in 1976, the Hong Kong with particular Government has set up several institutions of Heritage the concept and schemes to practice ordinances Conservation. (Fig.1) a quality life” by the Chief Executives of the HKSAR (Tung, Antiquities of the 2007). Since the enactment Tsang, 1999; of establishment the 1971 and in Ordinance and Monuments Heritage conservation has become a catchword in recent a catchword in Heritage conservation has become inherent of the “retention a as has acknowledged it and years of and a “key component districts” of different characteristics Vol.5, No.1, Winter 2015 Winter No.1, Vol.5, International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International

Fig.2: Institution Arrangement for Heritage Conservation in Hong Kong

Hong Kong. As shown from Fig. 2, other authorities are also site/building with merits is located in the site of the urban engaged in the process of heritage conservation. regeneration (URA, 2005). Moreover, From Feb 2008, the The major assessment criteria for declaring a historic building Government has launched the scheme of “Revitalizing Historic as a declared monument concern with historical, archaeological Building through Partnership Scheme.” This scheme allows or paleontological significance of the property. Beside NGOs to apply for adaptive reuse for governmentally-owned monuments, historic Building are identified and classified heritages. into Grade 1, Grade 2 and Grade 3 in accordance to its merits With the set-up of government initiatives, yet the protection as illustrated in Fig.3. (AMO (Antiquities and Monuments for local cultural heritage is still limited. Since the 1970s, there Office), 2010) has been a growing volume of discussion in the society on the Heritage conservation in Hong Kong is integrated with Urban matter in a variety of scale and practice. These include the Regeneration projects which are led by Urban Renewal protests against the demolitions of Star Ferry Pier and Queen’s Authority (URA). Strategies of URA include redevelopment, Pier which represented the collective memory of the Hong rehabilitation, preservation and revitalization. Revitalization Kong residents. (Fig 4-5) or preservation of site or building is adopted by URA if MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fig.3: Three Tier Grading System of AMO (Source: AMO (Antiquities and Monuments Office), 2010)

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International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 7

(Source: Ohconfucius, 2007) Fig. 6: Tai Hang Fire Dragon (Source: Foreman, 2010) Tai Fig. 6: coverage of protection did not include the Balm Garden, Tiger coverage of protection did not include the the Without 1935. which was built together with the Mansion in historic buildinggarden, Haw Par Mansion is just an individual that looks incompatible to the surrounding area. the scope of heritage does not cover intangible heritage. Secondly, to conserveAs a result, the Government has little mechanisms the intangible heritages in the until start Hong not did Kong Hong Kong. in heritage intangible The protecting development of Cultural HeritageConvention of Safeguarding of the Intangible preliminary results of intangible heritage in in 2006. In 2011, Dragon Fire Hang Tai including released; been have Kong Hong detailed Hitting (Fig.7). However, Villain Dance (Fig. 6) and protection measures or ordinances on intangible heritages are yet to be formulated. in Singapore takes a experience conservation The heritage Fig.5: Public protest against the demolition of Queen’s Pier Fig.5: Public protest against the demolition of Queen’s

Star Ferry Pier (Source: Anson Mak, 2006) Star Ferry Pier (Source: Fig.4: Public protest against the demolition of of Haw Par Mansion of Wan-Chai district of Hong Kong, the setting adds extra aesthetic or social values to the monument as a whole so that the historic building does not look like an isolated building standing in an incompatible environment. In the case to individual buildings only, while the physical setting of the to individual buildings only, heritage, such as the landscape and streetscape, is not considered At often times, the physical within the conservation boundary. shortage of funding sources; and lack of transparency. Context Insufficient Coverage of Heritage’s Firstly, it is noticed that heritages in Hong Kong usually refer in Hong Kong. They are: Insufficient coveragecontext; inadequate institutional capacity; limited conservation of heritage’s approaches for privately-owned buildings; inadequate incentives; learnt from international case studies (Singapore, Australia and learnt from international case studies (Singapore, Macao), it is found that six aspects within the process of heritage conservation different major deficienciesaffecting the Conservation in Hong Kong After a thorough review towards the existing policy framework lessons the with together Kong, Hong in conservation heritage of conservation in Hong Kong. AND DISCUSSION RESULTS Deficiencies Affecting the Process of Heritage the lessons learnt from international case studies (Singapore,the lessons learnt from international case Australia and Macao), it is found that aspects within the process of heritage the different six affecting major deficiencies conservation are identified and revised policyAfter a thorough review towards the existing suggested. policy framework is with together Kong, Hong in conservation heritage of framework The loopholes of existing policy and planning of heritageloopholes of existing policy and planning of The

Antiquities and Monument Office (AMO), Commissioner for Heritage Office (CHO), Urban Renewal Authority (URA) and Architectural Service Department (ASD) are responsible for heritage conservation promotion and education. Both URA and CHO are responsible for revitalization projects. It is observed

Vol.5, No.1, Winter 2015 Winter No.1, Vol.5, that many of the job divisions do not have a concrete boundary among the institutional bodies; leading to the overlapping of roles that add to inefficiencies while carrying out heritage conservation works. In addition to the unclear roles and duties, loopholes are also found in certain ordinances. Declared monuments are protected under the Antiquities and Monument ordinance, while graded heritages are just for administration purposes. This loophole Fig. 7: Villain Hitting at Canal Road Flyover (Source: may lead to the loosing of valuable heritages in Hong Kong. Lewis, 2011) A classic example will be the Queen’s Pier in Central; it was a Grade-I Heritage before demolition. In the annual report ‘09- International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International

‘10’ of the Conservancy Association of Hong Kong, it states that “the grading system is merely an administrative tool, but very different approach than Hong Kong under the context of not a better arrangement” (The Conservancy Association, heritage scope. Instead of protecting individual building, they 2011). So, grading a building is merely a tokenization, and it also conserve the history, architectural style and the ambience is not appropriate mechanism to protect this asset of the city. of the entire district. The conservation project in the Chinatown Another inadequacy of the ordinance can also be reflected in is a very successful example (Fig. 8 and Fig. 9). By protecting The Pawn in . In order to cope with the Building the surrounding environment in addition to the physical Ordinance, the railing at the veranda of the Pawn has to increase buildings, it also preserves the intangible heritage presented in to 1.2 m instead of its original height. For URA Ordinance, the area. we found that most of the ordinance focuses on the strategy of redevelopment instead of a balance among the four urban Inadequate Institutional Capacity regeneration strategies1. As a result of an over-concentration The second identified issue is the unclear job division among of redevelopment, preservation of historic buildings or sites is institutional bodies and incomprehensive ordinance that launch often neglected. the failure of heritage conservation implementation. In addition In the institutional framework of Singapore, there are only to the Leisure and Cultural Services Department (LCSD), the two major institutional bodies: the Urban Redevelopment Home Affairs Bureau (HAB) and the Development Bureau Authority and the National Heritage Board contributing to the (DevB), there are a number of different institutional bodies in effort of heritage conservation. Instead of having a complicated Hong Kong to execute heritage conservation works. For example, institutional framework, like Hong Kong, the Singaporean

Fig.8: TownFig.8: in China Singapore Town (Source: in Singapore Planet Ware, 2012) Fig.9: StreetFig.9: Food inStreet China Food Town in (Source: China Travel Town grove.2012) (Source: Planet Ware, 2012) (Source: Travel grove.2012)

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International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 9 Australia Tax exemption from Tax • Property tax from deduction Tax • After donating to the • Trust National Relaxed of planning controls; and the transfer of development rights. In most of the times, the general public does not know anything does not public general the times, of the In most making process during the decision until the decision has implementing while transparency the In short, made. been legislation The related is very vague. conservation heritage adaptive on the citizens the seek consents from bodies seldom the Central reuse options for the monuments. For example, the revenue from the gaming sector in Macao is the biggest the is Macao in sector gaming the from revenue the profit, this funding mechanism will be able to finance heritage In the manner. in a sustainable work in Macao conservation established has government Australian the Australia, of case around land conserve to Trust Sydney Harbor Federation the and of natural features the Sydney Harbor which contains historic significance. Transparency The Lacking of both governments have provided some seductive economic and economic provided some seductive have both governments 1). (Table conservation heritage to promote planning incentives Funding Sources The Shortage of to conserve heritages is very injection capital The initial and the appropriations on government relies It mainly limited. Plan for Budget According to the Trust. Jockey Club Charity for dollars 500 million has allocated Government the 2011/12, 2011). (Tsang, scheme partnership revitalization public-private the responsibility for numerous of has also taken The URA 500 with Market The Central such as projects, revitalization does not have Hong Kong currently dollars. However, million to support heritage conservation. a concrete funding system to operators are required In the case of Macao, all gambling to the Macao Foundation for gross revenue pay 1.6% of their developments and economic cultural the promotion of social, Macao of the responsibilities major One of the Macao. in of historic buildings. Foundation is to promote the preservation to paid have operators gambling the that sum of money The million to be 2,800 the Macao Foundation in 2010 is expected and Statistics from collected data the from (calculated Pataccas Since 2011). Macao SAR Government, of the Census Service Tax Tax Macao • Building tax • Conveyance tax • Property tax from deduction Tax • • Industrial tax • Income tax Land exchange Economic incentives exemption from Table 1: Summary of economic and planning incentives in Macao and Australia in Macao and 1: Summary of economic and planning incentives Table Planning incentive Economic incentives privately-owned heritages. In the case of Macao and Australia, heritages. In the case of Macao and privately-owned assistance for maintenance of privately-owned heritage of privately-owned assistance for maintenance review in 2004 indicated policy heritage The buildings. to protect that economic incentive is the major mechanism 179 Prince Edward Road West by the relaxation of planning relaxation by the West 179 Prince Edward Road in Hong available are incentives Though economic control. Kong, the Government has only provided some financial monuments that are protected via planning incentive: they are they incentive: planning via are protected that monuments KYL with land exchange, Haw Par Mansion with reduction, Jess-ville with special land lease condition and No. premium yet without a well-established set of policies to support. yet without a well-established most of them have resulted in strong criticisms Moreover, are only few There estimation. of value on the uncertainty Inadequate Incentives Planning incentives is actually available in Hong Kong, support, financial assistance, residential paintareas. schemes program to preserve the historical restoration veranda and (UNESCO, 2010) an integrated approach to conserve the significant buildings, properties of residential and renovate the streetscape, including technical charge-less has provided Government The town. the In Australia, there are a lot of conservation approaches available Australia, there are a lot In Broken conserving in exertion the example, As for private. for Hill was awarded by the Asia-Pacific used This project of UNESCO. Conservation Heritage Culture Heritage Awards for Government has no rights to carry out any conservation has no rights to Government as is declared unless it heritages works for privately-owned it from the owner. monuments or buying Conservation approaches are only available solely for are only available Conservation approaches conservation no established are there heritages; governmental The buildings. for privately-owned available approaches Limited Conservation Approaches for Privately- for Approaches Conservation Limited owned Heritages Government has relatively simple institutional set up to oversee institutional simple has relatively Government 2009) Heritage Board, works.(National heritage conservation Police Station Compound was proposed to be revitalized via role of CHO as the major coordinator of heritage conservation commercial tendering in 2004. In view of a strong public works in Hong Kong. CHO will be responsible for the objection to the details of proposal, the Government withdrew communication with other governmental departments on the the tender and finally entrusted the Hong Kong Jockey Club to topic of heritage conservation. Major tasks that CHO will be carry out the project in 2007. Such action has been criticized responsible for include the safeguarding of heritage funding,

Vol.5, No.1, Winter 2015 Winter No.1, Vol.5, by The Robert H. N. Ho Family Foundation, who had to the managing of heritage projects, liaising and negotiating participate in tendering, that there was no transparency in the with private owners, constituting guidelines and regulations decision making process. for heritages, provision of technical support and consultation advice, evaluation of HIA, and the implementation of heritage- CONCLUSION related policies. After the identification of deficiencies from the existing heritage Moreover, CHO will also serves as the bridge between the conservation policies and institutional arrangement, a new set government and the general public. CHO will be the major of recommended policy is suggested to improve the deficiencies channel for communication between the government and the in the field. The recommended policy framework contains four public for the context of heritage conservation. For instance, aspects: Revision of political system; provision of integrated general public can consult CHO for any queries on the subject conservation approaches and incentives; diversification of of heritage conservation, such as conservation approaches and International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International

funding sources and widening of public participation. incentives of their historic buildings. Revision of Political System: The first aspect of recommendation In addition to the role consolidation of CHO, it is also proposed is formulated to tackle the issues of inadequate institutional to transfer AMO to be directly governed by CHO. After the capacity and the insufficient coverage of heritage context. transfer, AMO will be mainly responsible to administer the built Strategies to address these issues are compiled with two main heritage and declare monuments. However, existing duties, components. The first component focuses on the institutional such as cultural heritage promotion, research and education arrangement while the second component indicates on the will be carried out by the Cultural Branch under Leisure and amendments of the heritage’s context. Cultural Service Department (LCSD). This alteration allows The current institutional arrangement in Hong Kong is very conservation work of graded buildings and monuments to be ineffective, the same responsibilities are found to be overlapped carried out in a more effective and efficient manners. among different institutional bodies. For instance, Antiquities On top of this, it is also advised to merge Antiquities Advisory and Monument Office (AMO), Antiquities Advisory Board Board (AAB) and Revitalization Committee (RC) as a single (AAB) and Commissioner for Heritage Office (CHO) share the advisory body under Development Bureau (DevB). The new same responsible of carrying out Heritage Impact Assessment body will be responsible for the assessment and revitalization (HIA) in the current institutional arrangement. The overlapping plans for both tangible and intangible heritage. Professional of responsibility leads to the waste of inefficient and ineffective advices will be provided by the new body in order to carry out working capacity. Yet, under the new arrangement of the heritage conservation works. To sum up our recommendation proposed recommendation, it is proposed to strengthen the on the re-arrangement of institutional arrangement, the role of

Fig. 10: Proposed institutional arrangement for heritage conservation in Hong Kong.

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International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 11 Widening of Public Participation: The fourth aspect of of Public Participation: Widening the issues of the narrow to tackle is formulated recommendation work in conservation on heritage channels participation public Hong Kong. Strategies to address these issues transparency the advance are to aims item first The compiled items. two with these issues are compiled with two items. The first item focuses item first The items. two with compiled are issues these to support heritage sale revenue of land allocation partial on the setting the indicates second item the works while conservation Fund. Trust up of the Hong Kong Heritage (HKH) In the financial year 2009 – 2010, statistics fromLands Department (2010) and the Department Revenue the Inland (2010) shows that the land sale profit is amountedbillion, which is 5.59% of the to $14.5 total income of the Hong Kong suitable the should study The government Government. to used be should that profit sale land the of amount percentage support heritage conservation. to the land sale revenue, it is also proposed to set up In addition heritage promote to up set is fund trust The Fund. Trust HKH the conservation in Hong Kong. The trust fund will fund the conservation of historic buildings of privately-owned be used to that includes The running body will be a committee, heritages. professional and group concerned conservation heritage the As this running bodies. body will be a non-profit organization, will be exempted. tax of the organization and the annual by injection of the trust fund will be a one-time capital Initial will be accumulation The on-going capital the Government. member by the NGO through fund raising activities, managed subscription and donation. CHO running will identify potential The most creative body of the trust fund through competition. who will be the running body of the group will be the winner, Fund. Trust Hong Kong Heritage corresponding departments that will facilitate the establishment the will facilitate that departments corresponding emergency building and structural planning, tailor-made a of This recommendation heritage. for the built services regulations and of the architectural destruction attempts to avoid the built heritages. aesthetic features of the of Integrated Conservation Provision and Incentives Approaches tackle to is formulated of recommendation second aspect The incentives and approaches conservation issues of limited the the provision of integrated With heritages. for privately-owned to conserve their buildings encouraged approaches, owners are incentives that will facilitate list of proposed A in various ways. with their conservation the owners to carry out heritage 2 CHO will be responsible on Table properties is presented in kits. the incentive the provision, execution and approval of process of the and selection the criteria At the same time, should also be open to the public so as to facilitate incentives the transparency within the process. Diversification of Funding Sources tackle to formulated is recommendation of aspect third The address to the issues of shortage in funding sources. Strategies Safety Ordinances. CHO should study the ordinances with the ordinances CHO should study the Safety Ordinances. graded heritages. set of an appropriate it is proposed to establish Fifthly, or Fire Building such as the heritage, for built ordinance conservation requirements into the building requirements of conservation requirements into the building requirements to avoid the intends This recommendation the graded buildings. methods of the valuable conservation or improper demolition decoration, structural change, and revitalization methods, revitalization and change, structural decoration, to its respective to the graded buildings in accordance the incorporate also will Department Building The grading. environment of cultural heritages. graded on the protection we advise to establish Fourthly, historic buildings. CHO should constitute some conservation internal methods, such as alteration regulations, and guidelines explanatory notes into the outline zoning plan so that land so that plan zoning outline the into notes explanatory This of these zones could be controlled. use and development setting and to preserve the entire targets recommendation formulation of guidelines and requirements of the conservation and requirements of guidelines formulation set, are and regulations guidelines After the zones. and buffer them as the will be incorporating the Planning Department of any settings, buildings or environments within the zone. zone. the within or environments buildings of any settings, buildings to be is used to avoid incompatible zone Buffer for the within the zone. CHO will be responsible constructed Thirdly, it is proposed to adopt an area conservation approach to adopt an area conservation it is proposed Thirdly, zone and of conservation with the tool heritage for cultural zone is used to forbid the demolition Conservation zone. buffer Kong. Moreover, conservation This city. the of heritage intangible the conserve to formulated approaches will also intangible of essence the protect to aims recommendation be heritage in Hong Kong. Secondly, it is proposed to include intangible heritage as part heritage intangible to include it is proposed Secondly, guidelines HIA, impose CHO will The heritage. cultural of Hong heritage in and regulations for protecting intangible of HIA prior the issuing of development permit by DevB. permit prior the issuing of development of HIA of urban disturbances the minimizes recommendation This development to the cultural heritage. as one of the criteria for development application. If ever any application. for development as one of the criteria falls into the boundary of the four areas, DevB development approval and examination CHO for the to case the transfer will (HIA) as a statutory procedure through legislation, targeting to targeting legislation, through procedure statutory (HIA) as a buildings, graded monuments, declared to next developments the buildings and areas within 50 meters from the historic report will be submitted to CHO The HIA conservation area. This often leads to the losing or disappearance of cultural of disappearance or losing the to leads often This heritages in Hong Kong. Assessment Impact Heritage proposing to launch we are Firstly, In the second component of the the are proposed. Currently, context revisions on the heritage’s recommendation one, five limited. is very heritages on cultural coverage or protection so as to save the time and processes incurred in the process of and processes so as to save the time Fig. 10 shows heritage conservation. institutional the revised conservation in Hong Kong. arrangement for heritage CHO is now enhanced to lead heritage conservation works in conservation heritage lead to enhanced CHO is now AMO will be transferred to the DevB under CHO Hong Kong. Table 2: Proposed incentives and its corresponding criteria to provide such incentives

Types of incentives or approaches Vol.5, No.1, Winter 2015 Winter No.1, Vol.5, 1. To provide charge-less technical advice (architectural, structural - Owner who needs technical advice to conserve their properties and maintenance) and conservation strategies2 - Owner who does not know the available conservation strategies 2. To provide charge-less technical advice (architectural, structural - Owner who needs technical advice to conserve their properties and maintenance) and strategies - Owner who does not know the available conservation strategies 3. Application of maintenance/ modification grant3 to fund heritage - Owner who lacks capital for modifying the heritage for adaptive- conservation projects reuse purpose 4. Application of operation fund4 - Owner who has attractive and sustainable conservation plans for their heritage - The proposal will benefit the community and open for public access 5. Assistance for the application of statutory licenses (e.g. food - Owner who is inexperienced with the application procedure for the license) and approvals for operation operation of his historic buildings International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International 6. Assistance to apply for rezoning or planning permission to the - Owner who is inexperienced with the application procedure for the historic buildings operation of his historic buildings 7. Platform to encourage partnership with NGOs, corporate, - Owner who is looking for organizations to operate in his heritage professional bodies and etc. 8. Tax incentives - Property tax will be exempted for owners to run businesses in a heritage - Profit tax will be returned to owners on the costs spent on maintenance 9. Seminar or workshops to share the successful conservation cases of - Owner who is uncertain on the benefit and feasibility of carrying out privately-owned heritages heritage conservation in his heritag 10. Relaxation on planning control (GFA, plot ratio, and etc.) - When the revitalization plan requires the accommodation of relaxation on development control, provided that the relaxation will not impose adverse impact to the heritage and its surrounding environment 11. Transfer of development rights - Owners who insist to demolish the building for economic return 12. Non-in-situ and in-situ land exchange - Owners who insist to demolish the building for economic fund if there is governmentally-owned land of similar value for exchange

level within the decision making process while the second item general public, participations of schools, Non-Government indicates ways that different sectors in a community could Organizations (NGOs), district councils and businesses participate in heritage conservation in Hong Kong. are strongly encouraged. In order to raise the awareness of The existing decision making process in Hong Kong is non- youngsters on the importance of heritage conservation, students transparent at all. The general public basically has no idea on should learn to appreciate cultural heritage by different learning the basic criteria of any decisions. The general public should experiences in addition to the existing curriculum of Liberal have the right to select and propose monument or graded Studies. The Cultural Branch will develop some learning historic buildings. It is recommend that CHO to develop the and teaching materials, and will provide training to teachers guideline for public representation. In terms of implementation, accordingly. The Cultural Branch can also help educational a commentary form for public representation should be drafted bodies to introduce cultural heritage element into different by CHO. This form can be downloaded from CHO website. subjects, such as cookery, home economics, music, visual arts, General public can also acquire the form from district office and etc. of the Home Affairs Department and other government As for the NGOs and District Councils, it is recommend facilities. Therefore, the general public will be able to express that the Government to fund NGOs and District Councils to their opinion through internet or mail easily. The Government promote community involvement on a district level through should also consult the public upon regular review of Heritage partnership scheme. Under the scheme, the Government needs Conservation Policy by CHO so as to remain updated with the to provide the funding for eligible NGOs. Then, the NGOs may changing societal needs. liaise with district council and professional bodies to organize Other than creating channels to collect opinions from the district heritage conservation activities which encourage the

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International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 13 . . , . , Hong Kong Preservation of Preservation , Retrieved March 3, 2012, , Retrieved Land Sale Result 2009/2010 Queen's Pier hunger strikers' The 2011-12 Budget: Hong Kong: The 2011-12 . The Tai Hang Fire Dragon Dance Hang Fire . The Tai Policy Address by Chief Executive by Chief Address Policy Retrieved March 10, 2012, from http:// 10, 2012, from March Retrieved . Public revenue from gambling sector from revenue . Public Villain Hitting at Canal Road Flyover Hitting Villain Retrieved March 5, 2012, from http://statutes. Retrieved Retrieved February 15, 2012, from http:// Retrieved February 15, 2012, from Tsang, Y.K. Tsang, Y.K. (2007). Policy Address by Chief Executive. C. H. (1999). Tung, Planet Ware. (2012). Retrieved February 15, 2012, from (2012). Retrieved Ware. Planet (2010). (PlanD). Department Planning SAR Macao of the and Census Service Statistics Report Annual (2011). Association. Conservancy The February 15, 2012, from grove. (2012). Retrieved Travel C.H. (2011). Tsang, Foreman, B. (2010) Foreman, (2010). Lands Department. Lewis. (2011). (2009). Board. Heritage National Ohconfucius, (2007). Hong Kong: HKSAR Government. Hong Kong: HKSAR Government. http://www.planetware.com/picture/singapore-chinatown-sin- sin344.htm. and Guidelines Planning Standard from http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/tech_doc/hkpsg/full/ index.htm Government. (2011) March 3, 2012, from http://www.dsec.gov.mo/ Retrieved TimeSeriesDatabase.aspx?lang=en-US&KeyIndicatorID=14 March 19, 2012, from http://www. 2009-10, Retrieved conservancy.org.hk/aboutCA/AR0910.pdf http://www.travelgrove.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/china- town-300x225.jpg. Government. HKSAR www.budget.gov.hk/2011/eng/budget64.html Retrieved February 15, 2012, fromhttp://travel.cnn.com/hong- Retrieved kong/visit/tai-hang-fire-dragon-dance-800508. http://www.landsd.gov.hk/en/ from 2012, 19, March Retrieved landsale/records/2009-2010.pdf. February 15, 2012, from http://blog.lewis.com. Retrieved hk/2010/11/02/villain-hitting-da-xiaoren/. Monuments Act. agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_legdisp.pl?actno=2009- ACT-16-N&doctitle=PRESERVATION%20OF%20 MONUMENTS%20ACT%202009%0A&date=latest&metho d=part&sl=1 encampment. commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:QP_Hungerstrike.jpg. . . Retrieved Shot today on a group of people going in people of on a group today Shot Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance and Monuments Antiquities Introduction to Antiquities and Monuments Antiquities to Introduction Built Heritage in Hong Kong Heritage Built Retrieved February 15, 2012, from http://www. Retrieved Retrieved March 1, 2012, from http://www.amo.gov.hk/ Commissioner for Heritage’s Office (CHO). (2008). AMO. (2010). (2006). Anson Mak. AMO. (2007 a). AMO. (2007 b). Retrieved February 15, 2012, from http://www.heritage.gov. from 2012, 15, February Retrieved hk/en/about/commissioner.htm aahsun.com/wpblog/wp-content/wppic/starpier30_11_06.JPG. Organization Chart for Commissioner for Heritage’s Office. the clock tower. February 15, 2012 from http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/built_hia. php Office. en/about.php. Retrieved February 15, 2012, from http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/ Retrieved about2.php REFERENCES enterprise under the current revitalization scheme. However, scheme. However, enterprise under the current revitalization exceed 6 months ofwe suggest the maximum grant should not enterprise model. operation cost since it is not run as the social the Government. to social grant offering 4. Operation fund is similar to the one-off dollars. Similar to the existing maintenance scheme, owners aredollars. Similar to the existing maintenance at certain levelrequired to open the heritages for public access period, agreed withand not for sale into the market for a certain restoration and reconstruction. 3. The maximum allowance for modification is HK$2 million ENDNOTES and revitalization 1. Redevelopment, preservation, rehabilitation rehabilitation,2. Conservation strategies include preservation, with the corporate, such as the HSBC to organize similar HSBC to organize such as the with the corporate, into conservation of heritage concept with the competition business plans. and successful every year. It attracts many young entrepreneurs many young entrepreneurs It attracts and successful every year. year. business plans every creative their and students to submit collaborate Branch can also the Cultural Base on this example, organize heritage award with the collaboration of commercial collaboration heritage award with the organize held by Hong Award It is observed that the Business sector. Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) is so popular On top of the contribution of NGOs and District Councils, the Councils, of NGOs and District contribution of the On top conservation heritage sector for conserving role of commercial Branch is suggested to The Cultural can never be neglected. involvement of the community. of the community. involvement UNESCO. (2010). World Heritage. Retrieved February 5, Retrieved 20 February, 2012, fom .http://www.ura.org.hk/html/ 2012, from, http://whc.unesco.org/EN/about c304000e1e.html URA (Urban Renewal Authority). (2005).4Rs Approach. 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