Different Taste of Hong Kong

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Different Taste of Hong Kong New Tourism Product Development Project Merit Awarded by Hong Kong Tourism Board Different Taste of Hong Kong Taoist temples and Edwardian edifices nestle between skyscrapers and international brands, people trade on international markets and light incense to bodhisattvas, there is a mysterious side of Hong Kong - discover the people and places that shaped Hong Kong. “Victoria Harbour”, “Bazaars”, “Ding Ding tram”, “Villain hitting”,” The typhoon shelter”, are all the record of the people living history. Get around in Victoria City, visit the wealthy public housing-Wah Fu Estates. For the foreigner, Wah Fu Estates are just the narrow dwellings, however, the Hong Kong locals are considered the estates as their own sweet homes below the “Lion Rock. Build a modern city on an ancient civilisation, put it at an intersection of cultures, and you get a place that is truly worth exploring. 【Itinerary Highlights】 Depart from hotels > Take a ride on the Century-old Star Ferry for an up-close look of the building on both Hong Kong and Kowloon side along Victoria Harbour The Star Ferry's ferry crossings at Victoria Harbour are acclaimed as an important part of the commuter system between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon, and are an essential journey for visitors. The National Geographic Traveler named the ferry crossing as one of the 50 places of a lifetime to visit. The ferry ride is also well known as one of the world’s best value-for-money sightseeing trips. ● Get Into the centuries-old “Stone Slab Street”, these bazaars are also constituted by terraced shops which are selling local’s daily goods and tourist souvenirs. (Pottinger Street is also better known as the Stone Slabs Street by the locals, after the granite stone steps which are a rarity nowadays in Hong Kong. The street was named after Henry Pottinger, the first Governor of Hong Kong in 1858. There are many small local shops placed aside the stone steps. It is also a place of selling nostalgia. Taiwan Director Ang Lee's award winning "Lust, Caution" was partly filmed at here.) ● Mid-Levels Escalators are providing an effortless method of transportation between these districts for residents. This has opened up large tracts of "SoHo". Many restaurants have opened around all the elevated level. (Serving as a method of transporting, it links Des Voeux Road in Central with Conduit Road in the Mid-levels. It cost HKD240 million to build. The entire system covers over 800 metres in distance and it is the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world.) ● Hong Kong's main transport are the "Ding Ding”Tram , even till now the “Ding Ding” are still remained in their 30,40s’design. Running along the northern side of Hong Kong Island, regardless of passing by Sheung Wan, Western District, Central or Admiralty, within this few minutes of ride commuter are able to experiences a fusion of 1950s to 21th century. These double-decker trams have been travelling through Hong Kong's busiest streets since 1904s and continue to be an affordable and leisure way to get around. Neighborhoods that might pass through on your journey include some of Hong Kong's most colorful suburbs, such as Western district, Wan Chai, Happy Valley, Causeway Bay and North Point. ● One of Hong Kong culture are Villain hitting -“Da Siu Yan”. It is a traditional old folk tales popular in Hong Kong. Villain hitting ceremonies are often seen at the road side performed by old ladies with fast chanting. Villain hitters may help their clients curse a general villain: a group of people potentially harmful to the clients. Dualism is mainstream in the traditional Chinese world view, and many different kinds of folk sorcery beliefs derive from this view. The concept of Villain and Gui Ren (people who will do something good to the clients) comes as a result of this yin and yang world view. ● In Aberdeen - one of the oldest public housing in Hong Kong is called Wah Fu Estates. People believe that Wah Fu Estates is enriching with good Feng Shui, hence by living there would make the residents wealthier. Wish to experience such fortune? Please come let the fortune shower upon you. In the early 19th century, foreigners who landed near Aberdeen Village mistook the name of the village "Hong Kong" for the whole island. When the foreigners eventually realized their mistake, the name "Hong Kong" was already commonly used to refer to the entire island. Wah Fu Estate was the first public housing estate that was designed under the new town concept and it was the first batch of twin tower building in Hong Kong public housing system. Each flat are designed with its own balcony and some even include a spectacular sea view. There is a park called Waterfall Bay that run along the shoreline in front of the Wah Fu Estate that have a view of the East Lamma Channel and Lamma Island. Special arrangement is prepared to allow viewers to enter the flat and allow them to experience the actual situation in public housing in Hong Kong. ● The typhoon shelter (shipyard) on the south side of Hong Kong Island still keeps the traditional fishing living culture. Special arrangements are provided for you to take a ride by Walla-walla. ● Ap Lei Chau Outlets boasts furniture and fashion factory outlets, including upscale and cutting-edge brand retailers﹝JOYCE WAREHOUSE、VIVIENNE WESTWOOD、PRADA、 MIU MIU、GUCCI﹞ Ap Lei Chau, or Aberdeen Island, is an island of Hong Kong. Ap Lei Chau shelters Aberdeen Harbour, creating an excellent typhoon shelter. Walla-walla, was a kind of motorboat used to serve in the Aberdeen Harbour of Hong Kong. Walla-walla was named by the Local people for its very noisy engine. Ap Lai Chau Outlets is the unique outlet mall in Hong Kong. Shop categories include home accessories, discount designer fashion, such as Lane Crawford Warehouse、Joyce Warehouse、Max Mara n Group Warehouse, Monaco, Juicy Couture and IT outlet. Since Ap Lai Chau Outlets are not easy accessible and business operating time are short, hence causing the locals visitation less frequently. If the tourist would like to get there on their own, Bus 592, 99 or 971 are available from Sogo Causeway Bay bus terminus, alight at South Horizon and follow by approximately 10-15 minutes walk. RM 916, 9/F, Tower A, New Mandarin Plaza, 14 Science Museum Road, Tsim Sha Tsui East, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR Tel: 2739 6700 Email: [email protected] Web: www.hstvl.com.
Recommended publications
  • Hong Kong Final Report
    Urban Displacement Project Hong Kong Final Report Meg Heisler, Colleen Monahan, Luke Zhang, and Yuquan Zhou Table of Contents Executive Summary 5 Research Questions 5 Outline 5 Key Findings 6 Final Thoughts 7 Introduction 8 Research Questions 8 Outline 8 Background 10 Figure 1: Map of Hong Kong 10 Figure 2: Birthplaces of Hong Kong residents, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 11 Land Governance and Taxation 11 Economic Conditions and Entrenched Inequality 12 Figure 3: Median monthly domestic household income at LSBG level, 2016 13 Figure 4: Median rent to income ratio at LSBG level, 2016 13 Planning Agencies 14 Housing Policy, Types, and Conditions 15 Figure 5: Occupied quarters by type, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 16 Figure 6: Domestic households by housing tenure, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 16 Public Housing 17 Figure 7: Change in public rental housing at TPU level, 2001-2016 18 Private Housing 18 Figure 8: Change in private housing at TPU level, 2001-2016 19 Informal Housing 19 Figure 9: Rooftop housing, subdivided housing and cage housing in Hong Kong 20 The Gentrification Debate 20 Methodology 22 Urban Displacement Project: Hong Kong​ | ​1 Quantitative Analysis 22 Data Sources 22 Table 1: List of Data Sources 22 Typologies 23 Table 2: Typologies, 2001-2016 24 Sensitivity Analysis 24 Figures 10 and 11: 75% and 25% Criteria Thresholds vs. 70% and 30% Thresholds 25 Interviews 25 Quantitative Findings 26 Figure 12: Population change at TPU level, 2001-2016 26 Figure 13: Change in low-income households at TPU Level, 2001-2016 27 Typologies 27 Figure 14: Map of Typologies, 2001-2016 28 Table 3: Table of Draft Typologies, 2001-2016 28 Typology Limitations 29 Interview Findings 30 The Gentrification Debate 30 Land Scarcity 31 Figures 15 and 16: Google Earth Images of Wan Chai, Dec.
    [Show full text]
  • Message from the Librarian
    New Series Vol. 6, No. 3 Mar 2007 The University of Hong Kong Libraries CARING, COLLABORATIVE, CREATIVE. YOUR PARTNER IN INTELLECTUAL EXCELLENCE. focus Message from the Librarian The Hong Kong University Libraries Wins Obscure Honour: Providing the most food for the world’s copy cataloguers! The Libraries recently received a sort of recognition that perhaps only a librarian could love: HKU Libraries submitted 75,912 original cataloguing records making it the largest contributor among the Online Computer Library Consortia (OCLC) libraries to the OCLC WorldCat database. This may sound like a type of visibility that the University could do without, but it relates to an important cost saving technique for libraries. To understand what this is all about I need to first introduce what is OCLC and what is copy cataloguing. OCLC started out in 1967 as a state-wide library consortium in Ohio: the Ohio College Library Center. One of its main programs was the sharing of cataloging records, e.g., when a participating library bought a new book and created a record for it in their catalogue, they would also enter that record in the OCLC computer database. Then, when another library bought the same book, instead of doing the cataloguing themselves they would check the database and copy the record or change or adapt the record them for use in their local OPAC– hence, copy-cataloging or adaptive cataloguing. Message from the Librarian But the utility of sharing such records soon spread beyond the not years, for other libraries to catalogue them first so we borders of Ohio and eventually the borders of the United can copy their records later.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Forms and the Politics of Property in Colonial Hong Kong By
    Speculative Modern: Urban Forms and the Politics of Property in Colonial Hong Kong by Cecilia Louise Chu A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Nezar AlSayyad, Chair Professor C. Greig Crysler Professor Eugene F. Irschick Spring 2012 Speculative Modern: Urban Forms and the Politics of Property in Colonial Hong Kong Copyright 2012 by Cecilia Louise Chu 1 Abstract Speculative Modern: Urban Forms and the Politics of Property in Colonial Hong Kong Cecilia Louise Chu Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture University of California, Berkeley Professor Nezar AlSayyad, Chair This dissertation traces the genealogy of property development and emergence of an urban milieu in Hong Kong between the 1870s and mid 1930s. This is a period that saw the transition of colonial rule from one that relied heavily on coercion to one that was increasingly “civil,” in the sense that a growing number of native Chinese came to willingly abide by, if not whole-heartedly accept, the rules and regulations of the colonial state whilst becoming more assertive in exercising their rights under the rule of law. Long hailed for its laissez-faire credentials and market freedom, Hong Kong offers a unique context to study what I call “speculative urbanism,” wherein the colonial government’s heavy reliance on generating revenue from private property supported a lucrative housing market that enriched a large number of native property owners. Although resenting the discrimination they encountered in the colonial territory, they were able to accumulate economic and social capital by working within and around the colonial regulatory system.
    [Show full text]
  • Right to Adequate Housing There Were No Recommendations Made on the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (HKSAR) in the Second UPR Cycle
    Right to Adequate Housing There were no recommendations made on the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (HKSAR) in the Second UPR Cycle. Framework in HKSAR HKSAR is the most expensive city, worldwide, in which to buy a home. Broadly, housing is categorized into; permanent private housing, public rental housing, and public housing. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) has been extended to HKSAR and its implementation is covered under Article 39 of the Basic Law. The middle income group is squeezed by the rocketing prices, relative to low incomes; particularly given that there is no control to prevent public rental rates being set against the wider commercial property market. The crisis in the affordability of housing in Hong Kong has been noted by successive Chief Executives since 2013. For example, the current Chief Executive, Carrie Lam, said in her Policy Address in October 2017 that “meeting the public’s housing needs is our top priority”. However, despite these statements, since 2013 there has been a continued surge in property prices, rental prices and an increase in the number of homeless. Concerns with the lack of affordable and adequate housing were raised by the ICESCR Committee in their 2014 Concluding Observations on HKSAR. Challenges Cases, facts and comments • The government has not taken • Median property prices are 19.4 times the median sufficient action to protect and salary. promote the right to adequate housing • In the years 2007-2016, property prices in HKSAR under Article 11(1) of ICESCR, including increased by 176.4%, compared to a 42.9% rise in the right to choose one’s residence the median monthly income.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Housing in the Global Cities: Hong Kong and Singapore at the Crossroads
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 11 January 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0201.v1 Public Housing in the Global Cities: Hong Kong and Singapore at the Crossroads Anutosh Das a, b a Post-Graduate Scholar, Department of Urban Planning and Design, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong; E-mail: [email protected] b Faculty Member, Department of Urban & Regional Planning, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET), Bangladesh; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Affordable Housing, the basic human necessity has now become a critical problem in global cities with direct impacts on people's well-being. While a well-functioning housing market may augment the economic efficiency and productivity of a city, it may trigger housing affordability issues leading crucial economic and political crises side by side if not handled properly. In global cities e.g. Singapore and Hong Kong where affordable housing for all has become one of the greatest concerns of the Government, this issue can be tackled capably by the provision of public housing. In Singapore, nearly 90% of the total population lives in public housing including public rental and subsidized ownership, whereas the figure tally only about 45% in Hong Kong. Hence this study is an effort to scrutinizing the key drivers of success in affordable public housing through following a qualitative case study based research methodological approach to present successful experience and insight from different socio-economic and geo- political context. As a major intervention, this research has clinched that, housing affordability should be backed up by demand-side policies aiming to help occupants and proprietors to grow financial capacity e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Privatising Management Services in Subsidised Housing in Hong Kong
    The research register for this journal is available at The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at http://www.mcbup.com/research_registers http://www.emerald-library.com/ft Privatising Privatising management management services in subsidised housing services in Hong Kong Ling Hin Li and Amy Siu 37 Department of Real Estate and Construction, The University of Received August 1998 Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Revised June 2000 Keywords Tenant, Property management, Housing, Privatization, Hong Kong Abstract Privatisation of services from the public sector is topical currently mainly because of the potential savings and efficiency to be gained. In the aspect of property management, the Hong Kong Housing Authority owns more than 600,000 units of public housing flats and the requirement for good and efficient property management services is enormous. The current policy of privatising these services to the private management agents has proved to be a correct direction in terms of retaining the growth of the public sector, and also improving the level of services to the tenants. While the privatisation scheme might bring in more opportunities for growth of the property management companies in the private sector, it is more important for the government to forge a proper transitional arrangement to switch to full private management in order not to endanger the already low morale in the public sector. 1. Introduction Privatisation is a general term describing a multitude of government initiatives designed to increase the role of the private sector in the provision of the conventional public services. The principles behind privatisation represent an ideology that puts larger emphasis on the efficiency of the market forces than on the public sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Affordable Social Housing: Modular Flat Design for Mass Customization in Public Rental Housing in Hong Kong
    AFFORDABLE SOCIAL HOUSING: MODULAR FLAT DESIGN FOR MASS CUSTOMIZATION IN PUBLIC RENTAL HOUSING IN HONG KONG Irene Cheng Assistant Director Development and Construction Division, Hong Kong Housing Authority, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. Irene.cheng@housinga uthority.gov.hk Connie K. Y. YEUNG, Chief Architect, Development and Construction Division, Hong Kong Housing Authority, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, [email protected] Clarence K.Y. FUNG, Senior Architect, Development and Construction Division, Hong Kong Housing Authority, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. [email protected] Wilfred K.W. LAI, Architect, Development and Construction Division, Hong Kong Housing Authority, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. [email protected] Summary Since 2008, the Hong Kong Housing Authority has been developing a new design strategy: adopting modular flat design for mass customization in public rental housing in Hong Kong. The Modular Flat Design (2008 Version) has been optimized to strike a better balance amongst various factors including valuable land resources, buildability and cost effectiveness and user-friendliness including responses to the findings from Residents Survey. This is a product of cumulative experiences over years. By applying modular flats to the building design in affordable social housing developments, Hong Kong Housing Authority can assure quality and sustainability while at the same time achieving consistency in standards.. Keywords : Public Rental Housing, Modular Flat Design, Standardization & Modularization, Universal Design, Sustainability 1. Public Housing Design Development The Hong Kong Housing Authority is a statutory body established in April 1973 under the Housing Ordinance. The Hong Kong Housing Authority plans, builds, manages and maintains public housing in Hong Kong.
    [Show full text]
  • Technological & Digital Revolution
    September/October 2016 Volume 183 Technological & Digital Revolution Interview with a Chief 4 Re-industrialising Hong Kong through innovation Albert Wong, CEO, Hong Kong Science & Technology Park Towards Hyper-Connectivity 15 FinTech and RegTech are changing our world 20 The magazine for members of the Dutch Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong Contents Unit 2402B, 24th Floor 3 Chairman’s Note Great Eagle Centre 23 Harbour Road 4 Interview with a Chief Wan Chai Re-industrialising Hong Kong Hong Kong through innovation E-mail: [email protected] Albert Wong, CEO, Website: www.dutchchamber.hk HK Science & Technology Park Skype: Dutchchamberhk 6 News & Views Editorial Committee Maaike van Meer (Chair) 16 Tax Focus Caroline Schikker Tax incentives for innovation Maarten Swemmer in the Netherlands Monique Detilleul Lisanne de Bie 18 China Focus Technology and Innovation – Editor The legal profession in the Digital Age Donna Mah 19 Lead Story FinTech and RegTech are changing our world Desktop Publisher Jean Michel Caille 23 Passing the pen General Manager 24 Go Green Jacqueline Baud Next Step for Green Environment: Measure your CO2 Reduction! Cover Design Sarie Moolenburgh, SARIE MGH Photography 25 Lifestyle Advertisers 29 Passport to Hong Kong ABN AMRO BANK N.V. Hong Kong Spirits FINANCIAL CONSULTANTS DE BOER (FVB) ING BANK N.V., HONG KONG BRANCH 30 Events KLM ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES PHILIPS ELECTRONICS HONG KONG LIMITED 33 Members' Corner RABOBANK HONG KONG ROYALE INTERNATIONAL 34 Enquiries and Information TANNER DE WITT TURKISH AIRLINES 36 DutchCham Information z This magazine is distributed free of charge to all members and relations of the Dutch Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Cities, Local Knowledge
    Formatting and Change in East Asian Television Industries: Media Globalization and Regional Dynamics Lim, Wei Ling Tania Patricia BSocSc (Hons), MSc (Media & Comms) Creative Industries Research and Applications Centre Queensland University of Technology Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2005 Keywords Circuit of cultural production, East Asian popular culture, Television industries, Field of broadcasting, Formatting, Local knowledge, Media capitals, Neo-networks, Regional dynamics, TV Formats, martial arts dramas, teenage idol soap operas, game-shows. ii Abstract Television is increasingly both global and local. Those television industries discussed in this thesis transact in an extensive neo-network of flows in talents, financing, and the latest forms of popular culture. These cities attempt to become media capitals but their status waxes and wanes, depending on their success in exporting their Asian media productions. What do marital arts dramas, interactive game-shows, children’s animation and teenage idol soap operas from East Asian television industries have in common? Through the systematic use of TV formatting strategies, these television genres have become the focus for indigenous cultural entrepreneurs located in the East Asian cities of Hong Kong, Singapore and Taipei to turn their local TV programmes into tradable culture. This thesis is a re-consideration of the impact of media globalisation on Asian television that re-imagines a new global media order. It suggests that there is a growing shift in perception and trade among once-peripheral television industries that they may be slowly de-centring Hollywood’s dominance by inserting East Asian popular entertainment into familiar formats or cultural spaces through embracing global yet local cultures of production.
    [Show full text]
  • Jun 2 0 1997 N
    Hong Kong: City of Edges South East Kowloon Development by Wai-Kuen Chan B.S. Arch, City College of New York, 1992 B. Arch, City College of New York, 1993 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE STUDIES AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JUNE 1997 c 1997 Wai-Kuen Chan. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author: Wai-Kuen Chan Department of Architecture May 9, 1997 Certified by: Julian Beinart Professor of Architecture and Planning Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: Roy Strickland Associate Professor of Architecture Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Students JUN 2 0 1997 N -C CO Readers Reader: John DeMONCHAUX Title: Professor of Architecture and Planning Reader: Michael Dennis Title: Professor of Architecture lil O O) Hon g Kon g: City of Edges South East Kowloon Development by Wai-Kuen Chan Abstract Submitted To The Department Of Architecture in Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Degree Of Master Of Science In Architecture Studies At The Massachusetts Institute Of Technology, June 1997 Many extraordinary cities are developed along the edges of water into different directions. Yet, the city of Hong Kong has been formed along narrow strips of scarce flat-land around the harbor and from reclamations of land-fills. Urban fabrics are stretched along water edges of the Victoria Harbor with distinct characters. For the rapidly developing cities, these urban fragments are elemental and essential to sustain.
    [Show full text]
  • Lantau Tomorrow Vision: to Reclaim Or Not to Reclaim?
    LANTAU TOMORROW VISION: TO RECLAIM OR NOT TO RECLAIM? Case ID: 2020008B Introduction Housing is one of the most challenging livelihood issues in Hong Kong. In fact, current Chief Executive Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngor considers housing a formidable and complex problem. A direct cause of the housing shortage is the limited supply of land for housing. As the demand for housing as well as commercial and office space continues to increase, the need to find or create land for development is becoming all the more pressing. Adopting a multi-pronged approach, the government set up the Land Supply Task Force that conducted a study that included a public consultation on the various potential sources for land. Among these options is the creation of artificial islands off the coast of Southeast Lantau. Lam has made this a priority policy area of her government, launching the Lantau Tomorrow Vision proposal in her 2018 Policy Address. The plan is envisioned to provide as many as 400,000 residential units by the year 2032, of which 70 per cent will be public housing, with some units planned to be released earlier for occupancy. Various concern and environmental groups such as the Save Lantau Alliance oppose the development plan. According to these groups, the plan is wasteful and unnecessary, since there is still sufficient existing land that can be utilised, provided there is sufficient political will on the part of the government. Other groups such as Our Hong Kong Foundation support this plan, with some even proposing an enhanced version of the development plan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hong Kong Housing Authority and Its Financial Arrangement Over the Past 50 Years Eddie C.M
    The Hong Kong Housing Authority and its Financial Arrangement over the Past 50 Years Eddie C.M. HUI and Francis K.W. Wong Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University HKSAR, China Abstract Hong Kong is renowned for its extensive public housing programme. Since 1973, the restructured Hong Kong Housing Authority (HA) has had the overall responsibility for building, allocation and managing public housing. In the past decades it has performed its tasks with great success. However, in recent years it has met with serious challenges due to economic downturn and changes of aspirations to housing among the people of Hong Kong. Therefore, it will be of value to review the financial arrangement of HA and its predecessors over the past 50 years to provide insights to the future of HA. This paper will analyse three aspects of HA’s financial arrangements. Firstly, the change in financial tools and financial terms between the government and the HA in the past decades will be examined. Secondly, the trends and patterns in the HA’s income and expenditure are scrutinized. Lastly, the financial sustainability of the HA is evaluated. 1. Introduction Since 1953, the Hong Kong government has supported public housing development through the direct injection of capital and indirect subsidies of land. It has financed the construction of over 1.3 million domestic units under public rental housing (PRH) and various subsidised-ownership programmes, which now accommodate about half of the population in Hong Kong. The dimension of such development is no doubt very impressive by international standards and these subsidised housing units have benefited many households in the last fifty years.
    [Show full text]