Tesi Di Dottorato in Biologia Animale BIODIVERSITA' DEI CARABIDI E CONSERVAZIONE DEGLI AMBIENTI FORESTALI XXI Ciclo

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Tesi Di Dottorato in Biologia Animale BIODIVERSITA' DEI CARABIDI E CONSERVAZIONE DEGLI AMBIENTI FORESTALI XXI Ciclo Tesi di Dottorato in Biologia Animale BIODIVERSITA’ DEI CARABIDI E CONSERVAZIONE DEGLI AMBIENTI FORESTALI XXI Ciclo - Dottorato in Biologia Animale Settore scientifico disciplinare di afferenza BIO/07 Ecologia Coordinatore Prof.ssa Maria Carmela Cerra Supervisore Candidato: Prof. Pietro Brandmayr Valeria Pulieri A.A. 2009-2010 Ad Antonio, Maria e Stefano, e, soprattutto al Prof. 2 Riassunto La resilienza, la stabilità e la resistenza degli ecosistemi forestali sono le principali proprietà che conferiscono la capacità di preservazione di un ecosistema, permettendo la produzione di quei “servizi ecosistemici” essenziali per la conservazione dell’equilibrio naturale. Di fronte a fenomeni come i cambiamenti climatici e altri fattori di disturbo causati dalle attività antropiche, è di fondamentale importanza monitorare e controllare lo stato di stabilità degli ecosistemi. I Coleotteri Carabidi, buoni bioindicatori, attraverso la loro struttura di comunità, l’analisi dei gruppi funzionali presenti e la sensibilità alle variazioni ambientali riscontrabile nell’analisi morfometrica, fornisce degli indicatori utili per valutare la conservazione degli habitat e per contribuire ad identificare cambiamenti altrimenti non rilevabili fra ambienti in apparenza simili. L’analisi della biodiversità viene migliorata nella sua valutazione, dall’integrazione di tali fattori, che esaltano il ruolo funzionale delle singole specie della zoocenosi. 3 Abstract Resilience, stability and resistence of forest ecosystems are the main properties providing the conservation of those habitats and allowing the maintenance of processes essential for the “ecosystem services” supply. In front of climate change and other disturbances coming from human activities, it is of fundamental importance to watch and check stability status of ecosystems. Ground beetles, good bioindicators, by their community composition, functional groups and morphometric sensitivity, provide indicators on habitat conservation evaluation and contribute to identify little changes among areas looking similar. The analisys of biodiversity could be improved by considering the above factors, enhancing the functional role of single species of the community. 4 Sommario: Introduzione ............................................................................................................................ 8 Area di studio........................................................................................................................ 14 Il Parco del Pollino............................................................................................................ 14 I siti Natura 2000 del Pollino............................................................................................ 18 I Monti di Orsomarso........................................................................................................ 25 Riserva Naturale Orientata “Valle del Fiume Argentino” ............................................ 29 I Coleotteri Carabidi ............................................................................................................. 33 Collocazione sistematica................................................................................................... 33 Morfologia ........................................................................................................................ 33 Adattamenti e risposte dei Coleotteri Carabidi all'ambiente ............................................ 37 Ecologia ............................................................................................................................ 39 I bioindicatori................................................................................................................ 42 Forme biologiche .......................................................................................................... 44 Potere di dispersione..................................................................................................... 47 La biodiversità dei Carabidi in Italia ............................................................................ 48 Distribuzione ed areali .................................................................................................. 50 I Carabidi come bioindicatori ....................................................................................... 53 Studio della struttura di comunità..................................................................................... 55 Campionamento con le trappole a caduta ......................................................................... 59 Posizionamento delle trappole ...................................................................................... 60 Prelievo delle trappole, lavaggio e smistamento........................................................... 65 Determinazione delle specie ............................................................................................. 65 Analisi dei dati .................................................................................................................. 66 Compilazione della tabella zoosociologica................................................................... 67 Analisi morfometrica di Carabus lefebvrei .......................................................................... 69 Risultati................................................................................................................................. 71 Analisi descrittiva generale............................................................................................... 71 Corologia, abitudini alimentari, e potere di dispersione............................................... 78 Analisi della biodiversità .................................................................................................. 81 Valori di biodiversità vs gruppi funzionali ................................................................... 86 Analisi morfometrica ........................................................................................................ 88 Schema riepilogativo dell’analisi morfometrica......................................................... 100 Discussione e Conclusioni .................................................................................................. 101 Bibliografia ......................................................................................................................... 103 APPENDICE A................................................................................................................... 114 APPENDICE B................................................................................................................... 115 APPENDICE C................................................................................................................... 116 APPENDICE D................................................................................................................... 117 5 Indice delle figure Figura 1 – Il precario equilibrio di un ecosistema. ............................................................... 10 Figura 2 - Parco Nazionale del Pollino................................................................................. 14 Figura 3 - Area di svolgimento dello studio - Monti di Orsomarso...................................... 25 Figura 4 - Particolare del Fiume Argentino .......................................................................... 30 Figura 5 - Overview di alcune specie con differenti dimensioni corporee........................... 35 Figura 6 –Direzioni evolutive dei Carabidi proposte da Erwin, 1979. ................................. 37 Figura 7 – Esempi di alcuni predatori olfattivo-tattili e la loro variabilità morfologica legata alle abitudini alimentari ........................................................................................................ 44 Figura 8 - Esempi di alcuni predatori ottici .......................................................................... 45 Figura 9 - Esempi di specie zoospermofaghe (a sx) e specie esclusivamente spermofaghe (a dx) ......................................................................................................................................... 45 Figura 10 - Esempi di specie con differente morfologia alare.............................................. 48 Figura 11 –schema esemplificativo delle caratteristiche mostrate dai Coleotteri Carabidi lungo un gradiente ambientale da alto disturbo ad alta stabilità. (Gentilmente concesso dal Dott. A. Mazzei) ................................................................................................................... 54 Figura 12 - Schema di trappola a caduta............................................................................... 60 Figura 13 - Pitfall interrata.................................................................................................... 60 Figura 14 - Overview dei siti di campionamneto rispetto al Comune di Orsomarso ........... 62 Figura 15 - Dettaglio sulle alcune delle stazioni campionate rispetto al Comune di Orsomarso............................................................................................................................. 63 Figura 16 - Stazioni di fondovalle collocate nei pressi del Fiume Argentino ...................... 64 Figura 18 – Distribuzione geografica di Carabus lefebvrei................................................. 70 Figura 19- Ordinamento delle stazioni per numero di specie..............................................
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