Proceeding 14th ADRI 2017 International Conference and Call for Papers Bali, August 11 – 12, 2017
Published by : Perkumpulan Ahli & Dosen Republik Indonesia (ADRI) ISBN : 978-602-60736-9-3
Proceeding 14th ADRI 2017 International Conference and Call for Papers Bali, August 11 – 12, 2017
Published by : Perkumpulan Ahli & Dosen Republik Indonesia (ADRI)
Publisher Address : Jalan Kamboja 17 Telp 0361 224383 Fax, 233974, Denpasar, Bali http : // p-adri.or.id Email: [email protected] Proceeding 14th ADRI 2017 International Conference and Call for Papers Bali, August 11 – 12, 2017 649 pages, 28 cm Copyright Reserved Copyright @ 2017 ISBN : 978-602-60736-9-3
Publisher Manager of Perkumpulan Ahli & Dosen Republik Indonesia ( ADRI ) : Drs. Andi Mursidi, M.Si. (STKIP Singkawang, Ketua DPD ADRI Kalimantan Barat).
Board of Editor : Dr. H. Achmad Fathoni Rodli, M.Pd. (Ketua DPP ADRI) Dr. H. Anton Muhibuddin, SP, MP. (Rektor Universitas Wahab Hasbullah, Jombang) Dr. Putu Dyatmikawati, SH, M.Hum (Universitas Dwijendra, Denpasar, Bali) Dr. Meithiana Indrasari, ST, MM. (UNDA, Sampit, Kalimantan Tengah) Deffi Ayu Pusito Sari, Ph.D (Universitas Bakri, Jakarta) Rudy Kusuma, Ph.D (UNU, Sumatra Barat)
Reviewer : Prof. Dr. Supari Muslim, M.Pd (UNESA, Jawa Timur) Prof. Peter Newcombe, Ph.D. (University of Queensland Australia) Prof. Seung Wook Kim. (Korea University, Korea Selatan) Prof. Dr. Wahid Bin Razzaly (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia) Prof. Datuk H.Dr. Mohd. Dalimin, M.Sc. (UTM, Malaysia) Prof. Assoc. Dr. I-Hsien Ting. (National University Of Kaohsiung, Taiwan) Prof. Assoc. Hunsa Punapayak. (Chulalongkorn University, Thailand) Prof. Drs. Toho Cholik Mutohir, MA., Ph.D. (IKIP Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat) Prof. Dr. H. Husain Dsyam, M.TP. (Universitas Negeri Makassar) Prof. Dr. drg. Hj. I.A. Brahmasari, Dipl. DHE, MPA, (UNTAG Surabaya, Jawa Timur) Prof. Dr. R. Partino (Universitas Cendrawasih, Irian Jaya) Prof. Dr. Endry Boeriswati, M.Pd. (UNJ, Jakarta) Prof. Dr. Ir. Suhardjono, M.Pd, Dipl.HE. (UNIBRAW, Jawa Timur) Prof. Dr. Atmazaki, M.Pd. (Universitas Negeri Padang, Sumatera Barat) Prof. Dr. Nasrudin Suyuti, M.Si. (UNU Sulawesi Tenggara) Prof. Dr. Agus Soegianto, M.Sc. (UNAIR, Surabaya, Jawa Timur) Prof. Dr. Ir. Suprijanto, M.Si (ITS, Surabaya, Jawa Timur) Prof. Dr. Masriam Bukit, M.Pd. (UPI Bandung, Jawa Timur) Prof. Dr. Bambang Suprianto, MT. (UNESA, Jawa Timur) Prof. Dr. Amat Mukhadis, M.Pd. (UNESA, Jawa Timur) Prof. Dr. Madlazim, M.Si. (UNESA, Jawa Timur) Prof. Dr. Bambang Yulianto, M.Pd. (UNESA, Jawa Timur) Prof. Dr. Sarmini, M.Hum. (UNESA, Jawa Timur) Prof. Dr. Ismet Basuki, M.Pd. (UNESA, Jawa Timur) Prof. Dr. Abdul Muin Sibuea, M.Pd. (UNIMED, Sumatra Utara) Prof. Dr. Herminarto Sofyan, M.Pd. (UNY, Yogyakarta) Prof. Dr. Harapin Hafid, M.Si. (Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara) Prof. Dr. H. Sofyan Sauri, M.Pd. (UPI, Bandung, Jawa Barat) Prof. Dr. Aunurrahman, M.Pd. (Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Kalbar) Prof. Dr. Drs. Junaidi H. Matsum, M.Pd. (Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Kalbar) Prof. Dr. Edy Tandililing, M.Pd. (Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Kalbar) Prof. Dr. Drs. Eddy Yunus, ST, MM. (Universitas Dr. Soetomo, Surabaya, Jawa Timur) Prof. Dr. H. Achmad Slamet, M.Si. (UNNES, Semarang, Jawa Tengah) Prof. Dr. H. Maman Surachman, M.Sc. (UNNES, Semarang, Jawa Tengah) Prof. Dr. Sugiyo, M.Si. (UNNES, Semarang, Jawa Tengah) Prof. Dr. Ir. Ramatullah Rizieq, M.Si. (UPB Pontianak, Kalbar) Prof. Dr. Ujianto, M.Pd. (UNTAG Surabaya, Jawa Timur) Prof. Dr. Anna Permanasari, M.Si. (UPI, Bandung, Jawa Barat) Prof. Dr. Suwanto, M.Si. (UPI, Bandung, Jawa Barat) Dr. Andi Suhandi, M.Si. (UPI, Bandung, Jawa Barat) Dr. Ibrahim Ingga, M.Ak. (UNTAG Surabaya, Jawa Timur) Dr. M. Hasinuddin, S.Kep.Ns., M.Kep. (STIKES Ngudia Husada Madura, Jawa Timur) Dr. M. Rif’at, M.Pd. (Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Kalbar) Dr. Ahmad Yani T, M.Pd. (Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Kalbar) Dr. Ardi Marwan, S.Pd., TESOL. (POLNEP, Pontianak, Kalbar) Dr. Adnan Mahdi (IAI Sultan Syafiudin, Sambas, Kalbar) Dr. H. Wajidi Sayadi (IAIN, Pontianak, Kalbar) Dr. Sajiyo, ST., M.Kes. (UNTAG Surabaya, Jawa Timur) Dr. Drs. Andreas Muhrotein. M.Si (ST Pastoral St. Agustinus Keuskupan Agung Pontianak) Dr. Wida Kuswida Bhakti, S.Kep.,M.Kes. (STIKES Muhammadiyah Pontianak, Kalbar) Dr. Siti Nurjanah, M.Pd. (Universitas Negeri Jakarta) Dr. Yusnidar Yusuf, M.Pd. (UHAMKA, Jakarta) Dr. Eri Sarimanah, M.Pd. (Universitas Pakuan, Bogor) Dr. Rosida Tiurma Manurung, M.Hum. (Universitas Kristen Maranatha, Bandung, Jabar) Dr. Surti Kurniasih (Universitas Pakuan, Bogor) Dr. I Ketut Suar Adnyana, S.S. M.Hum (Dwijendra University, Denpasar) Dr. A.A.Sagung Ngurah Indradewi, SH.MH
Executive Editor: Dr. Ir. Gede Sedana, M.Sc. MMA. (Dwijendra University, Denpasar) Dr. Drs. A.A. Gde Putera Semadi, M.Si (Dwijendra University, Denpasar) Soeharto (STKIP Singkawang) Eka Murdani (STKIP Singkawang) Rosmaiyadi (STKIP Singkawang) Haris Rusdianto (STKIP Singkawang) Abd. Basith (STKIP Singkawang) Putu Ronny Angga Mahendra, S.Pd. M.Pd. (Dwijendra University, Denpasar) Drs. I Wayan Kotaniartha, SH. M.H. (Dwijendra University, Denpasar) Drs. I Made Sila, M.Pd. (Dwijendra University, Denpasar) I Wayan Partama Putra, SH (Dwijendra University, Denpasar) M. Ikhsan Setiawan (Universitas Narotama, Surabaya) Sulfikar Sallu (Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji, Riau) Muh. Ilham Baktiar (Universitas Negeri Makassar) Muh. Barid Nizarudin Wajdi (STAI Miftahul Ula Nglawak Kertosono, Nganjuk) Dian Eka Indriani (STKIP PGRI Bangkalan) Abdul Muhid (IAIN Sunan Ampel, Surabaya) Layout: Tim Markom (Dwijendra University, Denpasar, Bali)
Published by: Perkumpulan Ahli & Dosen Republik Indonesia (P-ADRI)
Publisher Address: Jalan Kamboja 17 Telp 0361 224383 Fax, 233974, Denpasar, Bali http : // p-adri.or.id Email: [email protected] PREFACE
First of all, I would like to say thankful for the God for his blessing on the 14th International Conference on Development of Science through Strengthening of Publication in Indexed Journals held in Dwijendra University on August 10-11, 2017. I am pleased to appreciate to the keynote speakers attending in this conference, such as Mr. Dr. M. Dimyati as Director General of Research and Development Strengthening, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia, and Mr. Dr. Drs. M.S. Chandra Jaya, M.Hum. as the Chairman of Dwijendra Yayasan. In this occasion, I also send my thanks to Prof. Dr. I Nengah Dasi Astawa, M.Si. as Coordinator of Kopertis Region 8, and Dr. Achmad Fatoni Rodli, M.Pd. as the Chairman of P-ADRI. The presence of invited speakers, namely Prof. Laurance Tamatea from Charles Darwin University (Australia), Prof. Takahiro Osawa from Yamaguci University (Japan), Smith. N. Ndila from Landi Institute, Dr. Tom Olijhoek as Editor in Chief DOAJ (Netherlands), Judith Barnsby, Managing Editor DOAJ (United Kindom), and Leena Shah, DOAJ Ambassadors (India) are very significantly for all participant to get fruitful knowledge. The ideas and experiences of them are being good documentation which is incorporated into this proceeding covering six subthemes. These are formal science, natural science, humaniora, applied science, religion, and social science. This proceeding might have significant benefits for the readers in enhancing their knowledge related to their interests. Besides, the paper included in this proceeding could bring new inspiration for the readers to have research and strengthen the results of research. I hope this might encourage the researchers to intensify research activities conducted by themselves and collaborative research between or among researchers. Doing research is one of the most important for the lecturers in the higher education institution, such as university, institute and others. The existence of higher education institutions would be acknowledged by the people when they produce research and socialize results of research in the community. In term of globalization, I also appreciate this international conference which has already completed proceedings with its International Standard Book Number (ISBN). This is one of the efforts of committee supported by DPP of P-ADRI starting from the preparation until implementation and processing of this proceeding. More than 170 papers are included in the proceeding, which are written by the lectures and experts with different disciplines. This proceeding is not only printed but also could be accessed to the web (on line system). Therefore, it could be published into the world and acknowledged by the people. This is a part of the program World Class University and World Class Research Institution. Hope this proceeding provides additional information and knowledge for the researchers and the people relating the application of technologies and social engineering. Thank you very much for the contributors of this proceeding.
Denpasar, 11 August 2017 Rector of Dwijendra University
Dr. Putu Dyatmikawati, SH.M.Hum. SUPPORTED BY TABLE OF CONTENTS
No. Title Pages 1 SENSE AND NON-SENSE IN JOURNAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT SYSTEMS 1 Dr. Antonius Olyhoek 2 INCREASING THE ADOPTION OF BEST PRACTICE IN OPEN ACCESS 2 PUBLISHING! Judith Barnsby 3 AN INSIDE PERSPECTIVE ON THE DOAJ AMBASSADOR PROGRAM FOR THE 3 GLOBAL SOUTH, 2016 Leena Shah 4 APPLICATION OF SATELLITE OCEANOGRAPHY IN INDONESIA 4 Takahiro Osawa 5 SUSTAINABLE DYNAMICS: A FRAMEWORK FOR CREATIVE 8 COLLABORATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN BALI, INDONESIA Kim Dyan A. Calderon and Hai Dai Nguyen 6 THE IMPOSTER SYNDROME: DISCIPLINE CHANGE AND THE PUBLISHING 9 IMPERATIVE Laurence Tamatea 7 EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP FOR MAKING GOOD JOB SATISFACTION 10 Smith M. Ndila 8 REVITALIZING THE VALUES OF ETHICAL POLITICS IN INDONESIA 11 Heryani Agustina 9 THE STRENGTHENING OF SOCIAL STUDIES LEARNING THROUGH 26 ECOPEDAGOGY APPROACH IN BANJARMASIN’S SECONDARY SCHOOLS Dwi Atmono1), Sri Setiti2), Muhammad Rahmattullah3) 10 FAVORITE SCHOOL IN THE INDONESIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM: A 30 LITERATURE REVIEW Drs. I Made Kartika, M.Si 11 THE EXISTENCE OF PRINCIPAL ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION IN IMPROVING 39 THE PERFORMANCE OF TEACHER AT DWIJENDRA HIGH SHOOL DENPASAR Drs. I Made Sutika, M.Si 12 EFFECT ON THE CONCEPT OF SELF PERCEPTION TEACHERS CLIMATE AND 48 COOPERATION AMONG THE TEACHERS CAREER DEVELOPMENT Drs. I Made Sila, M.Pd1), Drs. Ida Bagus Rai, M.Si2) 13 THE SPIRIT OF NATIONALITY OF STUDENTS FROM THE BORDER AREAS OF 58 INDONESIA - TIMOR LESTE Putu Ronny Angga Mahendra, S.Pd. M.Pd 14 IMPLEMENTATION OF SOSIODRAMA METHOD WITH MIND MAP DRAWING 69 AT STUDENT’S KINDERGARTEN WIDYA KUMARA SELANBAWAK TO INCREASE ACTIVITY AND UNDERSTANDING THE NUMBERIC CONCEPT I Made Astra Winaya. S.Pd, M.Pd 15 PSYCHOLOGICAL EDUCATION FOR EDUCATIONAL CHILDREN EDUCATION 77 Dra. G.A Mas Darwati, M.Si 16 MENTAL HEALTH HUMAN RESOURCES FOR TEACHERS (Implications for 84 Conducting training and education/training) Dra. A.A Rai Tirtawati, M.Si 17 PARTICIPATORY APPROACH IN THE AGRO-TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AT 99 THE SUBAK SYSTEM: Case of Subak of Sembung, Denpasar City, Bali Province Dr. Ir. Gede Sedana, M.Sc. MMA 18 THE INFLUENCE OF INCENTIVES ON PRODUCTIVITY OF PERFORMERS OF 104 HEALTHY AND SMART GENERATION PROGRAM IN SUAK TAPEH SUB- DISTRICT OF BANYUASIN REGENCY Lasmiana,US1), Tien Yustini2) 19 EFFECT OF DISCIPLINE, LEADERSHIP STYLE, TRAINING AND COMPETENCE 113 PERFORMANCE AGAINST THE STATE CIVIL APPARATUS WITH SATISFACTION AND JOB SKILLS AS AN INTERVENING VARIABLE (STUDIES IN THE DISTRICT OFFICE TARAKAN TENGAH TARAKAN) Dr. Ana Sriekaningsih, S.E.,M.M 20 PRESERVASTION OF CUSTOM CULTURE OSING BY MEANS OF CSR CULTURE 124 MODEL Ratna Wijayanti DP1), Muchamad Taufiq2), Noviansyah Rizal3) 21 THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMICAL TEXTBOOKS BASED ON ARGUMENT 134 MAP (CT-BAM) USING LOCAL CULTURAL CONTEXT TO INCREASE CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS ON THE THERMOCHEMICAL TOPICS Ni Luh Gede Karang Widiastuti, S.Pd, M.Pd 22 THE EFFECT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT TO 144 SOCIAL SCIENCE LEARNING ACHIEVEMENTS WITH COVARIABLE ATTITUDE SOCIAL IN STUDENTS OF FOURTH GRADE IN CLUSTER BAYUNG GEDE Dewa Ayu Made Manu Okta Priantini, S.Pd.,M.Pd 23 VALUE SYSTEM OF TEENS AND ISSUES IN ORDER TO FACE THE 155 ENVIRONMENT THE GLOBALIZATION ERA Drs. I Nengah Sudiarta, M.Si 24 IMPLEMENTATION OF VILLAGE REGULATION ABOUT FISHING CATCHING 164 SYSTEM AT THE RIVER AND LAKE KATINGAN MENDAWAI DISTRIC CENTRAL KALIMANTAN Dr. Tresia Kristiana,SE,M.Si 25 THE COMMUNICATION PATTERNS IN THE “X” COMMUNITY OF SOCIALITA 176 WOMAN IN SURABAYA (Phenomenology study on community of socialita women in Surabaya) Anak Agung Ayu Mirah Krisnawati 26 SALES MARKETING STRATEGY IN INCREASING SALES OF ORGANIC RED 186 RICE IN CV. JATILUWIH RED RICE I Gusti Agung Laksmi Swaryputri, SST.Par, MM 27 THE INFLUENCE OF WORKING CAPITAL AND ENTREPRENEURIAL 190 BEHAVIOR ON THE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMAL SECTOR IN THE MARKET OF KADIPATEN – MAJALENGKA REGENCY Dr. Pupu Saeful Rahmat, M.Pd 28 IMPLEMENTATION OF PANCASILA VALUES IN NYENTANA MARRIAGE IN 191 KUKUH VILLAGE, MARGA, TABANAN, BALI I Putu Windu Mertha Sujana,S.Pd.,M.Pd 29 PROCUREMENT AND ACHIEVEMENT TARGET OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER 196 MARKET AT POKTAN WERDHI SEDANA TABANAN REGENCY I Gusti Agung Nyoman Dananjaya 30 IMPLEMENTATION CONCEPT OF TRI HITA KARANA AS THE FOUNDATION 202 OF DEVELOPMENT IN SUBAK Anak Agung Gde Pushpha 31 REPOSITIONING THE LOCAL GENIUS VALUE IN CHARACTER EDUCATION 210 Drs. I Ketut Rindawan, SH. MH 32 STUDY ON THE ENTREPRENEURSHIP POTENTIAL OF SCAVENGERS 215 COMMUNITY Study At TPA Air Dingin Kota Padang Deltri Apriyeni, S.Pt. M.Si1), Wati, S.Pd. M.Pd2), Yesmira Syamra, SE. M. PdE3) 33 THE ROLE OF SUCCESS AGRIBUSINESS SYSTEM INTERCROPPING CHILI- 220 TOBACCO (CASE SUBAK VILLAGE SUKAWATI, SUKAWATI DISTRICT, GIANYAR REGENCY) I Nengah Surata Adnyana 34 COMPARATIVE OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE COMPANY ASTRA AGRO 236 LESTARI TBK LISTED IN INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE INDEX LQ45 Ni Ketut Karyati 35 STRATEGY TO IMPROVE NURSING STUDENT' SELF DIRECTED LEARNING 240 READINESS IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN INDONESIA Djenta Saha, PhD 36 ROLE IN BUILDING CHARACTER EDUCATION LEARNERS BEHAVIOR 246 Drs. I Gede Sujana, M.H 37 ROLE OF TELEVISION TO FORM PUBLIC PERSONALITY 253 Ni Made Yuni Trisna Dewi 38 APPLICATION OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN COUNSELING 260 DRUG ADDICTION IN BADAN NARKOTIKA NASIONAL PROVINSI BALI Anak Agung Gede Agung Putra Dalem 39 MARKETING STRATEGY OF ORGANIC FARMING IN BALI 265 Ida Ayu Candrika Dewi.,S.E.,M.Si 40 PROMOTIONAL MIX FOR PRODUCT MARKETING ( Marketing Communication 271 Strategy Analysis ) Anak Agung Gede Bagus 41 PERCEIVED PRESSURE, OPPORTUNITY AND RATIONALIZATION OF 277 TAXPAYERS (Theoretical and Empirical Review) Achmad Daengs, GS 42 THE INOVATIVE MANAGEMENT OF UNIVERSITY PRESS IN CENTRAL JAVA 295 AND YOGYAKARTA TO INCREASE THE QUALITY OF LEARNING IN HIGHER EDUCATION Kundharu Saddhono1) and Budhi Setiawan2) 43 THE MEANING OF TUMPEK KANDANG RITUAL ON ANIMAL IN BALI 303 Ida Ayu Komang Arniati 44 BALI LANGUAGE LEARNING IN SCHOOL IN GLOBAL CULTURAL IMAGING 312 Ni Made Suarningsih 45 THE EFFECTS OF COMPETENCE, WORK MOTIVATION, TIME BUDGET AND 316 PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON AUDIT QUALITY Lusy, S.E., M.S.A 46 STUDY ANALYSIS AND MODEL OF INTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE 339 SYSTEM (SPMI) IN STKIP SINGKAWANG Andi Mursidi1), Soeharto2) 47 LITERATURE AS THE REPRESENTATION OF REAL-WORLD 345 Muliadi 48 THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT TOWARDS 354 ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR (OCB) TO THE EMPLOYEES OF CV. SUKAT PLANTATION Desi Ulpa Anggraini1), Rully Alamsyah2), Eva Kartina3) 49 VISIONARY LEADERSHIP AS MEDIATION; TRAINING LEADERSHIP AND 355 EMPLOYEE CREATIVITY Roby Sambung1), Aneke Kristiana2) 50 TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF 363 BUDGET VILLAGE Noviansyah Rizal1), Muchamad Taufiq2), Syahriatul Makhmudah3) 51 THE EFFECT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF HEALTH POLICY ON EFFECTIVENESS 372 OF ORGANIZATION OF GENERAL HOSPITAL IN INPATIENT SERVICES (STUDY IN RSUD KOTA BANJAR AND TASIKMALAYA REGENCY Dr. Drs. Rustandi, M.Si1, Dr. Ade Iskandar, S.IP., M.Si2 52 ATTITUDINAL DETERMINANTS OF ISLAMIC BANKING PRODUCTS 397 ACCEPTANCE: CASE OF SHARIA COMPLIANCE IN INDONESIA M. Rusydi 53 THE STRATEGY OF SME DEVELOPMENT TO ENTREPREURSHIP 406 EMPOWERMENT FOR PEOPLE WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENT Bambang Raditya Purnomo1), Bambang Purnomo2) 54 MEDIA LITERACY APPLICATION FOR PARENTS FOR THE PROTECTION OF 407 THE FAMILY FROM THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF TELEVISION MEDIA Dr. Nahria, M.Si1), Bani Eka Dartiningsih, Sos., M.Si2), Izzatul Laili, S.Sos., M.A3) 55 THE ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT: THE EFFECT OF LEADERSHIP AND 419 EMPLOYEE JOB SATISFACTIONON TRADE PT.PERUSAHAAN INDONESIA (PERSERO) BALI SOUTHEAST REGIONAL I Ketut Merta 56 EVALUATION OF BUREAUCRATIC REFORM ROAD MAP POLICY IN 431 TASIKMALAYA REGENCY (Case studies of organizational structuring and enhancing) Dr. Ani Heryani, S.Sos, M.Si1), Dr. Ade Iskandar, SIP, M.Si2) 57 COMPARATIVE AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF INDONESIAN 434 TOBACCO Yusman Syaukat1), A Faroby Falatehan2), Hastuti3), Arini Hardjanto4) 58 THE LONG ROAD TO DISSOLUTION OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS IN 435 INDONESIA A.A. Ngurah Agung Wira Bima Wikrama 59 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND SCIENCE LEARNING FOR YOUNG CHILDREN 440 USING OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING METHOD AND PLANTS AS THE INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA Aldila Rahma1), Fanny Rizkiyani2), Nia Kurniasih3) 60 SANITATION BEHAVIOUR AMONG PEOPLE INDOWNSTREAM AREA OF MUSI 445 RIVER, SOUTH SUMATERA,INDONESIA Rio Purnama 61 HEURISTIC LEARNING WITH MULTICULTURAL APPROACH FOR THE 449 NATIONAL IDENTITY REINFORCEMENT IN MEANINGFUL MATEMATHICS LEARNING Heris Hendriana1), Euis Eti Rohaeti2), Wahyu Hidayat3) 62 LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE: With reference to Makassar community in Muara Baru, 450 Jakarta Arma Amir Hamzah 63 TEACHER COMPETENCE IN DEVELOPING PPKN MATERIAL BASED ON 456 BALINESE WISDOM (LOCAL WISDOM) TO FORM STUDENT CITIZENSHIP ATTITUDE ON SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1 DENPASAR I Wayan Eka Santika, SPd., MPd 64 THE ROLE OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP IN ENHANCING EMPLOYEE 465 PRODUCTIVITY IN THE WORKPLACE Sudarmawan Samidi1), Suharto2), Abdul Rivai3) 65 INTEGRATING LOCAL WISDOM OF SASAK TRIBE IN ECOLOGY LEARNING 478 TO DEVELOP SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE Hunaepi1, Laras Firdaus2 66 FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BANK RAKYAT INDONESIA (BRI): 479 CAMEL MODEL Wiwiek Mardawiyah Daryanto 67 THE INFLUENCE OF INDIVIDUAL SPIRITUALITY TOWARD SPIRIT AT WORK 497 IN ENHANCING ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AND JOB SATISFACTION Dr. Ir. Amelia Naim Indrajaya, MBA 68 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF PHYSICS LEARNING MATERIAL BASED ON 510 INQUIRY WITH CONFLICT COGNITIVE STRATEGY TO FACILITATE CRITICAL THINKING ABILITY Muhammad Asy'ari 69 THE ANALYSIS OF QUALITY TEST MADE OF INDONESIAN TEACHERS AT 511 SMP IT WIHDATUL UMMAH KOLAKA Jumriah 70 RITUAL MACARU IMPLEMENTATION OF TRI HITA KARANA 517 I Made Suwendi 71 THEMATIC PROGRESSION IN STUDENTS’ BACKGROUND SECTION OF 523 RESEARCH-BASED PAPER Asep Nurjamin 72 IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICY ON STRUCTURAL STRUCTURAL 527 STRENGTHENING OF GOVERNMENT APPARATUS IN SLEMAN DATI II REGENCY Dr. Budi Hartono, SE., M.Si 73 THE PRIORITIES OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ELEMENTS FOR INDONESIAN 532 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS Lucky R. Nurjamin 74 THE INFLUENCE OF LEARNING MOTIVATION, TEACHING METHODS, 541 EDUCATION FACILITIES OF STUDENTS ACHIEVEMENT Dr. Meithiana Indrasari, ST., MM 1), Drs Nur Syamsudin, MA2) 75 THE ROLE OF TEACHERS IN COMMUNICATION THROUGH THE PATTERN OF 552 EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE 4-5 YEARS OLD Siti Zaenab 76 INTEGRATION OF CRITICAL THINKING DISPOSITION IN INQUIRY LEARNING 561 MODEL Taufik Samsuri 77 STUDENTS’ ABILITY IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT 568 Yustika Nur Fajriah 78 EFFORT TO INCREASE STUDENT’S READING INTEREST ON EDUCATIONAL 571 REFERENCES THROUGH GUIDANCE AND CONSELING SERVICES & CLASSICAL MODEL EXPERIENTAL LEARNING Dr. Hj. Tatik Sutarti Suryo, MM 79 AIRPORT AND TOURISM, INCREASING REGIONAL ECONOMIC IN INDONESIA 576 I Nyoman Sudapet1), Agus Sukoco2), M Ikhsan Setiawan3) 80 EFFECT OF FINANCIAL AND NON FINANCIAL COMPENSATION ON 581 EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE OF PT. LONDON SUMATERA, PALEMBANG Tini1), Luis Manisah2) 81 ETHNIC CONTESTATION OF TIONGHOA IN ISLAMIC MADURA CULTURE 590 Imam Sofyan1), Teguh Hidayatul Rachmad2) 82 ANTECEDENT OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE TO MARKET PERFORMANCE 597 IN ARTIFICIAL TRAVEL DESTINATION EAST JAVA, INDONESIA Eva Desembrianita1), Ida A. Brahmasari2), Ida A. Brahma Ratih3) 83 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FULL DAY SCHOOL PROGRAM AT THE SENIOR 620 HIGH SCHOOL (Case Study in SMA Al-Hikmah Surabaya) M. Zuhri 84 EFFECT OF TYPE OF LEADERSHIP, MOTIVATION OF WORK AND EDUCATION 631 TOPERFORMANCE WORK IN KOREM 031 / WIRA BIMA PEKANBARU Agussalim M1), Wahyu Hidayat2) 85 IDENTIFICATION OF SMALL AND MEDIUM HIGHLIGHTED FUEL DEVELOPER 639 FACTORS Titi Darmi1), Agussalim M2)
86 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AGREEMENT TRIPS IN THE COPY RIGHT 645 LAWS OF INDONESIA Nina Yolanda1) ISBN : 978-602-60736-9-3
LITERATURE AS THE REPRESENTATION OF REAL-WORLD*)
Muliadi Faculty of Literature, University of Moslem Indonesia, Makassar Email:[email protected]
ABSTRACT
If literate works, including novel as one of them, were subjected to a precision scrutiny, we may find that they attempt to represent the image of the real-world. This representation was quite evident when we tried to describe plot, character and personification, setting, language style, and theme of the novel. Novel was a literate work trying to disclose the image of the real-world. The selected novel in this paper was Novel Saman, and this selection was made after considering few factors. It was the best-seller novel in 1998 and it successfully won the Romance Contest held by Jakarta’s House of Art. This novel is also considered as innovative in theme it conveys and also in setting and language it uses. By such reasons, it must be reliable to put this novel (Novel Saman) under discussion and to perceive it as the representation of image (shadow/mirror) of the real-world.
Keywords: Literature, Representation of Real-World
INTRODUCTION Literate works can also be called as creative works because it was always dynamic with the life of the real-world. Abdullah (1991:10) reasoned that literate works were not merely artifacts (dead things) which were always static and going across space and time without change. Instead, they were a system of convention enriched with the dynamics. Therefore, literate works can also be considered as a form of response by literate persons (persons of letters) to the world around them. Literature as creative work is made after the most fundamental impulses of human to express what they are feeling about, to put interest on issues of human and humanity, and to give attention to the real-world passing on throughout days and ages (Semi, 2007:1). Novel Saman is considered as a creative work because it attempts (1) to express the feeling of human, (2) to put interest on issues of human and humanity, and (3) to give attention to the real-world. Originally, Novel Saman was written for the colleagues of Ayu Utami in Komunitas Utan Kayu. She admitted, “I wrote this novel to them because I am not sure that this novel can be read by anyone except them” (Saman; page iv). Novel Saman comes into being as the public reading after it attained the first winner of the Romance Contest held by Jakarta’s House of Art in 1998. Its presence gives an important addition to Indonesian literate world which was coincidently slack at the time. The arrival of Novel Saman is greatly welcomed with various responses, where the response differs on one reader to another. Great variety of responses in literate world was not peculiar case because “expectancy horizon” (term used by Jauss) was always different among the readers. The greater is the expectancy horizon, the deeper is the understanding of readers. The more experiencing readers would have better response than those with less experience (Jauss, 1974). Similar mindset to the Jauss is given by Segers (1978:41) who declared that the response to literate works is always different among readers and also different on one period to another. Segers mentioned three criteria that must be met for meeting expectancy horizon, respectively (i) There are norms contained within texts read by readers; (ii) Readers have experience with all texts they previously read; and (iii) There is a contradiction between fiction and reality (see also Pradopo, 2007 :234). Internal structure of Novel Saman is representing the reflection of the real- world. This internal structure includes setting, character and personification, language style, and theme. But, in this paper, the discussion is limited into two internal structures, precisely setting and character and personification.
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SETTING In this section, the definition of setting, including space setting and time setting, would be provided. Definition of Setting Setting is a remark about time, space, and condition around the creation of literate works (Sudjiman, 2014:46). Also said by Hartoko and Rahmanto (1986:78), setting is about how to position space and time to facilitate the creation of narrative and dramatic works. Brooks (in Tarigan, 1986:136) conceded that setting could be physical setting, element of space, and space in certain story. Abrams (1981:175) said that setting was the base of footing in describing place, time relation, and social environment, where the events occured. Chatman (1980:101-103) insisted that time dimension was related with plot-generating events, while space dimension concerned with where the characters of the story remained upon, which may include life environment, society and custom. Space where events occured can also be geographic environment, such as city, village, house, factory, school building, and ot hers. Besides, space also talks about habit, mindset, and norms adopted by a group of people. Time when events happened can be certain history, century, year, month, day, hour, and other. In the case of narration, setting provides concrete and clear anvil base. Setting is also very important to produce a realistic impression to the readers. It is done by processing certain moment or event as if it is really happening in real-world. From which readers as the audience are then allowed “to drive their imagina tion” or at least to attest their knowledge about setting. Readers can also examine and assess the validity, precision, and actualization of setting from which they can be more familiar with events presented by the author. Readers feel like being involved in the story or even finding themself within it. Such impression is only evident when a story successfully promotes local situations and conditions, especially those closely relevant to the characters of the story. Setting has a reciprocal relationship with character and personification. The nature of setting may influence the personality of character. In other words, personality of a certain character is shaped by setting. The personality of urban person must differ from that of rural person or one who lives at hinterland. Relevant to this explanation, Novel Saman is then analyzed based on its space setting and time setting. Space Setting The story characters in Novel Saman are different on one to another with the space where the story is taken. Variety of geographic settings is involved, including Perabumulih City, Karang Endah City, Sei Kembang Transmigration Area, Lubukrantau Hamlet, Palembang (South Sumatra), Medan, Pekanbaru, Jakarta, Singapura, and New York (United States). Based on its chronology, Novel Saman’s story begins at Perabumulih City, which is an oil producing city in South Sumatera Province, where the people still strongly perform their social system (for example, shared-work [gotong- royong]), and also their traditional cultural ritual, among other is “Sedekah Dusun”. This ritual is popularly known by ethnic groups in the city (Hasan, 1993 :163). In Perabumulih City, the story of the character “Wis" took a plot. Actually, it is not his place of birth because he was born in Muntilan, Yogyakarta. But, the story moves to the capital of the country, Jakarta, because his father was appointed to work there and also because Wis decided to continue his study to the college. He learnt at Driyarkara, an institution of friary (school of priest) but he was also enrolled at the Agriculture Institute of Bogor. After completing his education at Driyarkara, he was inaugurated by the Bishop through church ceremony as a priest (Indonesian calls it with frater or romo), and he was entitled with name Frater Wisanggeni or Romo Wis. By his alone inquiry, he was assigned as “the shepherd of congregation faith” at Perabumulih City and Karang Endah City, both in South Sumatera Province. Wis goes to his assignment place from Merak Harbor and arrives at Bakauheni before he continues to Perabumulih City. In this city, he works as the assistant to Frater Westenberg, a Dutch friar who previously serving this city. The story then goes back to the current plot, Perabumulih City, but the exact position is Lubukrantau Hamlet, where one of transmigration area, Sei Kumbang, takes a place. Wis lives with the family of Mak
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Argani, a citizen of the hamlet. Story proceeds to Lahat, where Wis suffered from tortures causing him to be cared by Boromeus nurses. From Lahat, the plot goe s back to Perabumulih. At the time, Wis changes his name to Saman. He was picked up by Laila and Sihar in Talangrujung Hamlet in relation with the accident case causing death for three workers at oil rig. One victim is Hasyim Ali, a close friend of Sihar. The accident is something to do with the carelessness of Rosano (a company man). Setting shifts to Medan, a city where huge strike of labors was held and initiated by NGO (non-government organization) activists, and Saman is one of them. After the strike, Saman was accused as provocator. A friend of Saman, Yasmin, told him to run away to abroad, precisely to New York, which fortunately the New York Office of Human Rights Watch, an international organization, looked for someone familiar with information network in Southeast Asia. Saman was accompanied by Yasmin and Cok to Pekanbaru Harbor. Besides urban and rural settings, other attractive settings are also found in Novel Saman, such as Anambas Island, Matak Island, oil rig, rubber plantation, and oil palm plantation. This novel not only mentions the names of city and village, but also provides concrete description of them. Few places related to the story characters remain in Perabumulih City, including oil rig and cinema. Certain scenes stand around Sei Kumbang Transmigration Area, such as rubber plantation and oil palm plantation. Other scenes take a place beyond transmigration area, such as Anambas Island, Matak Island, and Pedussi Inn Hotel in Pekanbaru City. The setting in New York is Human Rights Watch Office, Colombia University, and Central Park. The condition of houses in Novel Saman is well constructed (grandiouse and attractive) except for Mak Agani’s shelter. Her house has only one space but it must be divided into partitions. One partition is 2x3 meters and used as the bedroom of Anson’s parent. The other partition, also 2x3 meters, or precisely the porch of the house, is the place where Anson, his sibling, and Wis are to sleep on. It is definitely unpleasant spot for sleeping because it loads with the smell of the containers of used oils, acids and ammonia gases kept on the alley. The wind helps passing this smell over the house. The house is also dark at night due to no electric facility exists. Sociocultural description in this novel is shown by social stratification and also profession. Social stratification is illustrated by the differentiation between rich and poor, between capital holder and farmer, and between educated and less educated persons. The considered profession includes priest, NGO activist, lawyer, dancer, and entrepreneur. Other description of sociocultural aspect concerns with deviation against eastern norms, such as open talk of sexual topic, premarriage sexual intercourse, and others. Time Setting Genette (1978:33-34) declared that time setting in Novel Saman has double meanings. One meaning refers to a time when story happens or when story is written, while other meaning indicates the sequence or chronology of the story. Nurgiyantoro (2012:230) explained that time setting is about “when” the events of the novel are occuring. The problem of “when” is always related with factual time, precisely the time of history event. In 1962, Wis father was transferred from BRI of Yogyakarta Branch to Perabumulih Branch to be appointed as Branch Office Manager. In Perabumulih City, important events are not many except for natural condition of Perabumulih and peculiar incident experienced by Wis family. Perabumulih is known as an oil producing city but in 1962, the city is too quiet with the unexplored parts of the forest surrounding the residences. Gibbons may suddenly go down from trees in surprising or even frightening ways. The sense of desolation is also apparent when one should find the fact that the new asphalt road is only more or less than five kilometers at length. Wis was ordained by the Bishop as a priest in 1983 after graduating from Driyakarya. In the next year, he went to Perabumulih to fulfill his assignment as “the shepherd of congregation faith”. This assigment is based on his self-inquiry after considering some factors, such as that the priests on Perabumulih are already old, that he acknowledges this city since his childhood, and that too many memories in the past are hardly forgotten before his father
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moves to Jakarta. Previously, Wis has lived in this city for ten years. Many plantations are found in this city. He assure himself that he can serve farmers and it is a reasonable service because he graduates from the Agriculture Institute of Bogor. Subsequently, in 1990, Wis already spent six years serving rubber farmers and also stayed at Mak Argani’s house in Lubukrantau Hamlet. Many services have been given by Wis to help increasing the living standard of the villagers. Indeed, the villagers love Wis because they have taken benefits from his services. Wis has given them hope, at least better expectation, for better living which they never think about. His legacies are quite meaningful, including the mini-electric generator of 500 watts capacity to supply power for the smoke house and the cultivation of intercropping plants (tubers) which have better market share. Farmers start to gain earning from their rubber tapping they did six years ago. In more or less than two years after the attack of Lubukrantau Hamlet (exactly in 1993) by the payees of PT Anugrah Lahan Makmur (ALM), Wis shows up again with “different” identity and appearance. He changes his name into Saman and his recent profession is an activist of NGO (LSM) that serves the poors and the oppressed persons. The emergence of Saman is closely related with oil rig accident causing three workers to death. One victim is Hasyim Ali, the close friend of Sihar. The accident occur ed from the negligence of Rosano (company man). Laila was incidentally on the scene during the accident and suggested Sihar to bring the case to the court. She convinced him that Sihar would be helped by two her friends, Saman and Yasmin, who are willingly care to the poors and oppressed persons. Saman is NGO activist, while Yasmin is a lawyer. On April 1994, labors in Medan organized a massive strike. This strike was initiated by NGO activists, including Saman, and consequently, Saman name was entered in the wanted list of the police. Seeing this fact, Yasmin requested Saman to escape for New York, and coincidentally, the New York Office of Human Rights Watch, opened vacancy for someone with the acknowledgment of information network for Southeast Asia. The story showing the character Saman was ended on 21 June 1994 in New York after he closed his correspondence with Yasmin on internet network. The story shifts to Laila and Shakuntala, who are also in New York. On date of 28 May 1996, Laila stood at Central Park, New York, waiting for Sihar, “her lover”. Sihar did not show up, and Laila felt sad and disappointed. But, luckily, she still got Shakuntala, her elementary school friend, next to her. Shakuntala was invited by Asian Cultural Centre to teach the subject of dance exploitation. At first appearance, the character Wis is presented with other characters such as Frater Westenberg, Upi, Anson, Mak Argani, the citizens of Lubukrantau Hamlet, and people from PT ALM. In his second appearance, Wis (or Saman) is presented with Laila, Sihar, Yasmin, “victim families”, citizens of Talangatas Hamlet, Cok, an d Rosano (a company man). As previously said, Wis shows up again after two years of Lubukrantau attack in 1993. In this year, Laila and Toni were working on two assignments. First is making company profile for Texcoil Indonesia -Kanada, a joint venture between Indonesia company and Canada-based mining company. Second assignment is writing a book about oil drilling operation in Pacific Asia for Petroleum Extension Service (Saman: p.8). When Laila and Toni did their jobs, the oil rig where they work at suddenly shook them relentlessly due to the excessive gas pressure coming out of the drill hole. Laila flew away for couple of meters, and three rig workers died, including Hasyim Ali as one of them. The description of time setting in Novel Saman was specific because almost all types of time were exposed, including second, minute, hour, day, week, month and year.
CHARACTER AND PERSONIFICATION This section will elaborate the definition of character and personification, the complexity level or role of character disposition, the development and modification of character disposition, and the disposition description technique.
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Definition of Character and Personification In the case of novel, the story does not only tell about empty space and time or merely inform about sociocultural environment in general and abstract ways. A novel story is mostly telling about the life of human, and it can take a form either as the sublety of issue experienced by a character or the issue developed around the life of certain character. The story would keep general and abstract issues of human becoming not only a world of understanding, but also a world of experience and comprehension. According to Jones (in Nurgiantoro, 2012:165), personification was a clear description about human in the story, but Sudjiman (2014:23) asserted that personification is about the presentation of character disposition and the creation of character image. Based on importance level, character is divided into two categories, namely main character and supplement character. Main character is the character who is the spotlight of the story and is mostly told in the story, either as the subject of occurence or being subjected by occurence. Supplement character is the character who is only shown once or few times in the story, and if to be told in the story, the proportion is always relatively short (Nurgiantoro, 2012:176). In relation with main character, Sudjiman (2014:17-20) interposed criteria for identifying it, such as that: (1) main character is intensively involved into the events constituting the story; (2) main character has more frequent relationship with others than other characters have; (3) the title of story is revealing the position of main character; and (4) time setting for showing main character is usually longer. Regarding to the function, a character can be shown as protagonist and antagonist. Protagonist character is adorable, like hero, and always representing the norms and the ideal values practiced by readers. Antagonist character is the trigger of conflict. Antagonist character is always the opposant against protagonist, either directly or indirectly, or either physically or spiritually (Altenberd and Lewis in Nurgiantoro, 2012:178-9). Concerning with disposition, the character is differentiated into two types, respectively flat or simple character, and round or complex character. Simple character has only one disposition, or at least is influenced by one disposition. Round character is the character with multiple or complex dispositions and behaviors, and sometimes, these are contradictive and hardly predicted (Foster, 1970:75). If taking into account the development and modification of disposition, character is also differentiated into two kinds, precisely static character and dynamic character. Static character is the character who does not experience any developments at all throughout the story despite different and contradictive situations and conditions the character may face. Dynamic character is the character who experiences deve lopments based on situations and conditions of the story (Altenberd and Lewis in Nurgiantoro, 2012:178-9). Complexity Level or Role of Disposition of the Characters 1. Complexity Level or Role of Disposition in Character Wis or Saman Wis was born in Muntilan, Yogyakarta. Four years after his birth, his father (Sudoyo), the employee at BRI of Yogyakarta Branch, was promoted as the manager at BRI of Perabumulih Branch. In more or less ten years in Perabumulih, Wis and his family moved to Jakarta. After finishing his priest education at Driyarkara Jakarta, Wis returned to Perabumulih City and served the community of this city and surrounding. If seen quantitatively from the proportion of narration and the appearance of character, Novel Saman tells about the journey of life of the character Wis from his childhood to adult and also from his residence in South Sumatera to his occupancy in New York, United States. Thus, it is not surprising if most stories in the novel are allocated more to the issues and events dealt either directly or indirectly by the character Wis or Saman. As admitted by the author of this novel, “Wis was actually the supplement character in the beginning, but this character grows stronger, taking many pages and almost dominating the others.” (Utami, 1998:124) Wis is described as a man with strict self-conviction and strong will. He likes to live based on his willing, conviction, and capacity regardless what people think about
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him. But, he still lives in the frame of reasonability, meaning that he still respects to the courtesy without humiliating others. Wis is also hardly accepting suggestion or opinion of others because he strongly holds his standing despite the justification on others’ opinion. Strong will of Wis to become pastor has been once contradictive with his father’s interest to see him married and giving grandchildren. After his inauguration as a priest (frater), Romo Daru wants Wis to serve in Beirut, but in polite way, Wis makes self-inquiry to be assigned into Perabumulih and surrounding by a reason that he already knows this region since his childhood. When Wis gets involved with Mak Argani’s family – one of rubber farmer household in Lubukrantau Hamlet – Frater Westenberg reminds him to not often leaving his premise. But, Wis persistenly makes an inquiry to prolong his service in the Hamlet. The only suggestion that Wis can accept is when Yasmin requests him to go abroad for saving his career and also for opportunity to work at human right organization in New York which coincidentally needs someone for building information network in Southeast Asia. Based on the explanation above, it can be seen that although Wis (or Saman) tends to have a centralized attribute, namely social spirituality, he still has complex or round disposition. 2. Complexity Level or Role of Disposition in Character Laila Laila came from the descendants of Minang-Sunda. She was a tiny girl. Her first love was given to a young male in her age at Junior High School. This young male is Frater Wis. Laila met him when he was assigned to teach the recollection of social awareness in her school. Her parent did not bless their relationship because of different religion they have. Wis was “frater” and such calf-love was too immature for Laila. She tended to be free person and would impose herself to attain her desire. Laila disregards her father’s warning to stop her relationship with Wis. She still makes appointment with Frater Wis secretly. After graduated from Senior High School, Laila enrolls into Gunadharma and binds herself into computer while she still pursues her hobby in photography. When the company where she works obtains the contract of making company profile for Texcoil Indonesia-Kanada and writing the book about oil drilling in Pacific Asia region, then Laila and Toni, her co-worker, are assigned to accomplish this contract. Laila works on company profile, while Tony writes the book about oil drilling. To get information they need, they go to the field, respectively to the oil rig where workers exploit the oil. In the rig, Laila meets Sihar (one of rig workers). He is an attractive person, and she makes a poetry about him: “I want a thirsty mouth, of a man who lost his age of youth, among the sands where he combs water course” (Saman, 1998:3). Sihar is a second man after Frater Wis in Laila’s life where she pours her love into. Such “romantic relationship”, however, is prohibitive because Sihar is already married and has different religion. At the time, Laila returns to her basic disposition, respectively yearning for freedom and showing impulsivity although it means nullifying her parent’s warning. She sneaks away to meet Sihar, just similar to what she did with Frater Wis. But, in the other hand, she did not want to harm Sihar’s feeling. She tries to make him happy by giving gifts. Based on this explanation, it can be said that Laila is a character with complex disposition. 3. The Complexity Level or Role of Disposition in Character Shakuntala Shakuntala (Tala) is a stubborn and introvert girl. She has slept with many men. Her father and her sister call her “a slut”. She disrespects them. In her nine years old of age, she has lost her virgin. People condemn her because her breast is still too small for a woman without virginity by marriage. Shakuntala’s obstinate has brought her father and sister into perplexity. She is not only disrespectful to them but also dauntless to challenge them. Even, she is bold enough to reject the appeal of her parent (page 125). She is then abandoned by her family by transferring her to another school. As shown by the overview above, Shakuntala is a girl with high level of impulsivity, free will, and introversion. This disposition is almost similar to Wis and Laila, but Shakuntala is more obstinate indicated by her disobedience to her father and sister. However, among her associates, she is a kind of easy-going girl who can adapt with her friends. She is also capable of maintaining the balance between subjective
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feeling and objective reality, or between her personal life and other interest. Indeed, it can be said that Shakuntala has double attributes: respectively (1) when dealing with her family, she is confrontative, less negotiable, and intolerant to other opinion; and (2) among her friends, she is not forceful, tolerant to different opinio n, and negotiable (page 149). She definitely has round or complex disposition, and it is wrote consistently by the author throughout all parts of the novel. 4. Complexity Level or Role of Disposition in Character Yasmin Yasmin is described as slim girl and also the tallest among her friends (Laila, Cok and Shakuntala). Yasmin is smart and docile girl with good relationship with her parent. It differs too much from Shakuntala who has less harmonious relationship with her parent and sister. Yasmin comes from a wealthy family because her parent is rich. Despite her adequacy, she is bright and diligent, and successfully passes PMDK held by Faculty of Law, University of Indonesia. Yasmin is never arrogant in her association. Yasmin is a character of humility. Her relationship with people around is always good despite different opinions and thoughts among them. She is also known with her social orientation. She helps the oppressed persons or defends their human right. It is proved by her standing before the victim of rig accident, and her assistance to Saman during his flee to New York. Yasmin, and also Cok, have great contribution in facilitating the flight of Saman to abroad. Yasmin and Saman have take convenient to spent times together in Cok’s hotel during their parting night. What she does that night is only situational, or without plan. Therefore, Yasmin is classified as the character with flat or simple disposition. 5. Complexity Level or Role of Disposition in Character Cok Cok is a girl of tease, joyful, and forgiving. Every word coming out of her is without offense, and nothing of her words should be deeply or seriously minded. She is a playgirl too who easily changes lover from one to another. Like Shakuntala, Cok’s parent isolate her at remote school in Ubud. However, in Ubud, Cok is not recovered from her “love adventure”. Her parent work hard to protect her from the rage of her boyfriends who she betrayed. She is late for two years behind schedule to complete her study if compared to her friends, such as Laila, Yasmin and even Shakuntala. At one time, Cok’s parent find condom in her bag. It means that Cok has been familiar with free intercourse like what is done by the youths in the capital of Jakarta. Free intercouse represents a manifestation of “unrestrained freedom” which may lead to “distorted independence” that clearly diverges from the existing rules and norms. Therefore, it is reasonable to describe Cok as a freedom lover, a forceful person to attain something she wants, and an intolerant girl to any s uggestions and opinions of other. But, her stubbornness is still not worse than Shakuntala who has been bold enough to disrespect her parent and sister. After graduating from Sahid Hotel School, Cok continues her family business previously held by her mother. She opens gallery and cafe in her family land in Ubud and Sanur. Cok also make an investment into hotel business in Sumatera and Java. It justifies the fact that she starts to get along with her family in peaceful way. She is willing to hear and to accept views and opinions of others. Pursuant to this description, Cok is distinguised by her round or complex disposition because her disobedience is still far away from the image of contradiction. Development and Modification of Character Disposition Important characters in the novel have relatively complex disposition. Such complex attribute really reflects human characteristic in real-world. These characters experience their disposition developed and modified with their interaction, the change of environment, and the dynamic of life. Therefore, it can be said that novel characters are not machine or robot that moves in mechanical ways. They are the living creature like human in daily life. In Novel Saman, the characters experience development and modification of disposition, just like in the real-world. Disposition Description Technique Two techniques are usually used to describe disposition of characters in the literate work. These are analytical and dramatical techniques (Nurgiyantoro, 2012:195). In Novel Saman, both techniques are used alternately based on the need of the author. However, dramatical technique is more dominantly used by the author to describe the
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disposition of characters. It is said so because this technique provides bigger chance to the readers to be involved actively, creatively, and imaginatively into the story of the literate work, and then make their own interpretation. Moreover, the mix of both techniques is also possible. Analytical technique can be followed by the dramatical, or the reverse, as indicated in the following quotes. Both of these men successfully convinced Hasyim family to bring the case to the court. Saman and Yasmin also persuaded the family of other two victims to support the suit given by Hasyim family. We went home to Perabumulih with successful persuasion. The moment was cheerful. Sihar and Saman became a friend. Meanwhile, I (Laila) elaborate an idea that they have a common. I do not know what it is. Both of them are not quite responsive to woman. Saman does not tell much about himself. He is quite enthusiastic in telling more about us .... (Saman, page 32).
“Anson, I do not trust them,” said Wis. “Why is so hard for a big company to make copies of agreement for everyone?” Wis asked Anson to gather citizens. The crowd immediately gathered at the smoke house in Argani’s land because they respected Anson, who was considered as one of young leader in Lubukrantau Hamlet. At the smoke house, Wis reminded them to refrain from giving signature on empty sheet. He asserted, “We must agree unanimously that we should know first the content of this agreement” (Saman, page 91).
Of two techniques used, dramatical technique is used more frequent. It describes the mindset and feeling of characters and also elaborates their reaction to the events in novel story. It does not mean, however, that disposition cannot be described through other technique. Disposition is also possible to be illustrated through setting or environment where characters are existing or through the reactio n of character (or main character) to others. In this novel, characters and their disposition are designed to be alive as human in real-world. It is done by using dramatical technique to deliver the description of disposition as real as possible and also to depict the dynamic of both development and modification of this disposition. It is like making characters as if they are naturally alive and keeping them resembling to people in real-world.
CONCLUSION By arranging the story into certain space and time, this novel attempts to build realistic image/impression. All characters and events depicted in this novel are aimed to represent the life at real-world or the concrete occurences that really happen in the reality. This representation provides a detail description about the activity of characters (for instance, the activity of rubber farmers), the condition of certain place, and the habit of community in social-cultural environment. This novel also tries to produce realistic impression through conceptual or abstract ways by integrating language elements into a concrete story that can be observed, touched and perceived directly by readers. The arrangement of setting may help abstract issues or themes to be processed into realistic experience world. In this novel, most stories talk about the character Wis (Saman), and therefore, this character is more prominent over others. Wis gains more attentions from readers than other characters. Disposition and destiny of this character would offer the message of truth and role-model, and thus, Wis is positioned as protagonist. If considering the message of humanity the author wanted to convey through this novel, Wis is presented as “considerable character” with protagonist attribute, which surely matches with message of rightness the author wanted to deliver. This message is still justified although in the end of story, the disposition of Wis as protagonist character is becoming contradictive and tends to be negative. Somehow, the modification of this disposition is only an attractive viewpoint in this novel, and thus, the author offers two contradictive dispositions (protagonist and antagonist) for the readers.
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