ECOTONE, Volume 1 (2): 77-84, December 2020 p-ISSN : 2746-4849 Doi. http://doi.org/10.31258/ecotone.1.2.p.77-84 e-ISSN : 2746-5640

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Growth and Feed Efficiency of Chopped Grouper Fish Fry (Epinephelus fuscoggutatus>

1Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, University of Maritim Raja Ali Haji, Tanjung Pinang, Indonesia *Correspondent email : [email protected]

Received: 07 November 2020 | Accepted: 29 November 2020 | Published: 22 Desember 2020

Abstract. This study aims to determine the best feeding rate (FR) in increasing feed efficiency and growth of Chopped grouper and to determine the efficiency and growth of Chopped grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x Epinephelus lanceolatus). This research was conducted in February-March 2020 for 42 days at the Household Scale Hatchery of the Marin Agri Sejahtera Cooperative, City, Islands. The method used was experimental with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications where K treatment (15% trash feed), A treatment (10% trash feed), B treatment (20% trash feed), treatment C (feeding 25% trash feed). The results of the study, through statistical analysis, showed that the papain enzyme dose was able to have a very significant effect.

Keywords: Chopped grouper, trash fish, Feed Efficiency, Growth, Feeding Rate

Introduction Grouper fish in Indonesia is currently popular and is being developed as a marine aquaculture commodity that has opportunities for both domestic and international markets to be exported abroad, such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, and China with high selling prices (Triana 2010). This proves that Indonesia as an archipelagic country has long been engaged in marine cultivation and floating net cage system cultivation, (Silva et al. 2017). Chopped grouper is a cross between female tiger grouper and male tiger grouper which has high economic value and has been widely developed. The price of grouper fish ranges from Rp. 110,000-120,000 / kilogram (KKP 2018). All grouper species have become important export commodities, especially to Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, and China (Dedi et al. 2018). Grouper fish has a favorable market for the cultivators in addition to its fast growth and is profitable for grouper to be a seeded commodity that is mass-produced to serve the market demand for grouper fish while alive. Several species of grouper fish have good potential, such as grouper, tiger fish, beautiful grouper. The conversion of feed which has a higher selling value makes farmers think hard to minimize expenses for purchasing pelleted feed. According to Paruntu (2015), however, some grouper species have slow growth which is an obstacle in fishery production. According to (Akbar et al. 2013), stunted growth of Chopped grouper can give grouper a long maintenance period ranging from 7-12 months. Common problems in grouper farming are slow fish growth, high FCR, susceptibility to various environmental conditions and diseases. The management of grouper feed is one of the main factors in determining the success of cultivators, feed is the most important element in supporting the growth and survival of fish. Besides, the determining factor for feeding is the Feeding Rate based on fish size. The feed that is given according to the needs

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ECOTONE, Volume 1 (2): 77-84, December 2020 p-ISSN : 2746-4849 Doi. http://doi.org/10.31258/ecotone.1.2.p.77-84 e-ISSN : 2746-5640 can provide the highest growth and feed efficiency. The need for fish feeding rate, the greater the fish, the smaller the FR, but the greater the amount of feed per day. The problem that arises in the grouper rearing business is dependence on fresh fish feed, including the availability of seasonality to compete with human consumption needs. Besides, the availability of artificial feed (pellets) still depends on outside the Province, so the price of artificial feed is relatively expensive. An alternative treatment for pelleted feed is to provide a substitute source of nutrition in the form of fresh trash feed which is abundant in the Riau Islands, such as tembang fish (sardenilla sp), a type that has a relatively low value for trash feed. The feed that is often used for grouper fish is usually commercial pellets. However, with a high pellet price reaching Rp. 25.000/kg, resulting in high production costs in Chopped grouper cultivation. Uncontrolled feeding, resulting in the waste of feeding. A small role in reducing production costs in feed, it is necessary to combine substitute feed in the form of trash fish, which is much cheaper than pellets, which is IDR 10,000-12,000/kg. According to (Yulianto 2018), the problem that needs to be studied is the feed dosage (feeding rate) of pond fish, so that it has efficiency for fish farmers and optimal growth for grouper fish (E fuscoggutatus˃˂E lanceolatus) at the price of pond fish. relatively cheap. so that to support its growth, it is suspected that the cause of grouper growth is slow. So it needs to be studied with research that the feeding of the trash can is higher in grouper fish given trash feed with different doses to absorb nutrients for the growth process of grouper fish (Feeding Rate). The purpose of this study was to determine the best Feeding Rate (FR) in increasing feed efficiency and growth of white grouper and to determine the efficiency and growth of fresh grouper (E fuscoguttatus ˃˂ E lanceolatus). This research was conducted in February 2020 - March 2020 in the household scale hatchery of the Marin Agri Sejahtera Cooperative (KOPMAS), Dompak, Tanjungpinang City.

Material and Methods The test fish used in this study were Chopped grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ˃˂ Epinephelus lanceolatus), fish obtained from HSRT cooperative Marin Sejahtera Bintan Regency imported from BPBAP Situbondo with a length of 7.18 ± 0.03 with an average weight of 7, 59 ± 0.16. The feed used is the trash fresh feed of tembang/lemuru fish (Sardinell sp). This study used a method with a completely randomized design (CRD), using 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments and dosages used in the study were as follows. Treatment K: Feeding Trash Feed 15%; Treatment A: Giving Trash Feed 10%; Treatment B: Giving Trash Feed 20%; Treatment C: Giving Trash Feed 25%

Research procedure 1. Preparation of Containers The research container used is a cage that is tied using a PVC pipe assembly. Size 0.25 x 0.40 x 0.90 m with a caged area of 0.09 m3, as many as 12 pieces. The research container that is ready for use will be placed in a 1 x 2 x 1 m tub. 2. Preparation of Fish Fry The fish used were obtained from HSRT cooperative Agri Marine Sejahtera Bintan Regency imported from BPBAP Situbondo, measuring 7.18 ± 0.03 in length with an average

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ECOTONE, Volume 1 (2): 77-84, December 2020 p-ISSN : 2746-4849 Doi. http://doi.org/10.31258/ecotone.1.2.p.77-84 e-ISSN : 2746-5640 weight of 7.59 ± 0.16 as many as 10 fish. The number of fish that will be used is 120 fish from the fish fry center (BBI) in the Penghujan village. This research refers to previous research conducted by, (Hendriansyah et al. 2018), The study was conducted for 42 days of cultivation. 3. Feed Preparation After cleaning the fresh trash feed is cut into four sides with the bones separated from the meat, then the trash fish that has been cleaned is put in a 450 ml round cup using a digital scale with an accuracy of 0.01 grams to determine how much feed to feed each day. The trash feed is made every day to keep the quality looking fresh. 4. Fish rearing Maintenance of fish for 42 days or 6 weeks, with a stocking density of 10 fish/0.09 m3, the reared fish will be given different fresh trash feed according to the treatment. Different trash feeds for all treatments 15%, 10%, 20% and 25% of fish biomass. The Shift pond is done every day after 15 minutes of the feeding process of grouper fish fry. Feeding twice a day, namely at 08.00 am and evening at 04.00 pm. Acclimatization is carried out for 15 minutes for the adaptation process to the new environment of rearing fish. 5. Research Parameters a. Absolute Weight Growth The calculation of absolute weight growth using the formula, (Dewantoro, 2001) is as follows: W = (Wt + D)-W0 Remarks : W : Absolute Weight Growth (g)

Wt : Final rearing Fish Weight (g) W0 : Fish Weight Initial rearing (g) D : Deadweight (g) b. Feed Efficiency Calculating feed efficiency, calculation of feed efficiency with the formula (Effendi et al. 2006) as follows: (퐖퐭+퐃)−퐖퐨 푬푷 = x 100 퐅 Remarks : EP : Feed efficiency (%)

Wt : Weight of Test Fish at the End of Study (g) W0 : Weight of Test Fish at the Beginning of the Study (g) D : Total Weight Dead During Rearing(g) F : Total amount of feed given (g)

Data analysis The calculated data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). If the results of ANOVA analysis of variance showed a very significant difference, then the Duncen continued test was performed. The results of the measurement of fish quality were carried out in descriptions.

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ECOTONE, Volume 1 (2): 77-84, December 2020 p-ISSN : 2746-4849 Doi. http://doi.org/10.31258/ecotone.1.2.p.77-84 e-ISSN : 2746-5640

Results and Discussion Absolute Weight Growth Absolute weight Growth of Chopped grouper for 42 days of rearing. 80.00

70.00 63,65±4,00b 60.00 51,63±0,94a 50.00 47,16±1,63a 40.00 30.00 26,74±1,08a 20.00

Absolute weight (g)Absolute growth 10.00 0.00 K A B C Treatment Figure 1. Growth of absolute weight of Chopped grouper fry (Note: K: 15% trash feed, A: 10% trash feed, B: 20% trash feed, C: 25% trash feed).

The results showed that the absolute weight parameter was very significantly different from F count (136.82)> F table 0.01 (7.59). Then the need for further testing Duncan. Based on the results of the further test, treatment C (63.65 ± 4.00 g) is the best treatment. Treatment C was significantly different from treatment K, A, and B, but treatments K, A, and B were not significantly different. ANOVA calculation and Duncan's continued Test.

80.00

(g) 70.00

60.00

50.00 K 40.00 A 30.00 B

20.00 C

Weight growth rate rate per growth week Weight 10.00

0.00 0 2 4 6 Week - Figure 2. Growth of absolute weight per week of Chopped grouper fry(Note: K: 15% trash feed, A: 10% trash feed, B: 20% trash feed, C: 25% trash feed).

Figure 2. illustrates the growth in absolute weight of grouper fry per 2 weeks during the study. The highest growth weight of treatment A was obtained at week 4. While the highest weight growth of treatment K, B, and C was obtained at week 6.

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ECOTONE, Volume 1 (2): 77-84, December 2020 p-ISSN : 2746-4849 Doi. http://doi.org/10.31258/ecotone.1.2.p.77-84 e-ISSN : 2746-5640

Feed Efficiency The results of the parameters of feed efficiency in chopped grouper fry for 42 studies. 27.00 26,22±0,25b

26.50

26.00 25,22±0,44a 25.50 25,01±0,32a 24,86±0,23a 25.00 24.50

Feed efficiency (%) efficiency Feed 24.00 23.50 K A B C Treatment Figure 3. Feed efficiency of grouper fry (Note: K: 15% trash feed, A: 10% trash feed, B: 20% trash feed, C: 25% trash feed).

The results showed that the feed efficiency parameters were significantly different from F count (10.75)> F table 0.01 (7.59). Then the need for further testing Duncan. Based on the results of the further test, treatment C (26.22 ± 0.2b%) was the best treatment, while treatment A had the lowest value (24.86 ± 0.23a%). Treatment C was significantly different from treatment K, A, and B. However, treatment K was not significantly different from treatment A and B. ANOVA calculations and Duncan's continued test. The results of each calculated parameter showed that feeding trash with a feeding rate of 25% or treatment C was able to increase the weight growth of grouper fish. Based on further tests, treatment C was significantly different from treatment K, A, and B, but treatments K, A, and B, B were not significantly different. Feeding with a rate of 25% of the total weight of fish feed shows that the feed given is sufficient for fish growth. This dose is the highest dose of treatment dose K 15%, treatment A 10%, and treatment B 20%. The results of each parameter can be seen in Figures 1 and 2. The feeding rate for trash feed is higher than commercial feed or trash feed because the nutrients contained in trash feed are not specially formulated for the nutritional needs of cultured fish, especially groupers. Feeding rate of trash fish according to Gufron (2010), given to larger fish the better, that is above 10% or 20%, therefore this study provides good growth with the highest Fr of 25%. This, presumably seen from the growth data of each treatment which is lower than Fr 25%, the result tends to be lower can be seen in Figures 1 and 2. In this research, the results obtained with Fr 25% trash feed, namely 63.65g and a Feeding Rate of 15%, namely 47.16g, are better or higher in value than in the study (Hayati 2017), which uses a 15% feeding rate for tiger grouper. The growth in absolute weight produced was 5.6 g by giving a combination of trash and pellets that were cultivated for 4 weeks of rearing. This is reinforced by the opinion of Megawati (2012), that digestibility is the ability to digest a feed ingredient, while the digested material is part of the feed that is not excreted in feces. Feeding at a dose of 10% gave the lowest daily weight and absolute weight growth rate results, this is thought to be due to the small amount of feed consumed by fish. However, in the study (Hasan, 2020), Fr which was given 15% trash could affect the growth and length of the

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ECOTONE, Volume 1 (2): 77-84, December 2020 p-ISSN : 2746-4849 Doi. http://doi.org/10.31258/ecotone.1.2.p.77-84 e-ISSN : 2746-5640 grouper, when compared to research (Alit, 2012), in this study the highest length gain was achieved at 15% dose C treatment with feeding. commercial production of 6.55 ± 1.39, this means that the greater the feed is given to the fish, the more inefficient the feed is said to be. However, the more feed is given with a higher Feeding Rate of 25%, the more fish eat, the more feed the body absorbs for the fish growth process. The amount of feed given the absorbed protein for the higher growth process is therefore necessary to increase the feeding rate of fish biomass to support high protein. According to WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature, 2015), fresh feed in the form of trash for groupers ranges from 10-20% with a fish weight of 5-50 g, which indicates that trash feed is more than pelleted feed. The opinion of Herlinah et al. (2010) concluded that pelleted feed alone is not able to support optimum growth. However, the combination of pellets and trash provides a better growth response. Therefore, natural food such as trash fish is better used to meet the nutritional intake of groupers for growth compared to artificial feed. According to research (Hayati, 2017), states that giving a combination of 75% pelleted and 25% trash feed gave the highest weight growth response with a value of 78 g. Feed efficiency shows the percentage of feed that is converted into the meat and grows. Weight gain with a large amount of feed given is consumed. The result of feed efficiency with a dose of 25% in treatment C is the highest treatment with a value (26.22 ± 0.22%). Treatment C was significantly different from treatment K, A, and B, but treatment K was not significantly different from treatment A and B can be seen in Figure 2. It is assumed that the nutritional content of the complete feed with ingredients composing the feed formulation is one of the nutrients needed by grouper. namely protein and fat. According to Kabangga et al. (2004), grouper fish as carnivorous fish tend to need feed with a high protein concentration of 45-55%, while for humpback grouper the size of 5.59 with 54.2% and size 17 g requires 50.1% protein, and fat is needed. humpback grouper in the range of 9-10%. Giri et al. (1999), the higher the feed efficiency value, the more optimal it will be in increasing growth. This is confirmed according to Akbar et al. (2012), feed efficiency is the amount of feed that is entered into the digestive system of the fish to carry out metabolism in the body and is used by fish for growth processes. Treatment A with low feed efficiency is suspected that the feed given is insufficient for the body's needs so that one of the factors that most influence the growth of the organism growth will be hampered if food needs are not met. Trash fish has a high protein content so it can provide relatively fast growth as a substitute for pellets for the growth process which is converted into meat. According to Fran et al. (2011), stated that the level of protein-energy contained in fish feed affects the level of efficiency and effectiveness in feed utilization. However, the K, A, and B treatments did not give a significant difference to the value of feed efficiency. This is reinforced by the opinion of Adelina et al. (2012) good feed efficiency is inseparable from the effect of feeding both the amount of feed, the quality of the feed, the time of feeding, and the method of feeding. This research can be assumed that giving 25% can be applied in the field for optimal feeding management of grouper fish by looking at the characteristics and size of the fish should be given with the same fish characteristics including dry or wet, size, cut, and characteristics of floating or sinking feed so that it will give the impression. the impact that can be absorbed for fish needs. In line with the opinion (Dedi et al. 2018), the low value of feed efficiency will have an impact on the waste of feeding which results in the higher value of investment expenditure for

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ECOTONE, Volume 1 (2): 77-84, December 2020 p-ISSN : 2746-4849 Doi. http://doi.org/10.31258/ecotone.1.2.p.77-84 e-ISSN : 2746-5640 cultivators. This is confirmed according to Rayes et al. (2013), in a hyperosmotic environment, fish will save energy expenditure, especially for the osmoregulation process, coupled with a hunger for fish.

Conclusion Based on the ANOVA test and further tests on the Growth and Efficiency of Feed of Chopped Grouper (Epinephellus fuscoguttatus˃˂Epinephelus lanceolatus) which were given different doses, the best dose was obtained in treatment C with 25% trash feed, where the results obtained were the absolute weight growth parameters. (63.65 ± 4.00) and feed efficiency of 26.22 ± 0.25g.

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Authors: Asih Amanda, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, University of Maritim Raja Ali Haji, Tanjung Pinang, Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected]. Wiwin Kusuma Atmaja Putra, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, University of Maritim Raja Ali Haji, Tanjung Pinang, Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected] Tri Yulianto, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, University of Maritim Raja Ali Haji, Tanjung Pinang, Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected]

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

How to cite this article: Amanda, A., Putra, W. K. A., Yulianto, T. 2020. Growth and feed efficiency of chopped grouper fish fry (Epinephelus fuscoggutatus>

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