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Country Information and Guidance Nigeria: Background Information, Including Actors of Protection and Internal Relocation

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Country Information and Guidance Nigeria: Background Information, Including Actors of Protection and Internal Relocation Country Information and Guidance Nigeria: Background information, including actors of protection and internal relocation Version 2.0 August 2016 Preface This document provides country of origin information (COI) and guidance to Home Office decision makers on handling particular types of protection and human rights claims. This includes whether claims are likely to justify the granting of asylum, humanitarian protection or discretionary leave and whether – in the event of a claim being refused – it is likely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under s94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must consider claims on an individual basis, taking into account the case specific facts and all relevant evidence, including: the guidance contained with this document; the available COI; any applicable caselaw; and the Home Office casework guidance in relation to relevant policies. Country Information The COI within this document has been compiled from a wide range of external information sources (usually) published in English. Consideration has been given to the relevance, reliability, accuracy, objectivity, currency, transparency and traceability of the information and wherever possible attempts have been made to corroborate the information used across independent sources, to ensure accuracy. All sources cited have been referenced in footnotes. It has been researched and presented with reference to the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI), dated April 2008, and the European Asylum Support Office’s research guidelines, Country of Origin Information report methodology, dated July 2012. Feedback Our goal is to continuously improve the guidance and information we provide. Therefore, if you would like to comment on this document, please email the Country Policy and Information Team. Independent Advisory Group on Country Information The Independent Advisory Group on Country Information (IAGCI) was set up in March 2009 by the Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration to make recommendations to him about the content of the Home Office‘s COI material. The IAGCI welcomes feedback on the Home Office‘s COI material. It is not the function of the IAGCI to endorse any Home Office material, procedures or policy. IAGCI may be contacted at: Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration, 5th Floor, Globe House, 89 Eccleston Square, London, SW1V 1PN. Email: [email protected] Information about the IAGCI‘s work and a list of the COI documents which have been reviewed by the IAGCI can be found on the Independent Chief Inspector‘s website at http://icinspector.independent.gov.uk/country-information-reviews/ Page 2 of 40 Contents Guidance ................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Summary of issues ................................................................................... 4 2. Consideration of Issues ................................................................................... 4 2.1 Protection ................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Internal relocation ..................................................................................... 5 3. Policy summary ............................................................................................... 6 Country Information ................................................................................................. 7 4. History ............................................................................................................. 7 5. Economy .......................................................................................................... 7 6. Geography and demography ........................................................................... 8 6.1 Geography ................................................................................................ 8 6.2 Demography ............................................................................................. 8 6.3 Transport infrastructure ............................................................................ 9 6.4 Maps ........................................................................................................ 9 7. Constitution .................................................................................................... 10 8. Political system .............................................................................................. 10 9. Security forces ............................................................................................... 11 9.1 Overview ................................................................................................ 11 9.2 Armed forces .......................................................................................... 12 9.3 Police and police reforms ....................................................................... 14 9.4 Human rights violations .......................................................................... 20 10. Judiciary ........................................................................................................ 22 10.1 Structure ................................................................................................. 22 10.2 Independence ......................................................................................... 24 10.3 Fair trial .................................................................................................. 25 10.4 Sharia courts .......................................................................................... 26 11. Human rights bodies ...................................................................................... 28 11.1 Human rights groups .............................................................................. 28 11.2 Government human rights bodies .......................................................... 28 12. Corruption ...................................................................................................... 28 13. Freedom of movement ................................................................................... 32 14. Forged and fraudulently obtained documents ................................................ 34 15. Citizenship and nationality ............................................................................. 36 Version Control and Contacts ............................................................................... 40 Page 3 of 40 Guidance Updated 17 August 2016 1. Introduction 1.1 Summary of issues 1.1.1 In general, are those at risk of persecution or serious harm able to seek effective protection and/or internally relocate to escape that risk? Back to Contents 2. Consideration of Issues 2.1 Protection 2.1.1 The Nigeria Police Force (NPF) is the principal law enforcement agency comprising more than 350,000 men and women, covering all 36 Nigerian states and the federal capital territory (FCT), Abuja. It is widely seen as corrupt and inefficient. However, in 2015, the new Inspector General of Police launched a series of measures to address public concerns, including the establishment of a new Complaints Response Unit (CRU) to deal with complaints about police professional misconduct. It has been reported that between May and November 2015, 51 policemen were dismissed from the Nigeria Police Force over proven corrupt practices with 56 others given various punishments, including demotion (see Police and police reforms). 2.1.2 There are reports of Nigerian police officers being engaged in misconduct and abuses such as arbitrary arrests, use of excessive force, beatings, and extra-judicial killings (see Human rights violations). 2.1.3 The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) investigates allegations of human rights abuses and publishes periodic reports detailing its findings. The law provides for recognition and enforcement of NHRC awards and recommendations as court decisions (see Human rights bodies). 2.1.4 The NHRC has, as one of its focus areas, responsibility for investigating reports of “torture and extrajudicial, summary, and arbitrary executions”. Private citizens and the government also reportedly bring charges against perpetrators of human rights abuses (see Security forces: Overview). 2.1.5 In some cases, the army supports police operations when the police need assistance, but was often unable to respond adequately to reports of violence especially against non- state armed groups such as Boko Haram (see Armed forces and the country information and guidance on Nigeria: Fear of Boko Haram). 2.1.6 Nigeria’s criminal justice system, with state and federal courts, is based on common or customary law systems and has achieved a degree of independence and professionalism. The constitution also recognizes Sharia courts for civil proceedings but does not state anything explicitly about whether their jurisdiction includes criminal proceedings. Sharia and Page 4 of 40 customary (traditional) courts of appeal function in 18 northern states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) (see Judiciary). 2.1.7 In practice, Sharia courts in the 12 northern states have authority to hear criminal cases where both the Muslim complainant and the Muslim defendant agree to the venue. It may pass sentences based on the Sharia penal
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