The of Phi Sigma Iota Forum International Foreign Language Honor Society

Spring 2002 Year 24. No.1

The Forum, Spring 2002 • 1 The President’s Page

It is a tradition to celebrate Phi Sigma Iota chapters with significant anniversaries. Attention is called to first-year anniversaries and to the completion of each decade thereafter. It is our pleasure in this spring issue of the Forum to celebrate the eightieth anniversary of two PSI chapters: Alpha at Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania and Beta Beta chapter at the University of Missouri in Kansas City, Missouri. Only one other chapter has existed longer (Alpha Alpha at the University of Denver, dating from 1917). A HEARTY CONGRATULATIONS TO THESE TWO CHAPTERS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL OFFICE. A list of other chapters celebrating decades of service can be found at the end of the Forum. * * * * As The Forum is being readied for printing, we are on the verge of April Fools Day. I suppose most college-age students are too sophisticated to pay much attention to this traditional holiday. However, this is not the case for me. April Fools Day is an important date for me because it coincides with my wife’s birthday. (No fooling! She is an April Fools girl, so I can’t let the date slip by C. Eugene Scruggs, 1997 unnoticed!) I recently did a little research on the origins of All Fools Day. Seems it’s been observed in one form or another for quite some time in many regions of the world. The tradition in Western Europe appears to have begun in France in the 15th century. In the land of 350 cheeses, a person who is fooled on April 1st is called a poisson d’avril (and April fish). Seems a bit strange until one learns that fish are quite foolish in the spring and allow themselves to be caught in very great numbers! The tradition of playing pranks on April Fools Day came to England in the 18th century, and from there made its way to America. While we are on the subject of April, did you ever wonder about the origin of the name of that month—or for that matter, the origin of all the months of the calendar year? Students of Latin can tell us that April derives from the Latin word aperire meaning “to open.” Since many flowers are opening in the early spring, it makes sense to call the month by that name. Using a natural phenomenon as the name for a month of the calendar reminds me of the drastic action taken by the French revolutionaries in 1792 when they gave all the months of the year new names that would be far removed from any unpleasant suggestion of the ancien régime. Year I of the revolutionary calendar began on September 22nd 1792. The twelve months of the year began with Vendémiaire, which came from Latin vindemia meaning “wine harvest time.” The second month of the revolutionary calendar began on October 22 and extended to November 21 and was given the name Brumaire, from the French word for fog (brume) which describes a normal phenomenon at that period of the year. November 21 to December 21 was given the name Frimaire from Frankish frimas meaning “freezing mist.” And of course, December 21 to January 20 had to have a name representative of the snowy weather prevailing at that time. From Latin nivosus the revolutionaries gave this month the name Nivôse. At this point you can probably guess the natural phenomenon which will give the period from mid-February to mid-March its name. You got it. Its Ventôse from Latin ventosus meaning “windy.” And since things begin to germinate in spring, the month stretching from mid-March to mid-April was called Germinal, from Latin germinus. To quickly go through the remaining months: Following Germinal come the flowering month, Floréal; then the green prairie month, Prairial; then comes Messidor, the harvest month (French moisson); Thermidor, the hot month (June 19 to July 19); and lastly, the fruit havesting month, Fructidor. And there you have it, the great French revolutionary logic at its best.

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Front Cover: Speaking of Peace designed by Lizz Caplan-Carbin 2 • The Forum, Spring 2002

The Forum SPRING, 2002

FEATURES PHI SIGMA IOTA National and Regional Officers A Parisian Summer PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Dr. C. Eugene Scruggs By Sara Dietz……..…. 7 International Affairs Center, CPR 107 University of South Florida Tampa, Florida 33620 I Falsi Amici (813) 974-4126 – Telephone, (813) 974-4613 - Fax [email protected] E-mail By Liz Zollner ..…..…. 8 VICE-PRESIDENT Dr. Christine Probes Division of World Language Education, CPR 107 Eva Peron: Saint or Sinner? University of South Florida By Ninfa Nik ..…..…. 13 Tampa, Florida 33620 (813) 974-2743 [email protected] - E-mail

The Divided Self The Forum EDITOR Dr. Lizz Caplan-Carbin By Jane Dagon…...…. 11 Division of World Language Education, CPR 107 University of South Florida Tampa, Florida 33620 Did You Know? [email protected]

By Carl Kirschner…... 19 IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT Dr. Marie-France Hilgar University of Nevada. Las Vegas Las Vegas. Nevada 89154

Brazil: Not Just Portuguese Spoken REGIONAL VICE-PRESIDENTS:

By George Lou…...…. 22 SOUTHWEST Arizona, California, Colorado. Hawaii. New Mexico, Nevada Prof. Salvatore Federico Thunderbird American School of Grad. Management Glendale, AZ 80530 Transitivity Across Languages (602) 978-7291 By Jacob Caflisch .……23 SOUTH CENTRAL Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana. Mississippi. Missouri. Oklahoma. Texas Prof. Nancy Antrim DEPARTMENTS University of Texas/El Paso El Paso, TX 79968 (915) 747-7037 The President’s Page 2 SOUTHEAST Alabama. Florida. Georgia, Kentucky. Northh Carolina, South Carolina, National and Regional Officers 3 Puerto Rico, Tennessee, Virginia Prof. Thérese O'Connell Addresses 5 Jacksonville University Jacksonville, Florida 32211 (904) 744-3950 Dues 6 NORTHWEST Alaska. Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming 2001 Scholarship Recipients 15 Prof. Claudine Fisher Portland State University PSI Scholarships 16 Portland. Oregon 97207 (503) 725-3522

Scholarship Nomination Form 17 NORTH CENTRAL. Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin Chapter News 18 Prof. Levilson Reis Otterbein College Chapter Roster 25 Westerville, OH 43081 (614) 823-1112 Chapter Websites 30 NORTHEAST Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine, Massachusetts, New 31 Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West PSI Member Benefits Virginia Prof. Susan Rosenstreich Copyright  2002 by The Forum of Phi Sigma Iota; the International Dowling College Oakdale. NY 11769 Foreign Language Honor Society (ISSN 0883-5640). Requests for permission to reprint should be made in writing to the Editor.

The Forum, Spring 2002 • 3

Phi Sigma Iota The International Foreign Language Honor Society (Member of the National Association of College Honor Students) Xbo! !!Tij! Sv! !!!!!!Zj … Recognizes outstanding ability and high standards of students and faculty of foreign languages, literatures and cultures (including Professor Carroll’s Story Card classics, Linguistics, Philology, Comparative Everything is going your way. Literature, ESL and Bilingual Education). It is the highest academic honor in the field of foreign 'wan shi ru yi' languages. Phi Sigma Iota has initiated over 50,000

members since its foundation in 1917, and it has [email protected] http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~carroll created and supports numerous scholarship programs. Linda Gigi Carroll, a free-lance illustrator, teaches Chinese at the University of South Florida. She designed the STORY CARDS to … Has chapters in 250 colleges and universities in help her students learn Chinese characters. She studies ancient Chinese inscriptions, and combines culture, philosophy, and folk the U.S.A., Mexico, France, and the Virgin Islands. tales to explain each character’s meaning and origin.

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Dr. C. Eugene Scruggs The Forum, a magazine of national circulation, is open World Language Education, CPR 107 to advertisements in order to generate additional funds University of South Florida for our scholarship and other programs. At the Tampa, Florida 33620 discretion of the editorial staff, it will accept ads from Email: [email protected] reputable firms and institutions interested in penetrating the market provided by our extensive readership – over 50,000. To advertisers: The Forum is a quality magazine published in its current format since 1978. For the scheduled

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4 • The Forum, Spring 2002 Contacts: http://www.phisigmaiota.org/contacts.html Who to contact for what at Toll-free by Telephone Phi Sigma Iota (800) 673-5599 by Email Contact for: [email protected] Establishment of New Chapters, Scholarship Nominations, Liaison with ACHS Eugene Scruggs, Ph.D. University of South Florida, WLE-CPR 107 Tampa, Florida, 33620 Help us to avoid unnecessary (813) 974-8286 FAX: (813) 974-6944 [email protected] expense by keeping your current name and address on file.

Contact for: dvisors: Please send us an Installation and Initiation Ceremonies and Liaison A with Chapter Advisors and Regional Vice Presidents, email to stay in touch. Christine Probes, Ph.D. University of South Florida, WLE-CPR 107 Tampa, Florida, 33620 (813) 974-2743 FAX: (813) 974-1718 [email protected]

Contact for: Membership, Payment of Dues, Orders for Certificates, Insignia and Stoles, Change of Address, Rosters Amy Morrow University of South Florida, WLE-CPR 107 Tampa, Florida, 33620 (813) 974-2746 (800) 673-5599 [email protected] The Editor appreciates submission

Contact for: of your comments, news and News and Literary Aspects of The Forum articles concerning all fields of Submission of Articles, Photos, Graphics, Articles, foreign language. Manuscripts News Items and Advertising for The Forum and Website must be typed, double-spaced, 1000 Lizz Caplan-Carbin, Ph.D. words or fewer, and preferably, University of Tennessee, MFL-HU 427 available in MS Word format, as Martin, Tennessee, 38238 (731) 588-0193 well as hard copy. Photos and [email protected] illustrations should be labeled and

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6 • The Forum, Spring 2002

B!Qbsjtjbo!Tvnnfs! By Sara Dietz Rutgers University

Jn an article about a summer such as tours of Notre Dame or day trip to Auvers-sur-Oise, the St. Denis, occasionally occupied burial place of Van Gogh. We program in Paris, you might expect our afternoons, the time I spent took covert photographs in the to find a catalogue of monuments away from the group is the most room where Van Gogh and historical sites, of visits to the memorable. supposedly died and visited his Eiffel Tower, the Louvre, and the gravesite in the rain, fitting gardens of Versailles. You would weather for such a morbid outing! probably encounter a sample of Qaris remains light until group activities: a jazz concert at nearly 11 p.m. during the the Parc de la Villette, a ballet at summer, leaving plenty of time for Uhough I spent many days the Bastille, a Molière play at the exploration. Among my favorite happily wandering around Paris Comédie-Française. There might activities was shopping in the on my own, meeting French even be mention of the classes in outdoor markets on Rue natives enriched my experience. French, the professors, and the Mouffetard, a colorful street within One day, in a burst of inspiration, other students. This article will tell walking distance of my classes, I decided to chop off my shoulder- you none of those things. My full of cafés, Greek restaurants, a length hair, a move my host- captivation with Paris does not rely gelato shop, and a corner mother claimed at least one on scheduled activities or bookstore. Outside, en plein air, female student undertook every landmarks, but on the individual poultry spun on rotisseries, the summer. Strolling through the moments that made Paris my own. smell of fresh bread hung in the neighborhood looking for a air, gourmet cheeses lay in their haircut, I stepped into a salon Euring the summer of 2001, I display cases, and fresh fruits and near my apartment. While vegetables sat on shelves next to chatting with the coiffeur, or spent six weeks in Paris with mustachioed vendors. Carrying hairdresser, I discovered his Rutgers University improving my my bags of groceries and talking family came from Tunisia. He French and expanding my view of to the shopkeepers in French, I later invited me to have a the world. Debating whether or felt a part of the scene of daily traditional Jewish Friday-night not to request a roommate, as it life. dinner with his family, an evening was my first time in Europe, I that made me feel less like a finally decided to take the studio own the street from my tourist and more like a Parisienne. apartment the program offered E

me, located in the nineteenth apartment was the Buttes- arrondissement beneath a French Chaumont, a larger-than-life park Uraveling to Paris enabled family and two other Rutgers popular on weekends with grassy me to see the world through students. Every morning we ate a hills, plenty of shade, and a French-colored glasses. I am breakfast of tartines (slices of waterfall. On Sundays I often now seeking a way to return to baguette with butter and jelly) and brought a book with me and this magical city after graduation. hot tea then rushed to the Métro reclined on a bench, watching If I may offer any advice to to make our classes, held at a women stroll by with babies, men students of a foreign language, it Catholic youth center in the Latin walk their dogs, and couples is to seize the opportunity to Quarter. argue. I nearly always exited travel abroad during your college from the wrong gate and spent years; it may very well change Ny true Parisian experience several Sunday afternoons your life. ♫ searching for my street and began once the morning finished. buying a tarte aux framboises, a A few of us frequently ate lunch raspberry tart, to console myself. Sara Dietz is a graduate of Rutgers together at one of the numerous University where she was an active ! brasseries, sometimes lingering !!!!! member of the Sigma Sigma chapter. She or the Bastille Day recess, is also the winner of the first annual over our surprisingly inexpensive !!!!!G Rutgers Phi Sigma Iota Merit Scholarship, three-course meals for several my friend Danielle and I spent the which she applied toward her study hours. While group activities, long weekend in Paris and took a abroad in Paris. The Forum, Spring 2002 • 7

I Falsi Amici Liz Zollner University of South Florida The most important thing any Italian-speaking This preconception is about half right. Italian and learner of English ought to remember about the English do share lexical roots, but learning one lexicons of these two languages is that, while there are another's language isn’t always made easier because certainly many shared cognates, some of these words of it. Not only is there the risk that your friends are have earned the title “false friends” for a reason. false, they don’t often sound the same, either. Italian Although English and Italian are from different has only a handful of vowels compared to English, language families, there are a great number of cognates and they are all pronounced very nearly alike in every between them. This can be traced to the Battle of environment, which can hardly be said for English. Hastings in 1066, in which the Normans of France Pronunciation and orthography aside, semantics conquered the Anglo-Saxons of England. The is the greater barrier to effective communication. The immediate effect on the Germanic English language best rule of thumb is, assume nothing. If anything, was to overlay it with the Italic French, which then assume the meaning of an apparent cognate is exerted its linguistic influence for the next 300 years. something totally unrelated to the word in Italian and While the average English person resisted the changes look it up or ask for help, which is by far the more occuring at the upper levels of society, the French effective way to learn it if at all possible. Then, to language was imposed upon many English speakers, establish it as something other than a full or partial especially in education, religion, and the legal cognate, put the word to work immediately, in an professions. Although the influence of French began to appropriate context. decline sharply at the start of the Hundred Years’ War, Not surprisingly, there are many books dedicated its effect on the English language was already so strong to this very problem. The fact that there are entire that, today, it has nearly twice as many words as its dictionaries full of false friends and deceptive nearest cousin, German (McCrum, 1986). cognates should tell us a thing or two about the What does this mean for the native Italian difficulty of learning the English lexicon for a native speaker trying to learn English? Several things need to Italian speaker. One resource, Ferguson’s Italian be considered. Italian and the other romance languages False Friends, is aimed at English-speakers learning share Latin roots. The Italian speaker, due to Italian. The editor rightly points out that the influence propinquity with France and the influence of the goes both ways, and in fact, the book could easily be Common Market, is already well aware of this, used by Italian speakers learning English. especially in the areas bordering France and An earlier, similar book was written by Virginia Switzerland. Moreover, Europeans are far more likely Browne, Odd Pairs and False Friends (1987). In her to be required to learn at least one other language in article, “Attenti al coccodrilo,” or “watch out for the school or for business purposes. Frequently, this crocodile,” Browne explains that she made a hobby of language is English, the most common second language collecting “false friends” while living in Italy. When worldwide. Any Italian speaker who wishes to learn to she and her Italian friends read literal translations communicate in English has already been exposed to it from Italian into English for tourist publications, they through the media or in school. Therefore, Italian were consumed with laughter over the stunning speakers are likely to have already begun building some inaccuracy of some of the work which was, she concepts, or schemata of English in their minds, before suggests, “translated from Italian by someone they begin serious study. They have preconceived equipped with a minute pocket dictionary and faint notions and one of them is that the two languages have memories of media scuola lessons.” One example, a lot of cognates and it will be easy. In fact, one expert often quoted in discussions of falsi amici, is that of estimates that ten percent of all lexical words in “suggestive” for “suggestivo,” which in Italian simply journalistic English writing consists of romance cognates (Ferguson, 1994). 8 • The Forum, Spring 2002 means “evocative” and has no sexual overtones observes that word choice in writing is frequently whatsoever. negatively influenced by the assumptions generated Browne goes on to suggest that advanced by false friends (Leech, 1994). He observes, in students find working with false friends challenging “Problematic ESL word content choice in writing: a and helpful, which in turn ought to alert educators proposed foundation of descriptive categories,” that, that a whole array of possible exercises could easily the closer the relation between languages, i.e., from be developed, and not just for Italian speakers French to Italian or Italian to Spanish, the more likely learning English. Any two languages with cognates false friends are to exist, and the greater the are candidates. temptation will be to assume true cognate status, resulting in the wrong word choice. Lalor and Kirsner The last insight Browne offers is that falsi amici (2000) found that it is easy to see that such a choice is are not simply language traps for the unsuspecting to activated automatically by the brain and is therefore fall into. She feels that we do not merely translate impossible to ignore. This problem can then be one language into another, because every language is compounded, as Frantzen points out, by the fact that “the expression of a profoundly different mentality.” there may be some shared meaning, from a common Even if we get the words, phrases and sentences root between the false friends. The writing of an right, we may be missing the cultural implications of Italian speaker learning English may have, therefore, words and ideas that mean profoundly different a rather “quaint” flavor, along with being inaccurate. things from one language to another. A moment’s reflection on the American concept of “family” Foreign language learners have a tendency to compared to the Italian familia will render that translate word for word, relying on dictionaries when abundantly clear. To most Americans, family is they encounter something unfamiliar (Swan and simply relatives. To the average Italian, familia is Smith, 1987). This has two possible outcomes. When culture, the center of life, and a major support group, the Italian learner of English comes across a new and without whose approval no one would even think of unfamiliar word or phrase, they might look it up, and making an important decision. thereby quickly incorporate it into their repertoire, depending on their learning style. This is the best-case In an article dealing with many aspects of scenario. However, if the word seems familiar cognates, Diana Frantzen (1998) draws a distinction enough, they may "learn" it incorrectly, making false between intrinsic and extrinsic categories. In the assumptions about its meaning. intrinsic category, are those cognates which she terms “somewhat false,” (near or quasi-cognates) Several experts have made a variety of instead of entirely false. “Practico” is a good suggestions for dealing with false friends, or “True example of this, for while it does mean “practical” in friends and false friends” (Lengeling, 1996). One is to Italian, it also means handy or convenient. A native treat every cognate as suspect. Lengeling takes Italian speaker using “practical” to mean handy or language teachers to task for relying too heavily on convenient would not be immediately understood, cognates, using them basically as a crutch, or one less although there is certainly a semantic connection thing to teach. She feels this encourages the learner to among these words. accept all apparent cognates as real, whether they are or not. In an effort to be fair, Lengeling says that she Second, and closely related, are those cognates feels most teachers are unaware of either the which are true under some circumstances and not existence of false cognates or the problems that others. “Astenzione” does in fact mean abstinence accepting all cognates as true can lead to. She feels from alcohol in Italian, but it also means a form of that one way to counter the tendency to rely on work stoppage. The Italian speaker could use cognates is to teach false cognates as they appear, abstention correctly in some cases and be totally along with exercises for learning the proper use and misunderstood in others. There are more of these meaning of the words in the appropriate context. She than of purely unrelated, though similar-looking, goes on to suggest deliberate recycling of false words such as window “pane” in English and cognates to help the students to grasp their meanings. “pane,” or bread, in Italian, also known as Since cognates appear at the earliest stages of orthographic or fortuitous look-alikes. language learning, it’s best to discourage the tendency David Leech, in an article on applied to assume they are all “real friends” immediately. linguistics, specifically dealing with writing, Although Lengeling doesn’t suggest particular

The Forum, Spring 2002 • 9 exercises, using Ferguson’s (1994) dictionary of with its emphasis on target language use, and few, if Italian False Friends to create scenarios emphasizing any, translations, is especially susceptible to the misunderstandings might be extremely effective. cognates, true or false. Any cognates could easily fall Since the Italian “preservativo” translates to into unanalyzed chunks and the proper meaning of “condom” and the Italian “constipazione” is, in each word might never be derived. English, a stuffy nose, one can easily see that Martin suggests the term cognate be dropped humorous role-plays and word games would be very altogether, in favor of telling beginners that there are useful in helping students distinguish the meanings many false friends and very few genuine ones. between the pairs of words. Authentic materials from “Lastly,” he says, “we should draw the student’s both cultures, such as travel brochures, newspapers, attention to the fact common to all languages that assembly instructions, menus, phonebooks and the words once born or borrowed, take on a life of their like, could be introduced in the classroom for the own and their semiotic content may and usually does purpose of discovering false friends and correcting develop in a direction which cannot be anticipated.” the errors by translating them properly and idiomatically into the target language. In light of the sheer number of false friends among all cognates, including those which are A survey of Ferguson’s work reveals that of the completely false, partially false, false in certain words listed, all are lexical, and within that environments, and so on, it is really important for limitation, there are further restrictions. Only seven teachers to be aware of the pitfalls, and for producers of about 775 words are adverbs. Most are nouns of learning materials to deal with the issue.. (nearly 500), and the nearest category after that is Awareness of cognates, full, partial and especially, adjectives (not quite 200). In addition, almost 87% false, will help learners to avoid potential error traps. of the false friends in Ferguson’s work have Latin Teaching about cognate relationships can improve roots (1994). This suggests immediately that one can learners' cognate awareness, while providing call students' attention to nouns and adjectives in humorous and memorable lessons. particular, and develop exercises around them quite easily, as most, if not all, of these false friends are References fairly widely distributed in both English and Italian. Covering a few a day will by no means teach all of Browne, V. (1987). Attenti al coccodrilo. Lingue del mondo, 52, 59-63.

these words, let alone all of their shades of meaning. Ferguson, R. (1994). Italian false friends. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. However, when examining those most likely to be Frantzen, D. (1998). Intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to the difficulty used, a given population of students (academics, of learning false cognates. Foreign Language Annals, 31, 243-254. professionals and the like), may not only learn the Leech, D. (1994). Problematic ESL word content choice in writing: a proposed words themselves but become far more aware of the foundation of descriptive categories. Issues in Applied Linguistics, 5, 83 –102. pitfalls than they would if left to regard all cognates Lengeling, M. (1996). True friends and false friends. (Report No. FL 024 153). as “free words.” Martin, H. (1978). Cognates and false friends. (Report No. FL 011 558). Pacific Lengeling wasn’t the first to make such Northwest Council on Foreign Languages, Oregon State University, Corvallis, suggestions. More than two decades ago, Horst OR. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 193 894)

Martin (1978) not only took educators to task, but McCrum, R., Cran, W., & MacNeil, R. (1986). The story of English. New York: blamed textbook authors and editors as well. Martin Viking.

says that textbooks encourage students to rely too Swan, M. & Smith, B. (1987). Learner English. Cambridge: Cambridge heavily on cognates as an aid to learning “free University Press. words,” and he points out that the direct approach,

Support the Phi Sigma Iota Scholarship Fund Make a Contribution in Any Amount Payable to: Phi Sigma Iota International And mail it to the PSI Secretariat at the University of South Florida You may indicate the name of the scholarship (e.g., Founders, Presidents, PSI Annual, Capsas, Vilas, Hilgar, or other). You may also indicate the language or cultures you wish to support. Endow your own scholarship! Contact our president to learn how.

10 • The Forum, Spring 2002 The Divided Self: Or the Fictionalized Alter-Ego in Camara Laye's Dramouss

By Jane Dagon, Ph.D.

The autobiography is often defined as the story After being in Paris for six years, from 1947- of one's life written by that same person. However, an 1953, Fatoman, the narrator returns to his native city of autobiography can also represent "the writer's effort, Kouroussa, Guinea1. En route to Kouroussa, Fatoman made at a certain stage of life, to portray the meaning of spends the night in Conkary, a city where his fiancee personal experience as it has developed over the course and uncle live. There he experiences reverse culture of a significant period (Goodwin 11)". In some cases shock as well as witnesses the urbanization and the autobiography can be described as a form of self- industrialization of this city he once knew. He feels like examination or catharsis. In order to render this a foreigner or an outsider in his own country. This is personal experience more credible or compelling, the only the beginning of his identity crisis, which he does autobiographer often uses the first person narrative to not analyze until after the political meeting. This delay present himself to the literary world and uses two in his self-examination is a foreshadowing technique different types of "I's". The first "I" is the author used by the author to alert the reader of what is to come himself, and the second “I” is the author as he presents and the self-awareness of Fatoman heightens as the himself to the reader. This is where the author becomes story progresses. the "other" or the fictionalized alter-ego. The "other" That night, Fatoman is unable to sleep and plays can cause an identity crisis because the writer has a over in his mind, like a film, the past six years he spent problem differentiating between the "I" that is himself in Paris. This reference to cinema gives the reader the and the "I" that is the "other". These "I's" are at times in impression that Fatoman really felt like a spectator conflict and appear to be divided. In The witnessing from afar what had really happened to him. Transcendence of the Ego, Jean-Paul Sartre refers to This sense of being an outsider adds once again to these "I's" as the "reflective consciousness" and the Fatoman's loss of identity. In a way, this film or dream, "pre-reflective consciousness". The former, the in the form of a flashback, became a way for the reflective consciousness, occurs when the "ego" narrator to present a synthesized, encapsulated, becomes the object of the consciousness, and when one condensed version of what happened during those past makes oneself the object. Whereas the latter, the pre- six years. reflective consciousness, occurs where there is no "I" Once Fatoman reached his hometown of and there is no "ego" because one is engaged in the Kouroussa, he desperately tries to find any remnant that world and not in oneself. Thus it is the subject that is represents the country he once knew. Once again he acting on the world. It is also possible that there is a feels alienated and like a stranger in his own native split "I". This is where the "I" is the subject and the country. Fatoman was torn between the loyalty he object at the same time. should feel towards his homeland but at the same time The divided self is very apparent in Camara he does not want to betray his own beliefs by living Laye's Dramouss (The Dream of Africa) (1966), a text under the regime that has recently destroyed several that contains several autobiographical scenes. To Guinean cultural traditions. He realizes this when he recount aspects of his own life, Laye examines his many attends the political meeting in Kouroussa. There he selves in the first person narrative through the recognizes that the current political regime had protagonist named Fatoman, his quasi-fictionalized destroyed those Guinean customs he so longed for. Torn alter-ego. Laye used fictionalized names in his book in by his political situation, he feels betrayed by the order to avoid any political retribution. He chose the country that he no longers recognizes. He feels a double name Fatoman because it was the nickname for his loss, referred to as his two "moi internes" (two inner father (King, note 1). In this brief paper, I will analyze selves), that represent the two cultures (Malinkés and the first person narrative of two scenes in which French) and the two countries to which he belongs. In Fatoman questions his own identity and is often torn French the word "moi" has several meanings. In this between his two "I's" or what Sartre calls a conflict context it could mean, the "self", where Fatoman between the reflective consciousness and the pre- examines his existence and his place in the world. He reflective consciousness. The first scene occurs after feels trapped between his two selves that are really Fatoman attends a political meeting in his hometown, "himself", which represents Guinea before and after he and the second scene is the premonition he has about the left for Paris, and the "other", referring to what Guinea future of Guinea. In order to understand the has become since his absence. He feels guilty for protagonist's inner turmoil, it is necessary to summarize leaving Guinea, but at the same time, he is furious about briefly some of the events that happened just before these aforementioned scenes of self-reflection and self- 1 examination. Camara Laye went to study in Paris in 1947, but returned to Guinea in 1954 for a short visit and in 1956 lived once again in his homeland (King 71). The Forum, Spring 2002 • 11 what his government has done to his beloved country. disoriented and waits several hours near a tree for He realizes that there is nothing left for him in Guinea. Dramouss to reappear. When Dramouss returns, the All he really has are fading memories. His frustrations protagonist sees several corpses surrounding this tree. prevent him from physical grasp of any object that Dramouss instructs him to retrieve another dead body signifies the Guinea he once knew and loved. farther down the road, which just so happens to be If the theory of Sartre, concerning the object himself, a victim of the revolution. Once again the and the subject of reflective consciousness, is applied to narrator is confronted with his two selves. In this scene, this conflict between the two selves or the two "moi", the two selves are the "I", himself, versus the "moi", the the protagonist is divided between how he perceives other. Similar to the previous scene, Fatoman is torn himself and how he is perceived. Thus he becomes self- between the way he remembers his country and what it conscious about being self-conscious. His heightened has become, but now he must face the future of Guinea. self-awareness causes inner turmoil because the In this scene, the "other" does not have a voice, and protagonist has already presented himself to the reader relies on a visual image instead of words. In fact it is as merely the subject. At this moment, he has become the voice of the "I" that must announce the "other's" the object of the subject, which presents a clash, because current inert state. Also, like the previous scene with the they are one and the same. divided "I's", the protagonist perceives himself as the As for the other meaning of the French word object when he realizes that the corpse is really his own. "moi" or "me", it can be used as an emphatic pronoun to He becomes the subject when he is aware of his self- emphasize the subject, whereas in psychology, the consciousness. "moi" refers to the "ego". In the case of the former, Soon after the self-examination scene, the Fatoman is stressing his existence or his inner turmoil ground becomes flooded with water and Dramouss and the sense of being torn between his two cultures: returns once again. The flood is a metaphor for the Malinké and French. In the case of the latter, the "moi" revolution and represents the consequences of evil (Lee can equally signify both the alter-ego of the narrator as 44). After Dramouss saves the protagonist once again, well as of the author. The image of the alter-ego or the everything is devoured by the flood, just like the divided self augments Fatoman's dual existence creating revolution has, as Dramouss was quick to point out (Lee an identity crisis, because he feels alienated in his native 44). Dramouss manages to save a golden bough, which country. All Fatoman can do is observe the objects is the symbol of leadership or command (King 72). around him that were once familiar, but are now When the protagonist grasped the golden bough, it unrecognizable. There is therefore a double loss of turned into a pen, symbolizing the destiny of the author, identity, by the protagonist and by Guinea, a country the alter-ego of Fatoman. Some critics have interpreted transformed by westernization and later altered severely this scene to mean that the written word has become the by revolution. new power of Africa, and that writers should be allowed Later that same night after the meeting, in the to use their pen to lead and to serve nations (Lee 43). form of an horrific dream, Fatoman has a premonition While other critics have accused Laye of using the about the future of Guinea. In his dream, the protagonist autobiographical aspects of Dramouss as a way to is picked up by a giant, thrown over a wall, and then present a political message (Lee 34). It is uncertain finds himself in jail, where he is condmened to death for whether Laye was solely politically motivated. It seems his righteousness, and sentenced to die the following likely that Camara Laye was merely portraying a day. At the moment of his execution, he transforms into personal experience that represented a significant period a hawk and flies away, but his tormentor turns into an not only in his own life but in the history of his country even larger bird and tries to take him back to prison. as well. By means of the first person narrative and Suddenly, in the sky, a large black snake appears and through the eyes of a quasi-fictionalized alter-ego, Laye rescues the protagonist. They manage to flee, and by was allowed to re-examine his personal choices as well night fall, they land in a small village somewhere in as the political situation of Guinea.♦

Guinea. Then, the black snake turns into a beautiful References woman, who identifies herself as "Dramouss", before disappearing. Dramouss continues to appear and ¾ Goodwin, James. Autobiography: The Self Made Text. New York: disappear several times throughout his dream. She Twayne Publishers, 1993. ¾ King, Adele. The Writings of Camara Laye. London: Heinemann embodies the values of his ancestors, in order to link the Educational Books Ltd., "Studies in African Literature", 1980. past and the future, as well as to show the protagonist ¾ Laye, Camara. Dramouss. Editions Plon. "Presses Pockets", the future of Guinea (Lee 43). 1966. ¾ Lee, Sonia. Camara Laye. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1984. Later, the protagonist finds himself near the ¾ Sartre, Jean-Paul. The Trascendence of the Ego. Translated and river, Niger, in a village he used to know but barely Annotated with an introduction by Forest Williams and Robert Kirkpatrick, New York: The Noonday Press, 1957. recognizes now. Most of the people from this village have either died or fled to nearby countries. He is totally

12 • The Forum, Spring, 2002 Eva Perón: Saint or Sinner? By Ninfa Nik, Ph.D. Texas Women's College

Eva Perón was born Eva María Life in Buenos Aires was a struggle for her obtain a license for her new Duarte in 1919 in Los Toldos, the basically uneducated small town series “Biographies of Famous Argentina. Her mother, Juana girl. Her health suffered as she Women”. Ibarguren had a long affair with Eva’s struggled to win parts on the stage. Eva’s connections with the father, although he was already For several years Eva lived on an powerful military officers led to married. The couple was stable, income from minor parts and radio more parts in movies and more though, and Eva and her brother, work, and like her mother, she took on money. Among the military men Juan, and her three sisters, Blanca, lovers who would support her. Her Eva met, one in particular, a Elisa, and Erminda, were all legally lovers were powerful men who were colonel by the name of Juan Perón, acknowledged and protected by their able to help advance her career. was to impact her life more than father. In 1939, Eva won her first good part anyone else. Even though Eva and her siblings in radio and a wealthy soap Eva met Juan Perón at an were acknowledged, when Juana manufacturer sponsored her. Three earthquake relief fund raiser in took them to pay her last respects to years later, another wealthy soap 1944. They fell in love and Eva their father, they were denied entry. manufacturer agreed to sponsor her began living with him very shortly The only reason that they were radio drama series. After several long after they had met. She lived as allowed to attend their father’s wake years of struggle, she had finally made his mistress for awhile and was by was due to the intervention of the it. She had a successful radio career his side as he rose to power. provincial governor (Barnes 11). and began to enjoy the fruits of her Colonel Perón admired Eva’s As soon as the funeral was over, labor. Determined to shed her poor resourcefulness and ambition. Juana panicked. She wondered how country girl image, she now had an Also, in his mistress he recognized she and the children would manage elegant wardrobe and also bleached a tool for publicity that would be of without her lover’s protection and her hair. She leased a nice apartment tremendous help to him. wealth. Juana, an uneducated close to Radio Belgrano station where Eva and her colonel had so much woman on the lowest rung of the she was employed (Bruce 12). in common. Her ambition was as social ladder, could not even find a Eva also worked on improving her great as Perón’s. They were both decent job. Eva’s family lived in speech by eliminating her provincial products of the illicit union of poverty. In order to survive, Eva, her dialect. She spoke the broken Spanish women of the lowest social stratum mother, and sisters hired themselves of the rural Argentine pampas. Her and wealthy, powerful men (Hirst out as cooks to wealthy families. It goal was to learn to speak the Castilian 83). was at this time that Eva got her first Spanish spoken by people in Buenos Eva’s colonel became the glimpse of the differences between Aires and particularly the elite of secretary of Labor and Welfare. the wealthy and the poor in her Argentina, whom she was trying to One of the first things Perón did country, and the ideal of social emulate. was to advocate and establish a equality was conceived and would be Eva Duarte was young, beautiful, minimum wage, benefits, and one that would carry through to the and ambitious, and now that she had better living conditions for the rest of her life. more money, she made every effort to workers of Argentina. His In 1929, Eva and her family help her family back in Junín. She sent successful negotiations were moved to Junín. With the help of a her family money on a monthly basis conducive to a tremendous friend, the children became part of and even managed to find her brother, increase in union membership. the rural middle class. Eva’s brother Juan, a position at a soap Union members praised Juan and sisters finished school, but she manufacturing company. Perón. They viewed him as a quit school. She was stage-struck. Eva became increasingly popular as staunch advocate of the working She devoured magazines and a radio actress and continued her class and were very appreciative. listened to radio programs that transformation. As Eva was Perón made strong alliances with reached Junín from Buenos Aires transforming her life, Argentina was union leaders, and if a leader (Barnes 120). also undergoing transformation. A opposed him, he quickly replaced Eva detested her provincial town group of army officers challenged the him with one of his own men. and dreamed of living in Buenos civilian regime. In 1934, the military, Eva helped Perón in many Aires and of becoming a great strongly influenced by Hitler’s ideology, ways. Using her talent for actress. When Eva was 15 years old, became a reality (Cooke 53). emotional, dramatic speechmaking, a singer named Agustin Magaldi The military did not present a she would deliver short speeches came to Junin to perform. Eva and problem as far as Eva was concerned. on patriotism and love of county as her mother pleaded with him to let Her beauty and charm helped her propaganda for Perón and called her try her luck as an actress in befriend military officers of the new him the defender of the working Buenos Aires. So a few days later, government. In 1943, the powerful class. Eva left with him for Buenos Aires. director of Posts and Telegraph helped As her influence over Perón The Forum, Spring 2002 • 13 grew, so did his power in the military and prepared to launch and aggressive and were merely for propaganda regime. Perón also held other campaign with Eva at his side. His purposes. positions in the military regime, such opposition came from candidates of the Eva quickly became popular as the minister of war and vice National Democratic Union party. with the working class of Argentina president in General Edelmiro Perón’s campaign was a success for and the downtrodden. She Farrell’s government. He became many reasons. First, Eva and Perón encouraged the people to call her very much a man to be feared in the were a charming couple who appealed “Evita” and willingly reached out to new government. to the working poor, because they were the public and encouraged Perón Eva became immersed in politics of the people. Eva and Perón were to do the same. and would attend political meetings accepted by the poor as two of their own The women’s rights movement held in Perón’s apartment. She also who had made it. Second, Eva used was also of interest to the First became president of the actors’ her own humble beginnings to show that Lady. Women were still denied the union which had been established in she had sympathy for the poor of right to vote in Argentina. They 1944. Argentina and their plight. Third, Eva were paid less than men for the As her knowledge of politics and used her position at the radio station to same job, and thus, they were unions increased, so did her wealth. profess her love and concern for the powerless. Eva was earning an excellent salary, disenfranchised throughout Argentina, Fortunately for Evita, her but it wasn’t because of her acting her hatred of the oligarchy, and her husband, unlike the majority of talent, but because of her association ardent support for Perón, patriot and military officers, supported the with Perón. Her enemies vehemently protector of the working class. in women’s movement. During accuse her of graft and other crimes. 1946, after a rigorous campaign, Perón Perón’s first few days as president, Even Perón’s military associates was elected president of Argentina. Pro he and Evita campaigned for criticized her behavior. They advised “Peronistas” filled most of the positions women’s suffrage. Evita was also Perón not to associate with her. in Congress, so Perón basically had successful in forming the Peronist Luckily for Eva, Perón ignored them. complete control. Women’s Party and worked to 1945 was a memorable year for Eva’s behavior as Argentina’s first attain equal pay for equal work and Eva and Perón. Feeling threatened lady was appalling to the wealthy of divorce and civil equality. Evita by Perón’s excessive power, General Argentina. To the wealthy socialites, and her followers achieved some Farrell asked for Perón’s resignation Eva was a low class, uneducated, ill- basic feminist goals. Argentine from his posts as minister of war, bred woman who could not possibly women were given the right to vote secretary of labor and welfare, and hold a place of honor among them. in 1947 and a minimum wage law vice president. Perón had no choice They viewed Eva as unworthy of entry which granted women salaries only but to resign. Upon hearing of into the social circles in which the 20% less that those earned by men Perón’s resignation, the head of President moved, and they shunned (in the past, women earned about operations at Radio Belgrano where her. 65% less that men performing the Eva worked fired her. Eva and Perón Eva retaliated by using her power as same job). made plans to escape after first lady to humiliate them. She also Evita also wanted power for witnessing anti-Perón rallies. Their used her power as first lady to empower herself as well. In 1951, she plan backfired, and military police the working class. Eva became a force persuaded Perón to support her imprisoned Perón on an island. Eva to be reckoned with in the government candidacy for the vice presidency returned to her apartment and of Argentina. One of her first acts as of Argentina. He agreed and the immediately contacted all of Perón’s first lady was to set up an office at the Perón and Perón ticket was friends and supporters. Many Ministry of Labor and Welfare. From her announced. Her husband was refused to help her and Perón, but office, she also organized and directed proud of his wife’s decision, but many working class people were the Social Aid Foundation. She pressure from the military against a eager to help. A rally was organized demanded that employers increase the woman is such a powerful position, for the release of Perón. Thousands salaries and grant benefits to labor compelled Evita to back down. of working Argentines gathered unions. She demanded donations from Although Evita used the power she outside the president’s palace and all sectors of society. She then had to help Argentina’s poor, she demanded Perón’s release. distributed the money to the poor and was also very vindictive and used President Farrell released him on needy of Argentina. At times she would her power to stifle her enemies. October 17, 1945. Eva’s pleas for dole out by one hundred-peso notes to She and Perón had no tolerance support had paid off. Perón thanked the needy who came to her for aid. for opposition, and those that the crowd for supporting him. The organizations she directed took opposed them were severely Perón also thanked Eva for her in millions of dollars which were punished and were frequently put efforts and asked her to marry him. untaxable. As first lady, she exercised in jail. The President and the First They were married in a secret civil complete control. Since Eva was not Lady ruled with an iron hand. ceremony in Junín. Almost accountable to anyone, her enemies In an effort to increase her immediately, Perón announced he claimed that the operations of her popularity, Evita visited Europe. would run for president of Argentina, agency did not really benefit the poor Cont. on p. 30 14 • The Forum, Spring, 2002 Introducing The 2002 Phi Sigma Iota Scholarship Recipients

The PSI Founder: Dr. Henry W. Church events at her school and in her community. She is especially Scholarship active in her local Russian Orthodox Church, where she takes advantage of the opportunities to communicate in Russian and to Elora Mukherjee (Sigma Sigma) is conduct the church choir. She is also attending Middlebury working on a triple major in Spanish, Political College's Summer Immersion session. She hopes to continue her Science and Economics, maintaing a GPA of studies of slavic languages and Russian liturgical music, as she 3.99. Her concentration is in international works on her degree in conducting. economics and economic development. She has earned a certificate in Global Politics and she is The Annual Phi Sigma Iota Scholarship an Eagleton Undergraduate Fellow at Rutgers Patsy Lumpai Silarek (Eta Eta) is earning a College. Elora is also a member of Phi Beta Kappa, as well as dual major in International Business and German the national honor societies in economics and political science, at Mercer University, where she is on the Dean's Omega Delta Epsilon and Pi Sigma Alpha. She has earned four list. She is active in her German Club and she national merit scholarships and numerous awards at Rutgers volunteers at the English Language Institute in including the Edward J Bloustein Distinguished Scholar Award Macon, GA. Patsy speaks four languages, including English, and the Dean's Award for Excellence. Elora has native fluency German, Thai, and Laotian. She participated in Mercers first in English and Bengali and near-native fluency in Spanish. She study abroad program in Marburg, Germany, and she intends to has a clear vision of how multi-lingualism can be used to bridge deepen her study of German, as well as exand her knowledge of cultural chasms and to tackle pressing global issues. languages in general. The Dr. Cleon W. Capsas Memorial Scholarship The President’s Scholarship Francisco Xavier Lopez (Beta Epsilon) studies Spanish literature and education at the Holly L. Collins (Eta Eta) is majoring in State University of N.Y. College at Oneonta. He French and pre-med at Mercer University plans to take classes in advanded Spanish (Videlia, GA), where she has been a teaching literature at the University of Salmanica in Spain. assistant for introductory French. Holly is active Xavier spends time after class as a volunteer GED tutor for Job in her local PSI chapter and has participated in Corps, and as a substitute Spanish teacher for the Cherry Valley their tutoring program in French. She plans to Central School district. His teaching experience also includes continue her studies of French literature in graduate school, after involvement in a distance learning Spanish phonetics course spending time teaching English at a high school in France. Holly linking the University to the district community. Xavier is also has also served on Mercer's Student Honor Council and active in theater and has recently performed the lead role in the participated in a variety of intramural sports. play "Don Jaun Tenorio" by Jose Zorrilla. The Editor's Scholarship The Dr. Santiago Vilas Scholarship Diana Guadalupe Navarro (Zeta Ulrike Trux (Kappa Sigma) is from Beta) is majoring in French, German, and Gevelsberg, Germany, and she a double major of Italian at the University of South Florida. Comparative Literature and International Affairs She is also bilingual with English and Spanish at The American University of Paris. In native ability. Diana has earned numerous addition to her German, she has near-native scholarship awards including the National fluency in French and English. Ulrike is the founding president Society of Collegiate Scholars Award, the Florida Merit of the Ambassador Club, a university-wide, model UN, Scholarship, the Dean's List of Scholars Award, the USF involving over 100 student nationalities. She is a co-editor of Hispanic Scholar's Award Scholarship, and the Eric Turner CORE, the university's magazine of humanities and Memorial Scholarship. Diana is an active member of her local interdisciplinary studies. As a research assistant for the Paris PSI chapter and of her community. She uses her language skills Centre for the Correspondence of Samuel Beckett, Ulrike has in volunteer work and she plans to become an elementary school become familiar with the full range of Paris libraries and the foreign language teacher. local research methods. She plans to continue her study of foreign languages, especially Dutch, Spanish, and Italian. The VISA Scholarship The Dr. Marie-France Hilgar Scholarship Megan C. McDermott (Gamma Nu) of Patricia Crowley (Kappa Nu) studies Belmont University (Nashville, TN), has a dual Piano and Russian at the University of major in Spanish and Music Education, with plans to Southern Maine. She has performed chamber graduate in May, 2003. Megan has been a resident music for an awards concert at USM and at assistant for Belmont's International Student Housing, and has Bates College during "Russian Day." Patricia is served as secretary for her Spanish Club. She is working to build very active in all available Russian-related her university's first exchange program in Costa Rica.

The Forum, Spring 2002 • 15

PSI Scholarships

Announcing – The “Year 2003 PSI Scholarships”

ELIGIBILITY: Only active members of Phi Sigma Iota, both undergraduate and graduate students, are eligible for an award.

HOW TO SUBMIT A NOMINATION: With the signed endorsement of the Faculty Advisor, a Chapter is entitled to submit only one nomination. A PSI official form must be used. The nomination shall include:

• A personal statement, written by the candidate in both English and the nominee's major Foreign Language, outlining qualifications and the purpose for which the award will be used.

• A statement from the Faculty Advisor outlining the candidate's service to the local Chapter, dedication to the study of foreign languages and specific commitment to pursue such dedication, as well as any other relevant information.

• A recommendation from another reference, to be sent directly to the Faculty Advisor.

• An official transcript addressed directly to the Faculty Advisor.

• A wallet-size photo

AWARDS: In the Spring of 2003, Phi Sigma Iota will grant several Scholarship Awards based on availability of funding. Scholarships in the amount of $500 will be awarded. Normally, the following awards will be made each year: The Founder’s scholarship in the name of Dr. Henry Church; The PSI Annual scholarship; The Cleon W. Capsas scholarship for study in Spain or Portugal; The President’s scholarship; The Santiago Vilas scholarship; and The Marie-France Hilgar scholarship.

DEADLINE FOR SUBMISSION OF NOMINATIONS: Postmarked no later than February 15, 2003. The deadline will be strictly observed. Incomplete submissions will not be considered. Faculty Advisors: Please send nominations, supporting documents and all other correspondence to: Dr. C. Eugene Scruggs Phi Sigma Iota World Language Education, CPR 107 University of South Florida Tampa, Florida 33620

16 • The Forum, Spring, 2002 PSI Scholarship Nomination Form

1. GENERAL INFORMATION ON NOMINEE Name in full ______Student Birth Date ______Chapter and Institution ______

Date of Initiation into Phi Sigma Iota: ______

Permanent Address ______Social Security Number ______Phone ______E-mail ______Present Local Address ______

2. EDUCATION RECORD OF NOMINEE High School (Name and Location) ______

Graduation Date ______Class Rank ______

Undergraduate University (Location, Dates, Degree and Date of Degree) ______Graduate University (Location, Dates, Degree and Date of Degree) ______Fields of Concentration at College/University ______Grade Average: Cumulative ______Foreign Languages ______

Scholarships, Honors Received ______

3. PERSONAL STATEMENT: (in English and foreign language), 500-1500 words each

4. WALLET -SIZE PHOTO: Attach to nomination form

5. STATEMENT by FACULTY ADVISOR: Attach

6. OTHER REFERENCE (Recommendation to be sent to Faculty Advisor before deadline)

Name and Address ______

7. FACULTY ADVISOR SPONSORING THIS NOMINATION

Name and Address ______Title ______

The Forum, Spring 2002 • 17

Chapter News

Florida New Jersey

The Beta Zeta Chapter of Phi Sigma Iota at The Sigma Sigma Chapter of Phi Sigma Iota at the University of South Florida has had an Rutgers University is one of our most active active year. Beta Zeta was the sponsor of the chapters. Faculty Advisors, Dr. Phyllis Zatlin and German Lecture Series, a series of academic Dr. S. Alvarez-Hesse always have tremendously lectures (in German) on various topics successful recruitment drives, and their members including marine geology by Dr. Thomas often earn PSI scholarships and other honors. As Pichler, the art of brewing beer by Dr. Rudiger their chapter grows, their faculty have become more active in Phi Sigma Iota leadership activities. Schlaf, German society abroad by Dr. Tony Erben, and the Euro in the German economy by Dr. Georg Kleine. The lectures were organized by the chapter president, Lizz Caplan-Carbin, in coordination with the chair of the dept. of World Language Education, Dr. Victor Peppard, and the president of Phi Sigma Iota International, Dr. Eugene C. Scruggs. The chapter's Fall initiation ceremony featured a multimedia talk by Rina Donchin entitled

"Eliezer Ben-Yehuda: The "Father" of Modern At the invitation of president María Cabo, Dr. Carl Hebrew - Myths and Realities". Kirschner (both pictured above) was the guest speaker New officers for 2002-2003 are: at the November 2001 meeting of Sigma Sigma Alexandra Fitos (President); chapter at Rutgers, The State University of New Naomi Alexis (Vice-President); Jersey. A specialist in Spanish linguistics, Dr. Garlanda Jackson (Secretary); Kirschner is Professor of Spanish and served as Tammy Roberts (Treasurer). Chair of the Department of Spanish and Portuguese for several years before assuming his present administrative position as Dean of Rutgers College. Some hundred people were in attendance: initiates, their family and friends, and faculty advisers. Dean Kirschner's talk was warmly received by his audience not only because of its interesting content but also because of his spontaneous delivery.

Abdoulaye Tall

Dr. Christine Probes, our faculty advisor, organized an evening of African poetry for the Center for Advanced Languages, Literatures and Cultures. Phi Sigma Iota members were delighted to attend this special presentation by professional storyteller, poet and playwrite, Abdoulaye Tall (Pape Tall) of Sénégal. Pictured L to R are: Prof. Mary Shaw, Prof. Sari Takacs, and Prof. Ann Choi. 18 • The Forum, Spring, 2002

The following is a In 1984, there were more teachers of English in the selection from Dean then-Soviet Union than there were students of Carl Kirschner's notes: Russian in the United States. thoughts on language, our society's attitudes Also in the mid-1980s, about 10,000 Japanese towards languages, and conducted business in the United States and most of the importance of them spoke English. In contrast, about 900 learning and teaching Americans conducted business for their companies other languages. in Japan and few spoke any Japanese.

Pictured are María Cabo and In the United States in 1980-81, no Ph.D's were Dr. Carl Kirschner awarded in Arabic, only one in Japanese, and six in Chinese. DID YOU KNOW? In 1998, only 6% of students enrolled in American As a society, with a constitutional history of more colleges were taking second languages. than 200 years, we have been consistent and unequivocal in our posture regarding foreign Since September 11, all of you have read stories languages. The United States does not provide a about our inability to locate qualified speakers of conducive context for acquiring a second language. Arabic to serve as translators.

"Few of the children. . . know English. . . they will soon In a New York Times commentary, Dennis Barron so outnumber us that. . . we will be unable to preserve states: "America has problems with linguistics our language and even our government will become security: we don't understand the language of our precarious." Ben Franklin attackers." Barron argues, correctly I believe, that with Arabic being the fifth-most widely spoken "The man who becomes completely Americanized. . . language in the world, and some eight years after the and who 'talks United States' instead of the dialect of bombing of the World Trade Center in 1993, our the country which he has of his own free will government should not need to place help wanted abandoned is not only doing his plain duty by his ads for Arabic speakers. adopted land, but is also rendering himself a service of immeasurable value." Teddy Roosevelt Enrollment in Arabic was on the rise, even before September 11, but the numbers were very small. Did you know that anti-German sentiment was so Only 5500 American students throughout the entire strong that in 1925, the town of Findlay, Ohio United States were studying Arabic. imposed a $25 fine for speaking German on the streets (in public)? What will likely be a linguistic consequence of the terrorism of September 11? The first step in "It is regrettable that today hundreds of thousands of addressing our language deficiencies is recognizing Puerto Ricans have little and often virtually no that they exist. It is tragic that it had to be the events knowledge of the English language. Moreover, even of September 11 that triggered that realization. As among those who have had the opportunity to study was the case after World War II, the government English in the public schools, mastery of the language is far from satisfactory." Franklin Delano Roosevelt might invest money in language programs. The federal government might provide incentives to In the 1980s, an English-only movement swept colleges to improve their language programs in across the country. We are a multiethnic, Arabic or other strategically important languages. multiracial society, but there is and has always Congress could offer subsidies to students at been one language of opportunity - English. So accredited four-year colleges who chose to study there is no need to talk about an official language. these languages. This, of course, is all good. And The pressure to be "American" and to speak there is reason for optimism.

English goes far beyond what voter referenda possibly could. But perhaps the English-only We have been a society disinterested in other movement really was an attempt at crafting languages, even to the point of self-detriment. So, in immigration policy through local legislation. a certain way, I am issuing a call to action.♣

The Forum, Spring 2002 • 19

Indiana Pennsylvania

The Epsilon Beta Chapter of Phi Sigma Iota at Gamma Xi, the chapter of Phi Sigma Iota at the University of Evansville, Evansville, Cabrini College, held its annual initiation on Indiana hosted a "Holiday Celebration" for Friday evening, January 25. Patrice Miller, students in foreign language classes on graduate of 1998, addressed the gathering in the December 2, 2001. Students and faculty enjoyed Mansion Dining Room regarding the Importance an evening of food and conversation, highlighted of Studying a Foreign Language. The honorees by the singing of Christmas carols in six different for the evening are students who have achieved languages. Students in Greek, German, at least a 3.00 in their overall studies and have Japanese, French, Russian and Spanish presented taken at least one 300 level language course, two songs and shared a holiday custom or while maintaining a 3.00 in all language study. tradition from a country where the language is After a candlelight ceremony initiating the three spoken. Approximately 100 students and new members of the international foreign foreign language faculty attended this event language honor society, awards for excellence in which we hope will become an annual tradition. French, Italian and Spanish were distributed to several other students. The evening concluded with a variety of international hors d'oeuvres.

Pictured from left to right: Jeanne Radicone (Initiate) Students and Faculty in German Entertain the Crowd with Stille Nacht. Jacki Armes (Co- President)

Dr. Juan Carlos Jimenez Chapter News photos are available online in color. Dr. Cynthia Halpern (Faculty Advisor) http://www.phisigmaiota.org/archive.html Carolyn Ashton (Co- President) Karen Urbano (Initiate) Kimairy Candelaria (Initiate)

IN MEMORIAM John L. Gesell

Phi Sigma Iota expresses our condolences to the family and friends of John Gesell, and joins the University of Arizona- Tucson in mourning his untimely passing. John was born in Glendive, Montana, on August 2nd, 1937. He graduated Valedictorian from Chinook High School, Chinook, Montana. In 1959 he obtained his B.A. degree at the University of Montana in Missoula, with a double major in History and French. While at Montana, he was nominated for a Rhodes Scholarship. He was the recipient of the French Government Award (1959) for excellence in the study of French. With a National Defense Title IV Fellowship (1959-1963), he studied at the University of Colorado at Boulder towards the Ph.D. with a major in French and a minor in Comparative Literature. In 1964 a Fullbright Fellowship at the University of Paris allowed research towards his dissertation on André Malraux. In 1965 he joined the French Faculty in the Department of Romance Languages at the University of Arizona. His teaching and service records in Romance Languages and later in the Department of French and Italian were exemplary, earning him nomination for the Five-Star Teaching Award in 1987 and a Mortar Board Award for Teaching Excellence in 1989. He was a member of several professional and honorary societies, including Phi Sigma Iota. The Department of French and Italian, the College of Humanities, and the University of Arizona-Tucson have lost a valued and honest colleague. He will be deeply missed.

20 • The Forum, Spring, 2002

You've earned them, now Wear your honors proudly. Les mots maux, les mots beaux.

Je marche et j'arrive quelque part. Je ferme les yeux, non ce n'est pas vrai, Je les ai mi-clos. Je suis tricheur, dans un monde de tricheurs. Devant moi, un grand livre ouvert. Dedans, des mots maux, des mots beaux. Je le feuillette. Pas de pages blanches Mais des pages de silence, Avec des mots maux, des mots beaux. Je I'interroge.

Phi Sigma Iota Graduation Stole, Cords and Tassel. Pages de silence sur hier, sur aujourd'hui, Et Demain? Let lush purple satin with Pas de réponse. rich gold embroidery add Je me retourne et je vois Une très belle fleur, la plus belle fleur. brilliance to your Elle pleure, juchée sur un tas d'immondices. graduation photos. Elle me demande: c’est quoi ton message? Je réponds: poésie, poésie, poésie. Sa voix a un rythme implorant, fait d'amour et d'angoisse, De larmes et de quête de vivre. Poésie, poésie, poésie. Elle veut chanter la vie, Elle veut chanter les coeurs solidaires, Poésie, poésie, poésie. Ses larmes ont une couleur vert ensanglanté Souffrant du sang de l'Afrique Versée sur les champs abattoirs. Elle mêle dans une langueur étrange Les questions de l'Afrique d'hier, De l'Afrique des chants guerriers, Du Césaire fulgurant, et du Senghor des rêves légitimes. Les questions de l'Afrique d'aujourd'hui, Tout en larmes sur ses inquiétudes, ses guerres, Phi Sigma Iota Graduation Sash and Cords Ses poubelles, sa faim, sa tristesse,

De l'Afrique mendiante. For pricing see p. 6 this issue. --Abdoulaye Tall The Forum, Spring 2002 • 21 Brazil: Not Just Portuguese Spoken By George Lou

Quick question: Spanish is the similar enough for communication,” you Turns out that the Carioca accent is to official language of Brazil, right? Well ask yourself. Well guess what – you’re blame for my lack of understanding. of course, it’s in Latin America! Having wrong. Cariocas – natives of Rio de That accent is so heavy that multi- been to Rio de Janeiro almost a year ago, Janeiro – understood my Spanish but I syllabled cognates such as I quickly realized that Spanish was the was unable to understand most of what ‘pensamento’ and ‘banheiro’ could be official language of Brazil. Now they said to me. They understood my easily misunderstood for some type Spanish speakers have more reason to questions, but I never understood their of odd command by the second visit this beautiful land. Are you guys answers. Now how annoying is that? At syllable. “How could regional getting ready to go now? times I pretended to know what they accents be that much of a Ok, with all jokes aside, and to save said, as a poor attempt to fit in with such difference?” you may ask. Well all I the patience of those who already know, cool people, only to leave more have to say is, “Have you ever been Spanish is not the official language of confused. Imagine how one-sided my to Texas?” Brazil. For those of us who know, the relationship with my Brazilian girlfriend Anyways, in no way shape or answer is Portuguese. Or better yet, was! form am I making fun of Brazilians. Brazilian Portuguese. Just like there is a So what is it about Brazilians that As a matter of fact, I’m making fun difference between Spanish and make them understand Spanish without a of myself. I wish I knew how to Portuguese, it is worthy to mention that hitch? Brazilians would answer that speak Portuguese, danced samba Brazil has its own version of Portuguese. question by saying, “Deus é brasileiro!” instead of techno (yes I received all Different vocabulary, grammatics, and It almost seems that way to me, and I’ll types of reactions), and behave pronunciation (this is a big one!) separate buy that explanation for the time being “properly” when I was being robbed. it from its European sister. for I can’t just samba (with all the hip Turns out you should not try to act Anyways, the reason why I joked movement) my way into a scholarly and like a tourist, because that’s the about Spanish being the official tongue technical explanation. reason why you’re in that of Brazil is because of an interesting After almost a year of studying predicament to begin with! phenomenon: that’s literally all I spoke Brazilian Portuguese, I came to realize Anyways, Brazilian Portuguese is an while in Rio de Janeiro. Yes, Brazilians that in fact it is very similar to Spanish. incredibly beautiful language. In my have a special ability to understand - at (No it didn’t take all this time for me to humble opinion, it is a lot sexier than full speed and with complex words, realize; I did so from day one). And if I French. So for those Spanish slang, and profanity thrown in - Spanish had been somewhere else in the country speakers who want to make Brazil speakers. I was totally dazzled. “So such as Sao Paulo, I would have had an your next vacation destination, make both Spanish and Portuguese must be easier time understanding Portuguese. sure you prep yourselves. ☺

The Forum of Phi Sigma Iota is happy to print items of interest to language professionals, learners, and enthusiasts. Our articles range from rigorous scholarship to humorous personal anectdotes. We are interested in Pamela Vaughn (Eta Alpha) articles about linguistics, foreign language literature, (San Francisco State comparative literature, contemporary and historical University) received the culture, as well as second language acquisition, language 2001 Excellence in learning and foreign language pedagogy.

Teaching Award from the An article of 5-7 double-spaced pages will take up about American Philological two full magazine pages. This is the average length, Association, at its annual although single and half page articles are also meeting in Philadelphia, welcome.The maximum length of article is 5 magazine January 5, 2002. pages, but that would be our feature article and should include pictures or other elaboration. Such an article may The award recognizes also utilize the magazine cover to display accompanying excellence in teaching classics pictures. We will also publish short stories, jokes, at the undergraduate level. cartoons and puzzles that involve foreign languages in some manner.

Chapter news items can take many forms, from simply captioned photographs, to details about the chapter's activities and induction ceremony events. The Forum's primary interest is the activities of the membership. We are eager to hear what's been happening in everyone's lives. Who's won awards, what projects are being completed, where has everyone traveled, etc? 22 • The Forum, Spring, 2002 TRANSITIVITY ACROSS LANGUAGES: LUISEÑO MEETS ENGLISH

Jacob Caflisch, Ph.D.

Before launching into the intricacies of feature name used by many linguists. Mary, on Luiseño syntax, we should offer the answers to the the other hand, is the stimulus in this scene. problem appearing in The Forum of Phi Sigma Iota Somehow, the transaction is not so strong (in the 23.1 (Spring 2001). The numbers (in order) sense of the acid metaphor!) as that which we represent the right column as given in the glosses. presume to hold among what I call violence verbs The numerals after the hyphen (not in order) such as hit, kill, maime, poke, punch, shoot, knife, represent the numbers of the given Luiseño club, etc., in an English sentence such as Joe hit sentences. 1—20; 2—4; 3—12; 4—17; 5—9; 6—2; Mary. Here it is possible for Mary to need 7—1; 8—6; 9—18; 10—16; 11—11; 12—14; 13— hospitalization and she becomes a patient—a 7; 14—15; 15—10; 16—19; 17—3; 18—13; 19—8; convenient term for strong transitivity (often and 20—5. Thus, the first sentence noo kwotaq is called direct object or DO), while Joe is an number 20 (final sentence) in the gloss—‘The agent—one who (typically animate) causes the bear’s running.’ verb to “come into being” with a patient. The weak transitive verbs in English really seem to be Unfamiliar languages examined in the light “reversed” compared with the strong verbs. In Joe of linguistic analyses reveal concepts that challenge saw (or heard) Mary, it is interesting to see familiarity that we take for granted in a native connections semantically with Joe as patient or language (NL). What seems familiar and quickly beneficiary (typically animate), and Mary as accessible to speakers of an Indo-European (I.E.) stimulus, oddly similar to agent in a strong language, appears bizarre and even alien when we transitive sentence. Opposed to all of this is the look at a target language (TL) that is non-Indo- intransitive English verb, typically the motion European. Such is the case with Luiseño, an Uto- verbs such as fly, walk, run, swim, skateboard, Aztecan branch whose speakers live in Southern boat, ski, etc. as well as, of all things, “body California around San Diego and to the south, noise” verbs such as cough, sneeze, burp, thinning out into Baja California. The problem hiccough, fart, groan, etc. which for English tell would be interesting for Luiseño speakers trying to us something that the “subject” does (or better, make sense of English transitivity in verbs in any something that seems to happen to him)—as if he English language program such as our own ESL were often an unwilling patient. This, then, work here at the University of South Florida. makes these last-named verbs similar to die, lie down, etc.—also long considered quintessential Many interesting teaching points can be intransitives. So, die and lie down portray what gleaned from these data. First, the grammatical sub- someone seems to do to himself. We normally do category of transitivity for verbs is apparently not not intend to die; yet, we can intend to lie down— the same between Luiseño (henceforth NL) and an so, somehow even these have different values as I.E. system like English (TL). We can look at well and exist along a semantic continuum. transitivity as we would types of acids in physical chemistry. We have weak acids that are literally Luiseño changes all this in the typical weak—such as boric acid which can serve as an eye Indo-European view. The linguist notes that this counterirrative. Then, we have hydrochloric acid inflected language operates with case markings (HCl), a dangerous acid most definitely proscribed such as –i suffixed to both nouns and pronouns for use in the eyes. This acid is found in one’s used as patients. Let us inspect two sentences stomach. The same is true of transitivity among from the data. In the NL we have hunwut ney verbs. We have weak transitivity among the psych toowq ‘the bear sees me.’ First, this sentence verbs such as see, hear, feel, touch, sense, and shows the order subject + object + verb. In others like these. So, in an English sentence such as sentence 8 we have hunwuti ‘bear.’ The –i at the Joe saw Mary, we really feel that Joe receives a end indicates that hunwut ‘bear’ is the direct benefit—he is an experiencer, accepting a common

The Forum, Spring 2002 • 23 object. We assume that ‘me’ ney “comes from” noo Strong transitives verbs in Luiseño have a + i which is, ‘I’ + patient marker. change in the root form, called suppletion. E.g., ‘kill’ qe/ee alternates with ‘kill’ moqna. To reveal all the important areas of Whenever the patient is plural in number, you use morphosyntax in one place, let us inspect a the former, and if the patient is singular, you use permutation matrix of sample sentences using the latter. Since the verb roots of intransitive verbs number (singular vs. plural) as well as agent vs. such as ‘to get up’ also undergo this suppletion, patient: e.g., compare sentence #1 with sentence #10 kwota +q (singular) and waraav + aan (plural), it (a) Singular agent+ verb+ singular patient: can be said that Luiseño intransitive verbs #11 noo moqnaq hunwuti (rearranging V and O) function just like strong transitive verbs. Because (b) Singular agent+ verb+ plural patient: of this verb suppletion, we can view the subject of #14 noo qe/eeq hunwutumi (-um plural and –i patient) instrantive verbs as being equivalent to the patient (c) Plural agent + verb+ singular patient: of that verb at the same time. This is a very novel # 8 čaam moqnawun hunwuti (noo + um becomes čaa+ m) view to the English speaker. (d) Plural agent + verb+ plural patient: # 2 hunwutum qe/eewun /eheNmayumi (rearranging V, O) Luiseño weak transitives do not have variable verb roots regardless of patient number. In sentence d above noo has a zero or null to The patient number is marked by the verb suffix q represent singular and another zero for subject, or for singular patient and wun for plural. noo + ø + ø. The verb moqna- ends in the suffix – q for singular subjects. The object is hunwut + ø +i, In addition, we have evidence that might where the zero represents singular in this object support the notion that intransitive sentences noun and the suffix –i makes the noun the patient. feature patient strings as subjects (only without Now, the verb is moqna- whenever the patient is the suffix –i) because of the required change in singular. This is foreign to English, resembling a verb roots for number in patients. This is very bit more the idea of weak transitivity where weak similar to the idea that the English sentence I ran verbs reverse the roles of agent and patient away features not only the idea that I did the somewhat. The verb for kill (a strong transitive) is running, but also the running “happened” to or qe/ee- whenever the patient is plural. For English affected me—presumably for my own benefit, say this would amount to having to learn a pair of a jogging exercise)—so the subject is both doer strong verbs for each one verb: I THUMPED the and done to. Also, the argument can be made that man, but I SQWUMPED the men, with root verbs it is extremely common for initial NPs in THUMP- and SQWUMP- dictated by whether the sentences to undergo a neutralization feature, in patient is singular or plural. What a headache for effect canceling in this case, the overt patient Luiseño speakers trying to acquire English! English suffix –i morpheme, which is required in its own seems too simple here. Looking at the (d) sentence, patient position in the syntax. we note that the morphology of the string can be broken down as follows: Indeed, the relationship between Luiseño and English is complex if we see them in the light hunwut + um + ø qe/ee + -wun /eheNmay + um + i of interference in terms of the acquisition of bear pl. agt kill pl. pat. bird pl. pat. formal morphosyntactic signaling systems.

hunwut + ø + ø moqwa + -q /eheNmay + ø + i Dr. Caflisch is Professor of Theoretical Linguistics, bear sg. agt. kill sg. agt. bird sg. pat. Russian, Polish, and Altaic Linguistics. He was Executive Secretary, PSI last year, and currently is President of the USF Chapter of Dobro Slovo, The National Slavic Honor In the previous sample, both grammatical Society. He is in his 31st year of professorship at USF and and lexical glosses are given directly below their was a former professor at Edinboro University, Edinboro, respective morphemes in the Luiseño strings. PA, 1968-9. http://www.cas.usf.edu/languages/caflisch/

24 • The Forum, Spring, 2002 Chapters of Phi Sigma Iota by States, as of April 2002

State University Chapter Year No. State University Chapter Year No. ALABAMA Prof. Yvonne Jehenson Birmingham Southern College Upsilon 1931 16 CONNECTICUT cont. Birmingham, AL Albertus Magnus College Pi 1979 98 Prof. Judy Cox New Haven, CT Pi University Of Alabama-Huntsville Gamma 1979 91 Prof. Sharon Magnarelli Huntsville, AL Gamma University Of Bridgeport Alpha 1980 108 Prof. Sharon Abernethy Bridgeport, CT Epsilon University Of North Alabama Delta 1987 169 Prof. Wilfred Garcia Florence, AL Theta Sacred Heart University Delta 1983 133 Prof. Robert L. Adler Fairfield, CT Kappa University Of Alabama Beta 1992 195 Prof. Claire Marrone Birmingham, AL Sigma FLORIDA Prof.Catherine Danielou Rollins College Sigma 1961 47 ALASKA Winter Park, FL Epsilon University of Alaska Delta 1983 137 Prof. Nancy Decker Fairbanks, AK Gamma Jacksonville University Kappa 1986 149 Prof Daniel Villa Jacksonville, FL Delta ARKANSAS Prof. Therese O'connell-Vitrnt University Of Central Arkansas Alpha 1981 118 University Of South Florida Beta 1990 186 Conway, AR Omicron Tampa, FL Zeta Prof. Nicole Hatfield Prof. Christine Probes ARIZONA University Of Florida Beta 1992 199 Northern Arizona University Kappa 1931 159 Gainesville, FL Tau Flagstaff, AZ Pi Prof. Judith Shoaf Prof. Patricia Frederick Florida State University Epsilon 1998 226 Thunderbird American Grad School Beta 1991 191 Tallahassee, FL Alpha Of International Management Mu Prof. Antoine Spacagna Glendale, AZ GEORGIA Prof.Salvatore Federico Agnes Scott College Kappa 1925 146 University Of Arizona Gamma 1994 206 Decatur, GA Alpha Tucson, AZ Epsilon Emory University Sigma 1930 14 Prof. Delbert Phillips Atlanta, GA CALIFORNIA Prof. Annick Davis University Of California Tau 1979 100 Wesleyan College Sigma 1966 54 Riverside, CA Tau Macon, GA Omicron Santa Clara University Beta 1982 129 Prof. Saralyn DeSmet Santa Clara, CA Delta Mercer University Eta 1979 92 Prof. Rose Marie Beebe Macon, GA Eta Ca. State University At Fresno Eta 1984 143 Prof. Jerry Winfield Fresno, CA Gamma Morris Brown College Alpha 1980 116 Prof. Jacinta Amaral Atlanta, GA Nu San Francisco State University Eta 1984 142 Prof. Earlene Frazier San Francisco, CA Alpha West Georgia College Alpha 1982 127 Prof. Ilona Vandergriff Carrollton, GA Omega San Jose State University Kappa 1986 155 Prof. Kenneth Sapp San Jose, CA Mu ILLINOIS Prof. Jean Luc Desalvo Illinois Wesleyan University Eta-I 1926 301 California State University-Chico Beta 1992 197 Bloomington, IL Chico, CA Rho Prof. Patricia Klingenberg Prof. Don Miller Lake Forest College Mu 1929 12 COLORADO Lake Forest, IL University Of Denver Alpha 1917 1 Prof. Clayton Gray, Jr Denver, Co Alpha Northwestern University Phi 1936 20 Prof. Terri Jo Woellner Evanston, IL Epsilon University Of Northern Colorado Zeta 1928 3 Prof. Rainer Rumold Greeley, Co Zeta North Central College Phi 1955 40 Prof. Marie-Laure Marecaux Naperville, IL Chi University Of Colorado Epsilon 1928 305 Prof. Bernard Lebeau Boulder, CO Epsilon-I Northern Illinois University Delta 1978 82 Prof. Mildred Mortimer De Kalb, IL Colorado State University Sigma 1965 52 Prof. Fracis Valette Fort Collins, CO Theta Milikin University Alpha 1980 106 Prof. Jerry Vedvik Decatur, IL Beta Colorado College Sigma 1967 57 Prof. Cheryl Toman Colorado Springs, CO Pi Bradley University Kappa 1987 161 Prof. Kevin J. O'Cnnor Peoria, IL Rho University of Colorado at Co. Springs Epsilon 2001 233 Prof. William Walker Colorado Springs, CO Theta Illinois College Alpha 1987 113 Prof. Robert von Dassanowsky Jacksonville, IL Kappa Adams State College Iota 1978 78 Prof. William Shaffer Alamosa, CO Omicron Illinois-Benedictine College Sigma 1989 179 Prof. Luis M. Trujillo Lisle, IL Nu Fort Lewis College Chi 1978 89 Prof Beth Joan Vinkler Durango, CO Rockford College Beta 1990 185 Prof. Isabelle Pertant Rockford, IL Eta Metropolitan St Col Of Denver Iota 1989 181 Dr. Joseph Kobylas Denver, CO Kappa INDIANA Prof. Alain Ranwez Depauw University Pi-I 1939 308 CONNECTICUT Greencastle, IN University Of Hartford Sigma 1969 63 Prof. James Rambo West Hartford, Ct Phi The Forum, Spring 2002 • 25 State University Chapter Year No. StateState University University ChapterChapter Year Year No. No.

INDIANA Cont. MASSACHUSETTS Indiana University Phi 1952 35 Boston University Phi 1956 42 Bloomington, IN Rho Boston, MA Omega Prof. Louis Beltran Prof. Hallie White Indiana State University Phi 1955 37 College Of The Holy Cross Sigma 1971 65 Terre Haute, IN Tau Worcester, MA Psi Prof. Angelo Disalvo Prof. C. Fulginit Wabash College Iota 1978 85 Northeastern University Iota 1976 72 Crawfordsville, IN Boston, MA Zeta Prof. V. Daniel Rogers Prof. Holbrook Robinson Butler University Kappa 1986 154 Gordon College Zeta 1978 83 Indianapolis, IN Lambda Wenham, MA Prof. Sylvie Vanvaelen Prof. Leasa Lutes University Of Indianapolis Iota 1990 183 MARYLAND Indianapolis, IN Omega College of Notre Dame of Maryland Epsilon 2000 232 Prof. Daniel Briere Baltimore, MD Zeta University Of Evansville Epsilon 1998 227 Prof. Fern Babkes Evansville, IN Beta University Of Maryland Alpha 1980 117 Prof. Ann Baker College Park, MD Xi Hanover College Epsilon 1999 229 Prof. K. Martial Frindéthié Hanover, IN Delta United States Naval Academy Delta 1988 170 Prof. Ann S. Kirkland Annapolis, MD Eta IOWA Prof. Robert Stone University Of Iowa Delta-I 1926 302 Western Maryland College Beta 1990 184 Iowa City, IA Westminster, MD Alpha Prof. John T. Nothnagle Prof. Mohamed Esa Coe College Zeta-I 1926 303 Loyola College In Maryland Gamma 1995 210 Cedar Rapids, IA Baltimore, MD Iota Prof.Edmund M. Burke Prof.Leslie Z. Morgan Drake University Epsilon 1926 6 MAINE Des Moines, IA Bates College Kappa 1928 7 Prof. Virginia Lewis Lewiston, ME Morningside College Nu-I 1929 306 Prof. Richard Williamson Sioux City, IA Colby College Omicron-I 1929 307 Prof. Patricia Doolen Waterville, ME Iowa State University Sigma 1963 48 Prof. Adriana Paliyenko Ames, IA Zeta University Of Maine Iota 1975 71 Prof. James R. Dow Orono, ME Delta Central College Epsilon 2001 236 Prof. James Troiano Pella, IA Lambda University Of Southern Maine Kappa 1987 156 Prof. Patricia Westphal Portland, ME Nu KANSAS Prof. Mara Ubans Washburn University Of Topeka Kappa 1987 166 MICHIGAN Topeka, KS Psi Michigan State University Sigma 1964 51 Prof. Marie Luce Parker East Lansing, MI Kappa Fort Hays State University Sigma 1988 172 University Of Michigan Sigma 1964 50 Hays, KS Nu Ann Arbor, MI Iota Prof. Mariana Ionesco Prof. Frank Casas KENTUCKY University Of Michigan-Flint Rho 1979 99 University Of Kentucky Phi 1950 33 Flint, MI Rho Lexington, KY Lambda Prof. Jamiel Leward Prof. Roger Anderson Northern Michigan University Mu 1979 94 Centre College Iota 1976 73 Marquette, MI Mu Danville, KY Eta Prof. George Jover Prof. Patricia Finch University Of Michigan-Dearbor Gamma 1993 205 Kentucky Christian College Alpha 1981 121 Dearborn, MI Delta Grayson, KY Sigma Prof. Cathy Collins Prof. Donald A Nash MISSOURI Northern Kentucky University Gamma 1997 222 University Of Missouri Beta 1922 2 Highland Heights, KY Phi Kansas City, MO Beta Prof. Hilary Landwehr Prof. Rafael E Saavedra LOUISIANA Washington University Gamma 1925 300 Louisiana State University Phi 1936 19 St. Louis, MO Gamma-I Baton Rouge, LA Alpha William Jewell College Phi 1945 26 Prof. Margaret Parker Liberty, MO Theta Tulane University Pi 1947 28 Prof. John Westlie New Orleans, LA Kappa Saint Louis University Phi 1950 34 Prof. Elizabeth Poe Saint Louis, MO Xi Centenary College Phi 1950 32 Prof. Robert D Herron Shreveport, LA Pi University Of Missouri Beta 1993 200 Prof. Arnold M Penuel Columbia, MO Phi Southern University- N.O. Pi 1978 87 Prof. Margaret Sommers New Orleans, LA Missouri Southern St College Beta 1993 198 Prof. Linda Lasseter Joplin, MO Rho Louisiana St. Univ./Shreveport Delta 1984 140 Prof. Sabine Cramer Shreveport, LA Pi Northwest Missouri State Univ. Gamma 1996 216 Prof. Megan Conway Maryville, Mo Omicron Southern University Beta 1992 193 Prof. Slyvie Richards Baton Rouge, LA Xi MONTANA Mcneese State University Gamma 1997 221 Carroll College Gamma 1996 218 Lake Charles, LA Epsilon Helena, MT Rho Prof. Scott Goins Prof. Valerie Gager

26 • The Forum, Spring, 2002 State University Chapter Year No. State University Chapter Year No.

NORTH CAROLINA NEW YORK cont. Wake Forest University Sigma 1958 46 St. University-Ny-Stony Brook Sigma 1967 56 Winston-Salem, NC Delta Stony Brook, NY Mu Prof. Byron Wells Prof. Izabela Kalinowski East Carolina University Sigma 1969 62 Alfred University - Box 806 Sigma 1969 61 Greenville, NC Upsilon Alfred, NY Tau Prof. Brian L. Harris Prof. Zakia Robana North Carolina State University Alpha 1980 114 Pace University Sigma 1970 64 Raleigh, NC Lambda New York, NY Chi Profs. Wright and Lioret Prof. Iride Lamartina-Lens High Point College Delta 1984 139 Mercy College Iota 1974 68 High Point, NC Zeta Dobbs Ferry, NY Beta Prof. Carole A Head Prof. Mario Enrico Methodist College Kappa 1985 148 Hamilton College Iota 1977 77 Fayetteville, NC Gamma Clinton, NY Nu Prof. J. Elain Porter Prof. Roberta Krueger Salem College Delta 1989 180 Skidmore College Omicron 1979 97 Winston-Salem, NC Psi Saratoga Springs, NY Alpha Prof. Gary L. Jungquist Prof. Grace Burton Wingate College Beta 1991 190 College Of New Rochelle Omega 1980 105 Wingate, NC Lamda New Rochelle, NY Omega Prof. Darlene Oak Prof. Joan C. Diaferia Catawba College Gamma 1993 204 St.University Of NYAt Buffalo Alpha 1980 112 Salisbury, NC Beta Buffalo, NY Iota Prof. Andrew Vance, Jr. Prof. Henry J. Richards Western Caroline University Gamma 1995 209 Niagara University Alpha 1981 123 Cullowhee, NC Theta Niagara, NY Upsilon Prof. Suzanne Moore Dr. Henrik Borgstrom NORTH DAKOTA St. University-NYAt Geneseo Alpha 1981 124 Valley City State College Iota 1989 182 Geneseo, NY Phi Valley City, ND Lambda Prof. Gerard M Gouvernet Prof. Kay K. Smith St. Univ Of N.Y. At Oneonta Beta 1982 130 NEBRASKA Oneonta, NY Epsilon University Of Nebraska Phi 1938 23 Prof. Karen deWaal Lincoln, NE Delta Pace University in Pleasantville Delta 1984 138 Prof. Jorge E. Porras Pleasantville, NY Epsilon Hastings College Delta 1989 177 Prof. Barbara Zanzano Hastings, NE Upsilon St University Of NYOswego Kappa 1986 152 Prof. Michael Johnson Oswego, NY Eta NEW HAMPSHIRE Prof. Virginia Fichera Plymouth State College Alpha 1981 119 St University of NY New Paltz Kappa 1987 168 Plymouth, NH Pi New Paltz, NY Omega Prof. Virginia Garlitz Prof. Louis Saraceno University Of New Hampshire Alpha 1981 115 St. Thomas Aquinas College Delta 1988 171 Durham, NH Mu Sparkhill, NY Mu Prof. Grover E Marshall Prof. Gonzalo Plasencia Keene State College Beta 1993 201 US Military Academy Beta 1992 192 Keene, NH Chi West Point, NY Nu Prof. Lourdes Mallis Capts. Smith & Larocca NEW JERSEY Binghamton University Beta 1993 202 Rutgers University Sigma 1969 60 Binghamton, NY Omega New Brunswick, NJ Sigma Prof. Dora Polachek Profs. Zatlin and Alvarez-Hesse Dowling College Beta 1993 199 Caldwell College Kappa 1987 165 Oakdale, NY Upsilon Caldwell, NJ Chi Prof. Susan Rosenstreich Prof. Sally Jo Weber CW Post Campus of Long Island. U. Epsilon 2001 235 College Of Saint Elizabeth Gamma 1997 225 Brookville, NY Kappa Morristown, NJ Omega Prof. Richard Auletta Prof.Hannelore Hahn Union College Gamma 1997 224 Saint Peter's College Gamma 1997 223 Schenectady, NY Chi Jersey City, NJ Psi Prof. Anton Warde Prof. Patricia Santoro OHIO NEW MEXICO The College Of Wooster Gamma 1926 5 New Mexico Highlands Univ. Lambda 1933 17 Wooster, OH Las Vegas, NM Lambda Prof. David Wilkin Prof. Jose P. Garcia Otterbein College Phi 1933 18 University Of New Mexico Phi 1948 29 Westerville, OH Albuquerque, NM Mu Prof. Marjorie Cornell Prof. Carolyn Simmons Wittenberg University Phi 1936 21 NEVADA Springfield, OH Beta University Of Nevada-Las Vegas Omega 1979 90 Prof. Eric M. Steinle Las Vegas, NV Muskingum College Phi 1948 30 Prof. Marie- France Hilgar New Concord, OH Nu NEW YORK Prof. Russell Brown University Of Rochester Rho 1930 58 Hiram College Phi 1954 36 Rochester, NY Hiram, OH Sigma Prof. David Pollack Prof. Ella Kirk Hobart & William Smith College Phi 1940 25 Case Western Reserve Universit Phi 1956 41 Geneva, NY Eta Cleveland, OH Psi Prof. George Joseph Prof. Jacqueline Nanfito Syracuse University Phi 1946 27 Ohio University Sigma 1966 55 Syracuse, NY Iota Athens, OH Xi Prof. Gail A. Bulman Prof. Christopher Coski

The Forum, Spring 2002 • 27 State University Chapter Year No. State University Chapter Year No.

OHIO cont. PENNSYLVANIA cont. Ohio Wesleyan University Iota 1978 79 Holy Family College Delta 1983 134 Delaware, OH Xi Torresdale, PA Iota Prof. Susanne Bellocq Prof. Marlene Smith Central State University Alpha 1979 104 Moravian College Delta 1983 135 Wilberforce, OH Gamma Bethlehem, PA Lambda Prof. William Felker Prof. Joanne Danglomaier Heidelberg College Sigma 1965 53 Ursinus College Delta 1983 131 Tiffin, OH Lambda Collegeville, PA Alpha Cleveland State University of Ohio Epsilon 2001 231 Prof. Douglas Cameron Cleveland, OH Eta Lehigh University Delta 1984 141 Prof. Gabriela Olivares-Cuhat Bethlehem, PA Phi Capital University Beta 1991 188 Prof. John Van Erle Columbus, OH Theta La Salle University Kappa 1986 153 Prof. Barbara Keller Philadelphia, PA Iota Marietta College Beta 1991 189 Prof. Glenn A. Morocco Marietta, OH Kappa Susquehanna University Kappa 1987 158 Prof. Leo Daniels Selinsgrove, PA Omicron Kent State University Gamma 1996 217 Prof. Wanda L. Cordero-Ponce Kent, OH Pi Rosemont College Kappa 1987 157 Prof. Hildegard Rossoll Bryn Mawr, PA Xi Ashland University Gamma 1997 220 Prof. Marilyn Conwell Ashland, OH Tau Saint Joseph University Kappa 1987 163 Prof. William Cummins Philadelphia, PA Phi OKLAHOMA Prof. Richard Kipphorn, Jr. Cameron University Delta 1988 175 Kutztown University Kappa 1987 164 Lawton, OK Rho Kutztown, PA Upsilon Prof. Teresa M Lubrano Prof. Michael Paulson University Of Tulsa Gamma 1995 211 Gannon University Delta 1988 174 Tulsa, OK Kappa Erie, PA Omicron Prof. Reginald Hyatte Prof. Berta M. Weber OREGON Lycoming College Delta 1989 178 Williamette University Phi 1955 38 Williamsport, PA Chi Salem, OR Upsilon Prof. Brenda Watts Prof. Christin Gentzkow Edinboro University Of Pennsylvania Beta 1992 196 Portland State University Nu 1979 95 Edinboro, PA Pi Portland, OR Nu Prof. Judith Gramley Prof. Suwako Watanabe Marywood College Gamma 1994 203 Southern Oregon State College Delta 1983 136 Scranton, PA Alpha Ashland, OR Sigma Prof. José Reyes Prof. Dan Morris Chatham College Gamma 1995 212 Western Oregon State Universit Eta 1985 144 Pittsburgh, PA Lambda Mommouth, OR Delta Prof. Janet Walker Prof. Ruth E. Thurston-Taylor University Of Pennsylvania Gamma 1995 208 PENNSYLVANIA East Stroudsburg, PA Eta Allegheny College Alpha 1922 0 Prof. Ralph Vitello Meadville, PA (Founder) Cabrini College Gamma 1995 215 Prof. Mary Wagner Radnor, PA Xi DeSales University Kappa 1925 147 Prof. Cynthia Halpern Center Valley, PA Beta Mercyhurst College Gamma 1996 219 Prof. Maria Schantz Erie, PA Pennsylvania State University Beta 1925 4 Prof. Alice Edwards University Park, PA Carnegie Mellon University Epsilon 1999 230 Prof. Beno Weiss Pittsburgh, PA Epsilon Muhlenberg College Lambda 1928 11 Prof. Sono Takanohayes Allentown, PA RHODE ISLAND Prof. Barbara Gorka University Of Rhode Island Chi 1979 102 Gettysburg College Tau 1931 15 Kingston, RI Chi Gettysburg, PA Prof. Kenneth Rodgers Prof. Ronald D Burgess Rhode Island College Beta 1982 128 Duquesne University Sigma 1971 66 Providence, RI Gamma Pittsburgh, PA Omega Prof. Calvin Tillotson Prof. Carla Lucente Providence College Delta 1983 132 Bloomsburg University Iota 1976 74 Providence, RI Beta Bloomsburg, PA Theta Prof. Raymond Lavalle Prof. Patricia Dorame SOUTH CAROLINA Saint Francis College Iota 1977 75 Furman University Sigma 1958 45 Loretto, PA Iota Greenville, SC Gamma Prof. Vincent Remillard Prof.C Maurice Cherry Lincoln University Nu 1978 86 University Of South Carolina Iota 1974 69 Lincoln University, PA Columbia, SC Gamma Prof. Celia Esplugas Prof. T. Bruce Fryer Eastern College Iota 1978 80 Converse College Alpha 1981 120 Saint Davis, PA Pi Spartanburg, SC Rho Prof. Julia Aguilar Prof. B. Brant Bynum University Of Pittsburgh Xi 1979 96 SOUTH DAKOTA Pittsburgh, PA Xi University Of South Dakota Xi 1929 13 Prof. Pamela Bacarisse Vermillion, SD Lebanon Valley College Alpha 1980 111 Prof. Gervais Hittle Annville, PA Theta TENNESSEE Prof. Rosa Tezanos-Pinto Vanderbilt University Phi 1938 22 Millersville University Alpha 1981 126 Nashville, TN Gamma Millersville, PA Psi Prof. Patricia Ward Prof. Ana Borger-Reese 28 • The Forum, Spring, 2002 State University Chapter Year No. Prof. Kern L. Lunsford TENNESSEE cont. Emory & Henry College Delta 1988 173 Union University Omicron 1978 81 Emory, VA Xi Jackson, TN Prof. Helen Miseuheimer Prof. Cynthia Jayne VIRGIN ISLANDS Middle Tennessee State University Kappa 1986 151 University Of The Virgin Islands Delta 1988 176 Murfreesboro, TN Zeta Saint Thomas, VI Tau Prof. Oscar Diaz Prof. Gilbert Sprauve Belmont University Gamma 1995 214 WASHINGTON Nashville, TN Nu University Of Washington Phi 1939 24 Prof. Kim Jackson Seattle, WA Zeta TEXAS Prof. Farris Anderson Sul Ross State University Epsilon 2001 234 Washington State University Beta 1992 194 Alpine, TX Iota Pullman, WA Omicron Prof. Jesus Tafoya Prof.Ana Maria Rodriguez-Vival Texas Christian University Delta 1927 9 WASHINGTON, D.C. Fort Worth, TX Delta Gallaudet University Alpha 1980 110 Texas Women's University Phi 1955 39 Washington, DC Eta Denton, TX Phi Prof. Constantina Mitchell Prof. Ninfa Nik WEST VIRGINIA University Of Texas-Arlington Iota 1977 76 Muskingum College Phi 1948 Arlington, TX Mu Prof. Russ Brown Nu Prof. Kimberly Van Noort WISCONSIN Southwest Texas State University Eta 1978 84 Beloit College Theta 1926 8 San Marcos, TX Beloit, WI Austin College Upsilon 1979 101 Prof. Donna Oliver Sherman, TX Upsilon Lawrence College Iota-I 1927 304 Prof. Cynthia Manley Appleton, WI University Of North Texas Psi 1979 103 Prof. Judith Sarnecki Denton, TX Psi Ripon College Sigma 1957 43 Prof. Pierina Beckman Ripon, WI Alpha West Texas A & M University Alpha 1981 125 Prof. Michelle French Canyon, TX Chi St. Norbert College Psi 1979 88 Prof. Courtney Harrison De Pere, WI Texas Southern University Eta 1985 145 Profs. Sands and Day Houston, TX Epsilon WYOMING Prof. Faride Reyes University Of Wyoming Theta 1928 10 St. Mary's University Kappa 1987 167 Laramie, WY Theta San Antonio, TX Theta Prof. Martha Hanscum Prof. Rubin Candia MEXICO University Of Texas-El Paso Beta 1990 187 Universidad Regiomontana Alpha 1981 122 El Paso, TX Iota Monterrey, MX Tau Prof. Joan Manley FRANCE University-Texas San Antonio Gamma 1995 213 The American University In Paris Kappa 1987 160 San Antonio, TX Mu Paris, FR Sigma Prof.Christoph Er J. Wickham Prof. Roy Rosenstein Abilene Christian University Epsilon 1998 228 Abilene, TX Gamma Happy Aniversary Prof. Mark Jones UTAH Phi Sigma Iota Chapters st University Of Utah Sigma 1967 59 Happy 1 Year Salt Lake City, UT Rho Epsilon Zeta College of Notre Dame of Maryland 232 Prof. Eduardo Elias Epsilon Theta University of Colorado at Colorado 233 Weber State College Kappa 1986 150 Springs Ogden, UT Epsilon Epsilon Iota Sul Ross State University 234 Prof. Craig Bergeson Epsilon Kappa CW Post Campus of Long Island 235 Southern Utah University Gamma 1994 207 University Cedar City UT Zeta Epsilon Lambda Central College 236 Prof. Dick Carlson Epsilon Xi Utah State University 239 Utah State University Epsilon 2001 239 Happy 10th Anniversary Logan, UT Xi Prof. Alfred N. Smith Beta Sigma University of Alabama 195 VIRGINIA Beta Rho Chico State University 197 Beta Tau University of Florida 199 Mary Washington College Phi 1950 31 Beta Xi Southern University 193 Fredericksburg, VA Omicron Beta Nu University Military Academy 192 Prof. Carlos Rodriquez Beta Pi University Of Pennsylvania 196 James Madison University Sigma 1964 49 Beta Omicron Washington State University 194 Harrisonburg, VA Eta th Prof. Virginia Aliotti Happy 20 Anniversary Virginia Polytech Inst & State Iota 1972 67 Alpha Omega West Georgia College 127 Blacksburg, VA Alpha Beta Delta University of Santa Clara 129 Prof. Fabrice Tuelon Beta Epsilon St. Univ Of N.Y. At Oneonta 130 University Of Richmond Iota 1975 70 Beta Gamma Rhode Island College 128 Richmond, VA Epsilon th Prof. Kapanga Kasongo Happy 30 Anniversary Hampden-Syndey College Kappa 1979 93 Hampden-Syndey, VA Kappa Iota Alpha Virginia Polytech Inst & State 67 Prof. Jorge A. Silveira Happy 50th Anniversary University Of Virginia Alpha 1980 109 Charlottesville, VA Zeta Phi Rho Indiana University 1952 35 Prof.Elisabeth Ladenson Happy 80th Anniversary Radford University Alpha 1980 107 Beta Beta University Of Missouri 2 Radford, VA Delta Prof. Janet Walker Alpha Allegheny College 0 Lynchburg College Kappa 1987 162 (Founder) Lynchburg, VA Tau The Forum, Spring 2002 • 29 Continued from p. 14 Eva Peron: Saint or Sinner? WHAT'S MORE... Phi Sigma Iota Chapters Online She was well received in Spain, but not in the other National Headquarters, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida http://www.phisigmaiota.org/ countries. Considering her trip to Europe a disaster, she Gamma Chapter, Ashland University, Ashland, Ohio returned to her beloved country after three months. She http://www.ashland.edu/colleges/arts_sci/language/foreignl/psi_01.html returned disappointed and dejected. Omega Chapter, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada http://www.unlv.edu/Foreign_Lang/psi.html As Evita’s power and health declined, so did Perón’s Nu Nu Chapter, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon government. The economy was in shambles as a result http://www-adm.pdx.edu/user/fll-psi/phi.htm of mismanagement and a severe drought. The value of Beta Omicron Chapter, Washington State University, Pullman, WA http://www.wsu.edu:8001/~psi/index.html the peso dropped from 4.8 to the dollar to twenty pesos to Gamma Nu Chapter, Belmont University, Nashville, Tennessee the dollar. In November 1951, Eva was discovered to be http://www.belmont.edu/Humanities/languages/PhiSigmaIota.html suffering from uterine cancer. She underwent surgery, Alpha Lambda Chapter, North Carolina State University http://www4.ncsu.edu/~kent/PhiSigmaIota.html but to no avail. Her health continued to decline. Eva Kappa Theta Chapter, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas Duarte de Perón died on July 26, 1952. She died with http://www.stmarytx.edu/acad/languages/kappa.html her husband, her mother, brother, and sisters surrounding Beta Alpha Chapter, Western Maryland College, Westminister, Maryland http://wwwfac.wmdc.edu/ForLang/PhiSigmaIota.htm her bed. The whole country went into shock. All Sigma Sigma Chapter, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey businesses were closed. It was announced that her body http://www.eden.rutgers.edu/~psihs would be on display at the Ministry of Labor for several Alpha Beta Chapter, Millikin University, Decatur, Illinois http://www.millikin.edu/studentorgs/honorary/psi/PSI.html days. The line to file past her coffin was said to wind Beta Epsilon Chapter, Oneonta State, Oneonta, New York around thirty blocks in Buenos Aires. http://webserver1.oneonta.edu/departments/forlang/phisig.html Her grief-stricken husband hired a Spanish pathologist Sigma Nu Chapter, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas http://www.fhsu.edu/mlng/psi.html to embalm her body. Dr. Ara spent two years perfecting Kappa Gamma Chapter, Methodist College, Fayetteville, North Carolina Eva’s body, including preserving Eva’s brain and other http://www.methodist.edu/studentlife/clubs/phisigmaiota.html internal organs which are normally removed. Juan Perón Iota Xi Chapter, Ohio Weslyan University, Delaware, Ohio http://www.owu.edu/~psi/default.htm planned to build a mausoleum three times the size of the Delta Rho Chapter, Cameron University, Lawton, Oklahoma Statue of Liberty to place the body in where it could be http://www.cameron.edu/~teresal/PhiSigma.html left on display forever. Her embalmed body lay in state Alpha Upsilon Chapter, Niagara University, Niagara, New York http://www.niagara.edu/fl/psi.html for the three years that Perón managed to stay in power. Foreign Language & Humanities Resource Links Perón was forced to flee to Spain. The new government http://www-adm.pdx.edu/user/fll-psi/lnk.htm knew that any place in Argentina where Evita’s body was

Lizz's links to languages online. Its easy to know before you go with the laid to rest would be used to support the Perónist web of Internet sites for online language learning. Here's where I keep my government, so Evita’s body was shipped to Italy and links organized… buried in a small cemetery in Milan, Italy under a false Foreign Language Resources name. http://www.cas.usf.edu/languages/flresource.html Sixteen years later, when Perón returned to Argentina, Wisdom of the Web Evita’s body was returned to him. The body was almost perfectly intact. Perón was pleased to see the body of his A. The Japanese and Chinese have a low fat diet and beloved again, and kept it with him. It was only after his suffer fewer heart attacks than the British or death, that Isabel, his widow, had Eva’s body buried in Americans. the Duarte family tomb in Ricoleta cemetery in Buenos Aires in 1976. B. On the other hand, the French and Belgians have a Finally, it is very difficult to judge Eva Perón moderate/high fat diet but also suffer fewer objectively. Was she a saint or a sinner? She was heart attacks than the British or Americans. worshiped by the poor who cabled Pope Pius XII asking that he initiate the process of canonization of Eva Perón C. The Japanese drink very little red wine and suffer even before her untimely death. Her wealthy foes hated fewer heart attacks than the British or her so much that they cursed her even after her death. Americans. For the masses she was a saint--a symbol of love and D. But the Italians drink large amounts of red wine. hope. For others she was a sinner--vicious and corrupt. One thing is certain. Eva Perón was a legend during her Yet They also suffer fewer heart attacks than lifetime, and one of the most powerful women in the the British or Americans. twentieth century. She impacted the wealthy and the E. Conclusion: Eat and drink whatever you like, but poor in her beloved country of Argentina.♥ beware of speaking too much English. WORKS CITED A linguistics professor was lecturing to his English class one day. "In ¾ Barnes, John. Evita First Lady. New York: Grove Press, INC, English," he said, "A double negative forms a positive. In some 1978. languages, though, such as Russian, a double negative is still a ¾ Bruce, James. Those Perplexing Argentines. New York: negative. However, there is no language wherein a double positive can Longmans, Green, 1953. form a negative." ¾ Cooke, John William. La Lucha por la Liberación Nacional. Buenos Aires: Grancia, Editor, 1971. A voice from the back of the room piped up, "Yeah, right." ¾ Hirst, W. A. Argentina. New York: Scribner’s, 1910.

30 • The Forum, Spring, 2002 Phi Sigma Iota is a vibrant, dynamic association ...with your help ! Some members have yet to send the membership renewal. To ascertain how current you are, note that the first line of the mailing label on this magazine has two numbers with two digits each. The lower number (e.g. 82) indicates the year when you were initiated and rewarded by PSI for your excellence in foreign language studies, while the higher number (e.g. 97) reveals the last year for which YOU have paid your Association dues. If the lower number is 01 it means that you enjoy the distinction of being a Life Member, and as such, you are exempt from paying dues for life; and if 02, it means you are a subscriber for life to The Forum. If you are not current, PSI would certainly appreciate your bringing your Active status and your contribution up to date.

WHO WE ARE The Benefits are Many Phi Sigma Iota was founded in 1917/1922 PSI is the foreign language honor society honored with special rates and will also help PSI and recognizes outstanding ability and high fully admitted to the ACHS since 1949. It will because Alamo and National contribute standards of excellence in the field of foreign be to your advantage, therefore, to include financially to our Scholarship Fund. languages, literatures, and cultures, including your membership in PSI when filing an Polo and T -Shirts - We have beautiful Polo Classics, Linguistics, Philology, Comparative application. Literature, and Bilingual Education. It is the and T-Shirts with the PSI logo. 50% cotton/50% highest academic honor in the field of foreign The Forum -- Praised as one of the most polyester. dynamic publications of its kind and with a languages. It promotes international Tax Benefits -Contributions to PSI are tax communication and understanding, fosters the readership estimated at over 50,000, this outstanding magazine of national circulation deductible to the extent allowed by law. Have spirit of liberal culture, and stands for freedom of you thought of increasing your shelter by mind and democracy of learning. Within PSI, is published two times per year. It welcomes becoming a Life Member or by making a excellence is not only a goal but an attitude as literary contributions and advertisements donation to our Association (i.e., real estate, an well. from members as well as from non-members who wish to help PSI. insurance policy making PSI the beneficiary, donation of unsold securities)? Contact our WHO YOU ARE Car Rental -We have entered into Executive Director for details. agreements with two national companies to PHI SIGMA IOTA rewarded your excellence grant special rates to our members. When In summary -By helping to attain Phi Sigma in the pursuit of foreign languages. You and Iota aims, you will have the satisfaction of you need to rent a car, please favor Alamo another 50,000+ men and women have been profiting from, as well as contributing to distinguished for interest in and care for other Renta-Car (PSI Association understanding among peoples. cultures and people. Regardless of your present ID#BY:93883) and National Car Rental And if you would like to have other services occupation and place of residence, PSI wants to (PSI Association ID#6100772), and or benefits through PHI SIGMA IOTA, write our be in contact with you; share with us your indicate that you are a current member of Executive Director. We will make our best effort current endeavors; let us share with you the PSI in good standing. When you rent from to satisfy you! remarkable achievements of international these two companies you will be awareness. Keep in touch with us.

BENEFITS OF MEMBERSHIP PHI SIGMA IOTA Introduces the

Besides the honor granted by PSI to its PLATINUM PLUS members, we also strive to maintain, and Credit Card constantly add, other "tangible" benefits. We structure a number of special programs depending on availability o funds, that is, on all sm members' cooperation by paying the annual Phi Sigma Iota is proud to offer the Platinum Plus credit card, a no annual fee Visa credit card dues on a timely basis. Following is a summary; program that provides peerless benefits, service, worldwide acceptance, and convenience. Issued please, take advantage of them. Thousands by MBNA America® Bank, the leading issuer of affinity credit cards, this program offers our Phi already do! Sigma Iota members a low introductory annual percentage rate on cash advance checks and balance transfers*. Platinum Plus Customers may also take advantage of numerous superior Scholarships - We make constant efforts to benefits such as fraud-protection services, a free year-end summary of charges, supplemental auto- generate funds to create and award more rental collision deductible coverage, and $1 million Common Carrier Travel Accident Insurance. scholarships to help outstanding foreign language students to help themselves in The Phi Sigma Iota credit card, which proudly displays our organization's name, offers privileges of achieving excellence. The sources include members' dues, donations, advertisements, etc. particular value to our members. Credit lines are individually established to ensure qualified If you, or someone you know, are presently applicants receive the maximum in purchasing power-up to $100,000 of available credit. Phi Sigma studying foreign languages, please read the Iota Platinum Plus cardholders are invited to take advantage of credit-line increase decisions within application data in this issue of The Forum. 15 minutes, 24-hour Customer service, emergency-card replacement, and cash-advance access at more than 300,000 automated teller machines worldwide that display the Cirrus® network logo. Civil Service Rank -The U.S. Civil Service To request our Phi Sigma Iota Platinum Plus card, call (800) 523-7666. Please be sure to mention Commission determined a few years ago that a Priority Code RJ97 when speaking with an MBNA representative about this program. . bachelor's degree holder or candidate can qualify for-grade "GS- 7" rather than "GS-5" (that is, higher rank and salary) if the applicant .*There are costs associated with the use of this credit card. You may contact the issuer and administrator of this for Government Career Examination has been- program, c/o MBNA America Bank. N.A., to request specific information about the costs by calling 1-800-523-7666, elected to membership in a college honor or by writing to PO Box15020. Wilmington. DE 19850. TTY users, please call 1-800-833-6262 MBNA America and society which meets the requirements of the Platinum Plus are service mark of MBNA America Bank, N.A. MasterCard and Visa are federally registered service Association of College Honor Societies. marks of MasterCard International Inc. and Visa U.S.A. Inc., respectively; each is used pursuant to license.

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Phi Sigma Iota strives to continue its pursuit of excellence in the fields of foreign languages through its scholarships, scholarly publications, news and information, faculty advisor awards, chapter awards, campus programs, and tours. With your support we make it happen. We can’t make it without you.

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