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Caneberry Breeders in North America Chad E

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Caneberry Breeders in North America Chad E Caneberry Breeders in North America Chad E. Finn U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 3420 N. W OrchardAvenue, Corvallis, OR 97330 The breeding of caneberries (also referred fruiting raspberries. Meader and the scientists One of the reasons he seemed to have success is to as brambles) has taken several directions in at the New York Agricultural Experiment Sta- that in the high ploidy level Rubus germplasm the last century. Red raspberries were of great tion were responsible for bringing primocane he "knew no boundaries as what could be put interest throughout this time. Black raspberries fruiting from anoveltyto commercial cultivars. together" (F.J. Lawrence). According to Law- received much more attention 50 to 75 years ago Craig helped this process and pushed it further rence, while Royce Bringhurst told him that than they do today. Blackberries have gone from with the development of improved cultivars for "its not possible to make such crosses," he a crop that was largely in the realm of amateur eastern North America. didnt follow the rules on blackberry. Waldo breeders to a crop with several intensive breed- This reminiscence will highlight seven was passionate about flavor and didnt think ing programs. Primocane raspberries, and now breeders who have made outstanding contribu- highly of Darrows love of very acidic flavors. primocane blackberries, have revolutionized or tion in the last half of the 20th century. Apparently Darrows love of acidic fruit was will revolutionize their production and market- somewhat extreme, as his brother said to J. ing. Breeders have played a critical role in these GEORGE F. WALDO Moore "George was shortchanged at birth for changes and in developing the caneberries as stomach acid and hes been making up for it major commercial fruit crops. Many caneberry George Waldo (1898-1985) (Fig. 1), while ever since." Waldo also had a great impact in breeders have been instrumental, each in their born in 1898 in Drayton, N.Dak., spent most the raspberries with the release ofWillamette, own way, in moving the science and art of of his early years in Dayton, Ore. He earned which may be the most widely grown raspberry caneberry breeding forward. his BS from Oregon State College in 1922 in the world. Willamettes adaptability and Several breeders that have played small but and his MS from Michigan State College in immunity to raspberry bushy dwarf virus have critical roles in caneberry breeding and are more 1924. He went immediately to work for the kept it popular despite having been released 60 commonly remembered for their contribution U.S. Department of Agriculture—Agricultural years ago. Mr. Waldo, as he is still referred to in other fields will be mentioned first. George Research Service (USDA—ARS) in Glenn Dale, by his former technician John Martsching, was M. Darrow (1899-1983), while only dabbling Md., where he was in charge of berry breed- the consummate gentleman and gentle man. He in caneberries, provided the leadership at the ing from 1926-1932. In 1932, he and George was quiet and introverted and yet freely sent national level for others who focused heav- Darrow, who was working as the berry breeder material everywhere. Waldo had a wry sense ily on these fruit. He also is largely credited for the USDA—ARS in Oregon, swapped posi- of humor. His bearded picture in Darrows The with getting the Merton Thornless source of tions. This seemed to suit them both very well Strawberry (1966) is how many people picture thornlessness into useful blackberry germplasm. as Waldo was a reserved person who really him. However, throughout his life he was only James H. Logan (1841-1928), a California didnt seem to have the personality to lead a far bearded for one year when, in celebration of judge and hobbyist breeder, recognized the flung group of scientists in a national breeding Oregons centennial, all men over the age of value of Logan and made it available to the effort. While Waldo developed a very success- 25 were ordered to grow a beard or be fined. public at no cost, which was unusual for the ful strawberry program, he made his greatest While Darrows book came out about 10 years time, thereby helping establish the northwestern mark in caneberries. When he returned to the after the centennial, it is still the picture Waldo U.S. processing industry. Byrnes M. Young Northwest from Maryland, the industry was chose to submit. Apparently, several people (1858-1964), of Morgan City, La., originated primarily reliant on eastern raspberries, Logan, reviewing the book thought that someone had the Young dewberry (Youngberry), through and hermaphroditic selections ofthewildRubus mixed up the names and photos because those which many red raspberry genes were brought ursinus. By and large he is responsible for the who knew Waldo did not recognize him with a into the blackberry germplasm pool. H. Ness, development of the trailing blackberry germ- beard. He was devoutly religious, even refusing Sidney H. Yarnell (1898-1981), and H.F. Mor- plasm that the industry worldwide is dependent to eat at restaurants that served beer, much to ris, from Texas, developed cultivars such as on and his Marion blackberry (marionberry) the chagrin of the then-starving Lawrence as Nessberry (a parent of the still popular Bra- is the most widely grown cultivar in the world. they drove past restaurant after restaurant in this zos), which combined the trailing blackberry prefast food era. He spent much ofhis retirement R. trivialis with red raspberry, that are adapted serving the Gideons ministry. to warm climates with low chilling. Earl V. Goldsmith( 1892-1954) and Stephen Whilhelm (1919-2002), with Sweetbriar Co. and Driscoll GEORGE L. SLATE Strawberry Associates in Watsonville, Calif., George Slate (1899-1976) (Fig. 2) was born are largely responsible for originally assem- in 1899 in Barnardston, Massachusetts and grew bling the germplasm that has led to the most up on a dairy farm. He earned his BS from successful private raspberry breeding program the University of Massachusetts in 1921 and in the world. Their vision for the type of plant an MA from Harvard University in 1926. He needed for commercial production in California began his long career with the New York State and for the type of fruit quality that was neces- Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva in sary for long distance shipping combined with 1922 where he was responsible for small fruit their ability to incorporate germplasm from the breeding. He assisted in the preparation of The U.K., Canada, and Sweden into the material Small Fruits of New York, which is still an they had available has led to the success of this incredibly valuable (and beautiful) resource. program. Elwyn M. Meader (1910-1996) from Slate typified the classic curious horticulturist the University of New Hampshire and Donald who reveled in diversity. While I am sure he L. Craig (born in 1923) with Agriculture and was born with an interest in diversity, it is also Agri-Foods Canada, Nova Scotia, played crucial notable that he married the daughter of Ernest roles in the development ofimproved primocane Wilson (from Harvard Universitys Arnold Arboretum), who is one of the greats of the Research geneticist; e-mail [email protected] golden age of British and American plant col- state.edu. Fig. I George Vvaldo lecting. So, while he released red, black, and 22 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 41 (1) FEBRUARY 2006 breeding emphasized developing raspberries an incredibly cooperative group of breeding that were suitable for processing and that were programs in the Pacific Northwest. Lawrence is resistant to aphids and therefore the viruses 5 ft tall, which only deserves mention because II they vectored. While his commercial straw- he had fun with his height. First, he claimed his berry cultivars were important for their time, height saved him from being killed by shrapnel especially Northwest, which accounted for in a bombing attack in World War II and later 75% of Pacific Northwest production in the late his good friendship with P. Breen at Oregon 1960s (P. Moore, personal communication), and State University, who is very tall, created a while Rainier is still widely grown today, it lifetime of banter. While never called Whitey was his release of Meeker red raspberry that at home, he picked up this nickname while at had profound impact on raspberry growing as the University of Maryland, apparently because it is one of the most widely grown cultivars in he had a thick head of blonde hair. Lawrence is Fig. 2. George Darrov (left) and George Slate the world. Schwartze really liked raspberries an athlete and has kept active jogging, golfing, (right). and despite excellent work on strawberries and biking, and playing squash and badminton well blueberries, raspberries were his passion. While into his retirement. purple raspberry, blackberry, and strawberry he was known as being somewhat reserved and cultivars, he also has a daylily and yew (Taxus conservative, he was also considered outgoing JOHN (JACK) W. HULL sp.) named after him, was involved with nuts, and funny. He and Waldo with the USDA—ARS and can be found repeatedly as a contributor in Corvallis while cordial and generally coop- Jack Hull (1927-1976) (Fig. 5) was born to our knowledge of the minor fruit, such as erative had a lifelong competitiveness that led in 1927 in Oklahoma City, Okla. He earned pawpaw (Asi,nina sp.). His caneberry releases each to claim that the other "never sent their his BS from Oklahoma A & M (1950) and his have had a dramatic commercial impact. His best plant material to me." MS (1955) and PhD (1958) at the University foresight in taking the character of primocane of Maryland.
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