The Mosquitoes of California. Biv

BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY VOLUME 1, NO. 2

THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA

BY S. B. FREEBORN and R. M. BOHART

(Division of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California 1

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1951 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Editors: E. 0. Essig, S. B. Freeborn, E. G. Linsley, R. L. Usinger

Volume 1, No. 2, pp. 25-78, plates 2-8

Submitted by Editors, November 28, 1950

Issued June 8, 1951

Price 50 cents

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES

CALIFORNIA

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON, ENGLAND

PRINTED BY OFFS67 IN THE UNITBD STAThS OF AMERICA THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA

Ihe first general publication on the mos- calts might be aptcalts, terrttans or boharti. In quitoes of California was by Quayle (1906). In the the case of the Culex piptens -quinque,+asciatus same year Dyar and Knab, dismayed by the confused complex, our distribution records are based pri- jumbling of genera and species in lheobald’ s writ- marily on material of which we have examined male ings, proposed an independent classification based genitalia. Furthermore, the county records of com- on larval characters and the thesis that well-de- mon species, such as C. tarsalis and C. incidens, fined differences apparent in the larvae should note only token occurrences and arc repeated with- be reflected in the adults. lhey illustrated their in a countyonly when there are sigificant ecolog- hypothesis by the German proverb that “Wer A sagt ical variations in the county, such as elevation muss auch B sagen. ” lheir contribution brought or a distinction between coastal and inland dis- order out of confusion and their later monograph tribution. It is hoped that collectors will aid written with Howard laid the foundation for the in filling in the existing gaps by submitting systematic study of mosquitoes in the United specimens to either the California Insect Survey - States. University of California, Davis or brkeley-or to the hreau of Vector Control, State Department of In 1926 Freeborn published re-descriptions, Public Health, Milvia Street, Berkeley. keys, and ecolokical notes on the 30 species of mosquitoes then known to occur in the state. In No group of insects of canparable size in the 1941 Reeves presented a paper on California rnos- world has received so much attention as the mosquitoes, and a key which included one additional quitoes and no area of the world of comparable species was mimeographed and distributed. As a war- size has had its mosquitoes studied so thoroughly time contribution, Freeborn and Brookman (1943) as California. Ihe latter statement is true only published an identification guide to Pacific Coast because of the pioneering work of Quayle, Herms, mosquitoes. and Gray and scores of workers who followed them. In addition, the Mosquito Abatement Districts, Since the last complete treatment of the spe- whose accomplishments and programs are now checked cies of California, several new ones have been by entomological findings, have added significantly described, and reBxamination of existing collec- to our fund of information. By the same token, the tions has disclosed species not previously report- coiiperative research program of the Hooper Founda- ed. Gnversely in one instance - that of Aedes tion for Medical Research of the University of irnpiger - a check of the specimens on which the California and the U.S. Public Health Service on only existing state records were based has re- the transmission of the encephalitides has accumn- vealed them to belong to species other than in- lated substantial amounts of taxonomic and ecologi- piger. In addition, it is now possible to segre- cal infomation. Also the Bureau of Vector Control gate accurately the component species of some of of the State Eepartment of Public Health and its the hitherto baffling complexes, such as that of assigned personnel from the U. S. Public Health Culex apicalis, territans and boharti. Service has been an unusually potent force in the study of all phases of mosquito life. Despite the ?he records of these changes are, in sane in- fact that this bulletin contains considerable stances, already published in various entomological original taxonomic material and represents a vast journals, but to date they have not been collected expenditure of time in the collection of field for ready reference nor incorporated into existing material and the checking of collection records, keys. New records and synonymy since Freeborn (1926) the authors present it chiefly as a compilation are cited in the present paper, but older synonymy of the work of others in the agencies mentioned which is recorded in that work is not repeated here. above, all of whom have cooperated with the en- thusiasm that should be typical of all fields of We realize full well that our records of dis- biological research. tribution are incomplete. Unless otherwise sta- ted, we have included only records for which we Although we have been aided in a very sub- have been able to see the actual specimens person- stantial manner by scores of individuals, special ally. Existing published records of well-qualified acknowledgment should be made to Alan Stone and investigators are not always trustworthy, largely Willis Wirth of the U.S. National Museum, R.L. because of nanenclatorial changes caused by a more Usinger and W.C Reeves of thebiversity of Cali- complete understanding of the mosquito fauna. For fornia, Bernard Brookman of the U.S. Public Health instance, records of Anopheles nacul ipennis might Service, and Ernestine ‘Ihurman of the California be either occidentalis or freeborni and Culex api- State Bureau of Vector Control.

25 Keys to California Mosquitoes

Genera of Mosquitoes Based on Adults 3. Distal half of siphon adapted for pierung underwater plant tissue (fig. 11) ..... 1. Scutellum rounded posteriorly and with mar- ...... Mansonia (p.51) ginal hairs arranged in an unbroken line; Siphon not adapted for piercing plant tissue abdomen without scales; females with palpi (fig. 10) ...... Orthopdoa?yia (p.50) about as long as proboscis. . Anopheles(p.26) Scutellum trilobed posteriorly and with bris- 4. Upper head hair With slender branches, lower tles in three groups; abdomen with evident head hair single and coarse ...... scales; females with short palpi...... 2 ...... Uranotamia (p.50) Upper and lower head hairs not as above . , 5 2. Second marginal cell (bounded by branches of first fork vein) less than half as long as 5. Siphon with a pair of large basoventral hair its petiole...... Uraotoenia (p.50) tufts (fig. 9)...... Culiseta (p.31) Second marginal cell at least as long as its Siphon without a pair of large basoventral petiole...... 3 hair tufts...... 6

3. Fourth fore tarsal segnent about as long as 6. Siphon with three or nmre pairs of ventrally wide; mesonotum marked with longitudinal located hair tufts (inserted below the white lines...... Orthopodomyia (p. 50) lateral line) ...... &lex (p.32) Fourth fore tarsal sewent much longer than Siphon with one or rarely two pairs of wide...... 4 ventrally located hair tufts...... 7

4. First segnent of hind tarsus with a median 7. lufts of ventral brush not inserted jn pale ring; wing scales mixed dark and saddle...... Aedes (p. 29) white...... 5 Tufts of ventral brush inserted in saddle First sepent of hind tarsus without a median which completely rings anal segnent .... pale ring...... 6 ...... Psorophora (p.50) 5. Spiracular and postspiracular bristles present; abdaninal tergites with many pale apical Adult Females of Anopheles scales, frequently forming a triangle...... Psorophora (p.9) 1. Wing scales unicolorous but clumped to pro- Spiracular and postspiracular bristles absent; duce dark spots ...... 2 abdominal tergites with laterobasal pale Wing with patches of pale scales...... 3 spots ...... Afansonia (p.51) 2. hinge scales of wing uniformly dark. .... 6. Postspiracular bristles present; spiracular ...... f reeborni ( P. 34.1 bristles absent; female abdomen pointed at Fringe scales at wing tip whitish to bronzy tip ...... Aedes (p.n) ...... occi&ntalis (p.36) Postspiracular bristles absent; female abdomen blunt at tip ...... 7 3. Palpusbanded...... pseudopunctipennis franciscanus (p.36) 7. Spiracular bristles present, yellowish; mostly Palpus entirely dark scaled ...... large mosquitoes...... Culiseta (p. 30) ...... punc tipennis (p. 38) Spiracular bristles absent; medium to small mosquitoes...... Culex (p. 31) Males of Anopheles Based on Genitalia2 Genera of Mosquitoes Based on Fourth Stage Larvae 1. Claspette with inconspicuous bristles on 1. Eighth abdominal segment without a respira- subapical lobe and 2 long slender ones on tory siphon ...... Anopheles (p. 27) apical lobe, ninth tergite without well- Eighth abdaninal segment with a respiratory developed lobes ...... siphon...... 2 ...pseudopunctipennis franciscanus (p.36) Claspette mth two stout setae on subapical 2. Siphon without .a pecten ...... 3 lobe end one on apical lobe which is usually associated with a snaller internal seta and Siphon with a pecten. - - - . . I e . 4 'The characters used in this key and .the one fol- 'Males are more satisfactorily separated by the lowing are not all neric in the broad sense and will wing pattern (see above). not necessarily holyfor species outside of California.

26 THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA 27

a very small one between; ninth tergite with 4. Basal pale band of third hind tarsal segment

finger-like lohs . I . punctipemis3 (p.38) covering less than one fifth of segment as freeborni (p.34) seen from front; basal pale bands of fourth ’ occidentalis (p.36) and fifth abdominal tergites indented toward middle or divided into two spots ...... vexans (p.49) Fourth Larval Stage of Anopheles Basal pale band of third hind tarsal segment covering one third or more of segment as 1. Inner clypeal hairs widely spaced, outer cly- seen from front; basal pale bands of tergites peals bare, inner antennal surface with small not conspicuously indented toward middle . 5 stout spicules (fig. 7) ...... pseudopunctipennis franciscanus (p.36) 5. Wing scales mostly pale; abdomen largely Inner clypeal hairs separated by less than yellow; a large mosquito. .flauescens (p.43) width of basal tubercle, outer clypeals Wing scales not mostly pale; abdomen with densely branched; inner antennal surface numerous dark scales, often with a tendency with rather slender bristles...... 2 toward a median stripe...... 6 2. Antepalmate hair (hair s’2”)4 of fourth abdanin- 6. Wing, except at extreme base, with all dark a1 segment usually single...... scales; proboscis with a median band of pale ...... occidentalis (p.36) scales; palpus tipped with pale scales. .. Antepalmate hair (hair “2”) of fourth ahdomin- ...... taeniorhynchus (p.47) a1 segment usually double or triple (figs. Wing with a mixture of pale and dark scales . 5, 6) ...... freebornis (p.34) ...... :J punct ipennis( p.38) 7. Palpus all dark; proboscis sometimes with a median patch or band of pale scales .... Adult Females of Aedes ...... nigromaculis (p.44) Palpus with some pale scales; proboscis dark 1. Tarsi with pale bands on some segments. ...2 or with mixed pale and dark scales. ....8 Tarsi all dark or at least vnthmt definite basal segmental hnds ...... 10 8. Pale wing scales confined almost entirely to front part of wing; torus with a few incon- 2. Tarsal pale bands overlapping the joints. ..3 spicuous pale scales on inner surface. ... Tarsal pale bands basal only...... 4 ...... increpitus (p.43) Pale wing scales scattered generally over 3. Wing with a few to many scattered pale wing wing; torus with a conspicuous inner patch of scales; abdomen with median dorsal pale pale scales...... 9 stripe or mostly pale; band covering joint of hind tarsal segments I and I1 atout equal 9. Hind wing margin at base of fringe bordered on both segments; mesonotum with a median with mixed black and white scales; wing darkened stripe of scales on anterior half scales mostly very broad. . squamiger (p.4) at least...... dorsalis (p.41) Hind wing margin at base of fringe bordered Wing, except at extreme base, with all dark with minute unicolorous scales; wing scales scales; abdomen without a median dorsal pale narrow to moderately broad. . fitchii (p.43) stripe; band covering joint of hind tarsal segments I and IT much larger on I; mesono- 10. Wing with scattered to numerous whitish tum with a median stripe of golden scales on scales along costa, subcosta and radius , . anterior half ...... varipalpus (p.47) ...... 11 Wing scales of costa, subcosta and radius dark except for basal spots which are about ’Ordinarily, specimens of freeborni have the pro- as long or shorter than halter. .13 jections of the ninth ter ite more slender than in the .... other two. Also, some auttors have pointed out differences in the claspette setae. However, these characters 11. Palpus with all dark scales; subspiracular are all plastic and vary even between the. two sides of area of pleuron (fig. 1) with a lower scale a single specimen. spot only; abdominal tergite I1 with pale 4The antepalmate hair is inserted in front of and slightly lateral to the palmate hair. band usually narrowed at middle or divided ventrouittis (p.49) $0 reliable characters are knwn for separation of ...... the fourth sta larvae of these two species. Ordinarily Palpus with numerous pale scales, especially in freeborni tR“, antennal tuft is inserted beyond the toward base; subspiracular area with 2 &sal one fcurth of the shaft and in unctipennis uau- ally at or before the basal one fourti. Also, in ree- scale spots, one directly below spiracle; borni the frontal hairs are customarily associatei with abdominal tergite I1 with pale band broad- 3 or 5 spots, whereas In punctipennis (from mlifornia) ened at middle. 12 these hairs are usually inserted in a transverse dark ...... band (figs. 5, 6). 28 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

12. Palpus not much longer than twice greatest 3. Filament (distal portion) of claspette short, diameter of torus; mesonotum with slender not blade-like...... bicristatus (p.39) or only slightly broadened scales between Filament of claspette blade-like (figs. 18-29) spiracle and mid-line of mesonotum...... 4 ...... cataphylZa (p.40) Palpus much longer than twice greatest dia- 4. Basal lobe of basistyle with bristles which are meter of torus; mesonoturn with a large patch nearly equal in size or grading from small to of pale broadened curved scales centered large, but without a single bristle distin- midway between spiracle and mid-line of guished by its greater size ...... 5 mesonotum...... bicristatus (p.39) Basal lobe of basistyle with a single stout bristle or spine distinguished by its greater 13. Vertex with a submedian black scale spot; size, sometimes with smaller spines in addi- basal pale bands of abdominal tergites form- tion to slender bristles ...... 8 . ing lateral spots which join into a continuous lateral line...... cinereus (p.40) 5. Apical lobe of basistyle present, claspette Vertex without a definite subdian black filament with a sharp angle on convex side scale spot; abdomen usually without a contin- (fig. 27)6...... increpitus (p.43) uous lateral line...... 14 Apical lobe of basistyle undeveloped .... .6

14. Ease of costa with a long pale spot; subspir- 6. Claspette filament with a retrorse projection acular area with 2 scale spots, one directly (fig. 29) ...... taeniorhynchus (p.47) below spiracle; upright vertex scales .mlden Claspette filament without a retrorse projec- ...... pullatus (p.45) tion ...... 7 Base of costa without a long pale spot; hypo- stigial spot of scales absent ...... 15 7. Basal lobe of basistyle a dense clump of long, stout, apically curved bristles of which 15. Supra-alar bristles black; upright forked ver- longer ones are about 4 times as long as tooth tex scales mixed pale and dark; mesonotum of dististyle (fig. 18). . .uaripaZpus (P.47) with scaling diffuse or forming a median line Basal lobe of basistyle a small clump of slender, and suhedian lines which are largely fused nearly straight bristles of which longer ones with lateral areas, mesonotal scales golden are about 2% to 3 times as long as tooth of to creamy...... communis (p.41) dististyle (fig. 24) ...nigromculis (p.44) Supra-alar bristles not black; upright forked vertex scales pale, straw colored .... 16 8. Basal lobe of basistyle with one or two unusually stout bristles in addition to long 16. Supra-alar bristles straw colored; abdominal stout one...... 9 tergal bands not markedly incised to form an Basal lobe of basistyle without differentiated inverted V on tergites V and VI; mesonotum bristles other than a long stout me ... .10 usually with middle one third brownish yellow and side more golden ... helcodmtus (p.45) 9. Basal lobe of basistyle with one short stout bristle, Supra-alar bristles amber to brown; abdaninal a long curved one and a dense group of slender tergal bands markedly widened laterally and bristles; apical lobe of basistyle with a group of forming an inverted V on tergites V and VI; blade-like setae; claspette stemnot sharply an- mesonotum with a narrow median pale line glednearmiddle (figs. 2, 22) . .dorsalis (p.41) (often indistinct) flanked by wider coppery Basal lobe of basistyle with two stout inner lines, sides light straw colored...... bristles close together and a long outer spine ...... sticticus (p.47) with a few inconspicuous bristles in between; apical lobe of basistyle with bristles of varying length; claspette stem sharply angled Males of Aedes Based on Genitalia near middle (fig. 23). ....pullatus (p.45) 1. Claspette absent, or fused to basistyle and 10. Claspette filament with a sharp angle near base without a filament ...... 2 of concave edge ...... ll Claspette present, attached at base only ...3 Claspette filament without sharp angle near base of concave edge ...... 12 2. Dististyle unequally bifurcate near base, longer branch equally bifurcate at apex ...... 11. Claspette filament only a little wider at basal ...... cinereus (p.40) Dististyle broad, flattened, not bifurcate, apex %n mountin genitalia of mule Aedes, one of the claspettes should !e removed and mounted on its side. blunt with tooth borne at inner apical four Otherwise ita shape mll be difficult or impossible to fifths...... vexam (p.49) determine. THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA 29

one third than apical diameter of claspette 4. Comb of at least 20 scales; lateral hair of stem...... fi tchi i ( p. 43) anal segment more than K as long as saddle; Claspette filament expanded at basal one third typical comb tooth with a strong central to about twice the apical diameter of clasp- thorn and weak side teeth; flooded meadows . ette stem (fig. %). . .jsticticus (p.47) ...... flavescens (p.43) ' uen t rov i t t is ( p i 49) Comb of less than 20 scales ...... 5

12. Claspette filament with a median sharp angle 5. Pentad hair 2 located obliquely ventral to hair or retrorse point on convex side .... .13 1 and about on a line between 3 and 1;' upper Claspette filament rather evenly convex at and lower head hairs not both single ... .6 middle of one side ...... 14 Pentad hair 2 located directly posterior or dorsoposterior to 1 (fig. 4) ; upper and lower 13. Claspette filament with expansion forming an head hairs usually single, rarely double . .7 acute angle; (fig. 28) basal lobe of basistyle well separated from apical lobe. ... 6. Lower head hair with 4 to 8 branches, upper ...... squmiger (p.46) with 5 to 9; Sierran meadow or pine-needle Claspette filament with expansion forming an pools in partial or dense shade ...... obtuse angle; (fig. 25) basal lobe of basis- ...... cinereus (p.40) tyle reaching almost to apical lobe. .... Lower head hair single to triple, upper with 2 ...... fZauescens (p.43) to 4 branches; river overflow pools or sometimes in irrigated pastures (fig. 14) .... 14. Claspette filament markedly broadened at basal ...... uenans (p.49) one third (fig. 19) ...... cataphylla (p.4)) Claspette filament slender, not markedly . 7. ha1 segment completely ringed by saddle; dor- broadened at basal one third ...... 15 sal preapical spine of siphon about as long as middle pecten tooth; pecten extending 15. Apical lobe of basistyle with numerous short, about 3/4 of siphon tube length;9 flooded curved, broadened setae; basal lobe of basis- meadows and irrigated pastures (fig. 15). .. tyle with stout spine broadly curved from ...... nigromaculis (p.44 near middle; claspette distinctly shorter Anal seginent not completely ringed by saddle; than dististyle (fig. 21). hexodontus (p.45) dorsal preapical spine of siphon inconspic- Apical lobe of basistyle with bristles only; uous; pecten extending not mre than 2/3 of basal lobe of basistyle with stout spine bent siphon tube length; Sierran meadows .... or curved near apex; claspette about as long ...... uentrovittis (p.49) as dististyle (fig. 20). ..co~~nunis (p.41) 8. Anal segment completely ringed by saddle . .9 Anal segment not completely ringed by saddle.10 Fourth Larval Stage of Aedes 9. comb of many apically fringedscales in a patch; 1. Pecten terminating in one or more rather widely upper and lwer head hairs single; basal dia- separated teeth ...... 2 meter of siphon greater than dorsal length of Pecten teeth rather evenly spaced7 ..... 8 saddle; coastal marshes of southern California ...... taeniorhynchus (p.47) 2. Siphon with detached pecten teeth distad of in- hbusually with 5 to 7 thorn-like scales in a sertion of siphon tuft; upper and lower head row; upper head hair single to triple; lower hairs almost invariably single ...... 3 single or double; basal diameter of siphon Siphon with pecten row ending before insertion about equal to dorsal length of saddle; Sierran of siphon tuft ...... 4 pools in shade or sun (fig. 17)...... herodontus (p. 45) 3. Siphon with only a single pair of tufts; dorsal preapical spine straight; Sierran meadow spe- 10. Lateral hair of anal segment as long as or cies, usually in full sun (fig. 12). .... longer than saddle, sometimes with 2 or more ...... cataphylza (p.40) branches...... 11 Siphon with a small tuft above pecten row basad Lateral hair of anal segment shorter than of main tuft; also a single or double hair in- saddle and usually single ...... 13 serted dorsally and subapically on siphon; dorsal preapical spine curled at end, Coast character is found in the subgenera Ardi- Range meadow species. .. bicristatus (p.39) morphus (uexms, fik. 14), Aedes (cinereus and Fin- laya (uaripolpus, fig. 16). Ihe opposing c b aracter is found in Ochl ero tatus (remaining Glifornia specxes, 71n some species, notably sticticus, the terminal figs. 12, 13, 15, 17). tooth an me side of the siphm may be'slightly displaced. 9ScIsrot.xaed part only, excluding apxcal valves. 30 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

11. Pentad hair 2 located obliquely ventral to triple; irrigated pastures, brackish marshes, hair 1 and about on a line between 3 and 1; flooded meadows, mostly in full sun (fig. 4) typical comb scale slender and with a row ...... dorsa 1 is ( p. 41) of bristles across rounded or truncate apex; Dorsal preapical spine of siphon inserted at gills large, usually about as long as siphon; least its length from apical margin of hair d large and multiple; treeholes (fig. siphon tube; siphon tuft inserted before 16) ...... vur ipa Zpis (p.47) middle of inner surface of siphon tube; Pentad hair 2 located directly posterior or gills longer than anal segment, sometimes dorsoposterior to 1; gills much shorter than twice as long; upper and lower head hairs siphon; head hair d minute ...... -12 almost invariably single; shaded Sierran pools, usually with pine needles ..... 12. Siphon tube about 4 times as long as its ...... communis (p. 41) greatest diameter; terminal pecten tooth almost as long as apical diameter of siphon tube; upper head hair with 3 or more branches (usually 4)’ lower with 2 or more (usually Adult Females of Culiseta 3); Sierran meadow or tule-filled pools (fig. 13) ...... fitchii (p.43) Siphon tube less than 3 times as long as its 1. Hind tarsus with pale basal bands; wing with greatest diameter; terminal pecten tooth distinct scale spots ...... 2 about K as long as apical diameter of siphon Hind tarsus unbanded; wing without distinct scale spots 3 tube; upper and lower head hairs single to ...... triple (upper usually double or triple, lower usually double); brackish coastal 2. Hind tarsal bands narrow, that of segment I1 covering about 1/10 of segment; cross veins marshes ...... squamiger (p. 46) unscaled ...... inc idens ( p: 51 1 Hind tarsal bands broad, that of segment 11 13. Anal segment about 7/8 ringed by saddle; lower covering 114 to 1/3 of segment; cross veins head hair single or double, upper usually scaled (p.54) with 2 or more branches; shaded river over- ...... maccrackenae flow pools ...... sticticus (p.47) Anal segment ?< to 4/7 ringed by saddle .14 3. Wing speckled with pale scales, costa with pale .. scales near base; mid-femur speckled with 14. Upper head hair with 5 or more branches, lower pale scales in front; dorsum of abdomen brownish, with yellowish basal bands which with 3 or more; Sierran meadows ...... may cover mst of segment (p.53) ...... puzzutus (p.45) . . inornata Upper head hair with fewer than 5 branches, Wing dark scaled, costa dark near base; mid- lower with fewer than 3...... 15 femur dark scaled in front; dorsum of abdomen black with whitish basal bands ...... impatiens (p.51) 15. Dorsal microsetae toward apex of saddle well ...... developed, more than twice as long as those toward base of saddle and longer than diameter of setal ring at base of lateral hair of anal segment; head hairs with 2 to 4 Males of Culiseta Based on Genitalia branches or sanetimes all single (especially in N. E. Calif.); siphon tuft inserted be- 1. DLstistyle about 8 times as long as its median fore middle of siphon tube; mostly in flood- diameter; lobes of ninth tergite with many ed grassy pools, comnon in the Sierras, less short stout spines ...... inornata (p. 53) so at lower elevations down to sea level . . Dististyle 10 or more times as long as its me- ...... increpitus (p.43) dian diameter; lobes of ninth tergite with Dorsal microsetae toward apex of saddle weakly many slender bristles ...... 2 developed, less than twice as long as those 2. ha1 lobe of basistyle with only a single, toward base of saddle and about as long as rather slender, differentiated bristle; a diameter of the setal ring of lateral hair . long row of short spines across apex of ...... 16 eighth segment ventrally. . .impatiens (p.51) Basal lobe of basistyle with 2 or 3 stout 16. brsal preapical spine of siphon inserted less spines ...... 3 than its length from apical margin of siphon tube; siphon tuft often inserted at or beyond 3. Eighth segment ventrally with a median apical middle of inner surface of siphon tube; gills clump of 3 to 8 tooth-like spines ..... usually short but sanetimes longer than anal ...... incidens (p. 51) segment; upper and lower head hairs usually Eighth segment ventrally with a single median single, sometimes double or upper rarely apical tooth-like spine. .maccrackenae (p.54) THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA 31

Fourth Stage Larvae of Ciiliseta 6. Vertex with a row of broad appressed scales forming a narrow border back of eyes ...... anips (p.54) 1. Saddle with a conspicuous group of dorsal bris- Vertex without a row of broad appressed scales tles at apex; submedian mesonotal hair (fig. behind eyes ...... reeves~(p.58) 3) strongly developed, with 3 or more branches and about as long as antenna ...... 7. Pale markings of abdominal tergites apical . .8 ...... maccrackenae (p.54) Pale markings of abdominal tergites basal . .10 Saddle without dorsal bristles at apex; submedian mesonotal hair (hair 1) weak, single, 8. Ventral pale stripe of hind femur ending short- considerably shorter than antenna .....2 ly before apex; palpus about 3 times as long as flagellar segment n/ as seen in lateral 2. Upper head hair similar to lower head hair in view ...... aptcalis (p.55) length and number of branches ...... Ventral pale stripe of hind femur complete; ...... impatiens (p.3) palpus about 2 times as long as flagellar Upper head hair shorter than lower and with more segment IV as seen in lateral view .... .9 branches ...... 3 9. Pale scales of vertex ashy white; abdominal 3. Lateral hair of anal segment about as long as or segment V of unengorged dried specimens about longer than saddle; head hair d more strongly 1.3 times as broad as long. . territans (p.61) developed than head hair e and often with 3 or Pale scales of vertex with a yellowish tinge; more branches (fig. 9). ....inornata (p.53) abdominal segment V of unengorged dried spe- Lateral hair of anal segment considerably cimens 1.5 to 1.7 times as broad as long . . shorter than saddle; head hair d about equal ...... bohar ti ( p. 55) in size to hair e and usually double ...... incidens (p.51) 10. Mesonotal integument brownish red; bands on abdominal tergites I1 to V narrow and with indistinct outlines . . erythrothorax (p. 56) Adult Females of Culex Mesonotal integument brown or dark brown, not conspicuously reddish; abdominal tergites I1 1. Tarsi with pale bands ...... 2 to V with rather broad and definite bands .. Tarsi unbanded ...... 5 ...... 11 2. Proboscis completely encircled by a white band 11. Bands of abdominal tergites I11 and IV con- near the middle ...... 3 nected with lateral spots; mesonotal integu- Proboscis dark above ...... 4 ment usually reddish brown . .prpiens (p.56) hdsof abdominal tergites not connected with 3. Outer surfaces of femora and tibiae with white lateral spots; mesonotal integument usually scales arranged in a narrow line or in a row dark brown ..... quinquefasciatus (p.57) of spots; venter of abdominal segments with an inverted black V; mesonotum typically with a line of white scales around front margin back Males of Culex Based on Genitalia to angle above spiracle, in supra-alar area, and on either side of prescutellar area ... 1. Paraproct (10th sternite) crowned with a single ...... tarsalis (p.59) row of teeth of which the outer are peg-like, Cuter surfaces of femora and tibiae without blunt...... 2 white lines or rows of spots, venter of abdom- Paraproct crowned with a clump of many bristles inal segments with median black spots; meson- ...... 6 otum without definite white lines ...... stigma tosoma ( p. 58) 2. Subapical lobe of basistyle deeply divided, bearing several hooked rods and a broad leaf; 4. Proboscis with a definite median pale area be- dististyle tipped with a curved horn and neath; tarsal bands distinct and whitish . . crested with a clump of fine bristles ...... thrimbus (p.61) ...... ,anips (p.54) Proboscis without a definite median pale area Subapical lobe of basistyle not divided, not beneath; tarsal bands rather indistinct and bearing a leaf, dististyle not crested ...3 with a brownish-yellow tint. . restuans (p.58) 3. Mesosome lobes not bridged, broad and toothed 5. Abdominal segments I1 to IV all dark as seen apically (fig. 38)...... apicalis (p.55) from above...... 6 Mesosome lobes connected by a sclerotized Abdominal segments I1 to IV with bands or la- bridge ...... 4 teral spots as seen from above ...... 7 32 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

4. Mesosome lobes broad apically but without teeth 11. Median process of ntesosome with 7 to 12 short (fig. 36); dististyle strongly narrwed on and stout teeth; external process large, apical one third...... reevesi (p.58) very stout in basal three fourths; basal Mesosome lobes toothed apically; distis tyle process well developed thumb-like (fig. 46) narrowing rather gradually toward apex. ..5 ...... erythrothorat: (p.56) Median process of mesosome with a single 5. Mesosome lobes strongly narrowed and heavily tooth surpassed by stout external process; sclerotized apically, bridge stout (fig. 39) ; basal process weakly developed (fig. 42) . dististyle membrane not divided into lobes ...... restuans (p.58) toward apex...... boharti (p.55) Mesosome lobes broad and not unusually sclerotized apically, bridge narrow (fig. 37) ; dis- Fourth Larval Stage of Culex tist le membrane divided into lobes toward apexYO ...... territans (p.61) 1. Siphon hairs mostly single ...... 2 Siphon hairs double or multiple ...... 3 6. Paraproct with basal arm at most weakly developed...... 7 2. Antennal tuft inserted at apical one third of Paraproct with a well developed curving basal shaft; lateral abdaninal hairs of segments am...... 8 111 and IV double (fig. 31). thriambus (p. 61) Antennal tuft inserted slightly before middle 7. Median process of mesosome stout toward apex of shaft; lateral abdominal hairs of seg- and usually blunt or slanted apically, ven- ments I11 and IV single ...restums (p.58) tral cornu proportionately smaller than in quinquefasciatus (fig. 41). . .pipiens (p.56) 3. Lower head hair with 3 or more branches, upper hkdian process of mesosome slender toward apex, with 4 or more branches ...... 4 pointed, straight or curved near tip; ventral Lower head hair single or double, upper single cornu very large (fig. 40) ...... totriple...... 7 ...... quinquefasciatus (p.57) 4. Siphon with ventral tufts only (fig. 32) ... 8. Median process of mesosme with several stout ...... tarsalis (p.59) teeth bordered by a group of close-set Siphon with subapical tuft lateral or sub- slender ones on inner side of ventral cornu lateral ...... 5 ...... 9 Median process of mesosome not separated from 5. Dorsal microsetae toward apex of saddle conspi- ventral cornu by a group of close-set slender cuously enlarged as compared with those at teeth ...... 10 dorsal middle; lateral hairs of abdominal segments I11 and N usually triple (fig. 33) 9. Subapical lobe of basistyle (starting basally) ...... stzgnratosoma (p.58) with 3 rods (basal one pointed), a short and Dorsal microsetae toward apex of saddle about slender hooked spine, a leaf, and a long as large as those at middle; lateral hairs of slender spine (figs. 44, 48) ...... abdaninal segments 111 and IV usually double ...... stigmtosowa (p.58) ...... 6 Subapical lobe of basistyle with 3 rods (basal one blunt), no hooked spine, a leaf, and a 6. Siphon tube 6 to 7 times as long as its basal slender spine (figs. 45, 49)...... diameter and bearing 5 or 6 pairs of tufts ...... thriainbus (p.61) (fig. 30) ...... erythrothorm (p.'56) Siphon tube a little more than 4 (pipiens) to 10. Median process with about 5 teeth, one of a little less than 4 (quinquefasciatus) times which is very lmg and slender, matching as long as its basal diameter and bearing 4 long external process; subapical lobe of pairs of tufts ...... pipiens (p.56) basistyle with 3 rods (basal 2 stout), a quinquefasciatus (p.57) spine (slightly hooked), a narrow leaf, and a slender bristle (figs. 43, 47)...... 7. Siphon with 2 dorsal tufts; lateral hair of ...... tarsalis (p.59) anal segment small and with more than 4 Median process without several teeth of which branches; upper head hair short and double, one is long and matches external process; lower long and single ...... anips (p.54) subapical lobe of basistyle with 3 rods, Siphon without dorsal tufts; lateral hair of slender and hooked club, broad leaf, and anal segment with fewer than 5 branches . . 8 bristle ...... 11 8. Siphon tube 7 to 9 times as long as its basal "Sometimes these lobes can be seen only with diameter which is about 2 times the apical careful focusing and light adjustment. diameter; upper head hair double or triple, THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA 33

lower double or rarely single; siphon tufts V;" spicules near dorsal apex of saddle relatively short (fig. 35). apicalis (p. 55) relatively slender; upper head hair double Siphon tube slightly to considerably less than or rarely triple (fig. 341...... 7 times its basal diameter which is distinct- ...... bohartt (p.55) ly less than 2 times the apical diameter; Abdaninal segments rather evenly pigmented; siphon tufts often 1/3 to 1/2 as long as spicules near dorsal apex of saddle becoming siphon...... 9 coarse' upper head hair double or rarely singleiz...... territans (p. 61) 9. Lower head hair double, upper triple ...... reeves1 (p.58) "Best seen in living specimens. Lower head hair single, upper usually double . 12Applies to Califanla material ooly. In many ...... 10 other sectlcns of North Amerlca both upper and lower head hairs are predominantly single. 10. Abdominal segment IV much paler than 111 or Discussion of Species

Genus Anopheles Meigen COLUSA CO.: Qlusa, 9, V-20-16 (w. B. flerms, C.I.S.); Macy, $, V-17-16 (W. B. Hems, C.1.S.); 'Ihe complicated relationships of the Cali- Arbuckle, a,V-16-16 (W. B. Hems, C.1.S.); fornia Anopheles have been discussed in detail by Maxwell, 6, V-17-16 (W. €3. Herms, C.I.S.); Berlin, Aitken (19&0a, 1945) and Freeborn (1949). Members 6y, V-17-16 (W. B. Hem, C.I.S. ); Princeton, y, of the so-called " Maculipennis Complex" are here V-22-16 (W. B. Hems, C. T.S. 1 ; Williams, Y, treated as full species for the sake of conveni- V-17-16 (W. l3. Hems, C.I.S. ). ence although it is recognized that they are al- CONTRn COSTA CO.: Clyde, VI-15-19 (C.1.s.). lopatric and might equally well be considered as DEL NORTE CO.: Wonderland Park, 9, VII-19-37 geographical races. (T. Aitken, C.I.S. 1. ELDORAM) 0.: Placerville, d, VII-15-17 Anopheles freeborni Aitken (W. 13. Hems, C.I.S.); Coloma, 9, VII-15-16 (W. 1:. Herms, C.I.S. ). Anopheles mcul ipennis freeborni Aitken, 1939. FRESNO CO.: Fowler, $, VI-10-19 (C.I.s.1; Pan-Pac. Ent. 15: 192. Holotype 6, allotype 9 -Laton, 69, VI-10-19 (C.I.S.); Fresno, 2, IX-16-17 (CAS), Davis, California. (C.I.S.);U, W', MI-25-19 (C.I.S.). GLENN CO.: Artois, d'v, V-18-16 (C.I.S. ); & Discussion: -John, 8#,(C.I.S. 1; Orland, 9, V-20-16 (W. B. ?he western malaria carrier is an adaptation Hems, C.1.S.); Hamilton City, $, V-20-16 (W. B. to a warm, semi-arid climate of alternating rainy Herms, C.I.S. 1; Willows, 3% V-18-16 (W. 13. tlern~s, and dry seasons. Its range is the arid west limi- C.I.S.); m, 9, (W. B. Hems, C.I.S.). ted on the east by the continental divide. It HUMBOLDT CO.: Fortuna, $, VII-19-37 (?: occurs comnonly everywhere in California where Aitken, C.I.S. 1. water is available, except in the cool coastal INYo OD.: bePine, q, \I-3-38 (T. Aitken, belt inhabited by occidentalis and above the digger C.I.S.); Bishop, 2, VI-5-38 (T. Aitken, C.I.S.). pine belt in the Sierra. It breeds in sunlit pools KERN OD.: Bakersfield, 69, VII-27-19 (C.1.S.); where algae or emergent vegetation are present. McKittrick, 9, VI-25-19 (C.I.S. 1. ffoofprints that meet these specifications are suit- KING CO.: HanfOid, d, M-10-19 (C1.s. ); able breeding places. It seldom breeds in water 9, VI-10-19 (C.I.S. );Anima, $, MII-3-39 6.Dmes, contaminated with sewage, and will desert pools C.I.S. 1; Stratford, 3, MI-25-19 (C-I.S.) * that become heavily loaded with organic material. MEa,: Lower Lake, a,MI-29-16 (C.1.S.); Finley, 3, VII-29-48, (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.); Upper The adult with its wings marked with four -Lake, $, VII-29-48, (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. 1; indistinct dark concentrations of scales is easily Middleton, 9, VIII-17-48, (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). separated from any other California anopheline ex- LASSEN CO.: Willow Creek, &?, VI-17-16 ([v. cept A. occidentalis which bears an apical wing E. Herms, C.I.S.); Lassen National Park, $, fringe spot. Its larvae are indistinguishable V-7-39 (J. W. Johnson, C.I.S. ); Johnstonville, $, from A. punctipennis by any constant set of char- VI-17-16 (W. l3. Hems, C.I.S. 1. acters. MADERAa.: hladera, 6, VII-24-19 (W. B. Hems, C.I.S.); Minturn, 9, IX-29-17 (C.I.S.); Emden, d$, California records: IX-29-17 (C.I.S. 1. ALAMEDA CO. : Niles byon, 6, VI-4-17 MARIN CO.: Point Reyes Station, 9, VIII-13-37 (C.I.S. ). (T. Aitken, L1.S.). mEa.: Gridley, 9, V-31-16 (W. 6;. .Hem, MENWCINO Go.: Willets, 6, VII-22-37 (T. C.I.S. 1; Honcut, $, VI-30-16 (W. B. Hems, C.I.S. 1; Aitken, C.I.S. ). w,&#, VI-30-16 (W. U. I-le-, C.I.S. 1; MERCED 0.:Hopeton, VI-7-19 (C.1.s. 1; Durham, d$, V-29-16 (W. B. Herms, C.I.S. 1; w, Merced, 65, HI-23-19 (C.I.S. 1; %elling, $9. 62, V-29-16 (W. El. Hems, C. I.S. 1; Wyandotte, 2, VI-7-19 (C.I.S.); LOS OS, 6, IX-28-17 (C.1.S.); VII-1-16 (W. 8. Hems, C.1.S.); Nelson, Y, V-29-16 Planada. 9, 1-28-40 (R. Rose, C.I.S.); Atwater, a, ). (We 8. Hem, C.I.S.); Enterprise, 9, VI-3-16 IX-28-17 (C. 1:s. (W. B. Hem, C.I.S.); -, 9, V-25-16 (C.I.S.). hfom CO.: Hackamore, 9, VI-13-40 (J. W.

34 THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA 35

Johnson, C.1.S.); Alturas, 62, VI-15-16 (W. B. (C.I.S. 1; Milpitas, 6, VII-18-17 (C.I.S. ); Santa Herms, C.I.S.); Likely, 32, VI-15-16 (W. B. llerms, Clara, d$, VII-3-19 (C.1.S.); Pacheco Creek, 3, C.I.S. ). VI-30-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). MCNO CO.: Coleville, a,V-28-39 (T. Aitken, SANTA CRUZ CO.: Twin Lakes, $, VIII-10-37 C.I.S. 1. (T. Aitken, C.I.S.). MONTEREY CO.: Cannel, 2, VIII-11-37 (1. SHASTA CO. : Hot Creek, 9, V-27-39 (W. C. Aitken, C.I.S.). Reeves, C.I.S.); Palo Cedro, 9, VI-5-16 (W. R. NAPA CO.: Pope Valley, $, VIII-17-48, (w. Herms, C.I.S.); Redding, 62. VI-4-16 (W. B. llerms, W. Wirth, C.I.S. ); Monticello, 9, XII-9-47 (H. M. C.I.S.); Pit River, 9, V-10-50 (R. hl. Bohart, Bohart, U.C.G.). U.C.D. 1. NEVADA CO. : Glenbrook, $, VII-29-16 (C.1.s. 1; SIERRA CO.: Sierraville, y, VI-19-16 (W. B. Grass Valley, 9, VII-7-16 (W. B. Herms, C.I.S.); Hems, C.I.S. ). Truckee, $, VII-?-48, (R. Coleman, C.I.S.). SISKIYOU 0.:Gazelle, $, VIII-25-40 (T. ORANGE CO.: htaAna, $* VII-22-17 (C.1.s.); Aitken, C.I.S. 1; Hornbrook, 5, VI-12-16 (W. E. Peters Cyn., $, V-5-49 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D. 1. Hems, C.I.S.); 6Mile Creek, 8, MI-2-39 (F. G. PLACER 0.:Auburn, 8, MI-7-16 (We B. Herms, Horn, C.I.S.); kreka, 8% VI-10-16 (W. H. flerms, c. I.S. 1. C.I.S.); Grass Lake, qS VI-26-39 ('I..Aitken, PLUMAS CO.: Blairsden, 9, VII-4-16 (w. B. C.I.S. ); Montague, 9, VI-11-16 (W. B. Herms, Herms, C.I.S. 1; Quincy, Y, VII-16-49 (P. D. Hurd, C.1.S.); w, 6% VI-10-16 (W. B. Herms, C.I.S.). C.I.S.); Crescent, dq, 10-30-47 IR. M. Bohart, SOLANO co.: Mare Island, $, V-8-47 (R. M. U.C.D. ). Bohart, U.C.D.); Vacaville, Sq, 111-24-47 (R. M. RIVERSIDE CO. : San Jacinto, d$!, VII-19-19 &hart, U.C.D.); Dixon, Y, IV-23-47 (P. M. &hart, C.I.S.); Sokha Springs, $, VI-2-17 (E. P. Van U.C.D. 1. hzee, C.1.S.); Temecula, 9, V-27-17 (C.I.S. 1. SONOMA CO.: Sebastopol, @, VII-28-16 SACRAMENTD CO.: Live Oak, 8, V-29-16 (3'. B. C.1.S.); Sonma, 6,VIII-2-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). Herms, C.I.S.); GA, 9, VII-18-19 (C.1.S.); STANISLAUS CO. : Ceres, dq, IX-28-17 (C.1.s.) ; Natoma, 9, VI-18-16 (W. B. Herrns, C.I.S. ); Modesto, 6, IX-28-17 (L1.S.); Oakdale, y,

Sacramento, 69, VI-30-16 (W. B. Herms, C.I.S.); VII-16-19 (C. I. S. 1. ~ -A~o, 39, VII-15-17 (C.I.S. 1. SUTTER CO.: Sutter City, 9, V-30-16 (w. R. SAN BENITD CO.: Tres Pinos, 6$,VII-19-17 Hems, C.I.S. 1; Berg, $, V-30-16 (W. R. Hems, C.I.S. 1; Hollister, 6, VII-18-17 (C.I.S. 1; $an c. I. s. 1. -Juan, 6, VII-18-17 (C.I.S. ); Dunnville, 9, TEHAMA CO.: -, 9, VI-18-17 (1'. Aitken, VII-7-40 (T. Aitken, C.I.S. 1; Willow Creek, 2, C.I.S. 1; Los Molinos, d$, V-24-16 (C.I.S. ); VI-30-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. ). Corning, 6$, V-24-16 (C.1.S.); Red Bluff, 9, SAN EERNARDINO CO. : Hedh~~ds,MI-7-19 (C1.S.). V-24-16 (C.1.S.); Tehama, 9, V-24-16 (C.I.S.). SAN DIEGO CO. : Bernardo, 2, VII-27-17 TRINITY CO.: Hayfork, 6, VII-8-16 (W. B. (C.I.S. 1; Guijorne Lake, 6$,V-7-49 (H. M. &hart, Herms, C. I. S. 1. U.C. D. 1. TULARE CO.: Goshen, s, MI-28-19 (C.1.s. ); SAN JOAQUIN CO.: w,9, VII-17-19 (C.1.s.); E. Loma, $, V-30-16 (W. H. Herms, C.I.S. 1; Tracy, 69, VIII-25-17 (C.I.S. ); Stocktan, 6, -1Visalia Sq, MI-25-19 (C.I.S.); Klink, 9, m19-19 (C.1.S.); Ripon, 9, 111-17-41 (W. C. MI-26-19 (C.1.S.); Fketer, 9, VI-11-19 (C.I.S. 1; keves, C.1 .S. 1; Wds Lake d9, VI-22-37 (T. Dinuba, 9, VI-12-19 (C.I.S.). Aitken, C.1.S-1. VENTURA co.: Ventura, S9, VII-21-17 (C1.S. ); SAN LUIS OBISPO CO.: San Luis Obispo, $, hard, $2, VII-3-19 (C.I.S. 1; Camarillo, 6% IX-2-19 (C.I.S.); Santa hlargarita, $, VII-20-17 VII-21-17 (C.I.S.); Lake McGrath, $, VIII-25-48 (C.1.S.); Simmler, 9, VI-25-19 (C.I.S. ); Pismo (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). w, 9, VI-24-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). YOLO CO.: Knights Landing, 8% V-15-16 (W. SAN UTEO co. : Sharp Park, 9, VIII-10-37 B. Hems, C.T.S.); Dunnigan, 6, V-16-16 (W. E. (1. Aitken, C.I.S.). Hem, C1.S.); Woodland, 5, X-18-39 (T. Aitken, SANTA BARBARA 0.:Santa Barbara, 9, C.I.S.); hugh and Ready. c3$, VII-17-19 (C.I.S.); VII-21-17 (C.I.S.); San Antonio Creek, 9, Clarksburg, JS, IX-1-20 (C.I.S. 1; Davis, $9, VI-23-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.); Cuyama River, 9, "-22-46 (R. hl. Bohart, U.C.D.); Putah Canyon, VIII-21-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.); Buellton, 9, 9, VIII-22-46 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D. 1: Capa , 9, VI-23-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.); bmpoc, 6, 111-13-50 (R. Bohart, J. Fowler, U.C.D -+- VIII-24-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. I. WACO.: Marysville, $9, V-29-16 (W.B. Hems, SANTA CLARA CO.: Gilroy, q, VIII-17-17 C.I.S.); Weatland, 9, VI-30-16(W.B.Herms, C.I.S.). 36 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

SAN FRANCISCO CO.: San Francisco, 6$, IX-18-47 (R. M. Rohart, U.C.C. 1. Anopheles occidentalis Dyar and Knab SAN LUIS OBIsPO CO.: San Luis Obispo, d$, IX-2-19; Pismo Beach, &!, VI-24-48 (W. W. Wirth, c. I.S. 1. Anopheles mculipennis var. occidentalis bar and SAN MATE0 03.: Sharp Park, 9, VIII-10-37 Knab, 1906, Proc. Biol. SOC.Wash. 19:159. Type (1. Aitken, C.I.S.). $ (USVM), Stanford University, Santa Clara Co., SANTA BQRBQRA CO.: Lompoc, Q, VIII-24-48 Calif. (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. 1; San Antonio Creek, 6, VI-23-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). Discuss ion : SANTA CLARA CO.: Saratoga, $, VIII-15-17 This is the American species nearest to the (C.I.S. ); Stanford Univ., $, X-16-39 (T. Aitken, European maculipennis. It occurs from Alaska C1.S.); Milpitas, 9, VII-18-17 (C.1.S.); Gilroy, eastward through Canada, dipping into the northern 9, VII-2-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.); San Francisquito tier of states. It extends southward in a narrow Creek, 9, MI-6-17 (C1.S. 1. strip along the Califoniia coast and into Baja SANTA CRUZ CO. : Santa Cruz, 9, VIII-16-17 California. 'Ihe adult is differentiated by a spot (C.1.S. 1; Pajaro River, Watsonville, 6, MII-11-37 in the apical wing fringe that varies from coppery (T. Aitken, C1.S.). bronze through straw yellow to startlingly silvery SONOMA COW: Valley Ford, d$, MI-7-39 (T. white. Otherwise it resembles A. freeborni except Aitken, C1.S.); Petalma, 9, VII-27-16 (W. B. that it is likely to be more robust and have much Hems, C.I.S.); Bodega, 6, VII-9-39 (T. kitken, darker and more pronounced markings. The larvae C.I.S.); Duncan Mills, $, IX-2-48 (W. W. Wirth, cannot be distinguished with certainty from free- c I.S. 1. borni and punctipennis but the singleness of hair VENTURA CO.: Ventura, 9, VII-21-17 (C.I.S.). I' 2" on abdominal segment IV is a fairly constant character Anopheles pseudopunctipennis franciscanus McCracken It breeds in the same sort of situations as does A. freeborni except that it will tolerate Anopheles franciscanus hkCracken, 1904. Ent. News more shade. 15: 12. Types not designated, Stanford University, Santa Clara CO., Calif. : California records : Discuss ion To be consistent with our treatment of occi- HUMBOLT CO. : katrice, 9, VIII-6-16 (C.1.s. 1; dentalis and freeborni this subspecies should be Eureka, Sq, VII-21-37 ('I.Aitken, C.I.S.); treated as a separate species. However there are Fernbridge, 62, VIII-13-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.); so many variants of pseudopunctipennis which range Mad Kiver Beach, 6$,VIII-12-48 (W. W. Wirth, from the southern Nearctic far into the southern C.I.S.). Neotropical Region that it was thought best to re- MARIN CO.: Ignacio, 6$,VII-27-16 (W. B. tain the trinomial to preserve the re1 ationships Hems, C.I.S.); Point Reyes Station, $, VII-9-39 until more work had been done on this complex. T. Aitken, C.I.S.). MENDOCIN0 CO. : Garcia fiver, 9, HI-30-48 It ranges throughout the southwestern states (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). west of the 100th Meridian. It occurs throughout MONTEREY CO.: Castroville, 6$,VIII-11-37 California except at the higher snow-covered ele- (T. Aitken. C.I.S.).. Camel River, 6, VIII-11-37 vations. Its favorite breeding locatian is a fT. Aitlten, C.I.S.); Nlonterey, J$, X-22-37 (T. shallow pool at the edge of a receding stream which Aitken, C.I.S.); Salinas, 9, VIII-16-17 (C.1.S.); includes abundant growth of green algae in the Prewitt Creek, 9, IX-25-38 (T. Aitken, C.1.S.). fullest sunlight. It has been recorded from arti- ORANGE GO.: Laguna Beach, $, IY-2-48 (J. G, ficial containers, from brackish water and from Shanafelt, O.C.D.); San Juan Capistrano, S, other unexpected places but never fran water sur- JV-1-48 (J. G. Shanafelt, O.C.D.). faces that were not bathed in sunlight. SAN BENI?o GO.: Sari Juan, JS, MI-18-17 (C.I.S.1; bville, 9, ViI-7-40 (T. Aitken, It shares the pale wing markings with A. ptuactipennis C.I.S. 1; Ausaymas School, 6, VI-27-40 (S. hes, but its white-banded palpi separate it fmn the latter. C.I.S. 1. The larvae can be separated fran all other California THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA 37

anophelines by the bare outer clypeal hairs. Males - (C.I.S.); Coulterville, S$., VII-4-38 (T. Aitken, are readily separated from the other species except C.1.S.); €&&, a, VII-4-38 ('I.Aitken, C.1.S.); A. punctipennis by the pale wing markings. From Mariposa, 69, VI-6- 19 (C. I. S. ) . the latter species it differs in having pale spots MENDOCIN0 CO. : Hopland, S$, VII-28-16 in the posterior fringe of the wing. (C.1.S.); knes River Flat, 6% VII-22-37 (1. Aitken, C.I.S.); Ukiah, 6Y, VIII-3-16 (W. B. Herms, C.I.S.); Willits, Y, VIII-3-16 (W. B. California records: Hems, C.I.S.); Garcia River, 6, VII-30-48, (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.); Navarro River, 6, VII-1949 AlAMEDA CO.: Sunol, 9, XI-11-38 (T. Aitken, (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.); Yorkville, 6, MI-19-49 C.I.S.); el,6, IV-5-39' (T. Aitken, C-1.S.); (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D. 1. -Niles, 9, MI-18-17 (C.I.S. ); Pleasanton, 2, MERCED CO.: Merced Falls, 2, VT-7-19(C.I.S.); VII-31-19 (C.I.S. 1. Hopeton, $, VI-7-19 (C1.S.); Merced, d?, VII-24-19 (W. ALPINE CO.: Lake Alpine, $, M-11-38 (T. 5 Hems, CI.S.);Los Banos, d'$, VIII-17-17 (C.T.S.). Aitken, C.I.S.). MCNTEREY CO. : King City, 8, VII-19-11 AMADCR CO.: Volcano, 6, VIII-12-39 (T. (C.I.S.); Little Sur River, 69, IX-19-37 (T. Aitken, C.I.S,); Drytown, 69, VII-16-16 (W. B. Aitken, C.I.S. 1; Monterey, 6$,VIII-12-39 (M. Hem, C.I.S.). Cazier, C.I.S.); Aromas, 6, VIII-15-37 (T. Aitken, Bum Co.: Oroville, 68, VI-30-16 (W. B. C.I.S.); Camel, 9, VII-7-38 (T. Aitken, C.I.S.); Hems, C.I.S. 1. Camel River 6, VIII-11-37 (T. Aitken, C.I.S. 1; CAMERAS CO.: Angels Camp, !?,VIII-7-37 Salinas, 6, VIII-16-17 (C.I.S.). (T. Ai tken, C. I.S. ) ; San Andreas, 39, VII-18-16 NAPA CO.: %, 69. VIII-2-16 (w. E$. Herms, (W. B. Hems, C.I.S.). C.I.S.); Pope Valley, d, VIII-17-48 (W. W. Wirth, COUISA CO.: NaSy, 9, V-17-16 (W. B. Hems, C.1.S.); ann Lake, 9, IX-14-46 (R. M. Bohart, C.I.S. 1; Williams, d?, V-14-49 (R. M. Wart, U.C.D.); Monticello, e,X-8-47 (R. hl. &hart, U.C.D. 1. U.C.D. 1; htah Cyn., 0,M-14-46 (R. M. bhart, CON'IRA COSTA 00.: St. Mary's College, 6, U.C.D. 1. VII-14-37 (1. Aitken, D. E. Howell, C.I.S. ). NEVADA CO. : Glenbrook, c?, MI-29-16 DEL NCRTE CO.: Wonderland Park, 6, VII-19-37 (C.1.S.); Grass Valley, 6, VII-7-16 (W. B. Herms, (T. Aitken, C.I.S.). C.I.S. 1. FRESNO CO.: Academy, 9, VII-24-19 (W. B. ORANGE CO.: Santa ha, 9, VII-22-17 Hems, C.I.S.); Centerville, 9, VII-24-19 (W. 8. (C.I.S.); San Juan Capistrano, e,VII-22-17 Hems, C.I.S.). (C.I.S. ). GLENN CO.: Willows, 69, V-18-16 (W. B. Hems, PLACER a.: Coon Creek, 6, VII-3-39 (T. C.1.S.); Artois, dq, V-18-16 (C.I.S.); Orland, 9, Aitken, C.I.S. ); Loanis, 6, VI-8-39 (T. Aitken, (C.I.S. ). C.I.S.); Auburn, 32, VII-7-16 (W. B. Henns, HUMBOLDT CO. : Stone, $!, VIII-1-16 (C.1.s. 1; c. I.S. 1. Fernbridge, 9, VII-21-37 (T. Aitken, C.1.S.). RIVERSIDE CO. : Elsinore, 6, MI-27 -17 ' INYO CO.: Little Lake, 9, VI-1-38 (T. Aitken, (C.1.S.); San Jacinto, e,VII-9-19 (C.1.S.); C.I.S.). Hiverside, 89, 11-17-40 (W. C. Reeves, C.I.S.); KERN CO.: Bakersfield, 8, 1-22-44 (W. C. Temecula, d?, 5-27-17 (C.I.S. 1. Reeves, C.I.S.); Walker Pass, 89, VI-6-38 (T. SACRAMENTO CO.: &, e,VII-15-17 Aitken, C.I.S.); McKittrick, 2, VI-20-19 (C.I.S.). (C.I.S. 1; H,&$, MI-15-17 (C.I.S.); Sacramento, KINGS a.: Hanford, a,VTI-25-19 (C.I.S.). 6, VI-28-16 (W. B. Hem, C.I.S.); Natoma, d, LAKE CO.: Middletown, b, VIII-17-48, (W. W. VI-20-16 (W. B. Hems, C. I.S. 1. Wirth, C.I.S.); Finley, 9, VII-29-48 (C.I.S.); SAN BENITO CQ.: San Juan, d$, VII-18-17 Upper Lake, 8, VII-29-48 (C. I.S. 1. (C.I.S. 1; €follister, S, VII-18-17 (C1-S.); Ts Laj ANGELES CO.: Glendora, $, VII-28-17 -Pinos, e,VII-18-17 (C.1.S.); Ausaymas School, (C.I.S. 1; Los Angeles Terminal, 6, IX-29-17 2, VII-27-40 (S. Darmes, C.I.S. 1; Pinnacles, S., tc.1.s. ). i?I-19-17 (C.I.S. ); Willow Creek, 9, VI-30-48 MADERA CO.: Minturn, $, IX-29-17 (C.1.s.); (W. W. Wirth, C. I.S. ). Borden, dq, IX-29-17 (C.I.S.). SAN BERNARDINO CO.: Ontario, 9, VII-28-17 WIN CO.: San Rafael, &$?, VII-27-16 (W. B. (C.I.S.); San Bernardino, a,VII-8-19 tC.1.S.); Herms, C.I.S.); Ignacio, q, VII-27-16 (W. B. Hems, Redlands, E#, VII-7-19 (C.I.S.). C.I.S. ). SAN DIEGO CO.: brret, a, VI-10-17 MARIWGA CO. : Hornitos, 89, VI-17-19 (C.I.S.); Lemon Grove, 2, VI-10-17 (C.1.S.); 38 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Nestor, 2, VI-9-17 (C.1.S.); Jbsall, $, VII-27-17 VI-12-19 (C.I.S. 1; Woodlake, 69, VII-26-19 (C1.S.); Fscondido, J', VII-27-17 (C.1.S.); bcinitas, $, (C.1.S.); Lem Cove, 9, VII-26-19 (C.I.S.); MI-23-17 (CT.S.1; San Diego htryClub, a, MI-24-17 Klink, 6, VII-26-19 (C.I.S.); Springville, e, (C1.S. 1; Sen Ilkgo Mission, 69, MI-24-17 (CIS. 1; VII-26-19 (C.I.S. 1 ; Farmersville, &, V-11-39 Balboa Park, 3, MI-25-17 (C.1.S.); Bemardo, Sy, (T. Aitken, (C.1.S.). VII-27-17 (C1.S.); kblrphy Cv., 9, V-8-49 (R. M. 'IUOLW CO.: LP'S Dan, S, VIII-7-37 (T. Aitka, &hart, U.C.D.). C1.S.); Sanora, $!,MI-9-16 (W. B Hem, CIS.); Tuolme, e,VII-18-16 (W. Ei Hem, C.I.S. 1. VENTLRA CO. : Ventura, 69,VII-3-19 (C.I.S. 1; -Oxnard, 9, VII-3-19 (C.I.S.);Santa Paula, 8, SAN LUIS OBISPO CO. : Santa Margarita, 9, VII-3-19 (C.I.S. 1; Camarillo, 9, VII-21-17 VII-20-17 (C.1.S.); San Luis Obispo, 67, (C.1.S.); Wheelers Springs, 9, VI-16-48 (W. W. VII-20-17 (C.I.S. ); Simnler, S, VI-25-19 (C1.S. 1; Wirth, C.I.S.). Atascadero, cf, VII-2-19 (C.1.S.); Pismo Beach, 9, Yao C0.t Winters, 6, VIII-1-16 (C.I.S. 1; VI-24-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). Ilella, S, Mi-6-37 (T. Aitken, C.1.S.); Woodland, SAN MATE0 CO.: Colma, 7, VII-15-16 (W. 6,X-18-39 (T. Aitken, C.I.S.); Putah CY.., a, B. Herms, C.I.S.). IX-10-48 (R. M. Ebhart, U.C.D. 1. SANTA BARBARA CO.: Las Cruces, 39, WBA CO.: Wheatland, 68, VI-30-16 (W. B. VII-21-17 (C.I.S. 1; Santa Barbara, 69, VII-21-17 Hems, C.I.S.); Marysville, ?, X-15-43 (N. (C.1.S.); Goleta, S, VII-2-19 (C.1.S.); Hardman, C. I. S. 1. Carpinteria, d?, VII-21-17 (C.I.S. 1; hellton, 6, VI-23-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.); Lmpoc, 9, WII-24-48 (C.I.S.). Anopheles ptcnctipennis (Say) SANTA CLARA CO.: Milpitas, 9, VII-18-17 (C.1.S.); Coyote, 6% X-22-37 (T. Aitken, C.I.S.); Culex punctipennis Say, 1823. Jour. Acad. Nat. Mayfield, d9, aII-11-17 (C.I.S. ); Gilroy, 9, Sci. Phila. 3:9. Types not designated, eastern VI11 -17 -17 (C. I. S. 1. United States. SANTA CRUZ CO.: Watsonville, 6, VIII-11-37 ('I.Aitken, C.I.S.). Discuss ion: SHASTA CO.: Redding, 69, VI-19-37 (T. Although this species has been recorded Aitken, C.1.S.); Millville, 62, M-5-16 (W. B. from every state in the Union except Nevada, Hems, C.I.S.); Cottonwood, 9, V-7-16 (W. B. Arizona, and Utah, its distribution in Cali- Hems, C. I.S. 1. fornia is somewhat limited. It is not adapted SISKIYOU CO.: Lower Lake, 9, VII-29-16 to semi-arid conditions. It has not been taken (C.1.S.); Little Shasta, 6, VII-24-40 (T. Aitken, south of the Tehachapi Mountains and is restric- C.1.S.); Gazelle, 68, VII-25-40 (T. Aitken, ted to the central valley and the north coast. C.I.S.); Yreka, 9, VII-22-48 (W. W. Wirth. C.I.S.) SOLAN0 CO.: Wyandotte, d$, VII-1-16 (W. B. It primarily chooses cool, shaded, woodland Hems, C.I.S.). creek pools although it is not averse to sunlight S~OMACO.: Healdsburg, 6, VII-28-16 if the water is deep enough to be cool. It is (C.1.S.); Bodega State Park, 6, VIII-14-37 (T. often found in pools that are favorable to the Aitken, C.I.S.); Santa Rosa, 6$, VIII-2-16 (W. EL growth of Lema but is not so dependent on algae Hem, C.I.S. 1; Petaluma, 9, VII-27-16 (W. B. and grosser emergent vegetation as the other ano- Hems, C.I.S. 1; Geyserville, 9, VII-28-48 (W. W. phelines. It bites readily out-of-doors but is Wirth, C.I.S. 1. seldom taken in houses. STANISIAUs a.: Modesto, ~3% MI-25-17 (C.I.S. 1; La Grange, 63, M-29-17 (C.I.S. ). Orange or yellow markings on the wings in SUTTER CO.: Robbins, 6, VII-3-39 (T. addition to solid black palpi separate the adults, Aitken, C.I.S. 1. but there is no stable character to separate its TEHAMA CO.: Corning, $, V-23-16 (C.I.S.). larvae from those of freeborni. TRINITY CO.: Hayfork, 9, VII-8-16 (W. B. Hem, C.I.S. 1; Weaverville, 6, VII-8-16 (W. E. California records: Hems, C.I.S.). ALAMEDA CO.: &. 2, X-25-38 (T. Aitken, "ARE CO.: Tulare, e,MI-27-19 (C.1.S.); C.I.S.); Pleasanton, 6, 1-1-39 (T. Aitken, Terra Bella, J?, Vi-11-19 (C.I.S. ); Visalia, 8, C.I.S. 1; Niles, 9, MI-18-17 (C.I.S. 1. BuTIE CO.: Oroville, $, VII-3-16 (W. B. THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNlA 39

Hems, C.I.S. 1; Chico, d9, V-25-16 (C.I.S. 1. SAN JOQQUIN CU.: Stockton, 62. VI-22-37 (T. CAtiiV~fi~sa. : San and re as,^ 6, VII-15-16 Aitken, C.I.S.1; Woodbridge, 9, VII-18-19 (C.I.S. ). W. B. Hems, C.I.S.). SAN ME0 CO.: San Francisco, 15 mi. S., &!, CONTRA COSTA CO.: Walnut Creek, 3, V-24-38 X-2-42 (T. Aarons, P. Galindo, C.I.S. 1; Stanford (T. Aitken, C.I.S.). &, 8, XI-29-39 (T. Aitken, C.I.S.). DEL NDRTE CO.: Crescent City, 9, VII-20-37 SANTA CLARA 00.: Mayfield, a,VIII-11-17 (T. Aitken, C.I.S. 1. (C-1.S.); LOS &toss e,MI-15-17 (C.1.S.); @ EUIORADO CO.: Placerville, e,HI-15-16 Creek, 68, VII-7-43 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.); Gilroy, (W. B. Hems, C.I.S. 1; Diamond Sprinns, 9, 9, VII-2-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.1; San Prancisquito VII-16-16 (W. B. Hems, C.I.S.). Creek, 32, V-28-37 ('I. Aitken, C.I.S. ). FRESNO CO.: Sanger, 9, VII-24-19 (W. B. SANTA CRUZ CO.: Santa hz, 6, VIII-16-17 Herms, C.I.S.); Centerville, 9, VII-24-19 (W. B. (C. I.S. 1. Hems, C. I. S. ) . SHASTA CO.: Palo Cedro, 8, VI-15-16 (W. B. Humm CO.: Lane's Redwood, 2, VII-21-37 Herms, C.I.S. 1; Redding, 9, VI-3-16 (W. B. Hems, T. Aitken, C.I.S.); Ferndale, 9, VII-21-37 ('I. C.1.S.); Millville, 2, VI-5-16 (W. B. Hems, Aitken, C.I.S.); Van hzen fiver, $8, VIII-11-48 C.I.S. 1; Cottonwood, 8, V-7-16 (W. B. Hems, (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.); Fortuna, 9, VIII-11-48 C.I.S.); Castle Crags, 8, VI-24-21 (W. B. Hems, (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). C1.S.); Bumey, 8, V-23-49 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.0.). INYO m.: Lone Pine, 9, VI-1-38 (T. Aitken, SISKIYOU a.:Hornbrook, 9, VI-12-16 (W. B. C.I.S. 1. Herms, C.I.S.). KERN CO.: Kernville, 8, 111-15-41 (T. Aitken, SOLANO CO.: Vacaville, 9, V-10-16 (W. B. c. I .s. 1. Hens, C.1.S.); Wyandotte, 9, VII-1-16 (W. B. KIN= CD.: Hanford, 9, VI-10-19 (C.I.S.); Hems, C.I.S.); Green Valley, e,VIII-29-46 (R. Lemoore, 8, -1-19-47 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. 1. M. Bohart, H. E. Cott, U.C.D.). LAKE CO.: Upper Lake, 9, V-14-47 (H. M. SONOM co.: Valley Ford, 8, VIII-13-37 (T. Bohart, U.C.D. 1. Aitken, C.I.S.); Geyserville, 8, VII-28-48 (W. W. LASSEN cO.: Pit River, 9, VI-2-39 (W. C. Wirth, C.I.S. 1. Reeves, C. I. S. 1. SUTTER CO.: -Berg, 8, V-30-16 (W. B. Hem, MARIN CO.: Point Reyes Station, a,111-3-38 c. I .s. 1. (T. Aitken, C.I.S.); Ignacio, 0,VII-27-16 (W. B. 'IEHAMA CO.: Red Bluff, 9, V-24-16 (C.I.S.); Hem, C.I.S.); San Rafael, 9, MI-27-16 (W. B. Vine,- 69, VI-10-20 (S. I). Freeborn, C.I.S.); Hems, C.I.S. 1. Coming, 9, V-23-16 (C.1.S.); Los Molinos, 9, V-24-16 (C. I.S. ) MENDOCINO CO.: u,2, VIII-12-16 (W. Be . Hems, C.I.S.); Garcia River, 8, VII-30-48 (W. W. 'IRINITY CO.: Hayfork, fl, VIII-8-16 (W. B. Wirth, C. I.S. 1. Hems, C.I.S. ); Weaverville, d?, VIII-9-49 (R. MERCED CO.: Merced, 9, IX-28-17 (C.1.S.); N. %hart, U.C.D.). Hopeton, 9, VI-17-19 (C.I.S.); Snelling, 8, "LARE CO.: Visalia, G, VI-11-18 (C.1.s.); VI-7-19 (C.I.S. 1. Lemon Cove, 9, V-25-39 (T. Aitken, C.I.S.);Tulare, M(NIEmY CO.: Camel , $, MI-7-38 IT. Aitken, 9, VI-11-19 (C.I.S. ); Exeter, a,VI-11-19 (C.I.S. 1. C.I.S.); Torre Cy., IX-25-38 (T. Aitken, C.I.S. 1. TUOL~CO.: Tuolme, 9, VII-18-16 (W. B. NAPA co.: F(apa, 9, VII1-2-16 (W. B. Hems, Hem, C.I.S. 1; %ora, 9, VIII-19-16 (W. B. Hems, C.1.S"); Aetpa Springs, 6, NI-28-40 (T. Aitken, C.I.S.); Soulsbyville, 8, VII-19-16 (W. B. Hem, C.I.S.); Corm Lake, 38, IX-14-46 (H. M. Bohart, C.I.S. 1. U.C.D.); Monticello, dg, X-8-47 (R. M. Bohart. YOLO Co.: Winters, 9, VIII-1-16 (C.I.S. ), U.C.D. 1. NEVADA CO.: Grass Valley, 8, MI-6-16 (w. B. Hem, C.1.S.); Glenbrook, 9, VII-29-16 . Genus Aedes Meigen (C.I.S.); take Vera, 9, 2500 ft. VI-1-50 (Harvey Magy, B.V.C.). Aedes bicristlrtus E. Thurman and WinkleP PLACER Auburn, Sq, MI-7-16 B. CO.: (W. Aedes bicristatus E. 'Ihurman and Winkler, 1950, Herms. C.I.S. 1; Weimar, 8, V-13-39 Heinke, (E. Proc. Eht. Soc. Wash. 52:237-50. Types (USW), C.I.S.); Colfax, 9, VII-6-16 (W. B. Hems, C.1.S.); holotype not designated, near Kelseyville, Lake Newcastle, 9, MI-7-17 (C.I.S. 1. Co., Calif. PLUMAS cO.: Quincy, 9, VI-15-40 (M. Cazier, T. Aitken, C.I.S.). 1hisnam.firat appeared in the ~'~Vquito~uzz". SACFIANIENlO CO.: 8, VII-15-17 (C.1.s.); a mimeographed, jobt new sheet of the Califarnla Mos- e, quito Control Association and the California State Bu- -Galt, 9, VII-15-17 (C.I.S. ). reau of Vector Control (Anonymous. 1950). 40 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Discuss ion : "he larvae are the only mountain Aedes that have detached pecten teeth distad of the hair tuft. ?his is the first new species of California Aedes to be described from California since the California records : days of H. G. Dyar. In all probability it is en- ALPINE CO.: Carson Pass, 39, VI-10-47 (R. demic but has been overlooked because of its lo- M. Wart, U.C.D.); Faith Valley, d'$, V-28-49 calized distribution in the coast range and the (L. W. Isaak, U.C.D.); Hope Valley, 9, VI-1-47 early season breeding habits of the larvae. 'Ihe (R. Bohart, U.C.D.); Luther Pass, 7,500 ft., latter were first found by Eric Winkler in Lake M. larvae, V-28-49 (L. W. Isaak, U.C.D.). County in flooded meadows. Somewhat rubbed fe- EtDCRAW CO.: hfeyers, 9, V-27-39, (P. c. males of what appear to be the same species have Ting, M. A. Cazier, J. A. Domes, T. Aitken, been taken biting near Glen Ellen, Sonma Co., C.I.S.); Lake Tahoe, 9, V-21-48 (R. M. Ebhart, March 10, 1937 (N. W. Frazier); Petrified Forest, U.C.D.); Little Truckee River, 6, VI-1-47 (R. M. Sonma Go., March 16, 1947 (H. M. Wart); and %hart, U.C.D. ). Filoli Estate (Woodside), San Mateo May 5, Gt., MARIpOGA 00.: Yosemite, 9, VIf-24-36 (W. B. 1950 (R. 'Ihomas, J. Haskins of 3-cities M.A.D.). Herms, C. I.S. 1. A doubt as to the identification of these speci- MONO a.: bora Pass, larvae, VI-10-47 will remain until lartae are collected in mens (R. hl. Bohart, U.C.D.). the same localities. SHASTA 0.:Hall Flat, Lassen Natl. Park, 8, V-7-39 (J. W. Johnson, C.I.S. ). The species belongs to the A. rusticus (Rossi) group of Edwards, which includes several Palearctic species and A. trichurus Dyar of North Aedes cinereus Meigen America. Characteristic of the group are the accessory siphon tufts in the larvae and the pe- Aedes cinereus hkigen, 1818, Syst. Beschr. culiar, stout claspette filament of the male. Zweifl. Ins. 1.:13. Types not designated, Ehrope.

California records: Discussion: LAKE Co.: Lakeport, d$, larvae, IV-1-50 This ubiquitous species is widely distributed (E. Winkler, t3.V.C.). over the northern Palearctic Region. In Califor- nia it has been found from Yosemite northward along the high Sierra where it breeds in all sorts Aedes cataphylla Dyar of small pools either in the shade or in the open, but seems to have a penchant for wooded swamps Aedes cataphylla Dyar, 1916. Ins. Ins. Mens. 4:86. dotted with humnocks of Bryanthus. The adults Type $!,(US#) ,Fallen Leaf Lake, Eldorado CO., seem to prefer walking to flying and have some Calif. difficulty in piercing the human skin. "he males have the short palpi characteristic of the sub- Discus s ion : genus Aedes. ?he adults have tarsi and costa all This species was originally described from a black scaled but with the basal abdaninal pale restricted area on the Sierra crest of California bands expanding at the sides to form a continuous fran Yosemite to Tahoe. Subsequent descriptions lateral line. 'Ihe larvae have the same key char- of other species from northern Canada, Alaska acters as uerans except that the lower head hairs (prodotes) and north and central Europe (rosto- have at least four branches and generally more. chiensis) have been declared synmyinous so its According to Bohart (1950a). the subspecies name range is enormously extended. It is very faculta- hemiteleu Dyar should probably be applied to tive in its breeding spots; grassy swales or Californian specimens of this species, based on temporary pine-needle pools in full sunlight or their generally dark body color. dense shade are utilized. However, it is most often found in open meadows. 'he term I' gray- California records: backs" applied by Dyar describes a ready field ALPINE 0.:Hope Valley, 8, VI-1-47 (R. M. identification, as its brownish aspect seems to wart.~ U.C.D. 1. be dusted with gray on the wings as well as on ELDaRADO Co.: Little Truckee River, 6, the mesonotum. This characteristic separates it VI-1-47 (H. M. bhart, U.C.D.); Fallen Leaf Lake, easily from ventrovittis but may be checked by 3% VI-12-50 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.). the characters given in dichotomy 11 of the key. MARIPOGA CO.: YoSemite, 9, V-?-40 (T. THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA 41

Aitken, C.I.S.). (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.); Echo Lake, 7,200 ft., ?, MaX)OC CO.: Dismal Swamp, d8, VII-15-48 (A. VII-11-50 (J. Fowler, S.Y.A.D.). Coleman, C. I.S. 1. MARIPOSA CO.: Yosemite, 9, VIII-1-36 (W. B. Herms, C.I.S. 1. NEVADA CO.: Soda Springs, larvae, n-11-48 Aedes communis (De Geer) (R. Gleman, U.C.D.). PLACER CO.: higrant Gap, 5,500 ft., $9, Culex conununis Geer, 1776, Mem. Hist. Ins. De IV-29-47 (R. M. bhart, U.C.D. 1; Hampshire Rocks 6:316. Types not designated, Europe. CamE, 6,000 ft., a,N-29-47 (R. M. Bohart, Discussion: U.C.D. 1; Cisco Grove, 5,000 ft., larvae, IV-29-47 (R. M. Wart, U.C.D.). Dyar originally described the California var- PLMS CO.: Wlcks Lake 9, VI-23-49 (P. D. iant of this Holarctic species as tahoensis. Free- Hurd, C.I.S.); Canyon Dam, 5,000 ft., larvae, born reduced tahoensis to the status of a trinomial IV-30-47 (R. M. Wart, U.C.D.); Greenville, 5,000 of comunis and later Dyar placed it in synonomy ft., larvae, V-8-48 (R. M. Wart, U.C.D. ); Gold with communis. It is strictly a snow-pool type, -Lake, 6,500 ft., e,VII-15-49 (R. M. Bohart, breeding at elevations as low as 6,500 feet in Tuo- U.C.D. 1. lumne County and 4,300 feet in Shasta Gmnty. Ihe SHASTA CO.: Hatchet Mt., 4,350 ft., 69, larvae are found in shallow depressions of tanpor- larvae, V-10-50 (R. M. wart, U.C.D.); ary nature as indicated by the bottom covering of Eiler, Q, VII-9-47 (R. L. Usinger, C.I.S.); fallen leaves or pineneedles. It is a shade- Sunmit Lake, 9, VII-2-47 (R. L. Usinger, C.I.S. 1; loving mosquito and a vicious biter in heavily Lassen Park, 9, VII-18-49 (C. I. Smith, C1.S.). shaded areas in the daytime and everywhere at dusk. SIERRA CO.: Gold Lake, 9, VI-16-41) (M. Cazier, T. Aitken, C.I.S.); Sierra City, 9, Previously the females were separated frm VI-16-40 (M. Cazier, T. Aitken, C.I.S.); alpine, hexodontus by having the lateral aspects of the IV-29-47 (R. M. bhart, U.C.D.). mesonotun gray whereas they are yellowish in hexo- e, cO.: Dardanelle, 7,500 ft., dontus. 'Ihis is still useful in typically marked larvae, VI-10-48 (R. M. Wart, U.C.D.); Straw- specimens but the characters such as the supra- -berry, 6,500 ft., @, VI-10-48 (R. M. Bohart). alar bristles and the upright forked vertex scales used in dichotomy 14 of the key are much more reliable. ?he larvae are separated from hexodontus Meigen by having an anal saddle that only partly encir- Aedes dorsalis cles the segment and comb scales in a patch in- Culex dorsalis Meigen, 1830. Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. stead of a row. Ins. 6:242. Type, 8, near Berlin, Germany.

California records : Disc uss ion: ALPINE CO. : Woodfords, 9, VI-20-19 (C.I.S. 1; lhis is a versatile species of Holarctic dis- Carson Pass, 69, VI-10-47 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.); tribution originally described from near Berlin, Ebbetts Pass, q, VII-13-48 (R. M. bhart, Germany. Synonyms have been described from North U.C.D.); Faith Valley, 89, VII-12-48 (R. M. Dakota, New York, and many other spots. A close Ebhart, U.C.D.); Blue Lake, 69, VII-12-48 (R. M. relative of which it, too, may be a synonym, Aedes Mart, U.C.D.); Hope Valley, 9, VI-1-48 (R. M. caspius, ranges from central Asia eastward to the Wart, U.C.D.); Lake Alpine, larvae, VI-12-48 Scandinavian peninsula. In California dorsal is (R. Coleman, U.C.D.). has been reported fmm nearly every county. CAIAVERAS CO.: Camp Wolfboro - N. Fr. Stanislaus R., q, V-29-39 (N. Harhan, C.I.S. 1. It breeds in salt marshes from Monterey north ELDORAM) CO.: Meyers, 9, V-27-39 (P. c. following the appearance of sqtralaiger seasonally Ting, M. A. Gazier, J. A. Dounes, T. Aitken, and is replaced by taeniorhynchus in the salt C.I.S.); Echo Sumnit, 9, MI-14-16 (C1.S.); marshes south of Monterey. Inland it occurs the Lake Tahoe, e,VII-23-48 (R. M. &hart, U.C.D.); length of the state, breeding in open, sunny pools Little Truckee River, 6, VI-1-47 (R. M. Bohart, that are subject to intermittent flooding. It is U.CD.1; Camp Sacramento, 6,800 ft., larvae, particularly a denizen of the cattle ranges which IV-17-47 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.); Celio Ranch, it follows almg the east slope of the Sierra to 6,500 ft., larvae, IV-28-50 (R. M. Bohart, elevations over 7.000 feet. U.C.D.); Fallen Leaf Lake, a,larvae, VI-13-50 42 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Aedes nigromaculis, which was first repor- &hart, U.C.D.); blinas, 9, IV-25-47 (R. M. ted from California in 1937, is rapidly replacing Bohart, U.C.D.); Bodega Bay, 6, 1-24-50 (R. M. dorsalis as the prekinent flood-water species in Mart, U.C.D. 1. irrigated pastures and waste-water pools of the WRCED 0.: Merced, Q, 111-10-40 (S. central valley. Dames, C.I.S.); Hatfield Ranch, 2, XI-6-38 (E. Reinke, C.1.S.); Dos Palos, 9, VII-?-48 (E. A. The adults are extremely variable in colora- Smith, Merced A.D.). tion, ranging from dark brown to almost whitish M- cO. : Alturas, 9, VIII-24-40 (T. straw color and the individual striping pattern Aitken, C.1.S.); Middle Leke, Cedarville, 2, appears in several different arrangements. Des- V-24-49 (R. M. Mart, U.C.D. ); Goose Lake, 6, pite this, they can be separated by the fact that V-24-49 (R. M. &hart, U.C.D. 1. the hind tarsi are banded on both ends of the seg- MOVO CO.: Bridgeport, 6,500 ft. , 9, VI-21-19 ments and that the wing scales are bicdored. (C.I.S.); &sa Diablo, 7,500 ft., 6% larvae, V-20-47 (R. M. Mart, U.C.D. ). ?he larvae resemble very closely those of ORANGE CO.: Stanton, 69, 111-19-48 (J. G. sqmiger. However, the fact that the lateral Shanafelt, O.C.D.); Los Alamitos, 6% IV-10-48 hair of the anal segment is shorter than the sad- (J. G. Shanafelt, O.C.D.); Cypress, 9, IV-1-49 dle appears to be a satisfactory differentiation (J. G. Shanafelt, O.C.D. 1; Santa Ana, GI for dorsalis (Bohart, 1948b). VI-26-48 (J. G. Shanafelt, 0,C.D.). PL~ScO.: Quincy, 9, VI-30-49 (P. D. hrd, California records: C.I.S.). AUMEDA CO.: Irvington, 9, VIII-11-38 (T. SAN JWQUIN CO.: Tracy, Q, 111-17-41 (w. c. Aitken, C.I.S. 1; Berkeley, 9, VIII-10-05 (C.I.S. 1; Reeves, C.1.S.); Union Island, ?-, VIII-8-37 (T. Oakland, 9, V-12-17 (C.1.S.); Fmeryville, 9, Aitken, C.I.S. 1. V-12-17 (C.I.S. 1; Albany, 9, 111-16-21 (C.I.S. 1. LUIS OBISPO W.: Morro Bay State Park, BUTIE CO.: Durham, 39, VI-7-39 (T. Aitken, 9, VIII-20-48 (W. Wirth, C.I.S. 1. C.I.S.1; Biggs, Q, V-29-16 (W. B. Hem, C.1-S.); SAN N4TEO CO. : brlingame, 11-27-07 Cridley, 9, VI-7-39 (T. Aitken, C.I.S.). (C.I.S.); Millbrae, 9, 11-28-07 (C.1.S.). COLUSA CO.: Colusa, 6, XI-3-39 (T. Aitken, SANTA CUR4 CO. : Pa10 Alto, 9, V-24-37 C.1.S.); Princeton, 2, V-22-16 (W. B. Hem, (T. Aitken, C.1.S.); Santa Clara, 9, VII-1-09 C.I.S. 1. (C.I.S. 1. CCN'IRA COSTA CO.: Pinole, 89, 111-28-39 (€3. SHASTA CO.: Pit River, a, V-10-50 (R. M. W. &rgess, C.I.S.); Antioch, dy), IV-9-49 (D. J. Wart, U.C.D.); Burney, 6, VI-9-41 (C. D. Gould, L. W. @ate, C.I.S.). Michener, C.I.S. 1; Mdrthur, a,larvae, MI-18-50 ELDORADO CO. : Clarksville, 9, VI-20-46 (W. (H. Magy, R. Bohart, U.C.D.). Middlekauff, C.I.S. f. SISKIYOU CO.: Macdoel , 6, VII-21-48 (W. HUhBOLT CO.: Freshwater, 9, VI-20-39 (T. Wirth, C.I.S.); Tule Lake, 9, VII-18-48 (W. Wirth, Aitken, C.I.S.); Eureka, 9, VII-21-37 (T. Aitken, (C.I.S. 1. C.I.S. 1. SOUNO a.: Mare Island, 9, VII-14-16 (W. B. IMPERIAL CO.: Fort Yma, 9, 11-?-48 (R. Hem, C.I.S. 1; Suisun , 9, VII-14-16 (W. B. Hem, Coleman, C.I.S.). C.I.S.); h,a, VI-27-49 (R. M. Bohart, INYO Co. : Independence, 9, VI-23-19 (C. I.S. ) ; U.C.D. 1; Grizzly Island, $!, V-14-48 (B. Stevens, &shop, e,VI-23-19 (C.I.S.); Owens Valley, 9, U.C.D.); Sears Pt. Rd., SQ, 111-7-50 (E. Mezger, V-11-38 (T. Aitken, C.I.S.); Lone Pine, Q, VI-1-37 Solano A.D. 1. (J. W. Johnson, C.I.S.); Big Pine, 3, V-18-47 (R. SON~CO.: m, 9, VII-27-16 (W. 13. Hems, M. BOhart, C.I.S.). C.I.S.); Petaluma, eggs, larvae, V-24-50 (E. KERN CO.: Bakersfield, a, 111-14-39 (F. L. Mezger, Solano AD.). Hayes, C.1.S.); lhttonwillow, % VI-25-19 (C.I.S.). STANISLAUS CO.: Turlock, e, VII-29-19 KINGS co.: Hanford, d$ VIII-31-49 (R. M. (C.1.S.); Wdale, 9, VII-16-19 (C.I.S.); Denair, Ebhart, U.C.D. ). 9, 111-19-38 (P. Harvey, C.I.S. 1. bi.%M cO.: Susanville, 9, VI-15-16 (W. B. sU~RCo.: &, 9, VI-6-39 (T. Aitken, Hems, C.I.S. ); Amadee, 9, VII-4-47 (R. L. Usinger, C.I.S.). C.I.S.). IEMM CO.: ka, 89, V-24-16 (C.1.S.); MARIN CO.: Come Madera, 3, YII-27-16 (W. 3. -Tehama, 9, (C.1-S.); Red Bluff, 9, V-24-16 Hems, C.I.S.); Black Point, 9, 111-17-48 (R. M. (C.I.S.); IDS Molinos, 89, V-7-39 (T. Aitken, Bohart, U.C.D. ); Mt. Tamalpais, 9, MI-7-48 (R. M. (C.I.S. 1. THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA 43

WLAW cO.: Woodlake, 69, v-25-39 (T. Aitken, as transcontinental ly across Canada to New England. C.I.S.); Goshen, d!?, 7-28-19 (C.I.S. ). The larvae breed under varying conditions but are WNTURA CO. : Hueneme, 9, VIII-25-48 (W. found especially in meadows or tule pools near by. Wirth, C.I.S. 1. In Shasta County the larvae occur in flooded mea- YOU) CO.: Davis, 9, 111-22-40 (W. C. Reeves, dows with increpitus, vexans, and dorsalis. C.I.S. 1. YU~Za.: Marysville, 9, VI-6-39 (T. Aitken, Its adult is easily confused with that of c. I.S. 1. increpitus, which has the same type of basal white bands widening laterally. However, the pale wing scales are very largely confined to the anterior Aedes flavescens (Mueller) portion of the wing in increpitus, whereas, in fitchii although it has a predominance of pale hlueller, 1764. Fauna Ins. Fried., Culex flauescens wing scales on the first five veins, there is an p.87. 4 ?$ cotypes (Hope Collection, Oxford), ample sprinkling of them on the more posterior without data.. veins. The larvae can be distinguished from co- breeders by the long x 11, evenly tapered siphon Discussion : (4 and the long lateral hair of the anal saddle. This species has also been known as lutescens (Fabricius) and fEetcheri (Coquillett). It has a California records: Holarctic distribution and on this continent it Ei.DOW\DO CO.: Little Truckee River, 6,500 ft., has been found in Alaska, Canada, and the United 69, larvae, IV-28-50 (R, M. %hart, U.C.D.); States south to Illinois, Iowa, North Eakota, Wyo- -Lake, 7,200 ft., e,larvae, VII-11-50 (J. Fowler, ming, Utah, and California. 'Ihe adults are easily S.Y.A.D. 1. recognized by their large size and yellowish as- PLUMASco.: Quincy, 9, VII-9-49 (P. D. hrd, pect. 'Ihe larvae breed in meadows and the females c. I.S. 1. bite readily. SHbrSTA CO.: Pit aver, 4,000 ft., 6, larvae, V-10-50 (H. M. bhart, U.C.D.); Glenburn, 9, As far as the authors are aware, the species V-?-38 (E. Reinke, C.I.S. 1. has been taken only once in California by Aitken SIERRA CO.: Yuba Pass, 6,700 ft., 69, (1939a), as recorded below. Several subsequent VI-11-48 (F. E. Ehrenferd, C.I.S. 1; Sierraville, efforts to find it near Glenburn have been fruit- 5,000 ft., e,larvae, IV-29-47 (H. M. &hart, less. U.C.D.); Gold Lake, 9, VII-15-49 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D. ). California : records TEKAMA CO.: V&, 9, V-19-21 (C.1.S.). SHASTA CO. : Warm Springs (near Glenburn) ,, 9, VI-20-37 (T. Aitken, C.I.S.). Aedes increpitus Dyar

Aedes fitchii (Felt and Young) Aedes increpitus bar, 1916. Ins. Ins. Mens. 4:87. Type, 6 (rrsnWr), Fallen Leaf Lake, Eldorado Co., Culex fitchii Felt and Young, 1904. Science (n.s.1 Calif. 20:312. Type, 9, Karner, N. Y. Discussion: ion : Discuss 'Ihis species ranges from the Rocky Mountains This was previously known as palustris or west and as far south as Arizona and southern Cali- fitchii palustris, being separated from fitchii fornia. It is a comn Sierran mosquito in Cali- fitchii by characters of the male genitalia. Ihe fornia at moderate elevations (4,000 to 8,000 feet), Rocky Mountain race, fitchii mimesis, apparently and is the only so-called "snow" Aedes to breed integrates all these varieties and argues against practically at sea level. It also is present in the the use of trinomials. Coast Range and recently has been taken repeatedly throughout the central valleys in overflowed areas. In California it occurs from Tuolume County, where it breeds at elevations of 6,500 to 9,000 It appears to be single- brooded and has much feet, north at gradually laver elevations to Shasta the same larval habits as sticticus but is not so County at 4,000 feet, reaching the lowlands in addicted to shade. The adults have bright white Oregon and extending northward into Alaska as well basal bands on the hind tarsi; the basal white 44 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY abdominal bands widen to lateral spots that appear SANTA CLARA CO.: Stanford biv., a, to be brighter white than the bands; and the pale 111-29-41 (T. Aitken, C. I .S. ). wing scales are confined to the front part of the SANTA CRUZ CO.: Big Trees, Q, V-1-43 wings. Its larvae have an evenly spaced pecten (Sanchez, C.I.S. 1. and the saddle does not encircle the anal segment. WSTA CO. : Hatchet Mt., 29, larvae, V-10-50 When the head hairs are single, as often occurs in (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.); Glenburn, $2, V-?-38 (E. Modoc and Lassen counties, larvae may be confused Reinke, C.I.S. 1; Manzanita Lake, 9, M-4-40 (S. with conmunis, but the relatively long microsetae Lbmes, C.I.S.). at the distal end of the anal saddle will differ- SIERRA CO. : Loyalton, $, VI-19-16 (C.1.s. 1; entiate increpitus. Weber Lake, $2, VI-17-40 (M. Cazier. T. Aitken, C.I.S. 1; Calpine, e,larvae, V-8-48 (R. M. California records: &hart, U.C.D. ); Sierraville, 6, larvae, IV-30-47 ALAMEDA CO.: Alameda, $, 1-25-41 (W. C. (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.). Reeves, C.I.S.); Berkeley, 9, IV-23-49 (D. J. SOLAN0 OD.: Cordelia, 69, larvae, IV-2-49 Gould, C. 1, S. ). (E. Mezger, U.C.D. 1. ALPINE CO.: Hope Valley, 9, VII-18-48 (L. w. SONOMA CO.: Bohemian Grove, 9, V-29-39 (H. @ate, C.I.S. 1. F. Gray, C.I.S.); Petrified Forest, 1,000 ft., J?, COLUSA CO.: Arbuckle, $, V-16-16 (W. B. larvae, IV-4-49 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D. 1. Herms, C.I.S.). STANISLAUS 0.:bnair, 6, 111-19-38 (p. ELDORAM) CO.: Little Truckee River, 6,500 Harvey, C. I. S. 1. ft., e,larvae, IV-28-50 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.). YOLO co.: Knights Landing, 9, V-24-50 (S. F. HUMBOLT CO. : Mad River Beach, 9, VIII-14-48 Bailey and J. Fowler, S.Y.A.D. 1. (W. Wirth, C.I.S.); Arcata, 9, VI-26-48 (R. Coleman, C. I.S. 1. LASSEN CO.: Susanville, 9, VI-6-16 (W. B. Aedes nigromaculis (Ludlow) Hems, C.I.S. 1. LO.S ANGEES CO. : Long Beach, 9, 111-15-39 Grabhmia .nigromacuZis Ludlow, 1907. Geo. Wash. (R. W. Burgess, C.I.S. 1. Univ. h1. 5:85. Cotype ?$ (UeUM), Fort Keogh, MARIPOGA CO.: Yosemite Valley, 9, VI-24-37 Montana; Fort Lincoln, N. D. (T. Aitken, C.I.S.); Mirror Lake, 9, VII-20-36 (W. B. Hems, C.I.S.). Discussion : CO.: Hackamore, v, V-30-38 (D. Fu~man, "his species, which has been known for a long C. I.S. ); Alturas, 4,500 ft., 69, larvae, (R. M. time in the arid sections of the western plains Ebhart, U.C.D. 1. from Manitoba to Texas and the intermountain MONTEREY CO.: Pacific Grove, 69, 11-18-42 country, was first taken in California in 1937 by (R. Peters , C. I.S. 1. Aitken (1939a). By 1940 its spread had been im- NEVADA CO.: Lake Vera, $, 2,500 ft., pressive (Aitken, 1940b) and now occurs over most VI-1-50 (Harvey Magy, B.V.C. ); Nevada City, $2, of the state at the lower elevations. It competes IV-1-43 (R. Potts, C.I.S. ). with fresh-water dorsalis and is rapidly replacing pLAct?f~ CO.: Lake Tahoe, $, -1-12-17 it in open sunlit pools of waste and intermittent (C.1.S.); Ehxters, a,larvae, IV-29-47 (R. M. water. Its competition with dorsalis is aided by Bohart, U.C.D. 1; Cisco Grove, 6, larvae, IV-29-47 the fact that its eggs will hatch from 2 to 6 days (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.); higrant Gap, 6, larvae, after oviposition while those of dorsalis may be IV-29-47 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.). delayed for months. ?his produces a cumulative PLmS CO.: Spring Garden, 9, VI-15-40 (M. seasonal effect that results in overpowering num- Cazier, 1'. Aitken, C.I.S.); Greenville, 6Q, larvae, bers of nigromaculis. Its original home in the V-1-47 (R. M. Ebhart, U.C.D.); Chester, 6, larvae, arid sections of the western plains probably pro- IV-30-41 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.). duced only one or at most two or three broods per SACRAMENTO CO.: Fair Oaks, 9, IV-21-50 (P. year. Introduced into an environment of permanent Gallagher, C.I.S.). pastures and abundant waste irrigation water its SAN LUIS ~ISPOCO.: Black Lake Cyn., 9, biotic potential knows no bounds. VIII-19-48 (W. Wirth, C.I.S.). IltQmocO. : Woodside, $2, VI-11-40 (C. M. "he adults sometimes have an indicatim of a Wheeler, C. I.S. ) . white band on the proboscis. which is less pro- SANTA BARBQRA CO.: hellton, $, VI-23-48 nounced than in taeniorhynchus. However, the lat- (W. Wirth, C.I.S.). ter is a southern saltmarsh breeder with white- THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA 45 tipped palpi while nigromaculis has the palpi en- Wash. 6:168. Type $! (USFWI), Kaslo, B. C. tirely black-scaled. It can Le separated from its co-breeder , dorsa 1 ts, by having white basal tarsal Discussion: bands-those of the latter being yellowish and ?his is a widespread species of the “snow” present on both base and apex of the segment. Its mosquito type occurring in Europe, Alaska, Canada, larvae can be separated from dorsalis ly the de- and in the United States from the Rockies west. tached pecten teeth and fran uexms by its anal In California it is apparently rare and has been saddle which completely rings the segment. known only from ‘Iuolunne Meadows, Tuolumne County, where it was collected by P. T. Johnson, June 27, California records: 1949 (Johnson and Ihuman, 1950) and from the two BUTTE CO.: Chico, 9, IX-25-46 (s. F’. Bailey, localities cited below. U.C.D. ). FRESNO 0.:Fresno, ?, X-6-39 (€3. hrgess, Adult females of pullatus bite freely and the C. I.S. 1; Sanger, 6, IV-25-49 (R. E. Hyckmar~, larvae are found in shaded or open pools of various c. I.S. 1. types. The adults somewhat resemble hexodontus KERN CO. : Greenfield, 9, IV-28-39 (T. but the subspiracular scaling of pullatus is char- Aitken, C.I.S. 1; Bakersfield, $, VII-23-46 acteristic. Ihe larvae are the only mountain Aedes (C.I.S.). with a simple pecten row and many-branched head KINGS CO.: brcoran, 9, VIII-22-47 (w. hairs. Wirth, C.I.S.); Hanford, ?, VII-8-47 (W. Wirth, c. I.S. 1. California records: IASSEN CO.: Nubieber, 4,100 ft., $, larvae, MCNO CO.: E. Sonora Pass, 9,500 ft., 9, lar- V-23-49 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D. 1. vae, VI-10-47 (R. M. Ebhart, U.C.D. 1. MERCED CO.: Das Palos, 9, VIII-5-47 (W. w. WOLUNWECO.: W. Smora Pass, 9,500 ft., a, Wirth, C.1.S.); Snelling:, 9, VIII-5-48 (R. M. larvae, VI-10-47 (R. M. &hart, U.C.D. 1. Bohart, U.C.D. 1. MOCC CO.: Alturas, $, VII-13-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. 1. Aedes hexodontu~Dyar PLACER eo.: Penryn, 9, IV-1-47 (R. M. &hart, U.C.D. 1. Aedes herodontus Dyar, 1916. Ins. Ins. Mens. 4:83. SAN JC#QUIN CO.: Manteca, 9, VIII-3-49 ID. Type 8 (USVM), Fallen Leaf Lake, Eldorado Co., C. Thurman, C. I.S. ). Calif. SAN LUIS OBISPO CO.: Alamos Creek, 9, VIII-21-48 (IV. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). Discussion: SHASTA CO.: Warm Springs, 9, VI-20-37 (T. This mosquito belongs to the punctor Kirby Aitken, C.I.S.); Anderson, 9, VI-19-37 (T. Aitken, complex which has a Holarctic distribution, and C. I.S. ); Cassel, 9, VIII-25-40 (T. Aitken, until the geographical races of punctor have been C.I.S.); McArthur, 69, larvae, VII-18-50 (H. Magy more carefully evaluated it seems best to treat and R. Ebhart, U.C.D.). the Californian representative as a separate spe- SISKIYOU GO. : DOrris, 9, VIII-?-48 (R. cies. At present it appears that herodontus, Coleman, C.I.S. 1. characterized by the diffuse scaling of the female STANISLAUS CO.: Modesto, 9, VIII-10-40 (T. mesonotum and the larval comb of 5 to 7 teeth, Aitken, C.I.S. 1. occurs in the Pacific Coast staces, in Utah, and ‘IEHAMQ CO. : bs Molinos, 9, X-11-39 (s. in Wyoming. Domes, C. I.S. 1. TULARE CO.: Cove, 9, V-11-39 (T. %e larvae breed in all types of small pools Aitken, C.I.S.); Kings River, $, VII-18-40 (S. along the Sierra crest fran Yosemite to Shasta Domnes, C.I.S.); Yetten, 89, larvae, VTII-30-49 County. Unlike many of the black-legged snow mos- (R. M. Ebhart, U.C.D.). quitoes, sane of the eggs hatch as soon as the YOLO CO.: Davis, a,larvae, IV-19-48 (R. snow melts, but there is also a delayed hatching M. Bohart, U.C.D.). and larvae may be found long after the snow has YUBA CO.: Marysville, 9, X-17-39 (T. Aitken, completely disappeared. It flies with conaurnis C.I.S. 1. from which it may be distinguished tentatively by the yellowish aspect of the lateral areas of the Aedes pullatus (Coquillett) mesonotum. Hwever, the distinctive characters of dichotomy 14 of the key should be utilized as Culex pullatus Coquillett, 3.904. Proc. Ent. Soc. 46 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY the coloration factor is often confusing. Its Discussion: larvae are separated from all the other mountain lhis salt-marsh species overlaps with dorsa- Aedes by having the anal segment encircled by lis in the San Francisco Bay area and extends from the saddle. Sonoma County south into Eeja California to over- lap in its southern range with taeniorhynchus California records : while dorsalis extends northward up the coast. ALPINE CO.: Woodfords, 9, VI-26-19 (C.1.s. 1; Carson Pass, 8,600 ft., 89, larvae, VI-10-47 (R. Squamiger is restricted to salt-water breed- M. Bohart, U.C.D. ); Winnemucca Lake, 9,300 ft., ing but adult females migrate long distances in- Q, larvae, VII-14-48 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.); land, particularly along wooded stream Leds. It Ebbetts Pass, 8,800 ft., 3'9, larvae,- VII-13-48 is a vicious daytime biter. (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.); Blue Lake, 8,500 ft-, e,larvae, VII-12-48 (R. \I. Bohart, U.C.D.); It is distinguished from its co-breeders in Hope Valley, 7,000 ft., $, larvae, VI-1-47 (H. M.. the salt marshes by its grayish and black color- Bohart, U.C.D. 1. ing whereas taeniorhynchus is dark brown and dor- AMADOR CO.: Silver Lake, 8,000 ft., $, lar- salis light brown to almost straw colored. In vae, VI-10-47 (R. hl. Bohart, U.C.D.). the coast foothills, migrating females might be ELDORADO CO. : camp Sacramento, 6,700 ft., confused with increpitus but the fact that loth n,larvae, IV-28-50 (€3. hl. Bohart, U.C.D.); dark and pale scales are evenly scattered over Tallac, 9, VI-20-16 (C.I.S.) Little Truckee River, the wings and the individual wing scales are 6,500 ft., $9, larvae, VI-1-47 (R. hi. Bohart, broadly swollen should serve to differentiate U.C.D. 1; Echo Lake, 7,200 ft., J9, pupae, squamiger . VIJ-11-50 (J. Fowler, S.Y.A.D. 1; Luther Pass, 7,000 ft., 6q, larvae, V-21-48 (H. h!. Bohart, Its larvae are separated from taeniorhynchus U.C.D. 1. by having the anal segment only partly encircled !,i,4RIPOGA CO. : Yosemite, $, VIII-3-36 (w. by the saddle and from dorsalis, which they close- B. Herms, C.I.S, 1. ly resemble, by having the lateral hair of the M~Oa.: E. Sonora Pass, 9,500 ft. , @, anal sejgnent as long as or longer than the saddle larvae, VI-10-47 (11. M. bhart, U.C.D.). (Bohart, 1948b). PLACER CO. : Hampshire Rocks Came, 6,700 ft., 89, larvae, IV-29-47 (R. M, Bohart, California records: U.C.D.); Entigrant Gap, 6,000 ft., 6?, larvae, ALAklEDA a.:Oakland, 69, V-23-17 (C.1.S.); IV-29-47 (R. M. %hart, U.C.D.). Alameda, 2, V-23-17 (C.I.S. 1; brkeley, & PLUMAS CO.: hcks Lake, 9, VI-23-49 (P. V-22-17 (C.I.S.); Emeryville, 8, V-22-17 (C.I.S. ); D. Hurd, C.I.S.); Chester, 4,700 ft., B, lar- Albany, ?., IV-22-17 (C.I.S.1; Piedmont, $2, va, IV-30-47 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.); Greenville, V-21-17 (C.I.S.); Fruitvale, 8, V- 24-17 (C.1.S.); 5,000 ft., d-9, larvae, IV-30-47 (R. M. Bohart, Fitchburg, 6, V-14-17 (C.I.S. ) ; Elmhurst, $, U.C.D. 1. V-24-17 (C.I.S.); Castro Valley, ?, IV-3-2 (C.I.S. ). SHASTA OD.: Hatchet Mt., 4,300 ft., e, CONTRA COSTA CO.: Antioch, 9, IV-9-49 (D. larvae, V-10-50 (R. kl. Bohart, U.C.D.); Lassen J. Gould, C.I.S. 1; Jewel Lake, 9, VII-48 (W. W. -8Park 9, VII-18-49 (C. L. Smith, C.I.S.). Wirth, C. I.S. 1. SIERRACO. : Calpine, 5,500 ft., J?, lar- Lo6 ANGEES CO. : Long Beach, 6, 111-13-39 vae, IV-29-47 (€3. M. Bohart, U.C.D.); Yuba Pass, (R. W. hrgess, C.I.S.). 6,000 ft., 9, larvae, V-1-47 (R. M. Bohart, MARIN CO. : Black Point, &$, larvae 111-5-48 U.C.D.); Cold Lake, 7,300 ft., a,larvae, (8. M. Gohart, U.C.D.); Bolinas, 9, larvae. VI-12-50 (R, Bohart, L. Isaak, R. kchtel). IV-25-47 (R. hl. %hart, U.C.D.); Tomales Day, TUOLUMNE CO. : ,%mora Pass, 9,500 ft., dg, larvae, 1-24-50 (R. Bohart, E. Mezger, U.C.D. ); larvae, VI-10-47, (R. M. &hart, U.C.D*). Inverness, 89, larvae, 1-5-50 (P. Jones, J. Walker, T. Aarons, E. Mezger, R. Bohart, U.C.D. 1. MONlEREY CO. : bstroville, 8, VIII-11-37 T. Aitken, C.I.S.). Aedes squamiger (Coquillett) NAPA CO.: Napa, 9, IV-11-37 (N. W. Frazier, c. I.S. 1. Culex squamiger Coquillett, 1902. Proc. U.S. ORANG CO.: Costa Mesa, 9, IV-21-48 (J. G. Nat. Mus. 25:85. 4 $9 cotypes (LR&I), Stan- Shanafelt, O.C.D.); Cypress, 9, V-5-48 (J. G. ford University and San Lorenzo, Calif. Shanafelt, O.C.D.) Los Alamitos, 9, IX-15-49 THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA 47

(J. G. Shanafelt, O.C.D. 1; Seal Beach, 9, ated from uexans by the relatively small anal saddle. VI-29-46 (J. G. Shanafelt, O.C.D.); Sunset Beach, 82, VI-29-46 (J. G, Shanafelt, O.C.D. ); Balsa California records: Chica Lease, $9, IV-25-49 (J. C. Shanafelt, SAN JOAQUIN CO.: Ripon, d, 111-17-41 (1. O.C.D. 1. Aitken, I.C. Heeves, C.I.S.). RIVERSIDE CO.: Riverside, 9, V-6-41 (R. F. YoI,o Co.: Woodland, J$!, larvae, VII-29-48 Peters, C. I.S. 1. (R. M. Ebhart, U.C.D.); Knights Landing, 7, SAN BENI'K) CO.: San Juan hutista, 9 , V-24-50 (S. F. Bailey, J. Fowler, S.Y.A.D.). VI-30-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. ). SAN MATE0 CO.: Burlingame, 9, VI-10-08 (C.I.S. 1; Millbrae, 6, 111-20-08 (C. I.S. 1; Crystal Aedes faeriiorhynchus (Wiedemann) Springs Rd., 9, V-26-37 (T. Aitken, C.I.S. 1. Wiedemann, 1821. Dipt. Exot., SANTA CLARA CO. : Stanford biv., 9, Culex taeniorhynchus 111-29-41 (T. Aitken, C.I.S. ). p. 43. Type 9, Mexico. ~ou\l(roco.: Mare Island, 6,VII-14-16 (W. B. Hems, C.I.S.). Ci scuss ion : ?his is the southern salt marsh mosquito SOYOMA co.: Sonma, 9, 111-28-37 (N. W. Frazier, C.I.S. 1; Petaluma, &?, larvae, IV-7-50 which replaces dorsalis along the coast south of It is a coastal species extending from (R. Bohart, E. Mezger, U.C.D.); Bodega Bay, 69, Monterey. larvae, 1-24-50 (R. Bohart, E. Mezger, U.C.D. 1. Peru to southern California on the Pacific and from the Guianas to Connecticut on the Atlantic. VENTURA CO.: bard, 2, MI-3-19 (C.1.s. 1. It will occasionally breed in fresh water adjacent to salt marshes, but does not invade inland bodies of fresh water as does Aedes sticticus (Meigen) dorsalis. It is the only California with a pro- Culex sticticus Meigen, 1838. Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Aedes Ins. 7:l. Type 9, Europe. nounced white band on its proboscis. Aedes nigromaculis, which sometimes has a concentration of Discuss ion : pale scales midway on its proboscis, can be dif- This mosquito has had a varied taxonomic ferentiated because its palpus is solid black, that of being tipped with white career in the United States. It was known to taeniorhynchus occur in the western states including Oregon as scales. Its larvae are easily separated from its co-breeder, by having the anal segment A. aldrichi for many years but was first taken squamiger, in California in the Sacramento Valley in 1941 completely ringed by the saddle. (Reeves, 1941). At that time it was considered California records: to be synonymous with the European form, later- ORANGE Sunset Beach, d9, V-18-48 (J. alis (Meigen), and was so called for many years. CO.: Later reviewers have revived the opinion of G. Shanafelt, C.I.S.); Seal Beach, 69, VII-19-48 G. Shanafelt, C.1.S.). Edwards that the name lateralis wak prehpted by (J. VENTURA CO.: W. 'keobald for geniculatus and hence sticticus Hueneme, 6% VI-20-48 (W. Wirth, C.I.S.); Lake Mdrath, VII-25-48 (W. should be used. Inasmch as sticticus has a good 9, type which agrees with the mosquito under dis- W. Wirth, C.I.S. 1. cussion it seems to be an opportunity to get rid of lateralis whose type is missing and which has been assigned to so many apparently different Aedes uaripalpus (Coquillett) mosquitoes. Culex uaripalpus Coquillett, 1902. Can. Ent. The species has spread throughout the 34:292. Type y (USVM), Williams, Ariz. Sacramento Valley and as far south in the San Discussion : Joaquin as the Kings River. It shares the breed- This tree-hole mosquito is restricted to ing places of vexam in wooded water courses but the Pacific Gast states, Arizona, and British seem to prefer canparatively large bodies of flood water rather than the small detached pools Columbia. It is becoming more and more important, as residences and subdivisions are being devel- favored by uexans. oped in wooded areas adjacent to our metropolitan It is separated from its co-breeder, vexans, areas. Under crowded breeding conditions the by its all black tarsi. Its larvae may be separ- adults may be so small that they can pass through 48 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

ordinary fly screens, but fortunately they are Shanafelt, O.C.D. 1; Irvine Park, $, IV-24-49 not so addicted to biting in-doors as outside. (J. G. Shanafelt, O.C.D.). Ihe larvae are restricted ordinarily to tree holes PLUMAS co.: Keddie, $, VI-15-40 (M. Cazier, but have been taken in rain barrels that contained T. Aitken, C.I.S. 1; Spring Garden, $2, VI-15-40 a heavy sediment o€ decaying leaves. (M. Cazier, T. Aitken, C.I.S.); (hincy, $4 VI-22-49 (P. D. Hurd, C.I.S.). Adults are easily identified as small, dark RIVERSIDE CO.: Riverside, $2, V-17-40 (w. mosquitoes with brilliant white bands on both C. Reeves, C.I,S.); Two Trees, 9, 11-17-40 (W. . base and apex of the tarsal segments. ?he larvae C. Reeves, C.I.S.). have the largest gills of any California species. SACRAhENTD CO. : Sacramento, 6% IV-12-48 (R. hl. Bohart, U.C.D.). California records: SAN BERNARDINO CO. : Redlands, d, 1-25-41 ALAMEDA CO.: Berkeley, $2, TV-10-34 (T. (W. C. Reeves, C.I.S.). Aitken, C.I.S.); Sunol, $9, V-19-39 (T. Aitken, S4N LUIS C€lISpO CO.: Santa Margarita, 9, C.I.S.) VIII-20-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). AMADOR CO. : Jackson, $2, IV-?-48 (C. I.S. ) . SANTA B9RBQRA CO. : hellton, $2, VIII-24-48 BUlTE CO.: Enterprise, d, VI-3-16 (W. B. (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). Hems, C.I.S.); Oroville, 9, V-7-21 (C.I.S.). SANTA CLARA CO.: San Jose, 6, IV-9-38 (T. CALAVERAS CO.: Camp Wolfboro, $2. VI-20-39 Aitken, C.I.S.); Palo Alto, 69, V-24-37 (T. (C.I.S.). Aitken, C.I.S.); Los Gatos, 9, V-23-37 (I. Aitken, DEL NCRTE CO.: Smith Fiver, $9, VII-20-37 C.I.S. 1; Llagus Cr., $2, VII-7-48 (W. W. Wirth, (T. Aitken, (C.I.S. 1. c. I.S. 1. ElDORADO CO.: Snowline came, 9, VI-21-48 SHASTA CO.: Cottonwood, 9, V-17-16 (W. B. (L. W. @ate, C.I.S.); Camino, $, VI-23-48 (J. Hems, C.I.S.); Redding, 6, VI-15-16 (W. B. Hems, W. MacSwain, C.I.S.); Lake Tahoe, 6,500 ft., $, C.I.S.); Shingletown, e,VI-4-41 (C. D. Michener, VIII-14-48 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.); Echo Lake, C.I.S.). 7,200 ft., $, VII-11-50 (J. Fowler, S.Y.A.D.). SISKIYOU CO.: So. Fork Sacramento River, $2, HUMBOLT CO. : Fort Seward, $, V-31-35 VII-22-48 (R. Coleman, C.I.S. 1. (E. 0. Essig, C. I.S. ); Prairie Creek, 69, SOMO Co.: Benicia, 9, 111-22-40 (W. C. VIII-10-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. 1; Arcata, $2, Reeves, C.1.S .). VI-26-48 (R. Colaan, C.I.S.). Sam CO.: Reclamation, 6, (W. C. Reeves, ERN CO. : Bakersfield, 9, VII-20-4 C.I.S.); Sonma, 9, IX-3-49 (W. W, Wirth, (C.I.S. 1. C.I.S. ); Geyserville, g, VII-28-48 (W. W. Wirth, KINGS CO.: Lemoore, $, VI-10-19 (C.1.S.). C.1.S.); Petaluma, $, If"-2-48 (W. W. Wirth, LOS ANGELES CO. : bs hgeles, $, IX-31-17 c. I.S. 1. (C.I.S. 1; Long Beach, 9, X-6-17 (C.I.S. 1. 'IEHAMA CO.: Tehama, $2, V-24-16 (C.1.S.); WDERA CO.: Bass Lake, 9, V-30-42 (E. G. & $2, V-15-21 (C.1.S.). Linsley, C.I.S. 1. TULARE CO.: Heather Lake, Sequoia Natl. MARIN CO.: San Rafael, $2, VII-27-16 (W. B. Park, 69, VIII-9-47 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. 1; Herms, C. I.S. 1; Mt. Tamalpais, 9, VII-7-48 (R. Camp Nielsen, 67, VII-17-47 (W. W. Wirth, M. &hart, U.C.D.). C.I.S.); Visalia, 6, VI-30-47 (W. W. Wirth, M4RIPCGA CO.: Yosemite, d$2, VI-24-37 (T. C.I.S. ); Lemon COve,,?, V-25-39 (T. Aitken, Aitken, C.1.S.); Miama Ranger Sta., 2, V-27-42 c. I.S. 1. (A. J. Walz, C.I.S.). VENTUAA CO.: Piru byon, $2, 0-17-48 (w. MENDOCIN0 CO. : Willits, 6, IV-8-39 (R. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). Craig, C.1.S.); Hopland, 9, VII-30-48 (W. W. YOLO Co.: Davis, $2, 111-20-40 (W. C. Wirth, C.I.S.). Reeves, C.I.S.); Winslow, 9, V-18-16 (W. I). MERCED CO. : Merced, 6, IV-12-48 (M.C.A.D. 1. Hems, C.I.S.); Letter Box, 6, VII-3-16 (W. B. MWC CO.: Alturas, 9, VII-18-48 (W. W. Hems, C.I.S. 1; Blarney, 9, VI-7-39 (W. C. Wirth, C. I.S. 1. Reeves, C.I.S.); Knights Landing, 2, V-24-50 MCNlEREY CO.: Big Sur, $2, VIII-11-37 (T. (S. F. Bsiley and J. Fowler, S.Y.A.D.); Elkhorn Aitken, C.I.S. 1. Ferry, cQ, IV-7-50 (R. M. Mart, [J.C.D. 1; NEVADA CO.: Lake Vera, $2, 2,500 ft., Winters, 6$,IV-14-49 (J. Fowler, U.C.D. 1; VI-1-50 (Harvey Magy, B.V.C.); Chicago Park, Woodland, $2, IV-49 (J. Fowler, U.C.D. 1. 2,500 ft., 9, VII-26-50 (S. F. Bailey, U.C.D.). ORANGE CO.: Santa Ana, 29, 11-2-49 (J. G. THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA 49

Aedes uentrouittis Dyar VII-4-16 (W. B. Herms, C.I.S.). TUOLUMNE CO.: TiogaPass, y, VI-22-19 (C.1.s.); Aedes ventrouittis Dyar, 1916. Ins. Ins. Mens. Saddlebag Lake, 9, VII-25-48 (H. Coleman, U.C.D. ; 4:84. Type 9 (LEIMI), Fallen Leaf Lake, Eldorado Sonora Pass, 9,500 ft., fl, larvae, VI-22-49 (R. M. Co., Calif. Bohart, U.C.D. 1. Tuolumne Meadows, y, VII-22-36 (W. B. Hems, C.I.S. ). Discussion: 'Ihis is the "little black mosquito" of the Aedes zresans (Meigen) High Sierra. Its range is reported to extend, north into Washington but we have seen specimens Culex uexms Meigen, 1820. Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. from California only. At the latitude of Yosemite Ins. 6:241. Types not designated, Germany. it breeds at elevations of 7,000 to over 10,000 Discussion: feet right up to the permanent snow line. 'Ihe larvae are active in pools with frozen edges and This species occurs throughout the Palearctic, Nearctic, and Oriental regions, and in the northern surrounded by snow banks. Larval development is rapid, considering the surroundings, and the part of Australasia. It is widespread in Calif- adults are all on the wing by the time the adja- ornia, where it is primarily a flood-water species in woodland water courses. However, it is occa- cent snow banks have melted. sionally found in open pasture land in intermittent pools along with and Its The male, originally described by Dyar as nigromaculis dorsalis. habitat is entirely different fran its eastern rep- fisheri, is all black with long hairs replacing resentatives, which breed in great numbers in open the mesonotal scales. The wst characteristic sunny marshes and in rain-filled road ruts. It is feature for field recognition or* the female, other a vicious biter out-of -doors and has been observed than small size, is the metallic plum-colored to maintain directional migrations in overwhelming sheen of the black scales of the dorsal abdomen, numbers. 'Zhe identification can be checked by noting the dark tarsi, the numerous white scales on the an- Its basal tarsal bands, which are sometimes a terior part of the wings and finally the all_black dark bronze color, may be overlooked. This char- palpi which separate it from The lar- cataphylla. acter, however, and the basal abdominal white bands va is the only mwtain Aedes with single head sharply indented in the middle separate the adults hairs and a siphon tuft inserted beyond displaced of this species. ?he larvae occur frequently with pecten teeth. those of sticticus but can be distinguished by the California records: detached pecten teeth. ALPINE CO. : Woodfords, 9, V-20-19 (C.I.S. 1; California records: Winnemucca Lake, 9,200 ft., 89, larvae, VII-14-48 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.); Ebbetts Pass, e, AlAMEDA CO.: Gnterville, 9, VII-24-19 (w. VII-13-48 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.); Blue Lake' B. Herms, C.I.S.). y, VI-18-37 (T. 8,500 ft., a,larvae, MI-12-48 (R. hl. Mart, a.: Durham, Aitken, U.C.D. 1. C.I.S.); Chico, 9, IX-25-46 (S. E'. Bailey, U.C.D.). CcNlRA COGTA. CO. : Walnut Creek, 9, VI-15-19 ELDORADO CO. : Wrights Lake, 9, VII-2-48 (K. W. Tucker, C.I.S. 1; Lake l'ahoe, $, VII-4-48 (H. (C.I.S. ). FRESNO CO.: Fresno, VI-12-19 (C.1.S.); M. Bohart, U.C.D.). 8, Reedley, 9, V-25-39 ('I.Aitken, C:I.S.); Minkler, MARIPOSA CO.: YoSemite, 9, VII-23-36 (W. B. 9, VI-12-19 (C.I.3.). Hems, C.I.S. 1. CO.: calexico, 9, VI-11-17 1C.I.s. ); MONO CO.: E. Sonora Pass, 9,500 ft., 9, lar- IMPERIAL VI-11-17 (C.I.S. vae, VI-10-47 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.). Brawley, 9, 1. KERN CO.: Bakersfield, 9, M-25-19 (C.1.S.); NEVADA CO.: Donner Lake, 8, VI-19-36 (M. A. Embury, C. I.S. 1. bner, 9, VII-27-19 (C.I.S.). KINGS co.: Hanford, 9, VI-10-19 (C.I.S.); PLACER CO. : Sumnit, 9, VI-20-19 (C.I.S. 1- Lemoore, 9. VI-10-19 (C.I.S.). PLuh(As CO.: bcks Leke, 9, VI-23-49 (P. D. IASSEN CO.: Susanville, VI-6-16 (W. E. Flurd, C.I.S.). 9, Hems, C.I.S.); Johstonville, 2, V1-17-16 E. SHASTA CO.: Kings cr. Meadow. 9, VII-2-47 (W. Hems, C.X.S. 1. (H. L. Usinger, C.I.S.). EKED CO.: Livingston, 9, VII-20-48 SIERRA CO.: Weber Lahe, q, V-17-40 (W* (M.C.A.D.); Stevenson, 6, VII-20-48 (M.C.A.D.); Cazier, T. Aitken, C.I.S. ). Gold Lake, 9, 50 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Snelling, 7, u(-17-48 (hg.C.A.L).). Genus Ortkopodomyia Theobald MODK CO. : A1 turas, sq, VTI-18-48 (R. Cole- man, C.I.S. ). Orthopodomyia californica R. Bohart Ma0 CO.: Coleville, 9, VI-21-19 (C.1.s.). Orthopodomyia californica R. Bohart, 1950. Ann. PLUhN\S CO.: @&cy, 8, VII-3-49 (P. D. Hurd, Eht. SOC.her. 43:399, Type 9 (USFBM), Elkhorn C.1 .s. ). Ferry, Yo10 Co., Calif. RIVERSIDE (3.: Coachella, 9, WI-10-50 (EL hhart, L. Isaak, U.C.J). ). Discuss ion: SAN JOAQUIN CO.: Ripon, 3, 111-17-41 (W. c. ?his species has been collected only in Cali- Reeves, 1. Aitken, C.I.S.); ?racy, 9, VII-31-19 fornia, where it has previously been called 0. (C.I.S. ); Woodbridge, 0, VII-18-19 (C.I.S.); signifera (Coquillett). It differs from signifera Stockton, $, VI-22-37 (T. Aitken, C.I.S.). in the adult by having the white ring over tarsal SHASTA CO. : Pit River, $y, larvae, V-10-50 joint I1 to 111 covering equal areas on I1 and 111. (H. R1. %hart, U.C.D.). ?he larva of the California species has a much SOLANO CO.: SUlsUn, $, VII-31-16 (W. B. longer siphon tuft than its eastern allies and the tlernrs, C.I.S.). tuft is inserted closer to the center of the siphon TULAFE CO.: Visalia, 2, VI-12-19 (C.1.s.); tube (fig. 10). Tulare, 9, VI-11-19 (C.1.S.); Eketer, 9, VI-11-19 (C.1.S.); Klink, 6, VI-26-19 (C.I.S. 1. 7he larval habits have been discussed by YOLO ~0.:Knights Landing, $, V-24-50 (S. F. Reeves (1941b) and Jhhart (1950b). Hailey and J. Fowler, S.Y.A.D.); Elkhorn Ferry, d?, larvae, IV-30-48 (R. M: Dohart, U.C.D. 1. ?he larvae are found in tree holes, usually YWcO.: Marysville, 9, X-18-39 (T. Aitken, cottonwood, and frequently in water of high pH. C.I.S. ). Judging by the small number of collections the species is rare. Specimens presumably of this Genus Psorophora Robinson-Desvoidy species but not seen by the authors have been reported from Nice, Lake County (A. W. Lindquist) Psorophora confinnis (Lynch Arribalzaga) and Eknicia, Solano County. ?he females have not been observed feeding. Taeniorhynchus conf innis Lynch Arribalzaga, 1891. Rev. Mus. de la Plata 2:149. Type 9, Chaco in Ca 1if ornia records : Formosa, Argentina. mSNO CO.: Clovis, 2, X-13-50 (A. L. Paden, B.V.C. 1. Discuss ion : CO.: Bakersfield, larvae, V-17-48 (E. ?he species has been reported from South Hill, W. C. Reeves collection). America, Central America, and the United States KINGS CO.: Hanford, 9, VII-8-47 (W. W. Wirth, as far north as Massachusetts, Nebraska, and C.I.S.). Colorado. In California it has been found only in RIVERSIDE CO.: Riverside, 0,IV-3-40 (w. c. the southeastern corner of the state where it is Reeves, C. I.S. 1; Box Springs, 6, VLI-10-41 (W. C. often a severe pest, particularly in alfalfa- Reeves, C.I.S. 1. growing sections: The history of its recorded SAN BERNABDINO CO. : Redlands, e,VI-21-41 occurrence in California is given by Aitken (1940). (W. C. Reeves, C.I.S.). YOLO CO.: Elkhorn Ferry, 62, larvae, IV-7-50 The larvae breed in irrigatim overflow pools (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D. 1. and the adults are attracted to lights. Genus Uranotaenia Lynch Arribalzaga California records: Uranotaenia avrhydor Dyar IMPERIAL CO.: hltville, a,YIII-1-37 (T. Aitken, C.I.S.); El Centro, $2, VII-1-38 (B. Uranotaenia anhydor Dyar, 1907. hoc. U.S. Nat. Schiller, C.I.S.); Fort Yuma, (rs, X-?-48 (R. Mus. 32128. Type, larva (W),Sweetwater Junc- Coleman, C.I.S.). tion, San Diego Co., Calif. RIVERSIDE CO. : Palm Springs, 8, E-4-12 tp. Galindo, C.I.S. 1; Blythe, d'$, VIII-21-47 (J. W. Discuss ion : MacSwain, C.I.S.). No collections of this species have been made by the authors. It seems to be rare and restricted THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA 51

in this state to San Diego County where the lar- Genus Culiseta Felt (-Theobaldia Auct.) vae may be found in association with tules, Lema, Ctiliseta irnpaiiens (Walker) and Anopheles in drying river pools. Specimens which are apparently anhydor have been taken re- Culex impatiens Walker, 1848. List Dipt. British cently in Baja California by W. C. Reeves and Mus. 1:s. lype $, St. Martin's palls, Albany Bernard Brookman, and in Nevada near Death Valley, river, Hudson by, Canada. California, by C. 8. ~hi1ip.l~ Discuss ion : The adults are small mosquitoes with short Although this species extends across the palpi in both sexes. The mesonotum has patches of continent in southern Canada, it is rare in the pale violet scales over the wings and in front of United States. We have no bred material that can the scutellum. A microphotograph of the terminal be associated with larvae although bar's specimens larval segments was published by Seaman (1945). from Fallen Leaf Lake, Eldorado County, were bred from larvae collected locally. Dr. Alan Stone has California records: verified these specimens and we have seen females SAN DIEGO CO. : bpHearney, 2, V-?-18; from the three localities given below. Sweetwater Junction, larvaJ5 (mar and Caudell, U.S.N.M.); Old Town (San Diego), dy, larva, pupa, California records: V-1-16 (11. G. Dyar, U.S.N.M.); bnsall, larva, M4RIPOSR CO. : Yosemite Valley, $, IV-23-50 TX-15-44 (E. A. Seaman, U.C.D.). (P. T. Johnson, D. C. lhurman, B.V.C. 1. MONO CO.: Mono Lake, Y, VI-22-19 (C.I.S. 1. Genus Mansonia Blanchard SHASTA CO.: bnzanita Lake, Lassen Natl. -Park, 9, VI-10-41 (T. Aitken, C.I.S.). Mansonia perturbans (Walker)

Culex perturbans Walker, 1856. Ins. Saund, Dipt.. Culiseta incidens (Thomson) p. 428. Type 9, United States. CuEer incidens Thomson, 1868. Kongl. Sven. Freg. Discussion: Eugenies Resa 6 (Dipt.):443. Type 2, California. This species occurs in many parts of the IJnited States and Canada, and also in Mexico and Discussion: Europe. It was first recorded from California by This species shares with Culex tarsal is the Reeves (1941). Its distribution is localized in reputation of being California's most widely dis- this state but it can be a severe pest near its tributed mosquito species. It occurs in North breeding areas. As far as the authors are aware, America from the Rocky Mountains west and north to the only larvae taken in California were attached Alaska. It breeds from below sea level to eleva- to the roots of tules in Rockwell Pond near Selma, tions of at least 9,500 feet; in brackish water on Fresno Gnmty. The collectors were W. W. Wirth the coast to spring water and snow pools in the and €3. Daw who made their discovery in June, 1947. mountains; in discarded auto casings as well as hoof prints , rain barrels and reservoirs. The adults are identified by their very broad wing scales, banded beak, and pale basal abdominal There is some indication that its biting habits bands; the larvae by their peculiar siphon (fig. are controlled by a division into physiological 11) and long antennae. Records indicated by an strains. In some areas they are extremely bother- asterisk are frm Reeves (1941). some while at other points they can be induced to bite human beings only with the greatest difficulty. California records: It shares the banded tarsi and spotted wings with FRESNO CO.: Fresno, 9, IX-20-41 (W. \an maccrackenae but is distinguished by having its Herrick, C. I.S. 1. cross veins unscaled. The larvae can be separated *KERN CO. : Bakersfield, MI-28-19. in the field by looking with a hand lens for the hlEFCED CO.: .%ellin& $ VIII-31-49 (R. short lateral hair of the anal segment and the Bohart, L. Isaak, U.C.D.). single submedian mesonotal hair. Taxonomic char- PLACER co.: Lander, $, 7-9-17 (C.I.S.). acters of the larvae of California aliseta are *SAN Ja4QVIh' CO.: & VII-15-17. ' discussed by Thurman and Johnson (1950 1. 14~ema1estaken at lights. ''%is and the following records are taken from the literature. 52 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

California records: NAPA CO.: Naps, ?.,VIII-2-16 (w. B. Hems, C.I.S. 1. ALAMEDA CO.: Oakland, q, X-20-40 (Kelly and ~VADACO.: San Juan, 6, (W. B. Hems, Gal indo, U. C. D. 1. C.I.S.); Grass Valley, 2,500 ft., d$, VII-6-16 ALPINE CO.: Winnemucca Lake, 9,200 ft., S$!, (W. B. Herms, C.I.S.); Weber Lake, 7,000 ft., @, larvae, LII-20-48 (H. R1. Bohart, U.C.D.); Hope larvae, VIII-25-46 (H. M. Dohart, U.C,D. 1; Valley, 7,000 ft., d, larvae, VI-1-47 (R. 81. &hart, Glenbrook, $, VII-29-16 (C.I.S.). U.C.D. 1; hlarkleeville, 5,500 ft., $2, VIII-5-38 aNaCo.: Huntington Beach, &!, IV-9-49 (T. Aitken, CaIaS.); ELbetts Pass, 8,800 ft., 3'2, (J. G. Shanafelt, O.C.D.). IX-5-38 (I. Aitken, C.I.S.) ; Woodfords, 2, IX-5-38 PLACER CO.: Penryn, 1,000 ft., bs, larvae, (T. Aitken, C.I.S.). IV-2-47 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.). AMDOR CO.: Amador, a'?, larvae, XI-13-46 PL~SGO.: Canyon Dam, 5,500 ft. , S$, lar- (P. hl. bhart, U.C.D.). vae, IV-30-47 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.); Quincy, BUITE CO.: Oroville, 9, VII-3-16 (W. B. 3,400 ft. , 3, XI-6-38 (T. Aitken. C.I.S. 1. items, C. I.S. 1. RIVERSIDE CO.: Palm Springs, d$, larvae, CAUVERAS CO. : San Andreas, 9, XII-18-16 111-20-48 (W. Mdeil, U.C.D. ). (W. R. Herms, C.I.S.). SACRAMENTO CO. : scramento, 9, VI-29-16 COLUSA CO.: Colusa, d$, V-22-16 (W. B. (W. B. Hems, C.I.S.). Herms, C.I.S. 1. SAN BENIM CO. : San Juan Bautista, ?., CQYm COSTA co.: Martinez, 2, 111-24-17 VI-30-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). (C.I.S. ) . SAN DIEGO CO.: San Diego, 9, VII-25-17 DEL NORTE CO.: Smith River, $!, VII-19-37 (C.I.S. 1. (7. Aitken, C.I.S. 1. SAN JWQUIN CO.: Waterloo, 2, VII-17-19 EL DORADO CO.: Little Truckee River, 6,500 (C.I.S. 1. ft., 3, larvae, VI-1-47 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.); SAN LUIS CBISPO CO. : Santa hnargarita, s$, Placerville, !?, VII-15-16 (W. B. Herms, C.I.S.); VII-2-19 (C.I.S. 1- Snowline, $, VI-22-48 (L. W. @ate, C.I.S.). SAN MATE0 CO.: Glma, &, VIII-15-17 FRESNO CO.: Florence Lake, y, VII-?-13 (C.I.S.). (C. E. hlichener, C.I.S.). SANTA CLARA CO.: Mayfield, 9, VIZI-11-17 GLENN CO.: Hamilton City, 4, V-20-16 (W. B. (C.I.S. >. Ilerms, C.I.S. ). SANTA BARBARA CO.: Orcutt, $9, MI-2-19 HUMBOLT CO. : Carlotta, 2, VIII-6-16 (W. B. (C.I.S.). Herms, C.I.S. 1. SANTA CRta CO.: &g Basin, 3, V-29-37 (T. INYO cO. : Westgard Pass,. 6,000 ft. , $, lar- Aitken, C.I.S. 1. vae, VI-18-47 (R. hl. Bohart, U.C.D.). sHASTA CO.: Redding, 6, VI-5-16 (W. B. KEW co.: Bakersfield, Y, VII-22-46 (C.I.S.1 Hems, C.I.S. 1; Castle Crags, 9, VI-24-21 (W. B. KINGS CO.: Banford, 2, VI-10-19 (C.I.S.). Hems, C.1.S.); Hatchet Mt., 4,350 ft., d$, lar- LAKE CO. : Lakeport, $, VII-29-16 (C.I.S.). vae, V-10-50 (R. Bohart, W. Wall, U.C.D. 1; LASSM co.: Susanville, 1, VI-16-16 (W. B. Goomtown_, 9. IV-18-39 (H. W. Jorgensen, C. I.S. 1. Hem, C.I.S. 1. SIERRACO.: Sierraville, 9, VI-19-16 (W. LMS ANGLES CO. : Los Angeles, 9, VII-15-19 B. Hems, C.1.S.); Loyalton, $, VI-19-16 (W. B. (C.I.S.). Hems, C.I.S. 1. MRIN CO.: Ignacio, 9, VII-27-16 (W. B. SISKIYOU CO.: Yreka, &?, VI-12-16 (W. B. Hems, C.I.S.). Herms, C.1.S.); Hornbrook, 9, VI-12-16 (W. B. MRIPOSA CO.: YoSemite Park, d, Vi-24-37 Hem, C.1.S.); weed. 0,VI-10-16 (W. B. Hems, (?: Aitken, C,I.S. 1. C.I.S.). hilENDOCINOC(X. Van Damne State Rrk, $, lar- SOUUNO CO.: Green Valley, &!, IV-26-47 (R. vae, VIII-19-49 (R. M. %hart, U.C.D.). M. aart, u.c.D.). MERCED CO.: Los Ehw, e,WI-1-48 (E. S. SONOW CO.: Petal-, 9, VII-27-16 (W. B. hleyers, M.C.A.D. 1. Hems, C1.S.). OD.: Rush Creek, e,VII-6-1938 (D. SUmR CO.: Live Oak, $, V-29-16 (W. B. Furman, C.I.S.). Hems, C.I.S. I. MONO CO.: Leavitt Meadows, 6,500 ft., cf, M1AW CO.: Ck~mhg,e, V-23-16 (C.I.S. ). larvae, VI-10-47 (R. M. &hart, U.C.D.). ~RINJTYCO. : Weaverville, Q, larvae, MCNTEWY CO.: Santa Rita, 6, VII-31-19 VIII-9-49 (R. M. %hart, U.C.D. 1. (C.I.S. 1. WIARECO.: Brterville, $, VI-11-19 tC.I,S.). THE MOSQUlTOES OF CALIFORNIA 53

'IVOLU~YUVECO. : Snora Pass, 9,500 ft., J , [Ll-S.), Fort Yuma, 9, 11-7-48 (H. Coleman, larvae, VI-22-49 (fi. hl. Bohart, U.C.D. 1; Sonora, C.I.S.). S, VII-19-16 (W. D. Hems, C,I.S.); luolume, S, INYO CO.: Panamint Valley, $, 111-12-41 (1. VII-19-16 (4'. B. ilerms, C.I.S. 1. Aitken, t'.C.[).); Bishop, $, VI-4-38 (T. Aitken, VENTURA CO.: Montalvo, d, MI-3-19 (C.I.S. 1. C.1.S.); Death Valley, 32, TII-14-41 (1. Aitken, YOLO CO.: Davis, i$,larvae, VJII-1G-46 (H. C.I.S. ); Pine Creek bad, 9, VI-7-48 (W. W. Wirth, hl. Bohart, U.C.D.). c. I.S. 1. KERN CO.: Bakersfield, d', I\-4-39 (F. L. Ilayes, C.I.S.). Culisetd inornata (Williston) LAKE CO.: Loch Lmond &sort, 2, x-4-47 (1. D. Thatcher, C.I.S.). Culex rnornatus Williston, 1893, U.S. Dept. Agr. LASSEN CO.: Standish, $', VI-17-16 (W. B. Div. Ornith. Mam. N. her. Fauna 7:253. Type $! Ilems, C.I.S.); Johnsonville, C, VI-17-16 (W. B. (IW),Argus Mountains, Inyo Co., Calif. Hems, C.1.S.); Susanville, $', VI-6-16 (W. 3. Hems, C.I.S. ). Discussion: MARIN CO.: Black Point, 3's. larvae, V-6-47 lhis species occurs throughout North America (H. hl. Bohart, U.C.D.). from southern Canada to northern Mexico. In MENWCINO CO.: Garcia River, $, VII-30-48 California it has been reported from almost every (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). county but is mare cormon in the southern part of MERCED CO.: Merced, 9, 111-13-40 (S. hes, the state. ?he larvae occur in the same areas as C.1.S.); Le Grande, $, VI-12-19 (C.I.S.); 'runner rncrdens but not often in the same pools as they Island Bridge, $!, VII-13-48 (ii. R. Greenfield, are less partial to shade and cool water and more M.C.A.D.); Dos Palos, $, VI-2-48 (J. De Mercado, tolerant of salinity and alkali. lhe females will M.C.A.D.); Snelling, C, VII-?-48 (M.C.A.D.), take human blood and occasionally may hcome Joaquin River, $', VI-11-48 (.I.Lk Mercado, pests. M. C. A. D. . M~OCCO.: Hackamore, 2, \-30-38 (D. Furman, Its broad, unspotted wings and unbanded tarsi U.C.D. 1; Likely, $, VI-15-16 (W. 8. Herms, C.I.S.); separate it from all its cogeners except the rare Alturas, 51, VI-15-16 (W. B. llerms, C.I.S. 1; Rush impatiens which has dark wing scales, whereas a -Creek, 2, VII-6-38 (D. Furman, C: I.S. 1 ; Cedarvil le, few pale scales, particularly at the base of the $, VII-17-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. ); Stronghold, costa, are present in inornata. ?he larvae differ C, VlI-i7-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.1.S.). from those of incidens by the strong lateral hair MONO CO. : Bridgeport, 3$, larvae, V-20-47 of the anal segment, from those of maccrackenae by (€3. M. Bohart, t1,C.D.); Coleville, 9, VI-21-19 the single submedian rnesonotal hair, and from (C.I.S. 1. those of impatiens by the unequal length of the MONTEREY CO.: Cannel, $, VIII-11-37 (1. head hairs. Aitken, C.I.S.); Castroville, 9, VIII-27-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. ). California records : NAPA CO.: Pope Valley, 2, VIII-17-48 (W. W. ALAMEDA CO. : Castro Valley, $, IV-3-21 Wirth, C.I.S.). (C.I.S. ); Berkeley, 9, 1-10-40 (J. Johnson, ORANGE CO.: Peters Darn, &$, larvae, V-5-49 c. I.S. ) . (R. hl. &hart, U.C.D. ). ALPINE CO.: Carson Pass, 8,600 ft., 6, PLUMAS Co.: Canyon Dam, 9, IV-30-47 (€3. M. IX-5-38 (1. Aitlten, C.I.S. 1. Bohart, U.C.D. 1; Chester, 6, IV-30-47 (R. M. CON'IRA COSTA CO.: Point Richmond, $, &hart, U.C.D. 1. 1-4-47 (R.? E. Beer, C.I.S.); Antioch, Y, IV-9-49 SAN BENITO CO.: San Juan, $, VII-1-19 (D. J. Gould, C.I.S.). (C.I.S. 1. ELDCRADO CO.: sowline, $', VII-4-48 (W. w. SAN BERNARDINO CO.: Tomes Pass, $, Wirth, C.I.S.). XII-30-39 (G. Bohart, C.I.S.); Newbury, 3, FPESNO CO. : Fresno, 39, 111-13-40 (S. IV-16-38 (T. Aitken, C. I.S.) ; Needles, 9, bmes, C.I.S. 1; Sanger, $, X-24-47 (H. Coleman, 11-18-15 (M. C. Van Duzee, C.I.S. 1. C.I.S. ). SAN DIECO CO.: Julia, S, V-8-49 (R. M. HUMBOLT CO. : Eureka, 8, VII-22-37. (T. Dohart, U.C.D. ). Aitken, C.I.S. 1; Arcata, $2, IV-48 (W. W. Wirth, SAN JWQUIN CO.: Tracy, 9, XII-17-38 C.I.S.). (C.I.S. 1; E,$, VII-17-19 (C.I.S. 1; Y, IMPERIAL CO.: Calexico, $, 111-?-48 11-25-07 (C.I.S. 1. 54 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

SAN LUIS OBISW CO.: Sirrder, 2, VI-25-19 'Ihe heavily scaled crossveins of the adult (L.1.S.); San Litis OLispo, $, VIII-22-48 (W. W. together with the distinct white tarsal Lands, Wirth, C.I.S. 1. and the multiple suhedian mesonotal hair are SANTA PARFNRA eo.: Carpinteria, 6, VII-21-17 diagnostic. (C.1.S.); San Antonio Creel.., $, VI-23-48 (W. W. \Virth, C.I.S.); Orcutt, $, VIII-22-48 (W. W. Wirth, California records: C.I.S.). AIAMEMeo.: Sunol, 3, VI-6-40 (W. C. SANTA CLARA CO.: Alum Ctock Park, VlI-8-48 8, heeves, C.I.S. ); krkeley, (light trap in Straw- (W. W. Wirth, C.T.S.). hrry Canyon), ?, XI-?-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. ). SHASTA CO.: Pit Hiver, 3, larvae, V-10-50 HUMBOLT CO.: Arcata, 2, VI-26-48 (W. \V. Wirth, (It. kf. &hart, U.C.11.); Clenbum, larvae, i!#, C.I.S.); Fortuna, $, MII-13-48 (14'. W. Wirth, v-10-50 (tc. bhart, U.C.U.1. hl. C.I.S.); +lad River Beach, 2, VIII-14-48 W. ~~ (W. SIERRA CO.: Loyalton, $I, VI-19-16 (W. 2. Wirth, C.I.S.). IIemts, C.I.S. 1; Sierraville, 2, \I-19-16 (W. B. INYO CO. : Lone Pine, $9, VI-3-38 (7'. Iiernts, C.I.S. ). Aitken, C.I.S.). SISKIYOU 03.: hiontapie, ?, \1-11-16 (w. B. KERN CO.: Bakersfield, '$, VII-28-19 (w. B. Ilerns, C.I.S.); Yreka, 9, VII-20-48 (W. W. Wirth, Hem... C.I.S. 1. C.I.S. 1. MARIN CO.: Pt. Heyes Station, 4, VII-9-39 SOLAN0 CO.: frixon, sq, larvae, I\-23-47 (P. (1. Aitken, C.I.S. 1. M. bhnrt, U.C.D.); Green Valley, 2, larvae, MENDOCINO CO. : Garcia River, d7$, VII-30-48 IV-26-47 (b. kl. Bohart, U.C.D. ); Hyer I.sland, $, (W. \Y. Wirth, C.I.S.). IV-12-49 (C.I.S. 1. MERCED CO.: selling, 9, IL-23-50 SONOM Co.: bdep,a Isay, d, larvae, 1-24-50 (h!.C.A.U. 1. (H. hl. Bohart, CI.C.uI. 1; Sonma, $, VIII-2-48 (8'. MON'IEREY CO.: Castroville, S$, VIII-27-48 W. Wirth, C.I.S.). (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. ); Cachagua Creek, $, STANISMUS CO.: Lknair, 3, 111-22-3G (u. VII-1-48 (w. \4. Yirth, C.I.S.). Harvey, C. I. S. 1. SACRAMENTOco. : Folsun, SS, larvae, TEHAMA CO.: W. Corning, Y, V-23-16 (C. I.S. ); 111-27-50 (J. Fowler, S.Y.A.D.). kd UlMff, 2, y-24-16 (C.1.s.); &, 2, (C.1.s.). SAN DIEGO eo.: hsall, 39, larvae, V-7-49 'IHINITI M). : klad River Beach, 32, VIII-12-48 (H. M. Bohart, U.C.D. 1. (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). SAN LUIS OBISPO eo.: Morro By, 9, VEXTuR4 eo. : Hevolon Slough, $, VI-18-48 (W. VIII-3-37 (T. Aitken, C.I.S. ); Black Lake Canyon, W. Wirth, C.I.S.). 2, VIII-19-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.); San Luis YOL~CO.: Davis, 6, larvae, IX-24-46 (h. hi. Otispo, $, VIII-21-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). &hart, U.C.D.); Woodland, d, 111-21-48 (U.C.D.). SANTA BARBARA co.: Las Cruces, d, YUM ~0.:Drowns Valley, d, 111-22-40 (S. VII-21-17 (C.I.S.); Santa Barbara, $, VII-21-17 Domes, C.I.S. 1. (C.1.X); hellton, 6, VI-23-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.); Orcutt, 9, VI-22-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. I. Ctiliseta niaccrackenae Dyar and Knab SANTA CRUZ CO.: Santa Cruz, 3, VII-8-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). Culiseta maccrackenae Dyar and Knab, 1906. hoc. SOLANO CO. : Green Valley, c&', larvae, Biol. Soc. Wash. 19~133. 1 S and 4 $9 cotypes VI-8-49 (E. M. Bohart, U.C.D.). (t!Shl), Stanford University, Fureka and San SONGMA CO.: Sonoma, 2, MII-2-48 (\Y. W. Francisco, Calif. Wirth, C.I.S.); Petaluma, 9, VIII-2-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. 1. Discussion: IEHAMA CO.: Vina, 9, VI-2-21 (C.1.S.). This species ranges from northern California VENTURA CO.: Fillmore, 2, VI-17-48 (w. w. to hlexico and Costa kica. It is fairly wide- Wirth, C.I.S.); Wheelers Springs, 6,VI-16-48 spread in California but never occurs in large (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). numbers. It prefers to breed in cool, clear pools in deep shade, and is not dependent on Genus Culex Linnaeus vesetation or floatage as the larvae spend much Culex atzips of their time as bottom feeders. The females Dyar bite man readily, but their rarity makes them of Culex anips bar, 1916. Ins. Ins. hlens. 4:48. little consequence. Type 9 (USMI), San Oiego River, San Diego Co., Calif. THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA 55

Discussion: PLACEH CO.: AUbunt, ST, VIII-26-fi13 (C.I.S.). Iliis rare niosquito has not Leen taken in SAN HENITO CO.: Pinnacles National Monument, California since its original capture and des- 39, larvae, V-26-50 IH. M. Bohart, L!.LL!.). cription ty Ibar in 1916. Its haljitat was a deep SAN ERNARDINO CO.: San tkrnardino, larva, pool surrounded liy tules at the mouth of' the San WII-30-44 (w. W. Farrar, t1.C.E. 1. hego Hiver. Hecently, however, beeves and SAN DIEGO CO.: bnsall, larvae, V-7-49 (h. Grookman have taken it together with C. erythro- hl. Bohart, UmCsE.);Mt. Palomar, s, IX-21-44 thorax, C. reevesi and L. anhydor in a stagnant, (1J.C.U.). tule-filled, stream pool near the ocean in hja SAN JaAQUIN CO. : 'Iracy, $, MI-16-38 (1. California. Ai tken , [I. C,. 0.) . SAN LUIS OBISW 03.: Edna, J, v111-21-48 Cii1e.v apicalis Adams (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. 1. SANTA CIARA CO. : Alum Iiock Park, $!, larvae, Culex aprcaZrs Adams, 1903. Kans. tbiv. be. Bul. V-27-50 (?3.. I!'. bhart, 1J.C-G.); (has Creek, S$, 2:2h. Iwo $' cotypes (UK), Oak Cse& Canyon, VII-7-18 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). Ari zoii a. SOLANO CO. : Green Valley, SS, larvae, VTII-24-46 (H. hl. Bohart. U.C,.U.). Ciscussion: smohy\ Co.: Sonma, $', IX-3-48 (W, W. Wirth, ?his interesting mosquito is a cormon intiaLi- C.I.S. 1. tant of woodland pools. Although it has been re- TRINITY CO. : Weaverville, S$, larvae, corded erroneously from a much wider range (see VIII-9-49 (H. h4. bhart, II.C.Lt. ). discussion under terrrtans), it is known only from lllLARE CO.: Elderwood, 8, VII-18-47 (a. Y. California, Arizona, and Baja California, where it Wirth, C.I.S.). occurs at elevations below 5,000 feet. lhe females TUOLWNE CO.: Sonora, 1,800 ft., larvae, are not aLle to bite human beings although they IX-12-47 (P. h'. ttohart, U.C.D. ). sometimes try. ?he only observed hosts have been VFNTURA CO.: Upper Ojai Valley, 2, VI-16-48 frogs but otlier cold-blooded animals may also (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). serve in this capacity. Culex boharti Brookman and Reeves lhe adult females are distinguished from all other apically Landed California species by the Culex boharti Brookman and Heeves, 1950. Pan-Pac. relatively long palpi (see dichotomy 8, page 31, Ent. 26:159. lype, d, (LIS%!), klonticello, hapa line 1). The larva is characterized by its very Co., Calif. long (7x1) tapered breathing tube. Discussion: California records: lhis species was originally named Culex RUlTE CO. : (=hico, 9, (8. Portman, U.C.D. 1. reevesi (R. &hart, 1948), but the name was ante- KERN CO.: Kern River Canyon, $9, VIII-26-47 dated while still in press by Culex reeuesi Wirth, (B. Brookman. 1J.C.U. 1. a closely related species, also from California. MERCED CO. : Pacheco Pass, 9, XIT-14-47 The resulting hanonomy was straikhtened out Ly (h1.C.A.L). 1. Brookman and Heeves (1950). C. boharti ranges MRIN CO.: Pt. Heyes Station, d'y, VIII-26-50 throughout the state in the lowlands and foothills (R. hl. Bohart, U.C.D.) Lut is usually uncomnm. Previous records from MON'IEREY CO.: Cachagua Creek, d'$, VII-1-48 Plumas County, Lake 'Iahoe, and Yosemite Valley (W. \V. Wirth, C.I.S. 1; Big Sur Hiver, S$!, larvae, (bhart, aLove citation) refer to C. territans. VIII-30-50 (R. M. &hart, ?3. Bechtel, U.C.U.). NAPA CO. : Monticello, 6$',larvae, X-8-47 The adults are shy and are not known to bite (H. h?. &hart, U.C.D. 1; (bnn Lake, Sy, larvae, man. The larvae prefer partially sunlit creek IX-14-46 (?4. M. Bohart, U.C.U. 1; k!t. St. Helena, pools with an abundant growth of aquatic vegeta- y, larvae, IX-14-46 (h. M. Bohart, U.C.D. ). tion. lhey have a distinctly spotted appearance CRANGE CO.: Lake !lenshaw, 9, V-14-49 (.I. G. in life, which character they share with reevesi, Shanafelt, O.C.D.); Corona del Lar, 9, 111-22-48 but differ from the latter primarily by having (J. G. Shanafelt, O.C.D. 1; Laguna Beach, $, the lower head hair single. VIII-29-48 (J. G. Shanafelt, O.C.D.); San Clemente, California records: d?, 111-12-49 (D. W. Best, O.C.D.); San Juan Capistrano, ?, 1-21-49 (D. W. Best, O.C.D. 1. MRINCO.: Pt. Heyes Station, 9, larvae, 56 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

WJI-26-50 (H. bl. btiart, U.C.D. 1. a bright specimen of pipiens but its hair-like MERCED CO.: hierced bails, J"$', larvae, mesonotal scales and its yellowish and indistinct IX-11-47 (€1. R1. bhart, U.C.D.); Snellinr, is, ahdaninal bands in place of the discreet white larvae, IX-11-47 (b. M. Bohart, L1.C.D.). ones of pipiens distinguish it rather easily. Its MCNEREY CO. : big Stir Elver, larvae, larvae have a long siphon as in apicalis but the VI11 -30-50 (H. Bohart, H. bchtel, U.C.L. 1. head hairs are multiple. NAPA CO.: klonticello, $2, larvae, X-8-47 (ti. hi. Boliart, 1J.C.D. 1: Conn Lake, $, larvae, California records: M-14-46 (H. M. Bohart, U.C.D.). COLUSA CO.: Williams, 9, 1X-7-50 (J. N. NEVADA CO.: Lake Vera, c, 2,500 ft., VI-1-50 Belkin, U.C.L.A. 1. (Iiarvey Magy, B.V.C. 1. FRESNO CO.: Selma, $, VI-?-& (T. Raley, SAN DIECO CO.: San I)iego, $, IV-23-16 (H. G. C.I.S.). Ilyar, U.C.D. 1. hERCED CO.: Selling, 22, larvae, VIII-5-48 SAN LUIS WISP0 CO. : San Luis otispo, $8, (H. hl. bhart, U.C.D.). \UT-26-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). ORAN= CD.: LOS Alamitos, 6, VIII-27-48 (J. SANTA CRUZ CO. : Santa cruz, s$, VII-8-48 G. Shanafelt, O.C.U.); San Juan Capistrano, 9, (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). IX-16-49 (J. G. Shanafelt, O.C.D.). StMTA CO.: Gibson, larvae, VIII-9-49 (H. RIVERSIDE CO. : Riverside, q,- XII-27-40 (W. Bohart, L. Isaak). C. Keeves. C.I.S. 1. SOLANO CO. : Green Val ley, df#, larvae, SACRAME"IO CO.: Hio Linda, 9, VIII-14-50 IX-12-36 (H. M. Bohart, U.C.E.). (J. Fowler, S.Y.A.U.). TRINITY GO.: \Yeaverville, d?, larvae, SAN LUIS OBISPO CO. : Black Lake Canyon, 3% VIII-9-49 (H. M. Bohart, U..D. ). VI-22-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. 1. TUIARE CO.: Visalia, SI VII-18-47 (W. W. SANTA CRUZ CO.: Santa Cruz, 6y, larvae, Wirth, C.I.S. 1. VIII-30-50 (R. Bohart, R. Bechtel, U.C.U.). TtlOLUMNE 0.: Sonora, 1,800 ft., 8, larvae, VENW cO.: Lake McGrath, 6% VIII-25-48 1X-12-47 (I-1. M. Bohart, U.C.D.). (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). YOLO CO.: Zamora, larvae, VI-15-50 (J. YOU) m.: Zamora, 2, Vi-15-50 (J. Fowler, bowler, S.Y.A.D. 1. S.Y.A.D. 1. YUM GO.: Marysville, larvae, VIII-?-48 (H. Herms, Sutter Yuba M.A.U. 1, Culex pipiens Linnaeus

Culex erythrothorax Dyar Culex pipiens Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat. 10th Ed., p. 602. lype $, Europe. Culex erythrothorax bar, 1907. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 32:124. 80 cotype d@$' (USVM), Gardena, Discuss ion : .Sweetwater Junction, Guadaloupe, and Salinas, This widely distrihted mosquito is the nor- Calif. thern representative of the pipiens - quinquefasciatus complex that is worldwide in distribution. Discussion: lhe fact that the two forms interbreed in captivity For many years it was thought that this spe- and wherever they occur in the same area in nature cies was restricted to California. However, it has led Faid (1949) and Sundararaman (1949) to has ken shorn that C. federalis described from the conclusion that we are dealing with a single Mexico City and its California variant, C. badgeri species which has a northern and southern sub- from Ihkersfield, are synonyms of erythrothorax, species. Hwever, the two forms are treated as and D. hi. Fees has found it in Idaho, Nevada and full species in the present work as a matter of Utah. It is rare in northern California but is convenience. 'Ihe picture is Eurther ccmplicated mre frequently taken in the southern part of the by the physiological variant of pipiens known as state. It prefers large tule pools and, while pipiens molestus which is an ardent biter of human normally occurring in relatively small numbers, it kings. According to the specimens we have examined, has been taken in great abundance in tule swamps pipiens in California does not occur swth of San where red-winged blackbirds have congregated for Joaquin County except along the coast, where it nesting. It apparently prefers avian blood but extends as far as San Giego. will bite human beings readily if its breeding area is invaded. lhe adult might be confused with The larvae will breed in practically any THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA 57 accunnrlation of non-saline water including that Discussion : found in artificial containers. Highly polluted ?his is the C. fatigans Wiedemann of British sources seem to Le favored as do areas adjacent to culicidologists who ascribe Say’s species to some human halitations. unknown anopheline with a banded abdomen because he referred to its vestiture as composed of “ciner- The adul ts are separated from erythrothorar eous hair. ”. by having nornal shaped scales on the mesonotum In 1916-17 no authenticated specimens had and from quinquefasciatus by the fact that its been recognized north of the Imperial Valley in habitus is reddish brown instead of grayish brown California. In 1924 a clear-cut specimen was and that the abdominal bands of tergites 111 and taken in Bakersfield and by 1926 it was evident are connected to the lateral spots. IV The larva that considerable northward migration had taken is difficult to separate from quinquefasciatus. place. In 1943, pure cultures of quinquefasciatus However, if the subdorsal hairs on abdaminal seg- females were taken as far north as Modesto. For ments 111 and IV are double it may be either, but the distribution picture of this species and when these hairs are single the resulting adult pipiens we have relied mainly on records verified is generally guznquefusciutus. Also, the siphon by an examination of male genitalia. The results of ptpiens is usually more slender than that of indicate an extension of quinquefasciatus north- its relative. ward in the central valley as far as San Joaquin County and the colonization of pipiens to the California records: south in localized areas along the coast where it ALAMEM CO.: Oakland, X-25-41 (W. c. may have been introduced by cmerce. Reeves, C.I.S.). COLUSA CO.: Colusa, $, V-20-16 (W. B. Hems, ?he habits of the adults and larvae are gener- C.I.S. 1. ally similar to those of pipiens. However, quin- LW AN~LEScO.: Long Beach, S*, X-6-17 quefasciatus occurs even more frequently in arti- (C.1.S.). ficial containers of all sizes and is said to be CRANGE CO.: Laguna Beach, 6*Q,VII-20-21 a dominant sewer farm species whereas its northern (C. T. Dodds, C.I.S.). relative is not. SACRAMENTOCO.: Fair Oaks, dy$, larvae, X-48 (H. Mdlueen, U.C.D.). California records: DIE0 CO.: San Diego (Balboa Park), SAN mSNO CO. : Kingsburg, if*$, MI-28-19 S*Q, VII-25-17 (C.1.S.); San Diego fhrson (C.1.S.); Fresno, S*, X-20-39 (T. Aitken, C.I.S.); School), PS, M-9-17. (C.I.S.). Gnterville, d*, VII-24-19 (C.I.S.); Heedley, J*, SAN JOIJIN CO.: Stockton, 6*,VIII-25-17 X-14-49 (R. Coleman, C.I.S. ); Sanger, d*, X-24-47 (C.X.S.); ?racy, $, XTI-16-38 (T. Aitken, C.I.S.). (R. Coleman, C.I.S. 1; Clovis, $, X-19-47 (€3. Cole- SANTA CLARA CO. : Alum Rock Park, 6‘ , man, C.I.S.). MI-8-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. 1. IMPERIAL CO.: 6*?.,M-28-37 (B. SANTA CRUZ CO.: Santa cruz, e,VII-8-48 Schiller, C.I.S.); Fort Yuma, 6*,II-?-48 (R. (W. W. Wirth. C.I.S. ). Coleman, C.I.S.). SOLAN0 Co.: Allendale, S*?, larvae, ERN CO.: Bakersfield, S*Q, V-1-39 (F. L. VIII-22-49 (E. Mezger, Solano Co., M.A.D.). Hayes, C.I.S. 1. SONm CO.: Healdsburg. dl*, VII-28-16 KINGS CO.: Hanford, s*$, VI-10-19 (C.I.S. 1. (C1.S. 1. LC6 AN(ELES CO.: Lankershim, e$,VII-6-19 YOLO cO.: Davis, SCY, larvae, VI-29-47 (R. (C.I.S. 1. hl. Bohart, U.C.D. 1; Woodland, $, V-10-48 (U.C.D. 1. MhDW Co.: Bordec, 6.9, IX-29-17 (C.I.S.); Madera, $, VII-24-19 (W. B. Herms). MERCED CO. : Livingston, *$, M-28-17 Culex quinquefasciatus Say (C.I.S. 1; Hatfield Ranch, Pq, VI-8-38 (T. Aitken, C.I.S.); Merced, 9, M-28-17 (C.I.S.). Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823. Jour. Acad. DRANGE CO.: Huntington Beach, S*$, IX-28-49 Net. Sci. Phila. 3:lO. Type 9 (nonexistent), (J. G. Shanafelt, O.C.D.); Cypress, e,IX-20-49 Mississippi River, United States. (J. G. Shanafelt, 0.C.D.); San Juan Capistrano, d*, 1-21-49 (D. W. Best, O.C.D.); Costa Mesa, 6c, X-6-49 (D. Head, O.C.D. ); Laguna Beach, 6*, .presence of an asterisk in this and the follcnr- in& speciesindicatca that the identificatioa has been IX-28-49 (J. G. Shanafelt, O.C.D.); Buena Park, veri‘fied by examination of male genitalia. 6*, X-4-49 (J. G. Shanafelt, O.C.D.); 58 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Los Alamitos, 6*,VIII-6-48 (J. G. Shanafelt, ljpe v, loronto, Chtario. O.C.D.). RIVERSIDE CO. : Riverside, +$, 11-17-40 (by. Discuss ion : C. Reeves, C.I.S.). Ttiis species, which is widely distributed SAN BERNARDINO CO.: kdlands, d'*% VIII-14-40 east of' the Hockies, was recorded from the Lake (W. C. Reeves, C.I.S.). Tahoe area in 1921 Ly bar. It was subsequently SAN Ja4QVIN CO.: Turlock, fig, IX-28-17 rediscovered by Aitken who identified 2 specimens (C.1.S.); Linden, 2, 111-8-46 (C.I.S.). collected in Riverside, Hiverside County, by W. W LUIS (WISP0 0.:San Luis Obispo, S, C. Reeves. It is apparently rare in California. v11I-22-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.1.S.); pismo Beach, 9, VIII-19-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). The adults in addition to the characters SANTA BARJNRA CO.: hpoc, 8*?,WII-24-48 given in the key usually have a pair of whitish (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. ); San Antonio Creek, $, spots on the fore part of the mesonoturn in line VI-23-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. 1. with the spiracles. California material is atypi- STANISIAUS 13.: Turlock, 6*,IX-28-12 cal in having small but fairly distinct tarsal (C. I. s. 1. bands. Occasional eastern specimens show a ten- WLARE CO.: Exeter. e$,VI-11-19 (C.1.S. 1; dency in this direction, however. Ihe larvae sem Visalia, S.9, larvae, VIII-31-49 (R. M. Ebhart, to prefer relatively foul water in small depres- U.C.D.). sions, such as hoofprints. Ihe centrally located VENTURA CO.: hvolon Slough, $, VI-18-48 (w. antennal tuft of the larva is unique. W. Wirth, C.I.S. 1. California records : OWNGE CO.: Peters Can-tn, S?, larvae, Culex reevesi Wirth V-5-49 (H. hl. Bohart, J. 6. Shanafelt, U.C.D.). SAN DIEGO CO.: hlurphy Canyon, larva, Culex reeuesi (Galindo MS)Wirth, 1948. Univ. Calif. X-23-44 (E. A. Seaman, U.C.D.). Syllabus Series, Ent. 133, p. 230. lype not desig- SAFI LUIS OBISPO CO. : San his Obispo, SS, nated. VIII-26-48 (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. 1. Discuss ion: Ihe name of this species, taken from a manu- Culex stigmatosoma Dyar script by Pedro Galindo, was unintentionally vali- dated by W. W. Wirth. The locality given by Wirth Culex stigmatosoma war, 1907. Proc. U.S. Nat. is the California Coast from Point Reyes, Marin Vis. 32:123. Type !# (USMI), locality California County to San Diego, San Diego County. Galindo's or Oregon (data not given on specimen). "type series" was from Del Monte, hbnterey County. A recent discovery of this species in Lower Cali- Disc us s ion : fornia was made by Brookman and Reeves, thus ex- lhis species is known from Oregon, California, tending the distribution. Utah, and south through Texas to Mexico and South America. It is one of the cmnest and most wide- ?he female is similar to that of boharti but spread California species, thus rivaling Culex the male genitalia with smooth mesosome lobes are tarsalis and Culiseta incidens. llie females have diagnostic. Prese were nicely figured by Galindo not been observed to bite man as far as we are in his unpublished manuscript. ?he larvae are aware, although they can be induced to take blood spotted like those of boharti but have the lower from chickens and guinea pigs in the laboratory. head hairs double. lhey are found in tule-filled Nevertheless, precipitin tests on 114 specimens stream pools. from Kern County showed 5 positive for human blood, 18 for horse blood, and 43 for bovine blood California record: (Hamon, Reeves and Galindo, 1945). MWEREY CO.: hlonterey!, 6, X-19-39 (T. Aitken, C.I.S. 1. Contrary to the habits of tarsalis, larvae of this species tolerate water polluted by sewage or decaying food. In the Sacramento Valley this is Cdex restuans Theobald the dominant species in sewer farms, breeding in uncounted swarms. However, all other types of non- Culex restuans lleobald. 1901. hton. Culic. 2: 142. saline water in ground pools and artificial THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA 59 containers are acceptable for breeding. SAN JoAQUIN CO.: Tracy, 3% VII-31-19 (C.I.S.). California records (only token localities given): SAN LUIS OBISPO.: Atascadero, 2, MI-2-19 ALAhlEDA CO.: Berkeley, q, 1-29-40 (W. C. (C.I.S.). Reeves, C. I.S. 1. SAN MAE0 CO.: Beresford, 3% VII-15-17 ANDOR co.: Jackson, d$, VII-17-16 (W. B. (C.I.S. 1. Herms, C.I.S.). SANTA BARWRA CO.: Santa Brbara, $, BUTIE 0.:Gridley, 6, VI-7-39 ('I.Aitken, VI1 -2-19 (C. I. S. 1. c. I .s. 1. SANTA CLAM a).: Milpitas, s, VII-18-17 CA~AVERASCO.: San Andreas, $, MI-18-16 ( c. I. s. . (W. B. Hems, C.I.S.). SANTA CRUZ CO.: Watsonville, $, VIII-16-17 COW= a0.: Colusa, 6, V-22-16 (W. B. Hems, (C. I. s. 1. C.I.S.). SHASTA CO.: Redding, $, VI-5-16 (W. B. Hems, CON'IRA COSTA CO. : Concord, d$, VI-15-19 C.I.S. 1. C.I.S. 1. SISKIYOU CO.: Yreka, d, VII-20-48 (W. W. ELnORADO CO.: Diamond Springs, $, MI-16-16 Wirth, C.I.S.). (W. B. Hems, C.I.S. 1. SOLAN0 co.: Mare Island, 3% VII-14-16 (W. FRESNO CO.: Academy, d$, VII-24-19 (W. B. 8. Herms. C.I.S.). Herms, C.I.S. 1. SCNOM CO.: El Verano, 3$, MI-27-16 (W. 8. GLENN CO.: Williams, 9, V-18-16 (W. B. Herms, C.I.S.). Hems, C.I.S. 1. STANISUUS CO. : Oakdale, $, VII-16-19 HUhlBOLT CO.: Fortuna, 6, VIII-13-48 (W. W. (C.1 .s. 1. Wirth, C.I.S. 1. SUmCO.: ho, $, VI-6-39 (T. Aitken, KERN CO.: Bakersfield, $, IV-12-39 (F. L. c. I.S. * Hayes, C.I.S. 1. 'IEHAMQ CO.: Vina, 9, V-15-2 (C.I.S.). KINGS CO.: Lemoore, $, MI-19-47 (W. W. TRINITY CO. : Weaverville, 9, larvae, Wirth, C.I.S. ). VIII-9-49 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.). LAKE cO. : Lower Lake, S, MI-29-16 (C.I.S. 1. TUlARE CO.: Tulare, 6% HI-28-19 (C.I.S. 1. LOS ANGELES CO.: hnkershim, @, MI-6-19 TUowbiN~ cO.: Lyons Dam, 6, VIII-7-37 (T. (C.I.S. 1. Aitken, C.I.S. 1. MQDERA OD.: Borden, sq, IX-28-17 (C.I.S.). VENW CO.: Santa Paula, 69, MI-3-19 MARIN CO.: Ignacio, 3$, MI-27-16 (W. B. (C. I.S. 1. Hems , C. I. S. 1. YOLO co.: Davis, 6$,larvae, VII-27-46 (R. MARIPOSA co. : Mariposa, 651, M-6-19 (C.I.S. ). M. Bohart, U.C.D.). MENDOCINO CO.: Ukiah, 3, VIII-12-16 (W. B. Hems, C.I.S. 1. MERCED CO.: Planada, 9, 1-28-40 (R. Rose, Culex tarsalis Coquillett C.I.S. ). MCNlEREY CO.: Spreckels, y, X-25-39 (R. Culex tarsalis Coquillett, 18%. Can. Eht. 28:43. Peters, C.I.S.). Type 6 (UN), Argus Mts., Inyo Co., Calif. NAPA CO.: -Napa, d?, VIII-2-16 (W. B. Hems, c. I.S. 1. Discussion: NEVADA CO.: San Juan, y, VI-5-16 (W. B. This is the most ubiquitous mosquito in Cali- Hems, C.I.S.). fornia and unfortunately it is also the most effi- cient vector of encephalitis. It is widespread in (3RANGE CO. : Buena Park, Sq, X-4-49 (J. G. Shanafelt, O.C.D. 1. the United States west of the Mississippi River and PLACER CO.: Auburn, d% VII-7-16 (W. K extends into Canada and Mexico. The larvae are Herms, C.I.S. 1. found in the same type of pools that are frequented by Anopheles except that they are not RIVERSIDE CO. : Riverside, e,11-17-40 (W. freeborni C. Reeves, C.I.S.). dependent on floatage, algae or emergent vegetation. Toward the end of the summer it may be .found in SACRAENTO CO.: Gait, VII-15-17 (C.I.S.). a, water that has become foul with organic material SAN BENITO CO. : Asayumas School, $, VI-27-40 (S. hes. C.I.S.). but we have rarely taken it in sewage-polluted sources. Rice fields and roadside irrigation run- SAN BERNARDTNO CO. : San Bernardino, 6, VII-9-19 (C.I.S. 1. off provide ideal larval habitats. SAN DIEGO CO. : Escondido, MI-27-17 a, Its median white-banded proboscis separates (C.I.S. 1 * 60 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

it from all the members of the genus in Calif- MaYO a.: Bridgeport, 6,400 ft., 69, larvae, ornia except stigtnatosorna. From the latter it V-20-47 (R. M. BOhart, U.C.D.); June Lake, 8,500 can be distinguished by a solid or dotted white ft., larvae, VI-29-49 (L. W. Isaak, U.C.D.). line, one scale wide, down the outer side of the MONTEREY CO.: Castroville, 9, VIII-11-37 femur and tibia. Ventrally it has an inverted (T. Aitken, C.I.S. 1. black V on each abdominal segment while stigma- NAPA CO.: Napa, 69, VIII-2-16 (W. B. Herms, tosorna has a median dark spot. Its larvae have C.I.S. 1. all the siphon tufts inserted in a row ventrad of NEVADA CO.: Grass Valley, 2,500 ft., 6, the lateral line of the siphon. VII-16-16 (Yr; B. Hems, C.I.S.); Truckee, 5,800 ft., 69, VII-?-48 (R. Colaa~~,C.I.S. ). records (only token records given): California ORANGE CO. : Peters Canyon, 69, larvae, ALAMEDA CO.: Berkeley, 9, 111-1-07 (H. J. V-5-49 (R. M. Bohart. U.C.D. 1. Quayle, C.I.S. 1. PLACER OD.: Qlfax, 9, VII-6-16 (W. B. Hems, ALPINE CO.: Faith Valley, 7,500 ft., 69, C.I.S. ). larvae, 111-12-48 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D. 1. PUIMs CO. : Blairsden, 9, VII-4-16 (W., B. AMADOR CO.: Jackson, $, MI-17-16 (W. B. Hems, C.I.S.). Hems, C.I.S.). RIVERSIDE CO.: Riverside, 9, IV-17-40 (W. V. BUTIF CO.: Enterprise, $, VI-3-16 (w. B. Reeves, C.I.S. 1. Herms, C.I.S.). SACRAMENTO CO.: Wt, 69, MI-18-19 (C.1.S.). CAiAVEhiS CO.: San Andreas, 6, VII-15-16 Sh BENITO eo.: Tres finos, 9, MI-19-17 (W. B. Herms, C.I.S.). (C.I.S.). COUJSA OD.: Maxwell, 9, V-17-16 (W. B. SAN BEFNARDINO CO.: %n Bernardino, d9, Herms, C.1.S.). VI1 -9-19 (C. I. s. 1. CoNTR4 CCGTA CO.: mron, 3$, VIII-17-17 SAN DIE03 CO.: Roseville, 6; VI-30-16 (W. B. (C.I.S. ). Herms, C.I.S.). DEL NORTE CO.: Smith River, 9, MI-20-37 SAN FRANCISCO CO.: San Francisco, 39, larvae, (T. Aitken, C.I.S.). IX-17-47 (R. M. Mart, U.C.D.). EL DORADO CO.: Placerville, d$, MI-15-16 SAN JCNQUIN CO.: Stockton, $, M-25-17 (W. B. Herms, C.1.S.); Echo Lake, 7,200 ft., 6$, (C.I.S.). larvae, MI-11-50 (J. Fowler, S.Y.A.D. 1. SAN LUIS OBISPO CO. : Santa Margarita, 9, FRESNO CO.: 9, MI-25-19 (U.C.D.). M -25-19 (C.I. S. 1. GLENN CO.: Willows, 6, VIII-10-16 (W. B. SAN MAE0 CO. : Beresford, 6% VIII-15-17 Herms, C.I.S. 1. (C. I.S. 1. HUMBOLT CO. : Eureka, VII-22-37 (1. Aitken, SANTA BARBARA CO.: Orcutt, 6, VII-2-19 c. IS. ). (C.I.S.). IMPERIAL CO.: Holtville, 9, V-13-39 (T. SANTA CLARA CO.: SaJose, &$', VI-1-19 Aitken, C.I.S. ). (C.I.S. 1. INYO CO.: Bishop, 9, VI-23-19 (C.I.S.). SANTA CRUZ CO.: Santa bz, 9, VIII-16-17 KWN CO.: Bakersfield, 6, VII-28-19 (C. I.S. 1.

(C.I.S.. - .- - )., SHASTA CO.: Redding, 9, VI-V-16 (W. B. Hems, LAKE CO.: Upper Lake, &?, larvae, V-14-47 c. I. s. ) . (€3. M. &hart, U.C.D.). SIERRA 03.: Loyalton, 9, VI-19-16 (W. B. iASSFN CO.: Susanville, 9, VI-5-16 (W. B. HermS, C.1.s.). Herms, C.I.S. ). SISKIYOU CO.: Hornbrook, 6, M-12-16 (W. B. LaS AN(EUS CO.: Los Angeles, 65, VII-5-19 Hems, C.I.S. 1. C.I.S. ). SOLAN0 CO.: Mare Island, 8% VII-14-66 (W. B. MDERA CO.: Madera, 9, VI-12-19 (C.I.S.). Hems, C.I.S. ). MARIN CO.: San Rafael, $, V-?-05 (C.1.S.). STANISLAUS CO. : Newman, 9, VIII-17-17 (C.I.S. 1. MQRIPQSA CO.: Glen Aulin, 6, VII-20-21 TEHAMA CO.: Coning, 9, V-23-16 (C.1.S.). (C.I.S. 1. mINIn co.; Hayfork, 3, MI-8-16 (W. B. Hems, hE.M)OCINO CO.: Ukiah, 9, VIII-3-16 (W. B. C.I.S. ). Hems, C.I.S. 1. TULAW Co.: Lemon COV~,a, V-25-39 (T. Aitken, MERCED CO.: Merced Falls, 6, larvae, c. IS. 1. IX-11-47 (H. M. bhart, U.C.D.). TUOLUMNE CO.: liolumne, 69, VII-19-16 (W. B. MmOC 0.:Rush Creek, e,VI-6-38 (D. Fur- Herms, C.I.S.). man, C.I.S.). VEN'IURA CO.: Ventura, 69, VII-3-19 (C.1.s. 1. THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA 61

YOU)cO.: DaDa, d'?, larvae, VI-16-46 (R. 9:33. 1 2 and 2 8 cotypes (US"), Kerrville, M. Bohart, U.C.D. 1. Texas. Discuss ion: Culex territms Walker ?his species, originally described from Texas, was recorded from California by Galindo and Culex territans Walker, 1856. Insecta Saundersiana, Kelley (1943). In addition to the counties given Dipt., 1:428. Type Q, United States. below the above authors listed Butte, San Luis Obispo, Madera, Tulare, Kern and Riverside. Discuss ion: ?his species has been confused previously ?he larvae are particularly to be found in with restuans and apzcalis. The involved synonymy leaf-filled rock pools along streams. The feed- has been discussed by Bohart (1948a). Part of the ing habits of the adults are unknown. difficulty stems from the fact that the supposed type of territans in the British Museum of Natural California records: [Jistory agrees with neither the description nor the EKED CO.: Merced Falls, d?, larvae, locality given by Walker. Therefore, it seems XX-11-47 (R. M. Mart, U.C.D.); selling, @, likely that the true type is no longer in exist- larvae, VIII-9-48 (R. M. Bohart, V.C.D.). ence and the name should be applied to the comnon- NAPA CO.: Monticello, e,larvae, X-27-48 est and most widespread species of the subgenus (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D. 1. Neoculex, of which it is the type. ORANGE co.: Peters Canyon, larvae, IV-23-50 (R. M. Ebhart, U.C.D.). lhe range of territans includes eastern SAN DIEGO eo.: Chollas Canyon, larva, Furope, Alaska, Canada, and most of the United VIII-?-44 (E. A. Seaman, U.C.D.). States. In California it appears in the northern SHASTA CO.: Gibson, larvae, MII-9-49 (R. counties at low altitudes and follows south along M. Ebhart, L. W. Isaak, U.C.D. 1. the Sierras at moderate elevations.

Its habits are much the same as apicalis and Explanation Symbols Used in Source of boharti, and larvae of all three species have been of taken in a single pool by H. bl. Bohart in Trinity Distribution Records County where they were readily distinguished with the unaided eye, apicalis by its needle-like B.V.C. - - - - Fhreau of Vector Cbntrol, State siphon and boharti Ly its conspicuous spotting. Dept. of Public Health. C.I.S. - - - - California Insect Survey, Univer- California records: sity of California, Berkeley. M.C.A.D. Merced Cbunty Nosquito Abatment ELDOR4DO CO.: Lake Tahoe, 6,ZW ft., $, - - - MI-?-? (H. G. Dyar, U.S.N.M.). District . HUMBOLT CO.: Van been Ever, 9, VIII-11-48 O.C.D. - - - - Orange County Mosquito Abatement (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.); Fortuna, d'?, VIII-13-48 District . (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S. 1; Mad River Beach, 9, Solano A.D. - Solano County Mosquito Abatement District. VIII-12-48 (V. W. Wirth, C1.S.); Fernbricke, f?, Sutter-Yuba M.A.D. Sutter-Yuba Mosquito Abate- VIII-13-48 (W. W. Wirth. C.I.S. ). - ment District. MARIPOSA CO. : Yosemite, 4,000 ft., 6, V-15-16 (H. G. Dyar, U.C.D. 1. S.Y.A.D. - - - Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito Abate- ment District. PLUMAS m.: Blairsden, 4,500 ft., e,larvae, VI-12-50 (H. M. Bohart, U.C.D.); Canymdam, U.C.D. - - - - University of California, Davis. 5,000 ft., $, larvae, IV-30-47 (H. M. bhart, U.C.L.A. - - - University of California, Los [J.C.D. 1. . Angeles. U.S.N.M. S. National Museum. TRINITY: Weaverville, 2,100 ft., 32, lar- - - - U. vae, VIII-9-49 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.).

Culex thriambus Dyat

Culex thriambus Ilyar, 1921. Ins. Ins. Mens.,

Explanation of Table I

County records which have been verified by examination of specimens are marked with an X. Re- cords which there is no reason to doubt but which have not been so verified are marked with a dot. Most of the latter were taken from a compilation made in 1948 by Harvey I. Magy of the State Depart- ment of Public Health, Bureau of Vector Control. l’hey were drawn from the literature and from records of various agencies dealing with mosquito control. Some of the dots represent records accumu- lated since 1948 by E. B. lhurman of the breau of Vector Control.

63 Table I. County Records of California Mosquitoes I m

64 THE MOSQUITOES OF CALIFORNIA 65

4 u c COUNT1 ES Q: 2! a r:

Orange X x x xx xxx. x x x xxx x Placer ..x x xxx xx xx x xx Plutnas .xx. xx xxxx .x . xx Riverside x .xx x x. xx xx . Sacramento x. x. x xx xx xx .. San Oenito X xxx x. xx San Hernardino x. x x x .x xx San Diego . .. x x .xx. x xxx x

Santa Rarbara X .x xxx xx

Santa Clara X X X X xxxx x X xx

Santa Criiz X xxx xx x xx

Shasta x. xxxxxxx xxxx xx X xx x. 1 Sierra . x-x xx xx .x

51s k iyou X X X x xx xx

Sol ano X x. x xx x.xx xx X xx .

Sonoma X x. x X xxxx x X X

Stanislaus X xx ...x x. xx . Sutter X .. .. x xx X Te h ma X X x. x xx xx Tr 1 n i ty x xx xx xxx Tulare X .x xx x xx xx x xx . Tuolumne .x X X .x xx xx xx . Ven tura X x xx xxx xx xx

YO10 X xx .x xx x xx xx x xx

Yuba X X .x x x. X

Literature Cited

Aitken, ’I.H. G. Farid, kl. A. 1939a. Two Aedes records for California. 1949. Relationships between certain popu- Pan-Pac. Ent. 15: 13-14. lations of Culex pipiens Linnaeus 1939b. A contribution to the knowledge of and Culex quinquefasciatus Say in the mosquitoes of hens Valley, the United States. Amer. Jour. Inyo County, Calif. Jour. Econ. Hygiene, 49: 83-100. Eht. 32:407-12. 1940a. The Anopheles complex in California. Freeborn, S. B. Proc. Sixth Pacific Sci. Congr. 1926. ’The mosquitoes of California. biv. 4:463-86. 1939. Calif. Pub. in Entomology 3:333-40. 1940b. Notes on Aedes nigrowculis (Ludlow), 1949. Anophelines of the Nearctic Region. A. increpitus Dyar, and Culex terri- In Boyd’s ‘RtdarioIogy” 1:379-98. tans Walker in California. Proc. W. B. Sunders Co.. Phila. Eht. Soc. Wash. 42:142-47. 1940~. ‘The genus Psorophora in California. Freeborn, S. B. and Brookman, B. Rev. de Eht. 11:672-82. 1943. Identification guide to the mosquitoes 1945. Studies on the Anopheles maculipennis of the Pacific Coast states. U. S. complex of western America. biv. Public Health Service, unnumbered Calif. Pub. in Entomology 7:273-364. publication, 23 pp. Galindo, P. Anonymous Unpublished manuscript. 1950. New California Aedes species description som to be out. bbsquito Buzz Galindo, P., and Kelley, ’I. F. 4(7) : 3. 1943. Culex (Culex) thriambus Dyar a new mosquito record for California. Bohart, R. M. Pan-Pac. Eht. 19:87-90. 1948a. ?he subgenus Neoculer in America north of Mexico. Ann. Eht. SOC. Hmon, W. M., W; C. Reeves and P. Galindo Amer. 41:330-45. 1945. Epidemiologic studies of mcephalitis 1948b. Differentiation of larvae and pupae in the San Joaquin Valley of Cali- of Aedes dorsalis and Aedes squa- fornia, 1943, with the isolation of miger. Proc. Eht. Soc. Wash. viruses from mosquitoes. her. 50:216-17. Jour. Hyg., 42:299-306. 1950a. Observations on snow mosquitoes in California. Pan-Pac. Ent. Howard, L. O., bar, ii. G., and Knab, F. 26: 111-18. 1912-1917. The mosquitoes of North and en- 1950b. A new species of Orthopodomyia from tral America and the West Indies. California. Ann. Ent. SOC.Amer. Carnegie Instit. of Washington, 43: 399-404. Pub. 159, 4 vols., 1,584 pp.

Brookman, B., and Reeves, W. C. Johnson, P. T., and ?human, E. B., 1950. A new name for a California mosquito. 1950. ’Ihe occurrence of Aedes (Ochlerota- Pan-Pac. Fnt. 26: 159-60. tus) pullatus (Coquillett), in California. Pan-Pac. ht. Dyar, H. G., and Knab, F. 26: 107 -10. 1906. “he larvae of Gdicidae classified Quayle. H. J. as independent organisms. Jour. 1906. Mosquito control. Univ. Calif. N.Y. Ent. SOC. 14:169. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bd. 175, 55 PP.

67 68 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Reeves, W. C. Thurman, E. B. and Johnson, P. T. 1941a. The mosquito genus hsonia Blanchard 1950. The taxonomic characters of the larvae in California. Pan-Pac. ht. 17:28. of the genus Culiseta Felt, 1904 in 1941b. ?he genus Orthopodomyia 'Theobald in California. Pan-Pac. Ent. 26:179- California. Pan-Pac. Fnt. 17:69-72. 187. 1941c. Proceedings California Mosquito Crm- trol Association. (Mimeographed. Thurman, E. B. and Winkler, E. C. 1950. A new species of mosquito in Cali- Seaman, E, A. fornia, Aedes (Och lerotatus) bicr is- 1945. Ecological observations and recent tatus. Proc. Ent. SOC.Wash. 52:237- records on mosquitoes of San Diego 50. and Imperial Counties, California. Mosquito News 5 :89 -95. Wirth, W. W. in Usinger, R. L., La Rivers, Ira, Chandler, H. P. and Wirth, W. W. Sundararaman, S. 1948. Biology of Aquatic and Littoral In- 1949. Biometrical studies on intergradation sects. Univ. Calif. Syllabus in the genitalia of certain popula- Series, Syllabus 9. Entomology 133, tions of Culex pipiens and Culex 244 PP. quinguefasciatus in the United States. Amer. Jour. Hygiene, 50: 307 -314.

Theobald, F. W. 1901-1910. A monograph of the Clllicidae or mosquitoes, Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5 vols., 2,459 pp. Plates

0. anterior pronotum

b. posterior pronotum C. propleuro d. subspiroculor ore0 e, sternopleuron f. mesepimeron 9. meron h. postspirowlor area

1. Adult 9 mosquito

ic, inner clypral hoir

,_disiistyk oc. outer clypeol hoir r pc. postclypeol hair

-ontenno1 hoir

-front01 hairs

‘transuturol hoir

2. $ genitalia of Aedes 3. Head of Anopheles larva dorsalis (left, ventral)

Fig. 1. Adult 9 mosquito showing important sclerites and bristles. Fig. 2. Genitalia of 6 Aedes dorsalis in left ventral view. Fig. 3. Head of Anopheles larva showing important bristles of dorsal surface. 71 \

h8a d hair ' 8

4. Fourth stage larva of Aedes dorsalis

segment Gaddie (dorsal pl3 te of anal segment

PLATE 3

beyond seventh segment shown Fig. 4. Mature larva of Aedes dorsalis outlining key structures (abdomen in lateral view). 72 5. Anopheles 6. Anopheles 1 Anoph. pseudo. puncttpennis f reeborni f ranciscanus

IO. Orthopodomyia II. Mansonia californica perturbans

Figs. 5-7. Dorsal view of head of mature Anopheles larvae. Figs. 8-11. Lateral view of eighth and following abdominal segments of mature larvae of Psorophora, Culiseta, Orthopodomyia, and Mansonia.

73 " 12. Aedes cataphylia 13. Aedes fitchii

I I 1 I 1

Y 14. Aedes vexans 15. Aedes nigromaculis

16. Aedes varipalpus 17. Aedes hexodontus

PLATE 5

Figs. 12-17. Lateral view of eighth and following abdaninal segments of mature larvae of Aedes.

74 18. Aedes 19. Aedes 20. Aedes 21. Aedes varipalpus ccat aphylla communis hexodont us

22. Aedes 23. Aedes 24. Aedes 25. Aedes dorsalis pul lot us nigromaculis f lave s cen s

e26. Aedes 21 Aedes c28. Aedes 29. Aedes vent r ovit t is increpitus squamiger taeniorhynchus

PLAlE 6

Figs. 18-29. Side view of claspette of 6 Aedes.

75 I t I I I I

30. Culex erythrothorax 31. Culex thriambus

(I I I

L 32. Culex tarsalis 33. Culex stigmatosoma

PLATE 7

Figs. 30-35. Lateral view of eighth and follwing abdominal segments of mature larvae of Culex.

76 36. Culex 32 Culex 38. Culex 39. Culex reevesi territans apicalis ..^ boharti vc

40. Culex 41. Culex 42. Culex quinquef asciatus pipiens restuans

43. Culex 44. Culex 45. Culex 46. Culex tarsalis stigmatosoma thriambus erythrothorax rods rods rods

47. Cu!ex 48. Culex 49. Culex tarsalis stigmatosoma thriambus

PLATE a

Figs. 36-39. Ventral view of mesosane of Culex (subgenus Neoculex). Figs. 40-41. Slightly flattened ventral view of mesosane of Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex pipiens. Figs. 42-46. Left rnesosane plate of Culex (subgenus Culex) in dissected, flattened view. Figs. 47-49. Ventral view of apical lobe of left hsistyle in 6 genitalia of Culex (subgenus Culex).

77 Index

Index to scientific names (principal reference underlined)

Aedes, 26, 39 (Key, 27-30) occidentalis, 25, 26, 27, 36 Discussion of spp., 39) pseudopunctipennis, 36 Aedes aldrichi, 46 punctipennis, 26, 27, 38 bicristatus, 28, 29, 2 Culex, 26, 54 (Keys, 31-33) caspius, 41 Discussion of spp., 54) cataphylla, 28, 29, 40 Culex anips, 31, 32, cinereus, 28, 29, 9 apicalis, 25, 31, 33, comnunis, 28, 29, 30, & badgeri, 56 dorsalis, 27 28, 30, 4-1 boharti, 25, 31, 32, 33, 55 fletcheri, 43 erythrothorax, 31, 32, 56 fisheri, 49 fatigans, 57 fitchii, 27, 29, 30, 43 federalis, 56 flavescens, 2'7, 29, molestus, 56 geniculatus, & pipiens, 25, 31, 32, & hemiteleus, 4) quinquefasciatus, 25, 31, 32, 51 hexodontus, 28, 29, g reevesi &hart (not Wirth), 55 impiger, 25 reevesi Wirth, 31, 32, 33, 3 increpitus, 27, 28, 301 4.3 restuans, 31, 32, lateralis, 46 stigplatosma, 31, 32, 58 lutescens, 43 tarsalis, 25, 31, 32, mimesis, 43 territans, 25, 31, 32, 33, nigromacdis, 27, 28, 29, 43 thriambus, 31, 32, 61 palustris, 43 Culiseta, 26, 51 (Keys, 3-31) prodotes, 40 (Discussion of spp. 51) pullatus, 28, 30, 45 Culiseta impatiens, 30, 31, punctor, 45 incidens, 25, 30, 31, -51 rostochiensis, 40 inornata, 30, 31, 53 rusticus, 40 maccrackenae, 30, 31, a squamiger, 27, 29, 30, & F'inlaya, 29 sticticus, 28, 29, 30, 3 Qabhamia, 44 taeniorhynchus, 27, 28, 29, 46 Mansonia, 26, 51 tahoensis, 41 Mansonia perturbans, 2 trichurus, 40 mhlerotatus, 29 varipalpus, 27, 28, 29, 30, 41 Orthopodanyia, 26, 50 ventrovittis, 27, 29, 45 Orthopadomyia californica, 50 vexans, 27, 28, 29, 3 signifera, 50 Aedimorphus, 29 Psorophora, 26, 8 Anopheles, 26, 34 (Keys, 26) Psorophora confinnis, 50 Discussion of spp., 34) Taeniorhynchus, 50 freeborni, 25, 26, 27, 34 'Zheobaldia, 51 franciscanus, 26, 27, jtj Uranotaenia, 26, 50

maculipennis, 25, 36 Uranotaenia anhydor, 150