INSECT EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society’s 22nd Symposium This page intentionally left blank INSECT EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society’s 22nd Symposium Edited by M.D.E. Fellowes School of Animal and Microbial Sciences University of Reading Reading, UK G.J. Holloway School of Animal and Microbial Sciences University of Reading Reading, UK J. Rolff Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxon OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi-publishing.org © Royal Entomological Society 2005. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Royal Entomological Society of London. Symposium (22nd : 2003 : University of Reading, UK) Insect evolutionary ecology : proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society’s 22nd Symposium / edited by M. Fellowes, G. Holloway, J. Rolff. p. cm. “Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society 22nd Symposium held at the University of Reading, UK.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-812-7 (alk. paper) 1. Insects--Evolution--Congresses. 2. Insects--Ecology--Congresses. I. Fellowes, M.D.E. (Mark) II. Holloway, G.J. (Graham) III. Rolff, J. (Jens) IV. Title. ISBN 0 85199 812 7 Typeset in Souvenir by Columns Design Ltd, Reading. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn. Contents Contributors vii Introduction xi 1 Genetics, Relatedness and Social Behaviour in Insect Societies 1 Andrew F.G. Bourke 2 Do Insect Sexual Ornaments Demonstrate Heightened Condition Dependence? 31 Samuel Cotton and Andrew Pomiankowski 3 Sperm Competition in Butterflies and Moths 49 Nina Wedell 4 Alternative Mating Tactics and Fatal Fighting in Male Fig Wasps 83 James M. Cook 5 Seasonal Plasticity, Host Plants, and the Origin of Butterfly Biodiversity 111 Sören Nylin, Karl Gotthard and Georg H. Nygren 6 Life Histories and Parasite Pressure Across the Major Groups of Social Insects 139 J.J. Boomsma, P. Schmid-Hempel and W.O.H. Hughes 7 Cascading Effects of Plant Genetic Variation on Herbivore Communities 177 Robert S. Fritz and Cris G. Hochwender 8 The Role of Parasites of Insect Reproduction in the Diversification of Insect Reproductive Processes 205 Gregory D.D. Hurst, K. Mary Webberley and Robert Knell v vi Contents 9 The Evolution of Imperfect Mimicry 231 Francis Gilbert 10 Evolutionary Ecology of Insect Host–Parasite Interactions: an Ecological Immunology Perspective 289 Kenneth Wilson 11 Adaptive Plasticity in Response to Predators in Dragonfly Larvae and Other Aquatic Insects 343 Frank Johansson and Robby Stoks 12 The Peppered Moth: Decline of a Darwinian Disciple 367 Michael E.N. Majerus 13 Insecticide Resistance in the Mosquito Culex pipiens: Towards an Understanding of the Evolution of ace Genes 393 M. Weill, P. Labbe, O. Duron, N. Pasteur, P. Fort and M. Raymond 14 Molecular and Ecological Differentiation of Species and Species Interactions Across Large Geographic Regions: California and the Pacific Northwest 405 John N. Thompson and Ryan Calsbeek 15 The Genetic Basis of Speciation in a Grasshopper Hybrid Zone 423 David M. Shuker, Tania M. King, José L. Bella and Roger K. Butlin 16 Assortative Mating and Speciation as Pleiotropic Effects of Ecological Adaptation: Examples in Moths and Butterflies 451 Chris D. Jiggins, Igor Emelianov and James Mallet 17 Specializations and Host Associations of Social Parasites of Ants 475 Jeremy A. Thomas, Karsten Schönrogge and Graham W. Elmes 18 Evolutionary Changes in Expanding Butterfly Populations 515 Jane K. Hill, Calvin Dytham and Clare L. Hughes Index 531 Contributors J.L. Bella, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain J.J. Boomsma, Institute of Biology, Department of Population Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark A.F.G. Bourke, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK R.K. Butlin, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK R. Calsbeek, Center for Tropical Research, 1609 Hershey Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA J.M. Cook, Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berks SL5 7PY, UK S. Cotton, The Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK O. Duron, Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution (UMR 5554), Laboratoire Génétique et Environnement, Cc 065, Université Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France C. Dytham, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK G.W. Elmes, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (NERC), CEH Dorset, Winfrith Technology Centre, Winfrith Newburgh, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8ZD, UK I. Emelianov, Plant and Invertebrate Ecology Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK P. F o r t , Centre de Recherche en Biochimie des Macromolécules (FRE2593), CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 05, France R.S. Fritz, Department of Biology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA F. Gilbert, School of Biology, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK vii viii Contributors K. Gotthard, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden J.K. Hill, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK C.G. Hochwender, Department of Biology, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN 47722, USA C.L. Hughes, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK W.O.H. Hughes, Institute of Biology, Department of Population Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Present address: School of Biological Science, AIZ, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia G.D.D. Hurst, Department of Biology, University College London, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK C.D. Jiggins, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK F. Johansson, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden T.M. King, Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand R. Knell, School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK P. Labbe, Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution (UMR 5554), Laboratoire Génétique et Environnement, Cc 065, Université Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France M.E.N. Majerus, Department of Genetics, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK J. Mallet, The Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK G.H. Nygren, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden S. Nylin, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden N. Pasteur, Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution (UMR 5554), Laboratoire Génétique et Environnement, Cc 065, Université Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France A. Pomiankowski, The Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK M. Raymond, Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution (UMR 5554), Laboratoire Génétique et Environnement, Cc 065, Université Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France P. Schmid-Hempel, ETH Zurich, Ecology and Evolution, ETH-Zentrum, NW, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland K. Schönrogge, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (NERC), CEH Dorset, Winfrith Technology Centre, Winfrith Newburgh, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8ZD, UK D.M. Shuker, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK R. Stoks, Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, University of Leuven, Ch. De Bériostraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Contributors ix J.A. Thomas, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (NERC), CEH Dorset, Winfrith Technology Centre, Winfrith Newburgh, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8ZD, UK J.N. Thompson, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA K.M. Webberley, Department of Biology, University College London, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK and School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK N. Wedell, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter in Cornwall, Penryn, UK M. Weill, Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution (UMR 5554), Laboratoire Génétique et Environnement, Cc 065, Université Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France K. Wilson, Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK This page intentionally left blank Introduction The 21st Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society Mark D.E. Fellowes, Graham J. Holloway and Jens Rolff Evolutionary ecology is a hybrid science. At its heart lies a desire to understand the ecology of organisms from an evolutionary perspective, so evolutionary ecologists