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Rock Excavation

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Rock Excavation University of rizona Mining and Geological Engineering Rock Excavation MnE 415 – 515: Course Notes – Spring 2006 Module 1-5 Compiled by: Dr. Sean Dessureault MGE 415 – Rock Excavation 2006 Table of Contents MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES I .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 GEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES IN ROCK EXCAVATION ......................................................................... 1 1.2.1 Minerals and Rocks .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2.2 The properties of rocks ............................................................................................................. 3 1.2.3 Rock classification.................................................................................................................... 6 1.2.4 Rock Strength............................................................................................................................ 8 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES II............................................................................................................... 16 1.3 ROCK BREAKING PROCESSES....................................................................................................... 16 1.3.1 Primary................................................................................................................................... 17 1.3.2 Secondary ............................................................................................................................... 20 1.3.3 Tertiary................................................................................................................................... 21 1.3.4 Miscellaneous......................................................................................................................... 23 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES III ............................................................................................................. 24 MODULE 2: DRILLING AND BLASTING COMPONENTS......................................................... 1 2.1 DRILLING MECHANISMS ................................................................................................................ 1 2.1.1 Percussive Drilling................................................................................................................... 2 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES IV ............................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 Rotary Drilling ......................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 DRILLING EQUIPMENT.................................................................................................................. 28 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES V............................................................................................................... 28 2.2.1 Sample Problems Drilling ...................................................................................................... 28 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES VI ............................................................................................................. 31 2.3 EXPLOSIVES INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 31 2.3.1 Detonation Theory.................................................................................................................. 32 2.3.2 Comparative Explosive Properties ......................................................................................... 36 2.3.3 Thermochemistry of Explosives and the Detonation Reaction. .............................................. 41 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES VII............................................................................................................ 43 2.4 EXPLOSIVE PRODUCTS................................................................................................................. 43 2.4.1 History of Explosives.............................................................................................................. 43 2.4.2 Energetic material .................................................................................................................. 46 2.4.3 Explosives and Propellants..................................................................................................... 47 2.4.4 Single Molecule and Composite Explosives ........................................................................... 47 2.4.5 Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary explosives......................................................................... 50 2.4.6 Commercial Explosives .......................................................................................................... 50 2.4.7 Nitroglycerin-based Explosives .............................................................................................. 51 2.4.8 Dry Blasting Agents................................................................................................................ 52 2.4.9 Wet Blasting Agents................................................................................................................ 53 2.4.10 Primers and Boosters-........................................................................................................ 56 2.4.11 Initiators and Initiation Systems......................................................................................... 56 2.4.12 Electric Caps...................................................................................................................... 56 2.4.13 Non-electric caps ...............................................................................................................57 2.4.14 Electronic Detonators ........................................................................................................ 58 2.4.15 Detonating cord .................................................................................................................58 Dessureault 1/16/2006 i MGE 415 – Rock Excavation 2006 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES VIII .......................................................................................................... 59 MODULE 3: BLAST DESIGN.......................................................................................................... 60 3.1 BLAST DESIGN BASICS ................................................................................................................ 60 3.1.1 System Approach .................................................................................................................... 60 3.1.2 Idealized fragmentation curves............................................................................................... 63 3.1.3 Preliminary guidelines for blast layout .................................................................................. 66 3.1.4 Ratios for initial design .......................................................................................................... 74 3.1.5 Powder Factor........................................................................................................................ 77 3.1.6 Determination of KB................................................................................................................ 78 3.1.7 Effects to pattern design in changing explosives .................................................................... 80 3.1.8 Effects to pattern design in changing rock types .................................................................... 81 3.1.9 Numerical Examples............................................................................................................... 82 3.1.10 Stemming & Decking.......................................................................................................... 84 3.1.11 Concluding Notes on D, B, and PF.................................................................................... 86 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES IX ............................................................................................................. 87 3.2 GEOLOGICAL IMPACTS ON BLAST DESIGN................................................................................... 87 3.2.1 Rock Properties ...................................................................................................................... 87 3.2.2 Structure ................................................................................................................................. 89 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES X............................................................................................................... 96 3.3 PATTERNS AND SEQUENCING....................................................................................................... 97 3.3.1 Effective Burden and Spacing................................................................................................. 98 3.3.2 Designing the Timing............................................................................................................100 3.3.3 Generalized Timing ..............................................................................................................101 3.3.4 Skipping a Period
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