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New Criteria for Awarding Medals to Golden Jackal Trophies

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New Criteria for Awarding Medals to Golden Jackal Trophies FORESTRY IDEAS, 2020, vol. 26, No 1 (59): 109–118 NEW CRITERIA FOR AWARDING MEDALS TO GOLDEN JACKAL TROPHIES Stoyan Stoyanov Wildlife Management Department, University of Forestry, 10 St. Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria. E-mail: [email protected] Received: 22 December 2019 Accepted: 18 April 2020 Abstract Hunting exhibitions are valuable sources of morphometric data. Although considering only two craniometric measurements, i.e. maximum length and zygomatic breadth, a huge data base has been created. Trophies from almost all predator species are presented at hunting exhibitions and measured, thus making it possible to collect much more craniometric data in addition to the standard trophy evaluation. However, the CIC (Conseil International de la Chasse) have firmly established and appropriate criteria for awarding medals for only a very few carnivore species. Golden jackal (Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758) is hunted as a game species in many European countries, following its ongoing expansion, but still very few trophies are presented and measured at hunting exhibitions. Often different criteria have been applied for awarding medals to jackal trophies decided on an ad hoc basis by the evaluation committees. Recently, new criteria for awarding jackal trophies were officially adopted by CIC in the latest edition of the Handbook for the Evaluation and Measurement of Hunting Trophies. However, not so many trophies of jackal skulls were measured since then and it seems that these criteria are determined arbitrarily and are not based on research or large amounts of data. Bulgarian territory is considered the core area of Golden jackal distribution in Europe with the highest population density, but morphometric studies, including skulls from Bulgaria, are very scarce and local so far. In the present research an extensive morphometric data of jackal skulls from Bulgaria and Romania was analysed to sug- gest and justify new criteria for awarding medals to jackal trophies. Statistical distribution of trophy scores was approximated by normal distribution with mean and variance calculated from the large Bulgarian sample. According to the results, gold medals must be awarded to a trophy scoring 27.00 CIC points and above, silver – from 26.50 to 26.99 and bronze – from 26.00 to 26.49. Key words: Canis aureus, CIC scores, cranial variability, hunting exhibitions, skull morpho- metry, trophy. Introduction Spassov and Acosta-Pankov 2019). Since the 1980s, jackals have increased in their Golden jackal (Canis aureus Linnaeus, distribution and abundance in what is 1758) is one of the most widely distributed arguably the most dramatic recent expan- canid species and is found in many areas sion among native predators on the conti- of Europe and Asia (Jhala and Moehlman nent (Jhala and Moehlman 2004, Šálek et 2004, Arnold et al. 2012, Hoffmann et al. 2014, Koepfli et al. 2015, Trouwborst et al. 2018, Moehlman and Hayssen 2018, al. 2015). The jackal expansion in the last 110 S. Stoyanov two decades has been rapid and is still on- inaccessible to researchers. Hunting ex- going. Jackals have spread into Switzer- hibitions provide good opportunities for land, Lichtenstein, Germany, Denmark, scientists to collect such data, but hunt- Poland, France, Netherlands, Belarus, ers should be motivated to present their Ukraine, Baltic states and, in 2019, also trophies. The idea to evaluate hunting to Finland (Pyšková et al. 2016, Volokh trophies of carnivore species came for and Roženko 2016, Krofel et al. 2017, the first time in Florence in 1964, where Potočnik et al. 2019). The ongoing expan- skulls of Brown bear (Ursus arctos Lin- sion of the species in Europe has caused naeus, 1758) were measured, and data concerns regarding the possible negative collection started (Ninov 2015). In all the effects that its presence could exert, due exhibitions conducted so far, the skulls to excessive predation of other wildlife of 19 species and 5 subspecies of car- species or livestock, and the transmis- nivores were evaluated (Hromas 1998). sion of pathogens (Rutkowski et al. 2015, Although considering only two craniomet- Ćirović et al. 2016). In addition, there are ric measurements, i.e. maximum length several uncertainties regarding jackal and zygomatic breadth, a huge data base management and policies, often in asso- was created exceeding in the number of ciation with the unknown origins of jack- measured skulls all the world’s natural al populations (Trouwborst et al. 2015). history collections. Initially, only the skulls Nowadays Golden jackal is hunted as a of Brown bear, Grey wolf and European game species in Austria, Bulgaria, Bosnia wildcat (Felis silvestris Schreber, 1777) and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Estonia, were evaluated. Nowadays, hunting tro- Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Moldova, Po- phies from almost all predator species are land, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slove- presented at hunting exhibitions and mea- nia, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine (Potočnik sured, thus making it possible to collect et al. 2019), but still very few trophies are much more craniometric data in addition presented and measured at hunting exhi- to the standard trophy evaluation. More- bitions. Jackal expansion in the last de- over, estimating the age of animals by up- cades has triggered research interest in per incisive teeth wear (Lombaard 1971) Europe. However, very few studies have or by counting the annual cementum lay- focused on cranial variability of Golden ers in canines (Klevezal and Kleinenberg jackal in Europe (Kryštufek and Tvrtković 1967) provides valuable data on popula- 1990, Stoyanov 2012, Volokh and Rožen- tion demography. Although the skulls of ko 2016, Markov et al. 2017, Rezić et al. all carnivore game species are presented 2017, Krendl et al. 2018, Stoyanov 2019, and evaluated at hunting exhibitions, not Stoyanov 2020), despite its wide distribu- for all of them CIC (Conseil International tion in recent decades. de la Chasse) have firmly established and Natural history collections are valuable appropriate criteria for awarding medals, source of morphometric data. However, as they had been developed and accept- for many game species in Bulgaria like ed for Brown bear, Grey wolf and Europe- Grey wolf (Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758), an wildcat. In the most popular ‘Blue book’ Golden jackal and Red fox (Vulpes vulpes of CIC, where criteria for awarding medals (Linnaeus, 1758)), a big part of skulls is were published (Whitehead et al. 1986), stored in hunters’ private trophy collec- such criteria are missing for the Golden tions, and such data remains hidden and jackal and many other carnivore species. New Criteria for Awarding Medals to Golden Jackal Trophies 111 A Jackal skull from Africa was first pre- Material and Methods sented, but not evaluated, at an exhibition in 1954 in Düsseldorf. For the first time A total of 210 skulls of Golden jackal, 137 Golden jackal trophies were evaluated from Bulgaria and 73 from Romania were and awarded medals by certain criteria at analysed. The Bulgarian sample com- the 1996 hunting exhibition in Novi Sad prised of 73 specimens, collected between (Ninov 2015). Most often during the hunt- 1998 and 2007 from 20 different sites all ing exhibitions different criteria have been over the country, but most of them coming applied for awarding medals decided on from three main regions with the jackal’s an ad hoc basis by the evaluation commit- highest population density: Yambol, Veliko tees. Such criteria are usually determined Tarnovo and Burgas. It also included 36 arbitrarily and are not based on research skulls, collected by Stoyan Vassilev in the or a large database. Angelescu (2004), in end of 1980s, 12 specimens from the sci- his monograph on Golden jackal in Roma- entific collection of the National Museum nia, proposed criteria for awarding jackal of Natural History dating back to the last trophies, which were officially adopted by century, and 18 skulls, collected between CIC in the latest edition of Handbook for 2005 and 2012, measured at a national the Evaluation and Measurement of Hunt- trophy exhibition in 2013. Most of skulls ing Trophies (Crombrugghe et al. 2014) are with known sex, but 11 skulls with un- that replaced the old ‘Blue book’. In Plo- known sex were also included. The age vdiv (2013) only 25 Golden jackal skulls of jackals was determined by assessment were measured and received 10 gold, 3 of upper incisive teeth wear (Lombaard silver and 5 bronze medals, according to 1971) and for some individuals also by these criteria. However, not so many tro- counting the annual cementum layers in phies of Golden jackal skulls were mea- canines (Klevezal and Kleinenberg 1967). sured since then and it seems that these Both methods are reliable enough for the criteria are determined arbitrarily and are purposes of the study and provide accu- not based on large database either. Still rate results, with precision up to one year more research is needed. for the first one (Harris et al. 1992, Raic- Bulgarian territory is considered the hev 2002). The skulls were assigned to core area of golden jackal distribution in three age groups: juveniles, subadults and Europe with the highest population den- adults. Juveniles were defined as individ- sity (Stoyanov 2013, Spassov and Acos- uals with fully developed second dentition, ta-Pankov 2019), but morphometric stud- but less than 11 months of age, subadults ies, including skulls from Bulgaria, are as individuals older than 10 months, when very scarce and local so far (e.g. Markov they reach sexual maturity, but less than et al. 2017, Krendl et al. 2018). In the most two years of age, and adults as two years comprehensive recent morphometric re- and older. Skulls of juveniles were exclud- search in Bulgaria an extensive morpho- ed from further analyses. For compari- metric data of jackal skulls was analysed son 73 skulls from Romania (Angelescu (Stoyanov 2019) and this database was 2004) were included.
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