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Anuario 2007.Pdf Nº1 Año 2007 Buenos Aires Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones en Ciencias Sociales www.ceics.org.ar El Anuario del CEICS es una publicación del Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones en Ciencias Sociales. En ella presentamos al lector una se- lección de las investigaciones desarrolladas cada año en el seno de nuestra Director Académico: Eduardo Satelli institución. Secretaria Académica: Marina Kabat Ediciones r r El Anuario CEICS es una publicación del Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones en Ciencias Sociales Consejo Editorial: ANUARIO DEL CEICS Eduardo Sartelli Silvina Pascucci Rosana López Rodríguez Juan Kornblihtt Marina Kabat Fabián Harari Stella Grenat Editora Responsable: En el año 2000 se crea el Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones en Ciencias sociales -CEICS. Con ello dotamos de un marco institucional al trabajo colecti- Marina Kabat vo que un grupo de investigadores habíamos iniciado un lustro antes. Pero no se trató sólo de un movimiento formal, sino que, producto de la maduración Diseño de tapa: de este grupo, se logra diseñar un programa de investigación colectivo, se Sebastián Cominiello ordena y sistematiza el conjunto de investigaciones emprendidas. En el camino por desarrollar las líneas de investigación allí establecidas hemos escrito y defendido varias Tesis. Las mismas han comenzado a ser Diseño de interior: publicadas en la colección “Investigaciones del CEICS” de nuestra Ediciones Agustina Desalvo y Sebastián Cominiello RyR. Sin embargo, aún necesitábamos un espacio apropiado para difundir los avances de investigación de nuestro Centro. Muchos estudios requieren el Redacción: trabajo de años. En su transcurso arrojan resultados parciales cuya difusión y Pillado 847, 1º A, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, CP 1406 debate resulta trascendental para proseguir la tarea. La revista Razón y Revolución que hemos editado por ya 12 años, cumple parcialmente ese rol. Sin embargo, su finalidad principal es otra: constituirse Dirección de correo electrónico: en un espacio de discusión dentro del marxismo, por ello gran parte de sus [email protected] artículos pertenecen a investigadores externos al CEICS. Era necesario entonces un nuevo canal por el cual difundir nuestra pro- ISSN 181-406 ducción. Con ello, al reunir y publicar diversas investigaciones de nuestro Editado en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Centro que refieren a la misma problemática, buscamos también favorecer Impreso en Pavón 162, C.P. 1870 la puesta en discusión de los problemas e hipótesis más generales que guían Registro de propiedad en trámite. nuestra labor. Aspectos que, en muchos casos, resulta dificultoso evaluar si se examina cada uno de los distintos estudios de casos en forma aislada. En esta edición, los cinco primeros artículos comparten la preocupación por las particularidades del capitalismo argentino y su incidencia sobre el desarrollo histórico de distintas ramas productivas. Así incluimos dos análisis de crítica teórica (Harari, Sartelli) y tres estudios sobre ramas de producción www.ceics.org.ar específicas, a saber petróleo, automotriz y calzado. Un quinto trabajo, analiza cuál ha sido la política educativa impulsada por la burguesía argentina en los últimos cincuenta años. Finalmente, presentamos dos artículos que refieren al Argentinazo, sea a través del análisis de sus inicios (Cominiello), como de sus consecuencias (Sanz Cerbino). Ambos comparten la preocupación por escla- recer el rol que los partidos de izquierda tuvieron en dicho proceso. LA IZQUIERDA Y EL DEBATE SOBRE LA GÉNESIS DEL CAPITALISMO ARGENTINO: LA FORMACIÓN DE LA BURGUESÍA Y LA CUESTIÓN AGRARIA COLONIAL Fabián Harari El problema de los orígenes del capitalismo en Argentina es el proble- ma de su revolución burguesa. Esta afirmación traslada nuestra mirada hacia aquello que fenoménicamente aparece como lo más cercano a un proceso de ese tipo: la Revolución de Mayo. La pregunta es, claro, si ese fenómeno ex- presa el momento insurreccional de una revolución social. Para responder, no basta con leer las proclamas ni con observar los movimientos políticos. Hace falta probar que, efectivamente, hacia comienzos del siglo XIX asistimos, en el Río de la Plata1, a la formación de una burguesía revolucionaria. Si en algún lugar podemos llegar a encontrar su origen es en la campaña rioplatense en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, cuando asistimos a un impresionante desarro- llo de las fuerzas productivas en la ganadería. Se duplican las tierras puestas a producir, se triplica la población y el litoral acoge a trabajadores migrantes de las provincias “de arriba”. Es así que el estudio de las relaciones sociales en el mundo rural pampeano se convierte en una herramienta indispensable para saldar el problema. La izquierda ha dedicado a la cuestión numerosos esfuerzos. Sin embar- go, la mayoría de ellos no ha logrado superar el nivel de ensayo, es decir, la lectura de un corpus bibliográfico más o menos extenso y la posterior opinión sobre la base de alguna cita de autores clásicos. Períodos de ostracismo y una tendencia fuertemente antiintelectual conspiraron contra la definición de un plan de investigación que aporte bases científicas al programa revolucionario. Tuvo la izquierda, además, un segundo obstáculo: su aceptación, casi a pie juntillas, del credo dependentista. Así, ha puesto en primer lugar el problema de la contradicción burguesía nacional-imperialismo, por sobre los enfren- tamientos de clase. Al comprobar la debilidad de la burguesía argentina, no podían observar las tareas que la burguesía sí había hecho. Por lo tanto, sus conclusiones llevaban a negar la instancia de una revolución burguesa. 1Nos referimos a ese espacio geográfico por dos motivos. En primer lugar, la Argentina no existía como entidad política. En segundo, la región más dinámica -y en la que asistió a un desarrollo más intenso de la lucha de clases- es la comprendida por Buenos Aires, la Banda Oriental (hoy Uruguay) y Santa Fe. En cambio, las regiones del norte conocen otra configura- ción social. 7 8 En este artículo intentaremos un repaso de las principales hipótesis soste- a la ganadería, mientras que el desarrollo económico sería propio de los pe- nidas por el marxismo en torno a la economía agraria bajo el periodo colonial, queños agricultores.4 Expliquemos mejor: para el PC (y la gran mayoría del con una particular preocupación: la visión sobre el surgimiento o la ausencia marxismo criollo) la producción agrícola en pequeñas chacras produce una de una clase revolucionaria. alta densidad poblacional. Esos “colonos” producen para el mercado local y, por lo tanto, son consumidores de mercancías. Por lo tanto, estarían fo- El partido Comunista Argentino mentando el desarrollo de otras producciones, en particular las urbanas. A su vez, la competencia provocaría la necesidad de mejorar sus cultivos dando Desde sus inicios, el stalinismo dividió al globo en países plenamente ca- rienda a su modernización. En cambio, el latifundio ganadero (producción en pitalistas y países que no habían aún realizado su revolución democrático grandes extensiones, con poca mano de obra) determinaría una baja densidad burguesa; en rigor, feudales. En estos últimos, señalaba, debía apoyarse las va- demográfica y una precaria división del trabajo. Estos “latifundistas” serían riantes progresistas del capitalismo local. Así, era tarea del comunismo criollo muy poco propensos a invertir, ya que, como unos pocos acaparan la tierra, demostrar lo inacabado de las relaciones capitalistas en Argentina. No obstan- hay poca competencia. A esto hay que sumarle una producción tan “simple” te, esta caracterización, para poder convertirse en una intervención eficaz, de- como la ganadería, en la que no habría que invertir casi nada, porque la tierra bía tener en cuenta las particularidades que la tradición política y las disputa ya viene con los ricos pastos incorporados. Todo el trabajo a realizar sería ideológicas locales. En concreto, los intelectuales comunistas debían procesar esperar a que los ganados engorden y quitarle el cuero. La producción en los dos fenómenos determinantes de los debates en el momento que escribieron latifundios produce una economía poco propensa al intercambio local y a la (entre la década de 140 y la de 160). Por un lado, el peronismo, un movi- movilidad social. En las amplias concentraciones de tierras, el estanciero es miento reformista burgués, como fenómeno de masas. Por el otro, la existen- amo y señor. Lo que el PC (y, como dijimos, gran parte del marxismo criollo) cia de la Revolución de Mayo como uno de los episodios más importantes de toman como modelo es el desarrollo de la agricultura farmer en Norteamérica, la lucha de clases, en la conciencia del conjunto de la población. ¿Por qué son en contraposición a las grandes extensiones de los terratenientes de la Europa importantes estas características? Porque obliga a ciertas complejidades en el oriental. El Río de la Plata, por si hace falta aclararlo, estaría en este segundo relato que no parecen, en un principio, corresponder con una historia ligada grupo. Los hacendados entonces, no constituirían una burguesía, mucho me- al programa que reivindica la revolución “nacional” y “democrática”. nos una clase interesada en una revolución social. Pasemos, entonces, a esa campaña mirada con los ojos del stalinismo. Allí, El problema de la revolución se vincula, según estos intelectuales, con los llamados “hacendados” coloniales aparecen como la encarnación de se- la existencia de dos fuerzas antagónicas determinadas por la relación de do- ñores
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