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“Conservation of Near Threatened Endemic Grizzled Giant Squirrel Through People Participation in Palni Hills, South Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu”

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“Conservation of Near Threatened Endemic Grizzled Giant Squirrel Through People Participation in Palni Hills, South Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu” 2014-2015 “Conservation of Near Threatened Endemic Grizzled Giant Squirrel Through People Participation in Palni Hills, South Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu” ACTION FOR COMMUNITY TRANSFORMATION INDIA FOUNDATION TRUST 93/15, PANNAIKADU PIRIVU, OOTHU, PANNAIKADU- 624210, KODAIKANAL, TAMILNADU, INDIA Table of Contents Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………………3 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..4 Methods ……………………………………………………………………………………… 5 Study Area …………………………………………………………………………………… 5 Results and Discussions …………………………………………………………………... 9 References …………………………………………………………………………………. 25 2 Acknowledgements We thank ATREE for providing necessary funds for the study on “Promotion of Community Forest Management for Livelihood support of Paliyan Tribe throth Bio-diversity Conservation in Palni Hills- Anamalai Corridor, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu through CEPF small grant Program. This project promotes the lively hood options of Paliyan Tribes and also helps in conserving the near threatened grizzled giant squirrel in Plani Hills, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu. We also thank The Chief Widlife Warden, Tamil Nadu Forest Department for The Disrtict Forest Officer, Kodaikanal and Dindigul for permitting us to carry out this project in Kodaikanal and Dindigul Divisions. We thank the Range Officers for their constant support through out the project period. We thank Dr.Bhakar Acharya for his full support during the project period. We also thank Dr.R. Ganesh, Dr. T. Ganesh and Dr. Jagdish Krishnasamy ATREE for his support and encouragement during the project. We thank Dr. Jack Tordoff, Program Director, CEPF. We thank Prof. Borian, Departmen of Tribal Studies, Gandhigram University, Dindigul. We also thank Mr. Elango, Consultant for Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques. We thank Mr. R. Arumugam, Wildlife Consultant, Pollachi for helping us in conducting Ecological survey of Grizzled Giant Squirrel and prpapring the final report on the ecological survey of grizzled giant squirrel work. We thank Prof. Stephen , American College, Madurai for identifying the plant specimens. We thank Mr. Davis Raja, Development Consultant, Nagerkovil for his hel in Socioal survey work. We thank all the Paliyan tribes for their support during this study without their whole hearted support it would not have possible to complete this project successful. 3 “Conservation of Near Threatened Endemic Grizzled Giant Squirrel through People Participation in Palni Hills, South Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu” Paliyan Tribes are primitive hunter-gatherers residing in the South Western Ghats, Tamilnadu (Gardener, 1972). They are found in Dindigul, Theni, Madurai and Virudhunagar Districts of Tamil Nadu. After the enactment of Wildlife Protection Act (1972) and declaration of wildlife sanctuaries in most of the forests where they are living they have given up hunting and become settled agriculturalists and work as agriculture laborers in estates located near there settlements. They also collect Non-timber forest produce (NTFP) for their sustenance (John Kennedy, 2006). Presently, NTFP collection also legally not permitted in places where they are living. These people have a close association with protection and conservation of Grizzled giant squirrels (Ratufa macroura) in South Western Ghats, India. On the other side there is also an overlap in the NTFP collected by Paliyan tribes and the trees that are used for feeding and nesting In places like Senbagathoppu, Srivilliputhur they raise squirrel young ones fallen from the nest due to high wind velocity during the month of May (Arora, 2013). They even feed them high quality feeds like milk powder used for human infants to raise the squirrels and release them in the nearby trees that have got connectivity to the forest. On the other side their NTFP collection species are overlapped with food plants and nesting trees of grizzled giant squirrel. And hence this project was started to reduce the pressure on the food plants of grizzled giant squirrel and to provide alternate employment for them. Grizzled giant squirrel is a near threatened (Molur, 2005 ; Joshua, 2010 & 2013), medium sized squirrel (Prater, 1971 ; Menon 2003) found in Cauveri wildlife sanctuary, (Kumara, 2006) Karnataka, Hosur Forest Division Baskaran, 2011), Anamalai Tiger Reserve ( Kumara, 2002) Kodaikanal Dindigul (Davidar, 1989, Sharma, 1992), Theni (Baskaran, 2011), Megamalai and Srivilliputhur grizzled squirrel wildlife sanctuary (Pulraj, 1991), Tamil Nadu and in Cavueri 4 wildlife sanctuary in Kerala state (Karthigeyan, 1992; Ramachandran. 1993; Senthilkumar, 1997). According IUCN. 2010 report there are only less than 500 squirrels left in wild in Western Ghats, India. Methodology Figure No. 1 5 Study Area The study was conducted in 638 square kilometers of Kodaikanal, Dindigul Divisions and Revenue lands of Dindigul District (Fig 2.) between January 2014 and March 2015. The forest types of the study area varies from Tropical Dry Thorn forests found along the foot hills and near Kodaikanal the forest type is Evergreen Forests, and in the mid-elevations, dry- and moist deciduous forests are found. There are two distinct seasons in the foot hills, dry and rainy season. On the higher elevations near Kodaikanal, there are three seasons namely dry, rainy and short period of winter season. The maximum temperature of the study area is 38o C and the minimum temperature reaches 0o C during winter. The rainfall in the study area varies from below 1000mm along the foot hills to more than 3500 mm in higher elevations (Kodaikanal). Transects were laid around the tribal hamlets to find out the biotic pressure due to NTFP collection, firewood collection, cattle grazing etc. Transects were laid around Kadamanrevu, Pattiyakadu, Kdaisikadu, Boodhamalai, Korankombu, Amaithisolai, Poolathur, Valagiri, Moolaiyaru, and Vadagaraiparai. The spatial locations of these villages are shown in Figure 2. Figure No.2 6 Paliyan youths in the study area are given training to estimate the NTFP resources available in the jungle and to estimate the wildlife encounter rate especially the grizzled giant squirrel in the same area where they are collecting NTFP. Estimation of NTFP Tree species density 7 Line transects of 50 x 4 meter size were laid in the study site to estimate the tree species density, NTFP species density, and the trees that are used as food and nesting trees by Grizzled giant squirrel. Plants above four meters were recorded as trees. Latitude, longitude and altitude of the transect locations were recorded using a Garmin Etrex- 20 Global Positioning System (GPS). A 50 meter rope was laid straight and tree species located in 2 meter width either side of the transects were recorded. Trees were identified by the Paliyan tribes by their local common name. Specimens were collected and preserved for identification of Botanical name by a botanist in Madurai American College. Saplings of the plants found within the transects were also recorded to find out the recruitment of various tree species found in the study site. The transect locations were superimposed on the study site map using mapping softwares like Global-mapper. 8 Figure -3 Estimation of overlap of NTFP collection with grizzled giant squirrel food plants A list of species collected as NTFP by Paliyan tribes was prepared and also the plant species eaten by Grizzled giant squirrel was prepared (Table No. 1) with the help of Paliyan tribal youths. The density of NTFP species and the plants eaten and used as nesting trees density was calculated from the data collected along the transects. Estimation of grizzled giant squirrel nest density The project investigator and the trained tribal youths walked along the designated routes and looked for Grizzled giant squirrels and their nests. The latitude, longitude and the altitude of the nest locations were recorded using GPS. The local name of feeding and nesting tree species was recorded with the help of Paliyan tribal youths and the approximate tree height and the nest height were also recorded. There were large bird nests like crows and raptors were also found in the study site. By actually looking at the nests used by Grizzled giant squirrel during the time of nest survey and with the help of Paliyan tribes we differentiated the squirrel nests from the bird nests. The squirrels make hole nest using twigs in the first layer and in the next layer they used soft leaves, and in the inner layers they used soft materials like tree fibers (fig. ). In contrast, there was only a single layer in bird nests, and they were soccer shaped and open. Habitat suitability analysis for grizzled giant squirrel With the help of mapping software habitat suitable for Grizzled giant squirrel was analyzed. Parameters such as nest numbers, elevation, tree density, tree height, tree species, canopy density etc were used to find out the suitable habitat for grizzled giant squirrel in the study area. Canopy Density Canopy density was estimated using a densitometer. Within each transect location, canopy cover was recorded for 25 random locations (Table No. 7). All the canopy cover data are added and canopy density was estimated for the study locations. RESULTS List of NTFP Trees and the Trees utilized by Grizzled Giant squirrel 89 tree species were found in the study site and they are shown in Table No. 1 . Out of these, 28 species used as feeding or nesting trees by Grizzled Giant squirrel. There is an overlap of 65 percent between the NTFP species collected by the Paliyars, and those used by Grizzled
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