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Kovalov Ou 0169D 10959.Pdf UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE EFFECTS OF POPULISM ON DEMOCRATIC QUALITY IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC, POLAND, AND UKRAINE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By MAKSYM KOVALOV Norman, Oklahoma 2013 THE EFFECTS OF POPULISM ON DEMOCRATIC QUALITY IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC, POLAND, AND UKRAINE A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE BY ______________________________ Dr. Mitchell P. Smith, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Charles D. Kenney ______________________________ Dr. Ronald K. Gaddie _____________________________ Dr. Suzette R. Grillot _____________________________ Dr. Daniel L. Hicks © Copyright by MAKSYM KOVALOV 2013 All Rights Reserved. Моим дорогим родителям за их безусловную поддержку, любовь и веру, что у меня все получится. Acknowledgements First and foremost, I am very grateful to my advisor, Dr. Mitchell Smith, for his help and guidance. During these long years of taking classes and writing papers he has been a tremendous source of inspiration, ideas and encouragement. I am thankful for his detailed feedback on numerous drafts of this dissertation. I would also like to thank the members of my dissertation committee – Dr. Charles Kenney, Dr. Suzette Grillot, Dr. Keith Gaddie and Dr. Daniel Hicks – for their valuable comments, discussions and suggestions. My six months of dissertation research would not have been possible without financial support from the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Oklahoma, the Robberson Research Grant awarded by the Graduate College and the John Halvor Leek Memorial Scholarship awarded by the Department of Political Science. These grants and scholarships provided travel funding for my fieldwork in the Czech Republic, Poland and Ukraine. I am thankful for my communication with Kevin Deegan-Krause who graciously shared his contacts in the Czech Republic which allowed me to start my interviews there. I am also thankful for his suggestions and comments on the early drafts of the dissertation when I struggled with conceptual issues of defining populism. I thank Anna Matušková who invited me to join the workshop on political marketing held at the Masaryk University, Brno, where I did some of my interviews. I greatly appreciate the help of Maria Winclawska and Michal Kotnarowski who assisted me with many organizational issues – letters of invitation, housing in Torun and Warsaw, and initial contacts to start my interviews. Their friendly and engaging company was extremely iv helpful. Maria Winclawska organized a number of interviews with members of Sejm and Senate and a focus group in Torun, Poland and I am grateful for her assistances and support during my stay in Torun. I thank Martin Vávra at Czech Academy of Sociological Research and Mikołaj Cześnik and Radoslaw Markowski at the Institute for Public Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences for helping me get access to public opinion data. My friends have always been encouraging during these long years and helped me make this time more enjoyable. I am grateful for their support, friendship and high academic standards of scholarship they set for me to follow. I am especially thankful to Dr. Walter Wilson, Dr. Cyrus Contractor and Dr. Curtis Ellis. Throughout all these years, I have been fortunate to work with wonderful people at the Graduate College. They hired me when I needed a job and soon became my second family. Thank you for all the smiles, good vibes, words of encouragement and positive energy. It is not easy to find amazing colleagues and I have been fortunate to have found such a great group of people. A special thanks to Diana Beal, Dr. Janis Paul, Dr. Lee Williams, Laura Springer, Ginger Dossey and Dan Bye. I am thankful to my wonderful wife, Dr. Beatriz Maldonado. Her love, enthusiasm, joy, support, and encouragement brightened my days and helped me endure through the tough times. She helped with the statistical analysis, proofreading of seemingly endless chapter drafts, and general comments. I love you very much. Finally, quite often, my parents and my brother were more certain about my successful completion of the degree than I was. No matter what, they have unconditionally supported me, and I am immensely grateful to them. v Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. ix Abstract ............................................................................................................................. x Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Research Questions .................................................................................................... 2 The Puzzle: Populism’s Dual Nature ......................................................................... 2 Importance of the Research Question ......................................................................... 5 Studying Democratic Quality ..................................................................................... 9 Findings .................................................................................................................... 11 Organization of the Dissertation ............................................................................... 15 Chapter 2: Literature Review ......................................................................................... 17 Populism and Democratic Quality ............................................................................ 18 Democracy ................................................................................................................ 19 Democratic Quality .................................................................................................. 19 Populism ................................................................................................................... 23 Populism as a Dependent Variable ........................................................................... 33 Populism in Comparative Perspective ...................................................................... 35 Populism and Democracy ......................................................................................... 39 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 47 Chapter 3 – Research Design ......................................................................................... 49 Variables ................................................................................................................... 49 Case Selection .......................................................................................................... 54 Approach, Hypotheses, and Measurements .............................................................. 62 Data and Sources ...................................................................................................... 73 Process Tracing .................................................................................................. 74 Secondary Sources .............................................................................................. 77 Semi-Structured Elite Interviews ....................................................................... 79 Quantitative Tools .............................................................................................. 84 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 85 Chapter 4 Populism and Participation in Poland ............................................................ 87 Importance of Political Participation ........................................................................ 89 Political Participation as a Dimension of Democratic Quality ................................. 92 Negative Campaigning and Populism’s Appeals by Negation ................................. 94 Hypotheses, Method and Data .................................................................................. 96 Inclusion Mechanism .............................................................................................. 101 Disenchanted Mobilization Hypothesis .................................................................. 108 Negativism and Populist Discourse ........................................................................ 110 Other Forms of Participation .................................................................................. 118 Elite Interviews ....................................................................................................... 120 Statistical Tests ....................................................................................................... 124 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 129 Chapter 5 Populism and Responsiveness in the Czech Republic ................................. 133 Organization of the Chapter ................................................................................... 135 vi Components of Responsiveness ............................................................................
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