EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
FIRST ADDENDUM TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT, FOR THE HABROUR DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
Scope of works: Proposed coastal protection at Fainu Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives
Proposed by
Ministry of Environment and Energy
Prepared by
Abdul Aleem,
For Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Maldives
August 2016
1 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
2 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Table of Contents 1 Declaration of the consultants ...... 9
2 Proponents commitment ...... 10
3 Declaration of the proponent ...... 12
4 Non Technical Summary ...... 17
5 Introduction ...... 19
5.1 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT ...... 19
5.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT ...... 19
5.3 TASKS ALREADY UNDERTAKEN ...... 20
5.4 EIA IMPLEMENTATION ...... 20
5.5 TERMS OF REFERENCE ...... 20
6 Project Setting ...... 21
7 Project Description ...... 23
7.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT ...... 23
7.2 PROJECT PROPONENT ...... 23
7.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR MANAGING THE PROJECT ...... 23
7.4 PROJECT LOCATION AND STUDY AREA ...... 24
7.5 NEED AND JUSTIFICATION TO UNDERTAKE THE PROJECT ...... 25
7.5.1 Justification for constructing Revetments ...... 26
7.6 PROJECT BOUNDARY ...... 27
7.7 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT COMPONENTS ...... 28
7.7.1 Brief overview of the project components ...... 28
7.7.2 Transportation of rock boulders to the site ...... 28
7.7.3 Coastal Protection works ...... 28
7.7.4 Back filling ...... 29
7.7.5 Construction methods...... 29
7.8 PROJECT MANAGEMENT ...... 29
7.8.1 Project schedule ...... 29
3 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
7.8.2 Construction method statement ...... 30
7.8.3 Waste management...... 30
7.8.4 Dust and Debris ...... 30
7.8.5 Safety ...... 30
7.8.6 Housing of temporary labour ...... 31
7.8.7 Emergency plan in case of spills (diesel, grease, oil) ...... 31
7.8.8 Measures to control sedimentation ...... 31
7.9 EXPECTED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS DURING THE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD 32
7.10 RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROJECT ...... 32
7.11 PROJECT INPUTS AND OUTPUTS ...... 32
7.11.1 Project Inputs ...... 32
7.11.2 Project Outputs ...... 33
8 Methodology ...... 34
9 Existing Environment of Maldives ...... 35
9.1 EXISTING GENERAL ENVIRONMENT OF MALDIVES ...... 35
9.2 EXISTING MARINE ENVIRONMENT...... 35
9 . 3 M ETHODOLOGY OF MARINE SURVEYS ...... 35
9 . 4 C O R A L R E E F ...... 36
9 . 4 . 1 Status of coral reef at site 1 ...... 37
9 . 4 . 2 Status of coral reef at site 2 ...... 38
9 . 4 . 3 Status of coral reef at site 3 ...... 40
9 . 5 A SSESSMENT F I S H C OMMUNITIES IN THE S U R V E Y E D A REA ...... 41
9.5.1 Marine water quality ...... 43
9.6 EXISTING SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 44
9.6.1 Fainu island ...... 45
9.6.2 Economic Activities ...... 45
4 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
9.6.3 Electricity ...... 46
9.6.4 Health ...... 46
9.6.5 Water and Sanitation...... 46
9.7 EXISTING COASTAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 48
9.7.1 Features of the Coastal Environment ...... 48
10 Environmental Impacts ...... 53
10.1 ASSESSING AND IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACT ...... 53
10.2 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION MATRIX ...... 53
10.3 MAGNITUDE OF IMPACTS ...... 54
10.4 UNCERTAINTIES IN IMPACT PREDICTION ...... 55
10.5 MAJOR IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 56
10.5.1 Mitigation measures ...... 57
10.6 IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 59
11 Stakeholder Consultations ...... 67
11.1 CONSULTATION WITH THE CONTRACTOR ...... 67
11.2 CONSULTATION WITH FAINU ISLAND COUNCIL ...... 67
11.3 LIST OF PEOPLE CONSULTED FROM THE ISLAND COUNCIL ...... 69
12 Alternatives ...... 70
12.1 NO PROJECT OPTION ...... 70
12.2 ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS MATRIX ...... 70
12.3 ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS SCORES ...... 81
12.4 PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE ...... 82
12.4.1 Mitigation Measures for the Preferred Alternative ...... 82
13 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan ...... 83
13.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 83
13.2 COST OF MONITORING ...... 83
13.3 DURATION OF MONITORING ...... 83
5 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
13.4 METHODS OF MONITORING ...... 83
13.5 MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY ...... 84
13.6 MONITORING REPORT ...... 84
14 Conclusion ...... 91
15 Major findings and Recommendations ...... 93
16 People who have assisted in the preperation of this report ...... 95
17 Acknowledgements ...... 96
18 Reference Books and Sources ...... 97
Annex: Terms of reference ...... 99
Annex: Fainu Shoreline 101
Annex: Revetment details ...... 103
Annex: Method Statement ...... 105
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives...... 107
Annex: Legal and policy frame work ...... 109
Annex: Methodologies used ...... 111
Annex: CV’s of unregistered personnel ...... 113
Annex: Letter from Atoll Council ...... 115
6 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
FIGURE 1: LOCATION FAINU ISLAND IN RAA ATOLL ...... 24 FIGURE 2: COMPARISON OF THE SHORELINE FROM 1969 AND 2016 ...... 25 FIGURE 3: PROPOSED PROJECT BOUNDARY ...... 27 FIGURE 4: PROPOSED PROJECT CONCEPT ...... 28 FIGURE 5: SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT COMPONENT ...... 28 FIGURE 6: CROSS SECTION OF A REVETMENT...... 29 FIGURE 7: TENTATIVE CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE...... 30 FIGURE 8: MATRIX OF MAJOR INPUTS DURING CONSTRUCTION PERIOD ...... 32 FIGURE 9: MATRIX OF MAJOR OUTPUTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE DURING CONSTRUCTION STAGE ...... 33 FIGURE 10: MARINE SURVEY LOCATIONS ...... 35 FIGURE 11:MEAN PERCENT COVER OF BOTTOM SUBSTRATE AT SITE 1 (SURVEY DATE: 20 JULY 2016) .. 37 FIGURE 12: MARINE PHOTOS FROM SITE 1 (SURVEY DATE: 20 JULY 2016) ...... 38 FIGURE 13: MEAN PERCENT COVER OF BOTTOM SUBSTRATE AT SITE 2 (SURVEY DATE: 20 JULY 2016) .. 39 FIGURE 14: MARINE PHOTOS FROM SITE 2 (SURVEY DATE: 20 JULY 2016) ...... 39 FIGURE 15: MEAN PERCENT COVER OF BOTTOM SUBSTRATE AT SITE 3 (SURVEY DATE: 20 JULY 2016) ...... 40 FIGURE 16: MARINE PHOTOS FROM SITE 3 (SURVEY DATE: 20 JULY 2016) ...... 41 FIGURE 17: RESULTS OF THE FISH ENCOUNTER SURVEY (SITES 1 TO 3) ...... 42 FIGURE 18: RESULTS OF THE MARINE WATER QUALITY TESTS UNDERTAKEN IN FAINU ISLAND...... 43 FIGURE 19: LIST OF INHABITED ISLANDS IN RAA ATOLL ...... 44 FIGURE 20: NUMBER OF IHABITED ISLANDS BY ATOLL ...... 45 FIGURE 21: NUMBER OF PROPOSED RESORTS BY ATOLL ...... 45 FIGURE 22: SOME STATS FOR THE ISLAND ...... 47 FIGURE 23: PHYSICAL STATUS OF THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT OF FAINU ISLAND (PHOTO TAKEN IN JULY 2016 BY WATER SOLUTIONS PVT.LTD)...... 49 FIGURE 24: COMPARISON OF THE SHORELINE FROM 1969 TO 2016...... 49 FIGURE 25: PHYSICAL STATUS OF THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE EAST SIDE OF FAINU ISLAND (PHOTO TAKEN IN JULY 2016 BY WATER SOLUTIONS PVT.LTD)...... 50 FIGURE 26: SOUTH-EAST TIP OF FAINU ISLAND (PHOTO TAKEN IN JULY 2016 BY WATER SOLUTIONS PVT.LTD)...... 51 FIGURE 27: CURRENT MEASUREMENT AROUND THE PROJECT BOUNDARY ...... 52 FIGURE 28: IMPACT ASSESSMENT MATRIX FOR THE PROJECT ...... 53 FIGURE 29: IMPACT MAGNITUDES AND THEIR CORRESPONDING SCORES...... 54 FIGURE 30: IMPACT OF REVETMENT ...... 57 FIGURE 31: MITIGATION MEASURES TO REDUCE END SCOURING ...... 57 FIGURE 32: MATRIX OF SPECIFIC IMPACTS AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION...... 65 FIGURE 33: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE NO PROJECT OPTION ...... 71 FIGURE 34: ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS MATRIX FOR THE PROJECT ...... 78 FIGURE 35: PROPOSED ALTERNATIVE OF CONSTRUCTING REVETMENT ALONG THE ENTIRE PERIMETER OF THE EAST SIDE...... 79 FIGURE 36: THE PROCESS OF END SCOURING AT THE END OF A REVETMENT...... 80 FIGURE 37: ALTERNATIVE A9 PROPOSED TO PREVENT END SCOURING...... 80 FIGURE 38: ALTERATIVE EVALUATION SCORES ...... 81 FIGURE 39: SUMMARY OF MONITORING DURATIONS AND REPORT NUMBERS ...... 83 FIGURE 40: SCHEDULE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONAL PERIOD...... 85 FIGURE 41: SCHEDULE OF SUBMISSION OF MONITORING REPORT...... 89
7 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
8 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
1 Declaration of the consultants
This EIA addendum has been prepared according to the EIA Regulations 2012, issued by the Ministry of Housing and Environment and all the amendments brought to the regulation including the amendment number 2016/R-66 gazetted 11 August 2016.
The EIA addendum was carried out by a multidisciplinary consulting team representing Water Solutions Private Ltd. In preparing this report, no data has been manipulated. All data has been collected by field visits.
I as the lead consultant certify that the statements in this Environmental Impact Assessment study are true, complete and correct.
Name: Abdul Aleem (EIA 09/07)
Signature:
9 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
2 Proponents commitment
10
EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
c
ާސާލުޙ ާދާސ
ްފަކަމުތަގިއަޑަވިދެއ ެގ ީޖރަދެއ ްޑްދެއ ްޓްދެމރަޔަވްދެއްފޮއ ީރްޓްސިދިމ ީކަޓޯޕިރިމ
ްދުތޮގ ެގުމުރުކްތަޔާމިހ ްފޮދުޑދޮގ ެގ ުދިއަފ.ރ ީކަޓރޯޕިރިމ .ެވެކެޓރޯޕިރ ާވިއަފިވެރުކުރާޔްއަތ
ްދިއ ީޖރަދެއ ްޑްދެއ ްޓްދެމރަޔަވްދެއ ްފޮއ ީރްޓްސިދިމ ްއެއޫރްޝަމ ާވިއަފިވެލާވަލުކެއ
ެގުމުލެބ ޯތްއެމަކެދާރުކްއެރަސައ ާހިކ ްފަޓްއެވާމިތ ްދުބަބަސ ެގުތަކްތަސަމިމ ީތާވިއަފިއަވްއަލާވަލުކެއ
ީކަދަސުގަމ ުޑދަގިއަމ ެގުއޫރްޝަމިމ .ެވެކެޓރޯޕިރ ާވިއަފިވެރުކުރާޔްއަަތ ްދިއ ްދަޝުއިލޮސ ރަޓޯވ ްދުތޮގ
ީކައ ުދިއަފ.ެވެމުރުކ ްތަޔާމިހ ފޮކިރެތާކްއަރ ިއަގްއެތޮގިވިދެޓްއެހެމެދ ްފޮދުޑދޮގ ީތަމުރިއ ެގ ުދިއަފ
.ެވެކެފަރ ާވިއަފެވާމިދ ަލަސްއަމ ެގުމުރިގ ްފޮދުޑދޮގ ްދިއަދަފ ްފަތްފަރ ަދިގ ެގޭޖްއާރ
ެގުރަދދަބ ުދުފެފ ްދަދަހ ިއަގ 3122 ީދަވިއަފެވްސޯގ ްފަޑޮބ ަލަސްއަމ ެގުމުރިގ ެގަދިއަފ
ީދަަވ ްދުރިގ ްފޮދުޑދޮގ ެގުފަރ ްދުބަބަސ ެގުމުވްސަލ ިމިދުދ ްތަކްތަސަމ ެގުރަދދަބ ިމ .ެވެދްދުބަބަސ
ްއަތެއ ާލުދ ާމްދިދ ްދިޅުމ ީދަވ ުރަދދަބ ިމ ކްދުރުތިއ ެގީމ .ެވެއަފެވުރުތިއ ްފަކައ ަދުގ ްއަތެއ
ްފަކަތަލަސްއަމ ާވާމިދ ްދުބަބަސ ެގުމުތޮއ ިދެހުދ ުރަދދަބިމ .ެވެއަފާވްއާބ ިއަފެދޮކ ްދެދްދަވ ްއެހަވުދ
ުބަބަސ ިމ .ެވެއަފިމިދ ާދަހ ްއެރަދދަބ ުރުތިއ ްދުގދަޅުހ ެގުރަދަބިމ ީދަވ ުރާހިމ ްދަދޯހ ްއެލްއަހ
ްފަފަރ ްދުލްއެގ ެގުމަކިމ ިދައ ާރިގ ްފަޑޮބ ްފަރަވ ީދަވުރާހިމ ުދްއަހަރަސ ީތަމުރިއ ެގުފަރ ާކަޓްއަކަތ
ާކަތޯޓޮފ ެގ 9191 ީކައ ުދްއަހަރަސ ީތަމުރިއ ެގުފަރ ކްސައިވ ިއަގުމަކ ިރުކ ްދެހިމ ްދަކ .ެވެއަފާރޯފ
.ެވެއަފާކްއަދ ީދަވ ްދިއާސާރިދިމ ްދަކްއެދްއަހަރަސ ާވިއަފާރިގ ްފަޑޮބ ްފަރަވ ުރިއާލަބ ާޅައ
ުޑޮބ ެގުރަޓީމ 511 ްދުތާރަފ ީތަމުރިއ ެގުފަރ ީދަވިއަފިދެމިހ ިއަގ ުއޫރްޝަމިމ ްދުތޮގިމ
ޭރެތޭދ ާރަދދަބ ްސެވަމަދ ިހެޖ ަގްއެއަބުޑޮބ ްޓްދެމްޓެވިރ .ެވެފަމުހެޖ ްއެއްޓްދެމްޓެވިރ ެގިއަލިހ
ުޓޯބ ްފަދްދުތަޔްއަރ ެގުފަރ ްދުރުތިއ ެގުމުރުކަޑުކ ުދަރަޙ ީއިމ .ެވެއެދޭވެލްފޮކޫދ ާހަޖުދ ްޓްދެމްޓެވިރ
.ެވެކެމަކޭވެރުކ ިއަގުދަސުގަމ ެގުމުވްއޭބ ްއެދްއަހަރަސ ެދާލެހެއ
ްދަކިމ ްދެހިމ .ެވެމުވްއޭބ ްފަކަތޮގިވިދެޓްއެހެމެދ ްފޮކްތަޔާމިހ ްފޮދުޑޮގ ީކަމުދޭބ ެގ ުއޫރްޝަމ
.ެވެއެދޭވެރުކުލްއަހ ްދެހ ްދިޅުމ ަލަސްއަމ ެގުމުރިގ ާވިއަފެވާމިދ ްފަތާރަފ ީތަމުރިއ ކަމަދެޖްއިވެރުކ
13 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
ްދުބަބަސ ެގޫރްޝަމ ިމ ްދުކަތާސާރިދ ުދުދެހ ިދައ ްދުކަތްއަތްދަކ ިލެބ ްފޮކްތަޔާއިރ ްފަމަކްދަކިމ
ެގ ްޓެޖޮރްޕ ިމ ުހަފްފަމުލެބ ްފަކަތ ާސާރިދ ުދުވެރުކ .ެވެއަފިވެދަގެދެދ ީދަވ ުރަސައ ެދާރުކ ްފަޓްއެވާމިތ
ްދެގިފެފ ްދިއ 3122 .ެވެއެދެފުދ ްފަކަމަކެދޭބިލ ްއެކަތ ްދުލްއެގ ިތެޑޮބާމ ްފަޓްއެވާމިތ ްދުބަބަސ
ްދުލްއެގ ެގުރަވުރަވިކެއ ީދަވ ްފަރަފ ެގ ުދްއަހަރަސިމ ްދުކަތްތަކްތަސަމ ެގުރަދދަބ ަވިއަފިވެރުކ
ްއެމަކ ެގުމުރުކްތަޔާމިހ ްފޮދުޑދޮގ ެގްއެރަވ ްސެވްއެއ ްސައިވ ިއަގުމަކުދުދެހ ުރަދދަބ .ެވެއަފިބިލ
ްފަކައަދުގ ްއަތެއ ުރިބ ެގުމަކިމ ިދައ ާރިގ ްފަޑޮބ ްފަރަވ ީދަވ ްތާރަފ ީތަމުރިއ ްދުބަބަސ ެގުމުވެރުކުދ
ްދުލްއެގ ްފަޓްއެވާމިތ ަތަވުދ ެގުރަވާވުޑޮބްދަކ ްދުކަމުހެޖ ަލިހުޑޮބ ްދަރުކްތަޔާމިހ ްފޮދުޑދޮގ .ެވެއަފެވުޑޮބ
ްފަރަވ ްދުވްދުލްއެގ ްފަކަތުރަފ ީކަތަކްތަސަމ ަދަފިމ ީކަބަބަސ .ެވެއެދާވުދ ްއެލަމިދ ްއެކަތްއަތްދަކ ުޑޮބ
.ެވެދްދުމަކ ިއަގުމަގްއެއ ީދާރުކ ްސެވްތަކްތަސަމ ިއަގްއެތޮގުޑދަގިއަމ ީއެއ .ެވެކެތަކްތަސަމ ަޑުކ
ްސެވެމްދޮކ ުޑދަގިލެވ ެގުރަދދަބ ްތޮއ ިމިދުދ ާފަފ ްދަދަހ ްދިރުކ ީދަވ ްދުލިސްދުއަކ ުފަރ ްސެވަމަދ
ާރުބ ުޑަސިކ ްފަކަތުބާސިހ ިރިއަކ ެގ ުރަފ ުރިއާރުކ ްތަކްތަސަމ ިމ .ެވެއަފާވްއަލިދެއ ްފަމުގެދ ްފަކަރަވ
.ެވެކެމަކ ާވުދިއަފިދެމިހ ިއަގްޓްކެޖޮރްޕ ީކަމަކިމ ްސެވަމަދ .ެވެއެދާވ ްދުލްއެގ ްފަކަރަވ ްސެވެމްދޮކ
ިގެދ ިއަގ ިއަލުޖ ެގ 3126 ީކަތަތުތާމޫލުއަމ ާވިއަފިވެރުކ ްދުދޭބ ިއަގުމުރުކުރާޔްއަތ ްޓރޯޕިރ ިމ
ުފަރ ްފޮކަސްއާޙ .ެވެކެޓރޯޕިރ ުދުވެރުކުރާޔްއަތ ްދެގިވެރުކާދިބ ްފަކަތުތާމޫލުއަމ ާވިއަފިވެރުކްއެއ
ާރަވްޝަމ ީދާވ ްދުތޮގޭހެބ ާމަކ ިމ ިވެރުކ ުލަދްއަބ ުހަމ ިއަލުޖ ުރަހައަދަވ 3126 ާއ ްލިސްދުއަކ
ާއިމ ަމަހ .ެވެއަފިވެރުކްއެއ ީދަވ ުތާމޫލުއަމ ްފޮކްތަރާޔިޒ ްފަފަރ ްސެވްދުރުތިއ ެގީމ ިދައ .ެވެއަފިވެރުކ
ްދުރުތިއ ެގީމ .ެވެއަފިވެރުކްތަޔައިރ ީދަވ ްސެވްފައުޓރޯޕިރ .ޭއ.ިއައ.ީއ ާވިއަފިދެހ ިއަގ 3122 ުކެއ
.ެވެއަފިވެރުކްއެއ ީދަވ ްސެވްއަަތުތާމޫލުއަމ ްދެހިދެހެއ ިރުހ ްދެބިލ
ީދަވިއަފިވެރުކ ަގަހާފ ްފަތޮގްއެމަކ ާވުޑޮބްދަކ ެމްދެއ ްދުތޮގ ާވިއަފިވޭރ ުއޫރްޝަމިމ ުރާހިމ
ްސެވްދަކެދާރުކ ްއެކަތާދިއަފ ްއަތެއ ްދުބަބަސ ެގ ުޢޫރްޝަމ ިމ .ެވެމުވ ްސަވުދަދިގ ިފެފުދ ުއޫރްޝަމ
ްއަތެއ ުރަސައ ެގޭއ ިއަފެވަދިގުދަހުދ ްއަތާދިއަފޭބިލ ްދުތޮގިމ .ެވެއެދާވިއަފިވެރުކަގަހާފ ިއަގްޓރޯޕިރ
ްދަލްއޮކ ަގަހާފ ްފަޑޮބ ެމްދެއ ްދުކަތާދިއަފ ޭބިލ .ެވެއަފިވެރުކަގަހާފ ީދަވ ްދަކެދާރުކ ްފަކަކަތްދުތަޔްއަރ
ްސެވިއަގުފޮދުޑދޮގ ިއަގްއެފަރ ާވިއަފިވެރުކ ްތަޔާމިހ .ެވެމުވެރުކްތަޔާމިހ ްފޮދ ުޑދޮގ ީދެހެޖ
ީދާރްމުއ ެގުފަރ ީކަމުއިދ ްދެގެވުރުތިއ ްދަކ ްދީގަޔ ޭބިލ ުރިއާރުކ ްއަތްދަކ ްދެހ ިދެހެއ ާމުރުކްތާރާމިއ
14 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
ުޑޮބ ާކްއަރުދ ެގިއަދުއ ާމުވްސޯގ ްދުސޫމ ްފޮކަސްއާޙ .ެވެކެމުރެއިރުކ ުޑޮބ ްފަރަވ ޭބިލ ްފައީގްއަރަތ
.ެވެއެދާވަދުގަދިގ ުދަހުދ ްދަކިރެތާކްއަރ ާއ ާދިއަފ ެގ ްއެފޮދުޑދޮގ ާވިއަފިވެރުކްތަޔާމިހ ކިއަގުރަވްސަވުދ
ްދުލްއެގ ެގުރަވާވުޑޮބްދަކ ްފަޓްއެވާމިތ ްދުބަބަސ ެގުއޫރްޝަމިމ ްދުމުލެބިލެބ ްފޮކާސާރިދ ިމ
ެގުމުވްތަޔާމިހ ްފޮދުޑދޮގ ެގުފަރ ކަމަދެޖްއިވެދްދެގ ްފައިރުކ ުއޫރްޝަމ .ެވެއެދެފުދ ްފަކަމަކެދާވްއެކަތ
.ެވެއެދޭބިލ ްއެކަތ ްދުރެއިރުކ ާކަކަތ ާދިއަފ ްފައީގްއަރަތ ީދާރްމުއ ކްދުރުތިއ
ުއޫރްޝަމ ުހަފްފަމުލެބ ްފައާދިއަފ ީއާމިތްޖިއ ިދައ ިފެވާމިތ ޭބިލ ްދުބަބަސ ެގ ުއޫރްޝަމިމ ާމީވ
ެގުއޫރްޝަމިމ .ެވެއެދެފ ްފަމަކްއެމަކުޅަގދަރ ެމްދެއ ިދައ ުމްދިހުމ ްފަރަވ ީކަމުއިދްދެގ ްފައިރުކ
ީކަކަތ ާދިއަފިމ ިދައ .ެވެއެދާރުކާދިއަފ ަދުގ ަދިގ ުދަހުދ ްފަދްދުތަޔްއަރ ެގުދިއަފ.ރ ްދުބަބަސ
.ެވެމަރުކަކަހާފ ްދަކެދާވ ްފަކަތްއަތްދަކ ެދޭރިކެދިމ
15 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
16 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
4 Non Technical Summary
This report discusses the findings of a social and environmental impact study undertaken by Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd. upon request from Ministry of Environment and Energy.
The project involves coastal protection works in Fainu Island, Raa Atoll. The project aims to:
Protect eastern side of the shore from erosion, by constructing a revetment along these areas and back filling.
Sustainably manage and overcome chronic erosion undergoing in the island.
One of the biggest environmental problems facing Fainu today is the ongoing erosion and lack of shore protection and management measures to combat these. A harbour construction began in 2011 which did not progress. The resulting environmental changes caused by the partially completed harbour was showing up immediately. Since then, erosion has been a serious concern for the island. Another harbour was dredged and construction completed in June 2016. This has not brought any improvements to the erosion issue as no coastal protection and management issues were addressed nor incorporated in the project design. Historical data collected from available sources indicates that this area is been eroding since 1969 and more than 50 metres have retreated.
Due to this, erosion has occurred and will continue to threaten the island from both east and west, east side being the most critical. Most critical areas have been identified as the eastern side of the island where more than 10 meters of land has been lost over the years. This is mostly attributed to the strong waves breaking on the east and due to the geographical shape of the island’s eastern side. Waves approaching the eastern side are bent around the south-east corner causing most of the erosion through diffraction of waves.
Managing and controlling erosion is a significant environmental issue that needs to be dealt with. The success of this project will not only help the local environmental, but also safeguard the island that is going to be a vital factor for the future growth of the local economy. Risk of erosion is an important factor that determines the future of development of islands. Projects ranging from housing to more industrial in nature requires adequate safety and guarantee for locals and investors. These investments can be safeguarded with adequate shore protection
17 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll, which will ensure that sustainable land management can be undertaken by local authorities.
Environmental impacts of this project was assessed and most of the environmental impacts of the project have been identified as minor. The project proposes to construct a rock revetment along the eastern side of the island using excavators. The revetment construction process does not foresee any significant environmental impact.
Mitigation measures for the project have been identified mostly as processes and methods to ensure that the coastal protection will be sustained in the long term. They include the use of geotextile under layer, proper slope maintenance and the use of appropriate sized rock boulders. In addition, maintaining the right height have been identified as mitigation measures. In addition, completing the works in the shortest time frame is also an important mitigation factor that will help improve the overall project.
The project is mainly driven by the socio- economic gain for the development of Fainu island. Stakeholder consultations were held with various groups, including the island council and the client in order to incorporate the socio-economic components in the project. Stakeholders, most importantly the island community represented by the Island council was the most significant as they have the maximum knowledge and experience from the daily difficulties faced and issues of the island. On a daily basis, the council receives request / complains from the general public on various issues and these have been incorporated in the report. Apart from these, key inputs from the contractor, the client and community representatives were taken in the design of the project. Some of the recommendations proposed in the report have been done so after thorough consultation with the Island council and where possible, these have been incorporated in the report.
This project anticipates very little negative environmental impacts. However, there are always ways to improve things through monitoring and careful supervision as well as following good construction guidelines and practices. The coastal protection of Fainu’s shore does not foresee significant negative environmental impacts, and are manageable and can be mitigated easily. The project will have far too many positive impacts that will improve the quality of environment as well as the local economy.
18 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
5 Introduction
This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report has been prepared to fulfil the requirements of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act, law no. 4/93 in order to assess the impacts of the proposed project of coastal protection in Fainu island, Raa Atoll. The aim of this project is therefore geared towards controlling and managing erosion in critical areas of the island and to protect the future developments and infrastructures from the threat of erosion.
5 . 1 Structure of the R e p o r t
The report has been structured to meet the requirements of the EIA regulations 2012 issued by the Ministry of Housing and Environment. Hence, the report will provide an executive summary at the beginning. The report will then have a project description in detail, existing environmental conditions, justifications given by the proponent for undertaking the proposed project components and alternatives. Alternatives to proposed components or activities in terms of location, construction methods and technologies, design and environmental considerations would be suggested. A mitigation plan and monitoring programme before, during and after the works will be outlined at the end. The major findings of this report are based on qualitative and quantitative assessments undertaken during site visits in 2016. Shoreline data, stakeholder meetings and marine environment data have been collected among others.
The impact assessment methodology has been restricted to field data collected, consultations, data collected during various time periods, experience and professional judgment. In addition, satellite and aerial photos have been used to study the geography and environmental changes where necessary.
5 . 2 Aims and Objectives of the r e p o r t
The objective of the report is to: Promote informed and environmentally sound decision making. Report the current environmental, social and economic issues faced by the community. To fulfill the obligations of the proponent to undertake an EIA under Clause 5 of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of the Maldives. Undertake the proposed project works with minimum damage to the environment. Ensure that all the social aspects of the project are addressed. Propose recommendations to the client based on stakeholder assessments.
19 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Identify the real need for shore protection. Identify a suitable and environmentally sound design for shore protection. Identify what other components that can be incorporated in the project design that does not affect the budget and which can be managed within the project’s overall cost.
5 . 3 Tasks already undertaken
In this project, some of the tasks have already been undertaken. This includes the following: Sourcing of boulders to the site. Surplus boulders from the harbour construction project have already been moved near the area where the revetment will be constructed.
5 . 4 EIA Implementation
This EIA addendum has been prepared by a local environmental consulting firm, Water Solutions. Water Solutions have been chosen by the proponent as the environmental consultants for this project. The team members were: Abdul Aleem, BSc, MPH – Mapping and GIS (EIA-09/07) Ahmed Jameel, B. Eng (Environmental), MSc – Environmental (EIA-07/07) Faruhath Jameel, BSc, - Surveying science Hamdhulla Shakeeb, - Surveyor. Ibrahim Faiz, BSc - Environmental Management (EIA T06/15)
5 . 5 Terms of Reference
Terms of Reference for this assessment has been included in the Appendix of this report.
20 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
6 Project Setting
This section outlines the relevant environmental legislation pertaining to this project. The following table outlines a matrix of major environmental laws, guidelines, codes and standards, both local and international indicating the relevance to this project. Details of these regulations, what they cover and under what circumstances they apply are attached as an annex. Name of legislation Area Relevant to this Linkages to this project project (yes/no)
Environmental protection and Generally covering Yes Clause 5a states that an impact assessment study shall be preservation act the Environment submitted to the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water before implementing any development project that may have a potentially detrimental impact on the environment. Therefore, Clause 5 is of specific relevance to this EIA. The EIA Regulations, which came into force in May 2012 has been developed by the powers vested by the above umbrella law. This EIA has also been prepared as per this regulation.
National biodiversity strategy and Environment Yes In implementing the proposed project activities, due care has to action plan be taken to ensure that the national biodiversity strategies are adhered to. To adhere, surveys were undertaken as part of the EIA to find out if biological resources of value and protected nature are affected by implementing any component of the proposed project.
Reference is hereby given to the national goals outlined in this regulation.
Waste management policy Environment Yes The key elements of this policy are safe disposal, disposal guidelines and specifications for the hazardous materials. These sections are referred.
This project will conform to this policy. Construction waste management details and methods have been outlined in the report.
21 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Name of legislation Area Relevant to this Linkages to this project project (yes/no)
Regulation on sand and aggregate Coral reefs Yes No sand and coral aggregate will be mined in this project. mining Clause 1 to 4 of this regulations are referenced. Ban on coral mining Coral reefs Yes No mining of corals for any construction or any other infrastructure will be used in this project. Consultation and Public Socio-economics Yes During the preparation of this EIA, stakeholder views were Participation laws taken into consideration from the very first stages of planning and also during the EIA process. Stakeholder consultations were conducted in order to take their opinion, views, suggestions and expectations into consideration. Stakeholder Consultations outlines the outcomes of the consultations and provide information about the stakeholder views towards the project.
In addition, stakeholder consultations done by other agencies with regard to this project have also been outlined in the report. Guidelines for land use planning Planning, Yes This guideline outlines the relevant elements of land allocation environment and how it should be allocated in inhabited islands. The entire regulation is referenced.
Some of the project components does not conform to the land use plan of the island in that that it does not take into account some of the issues. However, according to the Island Council, the land use plan needs to be updated and will therefore incorporate the proposed coastal protection measures. Third National Environment Environment Yes The proposed project is expected to provide a learning Action Plan experience in terms of effectiveness of the use of EIA as a planning instrument and appropriate monitoring for which specific focus is laid in Objective 24.1 of NEAP 3 (Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment, 2009).
22 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
7 Project Description 7 . 1 Introduction to the project
Fainu is an important island located on the eastern rim of Raa Atoll and the biggest island in the atoll. The island is geographically located in the centre of many islands and resorts in Raa, Baa and Lhaviyani Atoll, making it an ideal location for a domestic airport. A domestic airport has presently been planned by the government, but no works have begun yet.
One of the biggest challenges facing the island is the chronic erosion of east side. Various works have been undertaken by the Island Council over the years to overcome this problem. The government have now decided to undertake coastal protection on the east side of Fainu Island to bring a long lasting final solution to this issue. As such, the project proposes to protect the eastern side with a revetment of 155 metres long. Backfilling will be done using sand that has been dredged for the harbour project and which is presently available in the island. Therefore, the project does not foresee any dredging to complete the proposed works.
It has been proposed that the revetment will be constructed using e rock boulders. Rock boulders are already available in the island which has been left from the harbour project. As a result, the project does not foresee any negative impacts from unloading the rocks to the island and any associated negative impacts on the reef environment.
7 . 2 Project Proponent
This project is proposed by the government of Maldives with Ministry of Environment and Energy as the Implementing Agency. Ministry of Environment and Energy is the government ministry responsible for the welfare of the environment including erosion control and environmental management. It is the agency which oversees the protection of the environment on the overall. The Ministry of Environment and Energy has awarded the contract to MTCC (the contractor) for design and construction basis.
7 . 3 Institutional arrangements for managing the p r o j e c t
Ministry of Environment and Energy has awarded the contract to an independent contractor through the government tendering process. MTCC has been appointed as the successful contractor. Contractor has awarded the EIA works to Water Solutions and once the EIA is approved, the mobilization will begin and the
23 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll, work will initiate. Environment Ministry will periodically visit the site as well as have regular meetings as part of the project monitoring.
7 . 4 Project Location and Study Area
The project takes place in the island of Fainu island. Fainu is located in the north of Maldives in Raa Atoll. Fainu with a total land area of 55.5 hectares inside the vegetation line is located at. It is a lowly inhabited island, with an estimated 4.5 people per hectare (Sandcays, 2011). Fainu is in a strategic location given that it is located at the heart of a cluster of several inhabited islands and new and proposed resorts (Sandcays, 2011). Fainu is about one kilometre from In’guraidhoo and the same distance from Kinolhas. Standing in the middle of the three islands and in close proximity to existing Meedhupparu Resort and proposed resort on Dhigali and Vakkaru, it is considered to have a great potential for development. The three inhabited islands in the cluster has a combined population of about 2000 people. The proposed study area comprises the island, lagoon and housereef of Fainu.
Figure 1: Location Fainu island in Raa Atoll
24 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
7 . 5 Need and Justification to undertake the project
Fainu is an important island in the Raa Atoll where a regional airport has been proposed. It’s location being close to a number of islands and resorts in Raa, Baa and Lhaviyani atoll have made this an important strategic island for government planning.
Up until 2011, the island did not have any harbour making it an isolated and difficult island to access. In 2011, the harbour construction project began but unfortunately did not progress further. This resulted in the island being faced with a number of environmental problems and issues. The harbour project has created or have impacted the sediment movement pattern of the island in a significantly negative manner.
There are also other reasons to justify the coastal protection. The eastern tip of the island is a very sensitive area with high degree of erosion caused mainly by the effects of strong waves and currents occurring form the eastern side with the diffraction of waves. According to the islanders, large areas have been lost to erosion and it continues to threat the existence of a stable shoreline in this area. The assessment of photos taken in 1969 indicate that approximately 50 metres of the shoreline has retreated inwards as seen in the following photos.
Figure 2: Comparison of the shoreline from 1969 and 2016
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The above photos clearly illustrate the significant extent of erosion in the eastern side. The annual rate of erosion is very high and need to be controlled and managed.
As of today, no developments have taken place in the eastern areas but as developments take place, greater confidence is required to ensure that erosion does not threat. These areas will also be eventually developed for both residential and industrial uses thereby increasing the need for coastal protection.
7 . 5 . 1 Justification for constructing Revetments
Revetments are one of the safest and most reliable methods to protect the shore from erosion and very ideal in situations where the creation of beach is not very essential. However, if properly designed, they can also be used to help form the beach. In Fainu, the objective is the protection of the shoreline. With proper design such as under layer geo-textiles and the placement of rocks on the top will prevent the loss of sand form erosion. Some of the important advantages of revetments are: - That they absorb the energy of the waves more gently.
- This method prevents wave scour.
- They are designed to allow sediments to pass through them, which means that long shore drift is not hindered.
- They are suitable for inhabited islands where the primary focus is a cost effective protection solution rather than the creation of beach.
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7 . 6 P r o j e c t b o u n d a r y
The project boundary is illustrated in the following figure. The boundary is indicated by the entire area that is proposed to be protected and areas where backfilling will be done.
Figure 3: Proposed project boundary
The following figure outlines the proposed concept. The concept involves constructing a 155 metres of revetments along the eastern side. The revetment will be constructed starting from the base of the beach rocks on the east side and continued along 155 metres towards the harbour side.
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Figure 4: Proposed project concept
7 . 7 Description of the project compo n e n t s
This section outlines the details of the various project components from mobilization, construction methodology to materials and machinery used.
7 . 7 . 1 Brief overview of the project components
The following table outlines a brief overview of these components. Project Details components Revetment 155 metres of revetment using rock boulders will be constructed.
Figure 5: Summary of the project component
7 . 7 . 2 Transportation of rock boulders to the site
The rock boulders are already moved to the site as these were left over rocks from the harbour construction project.
7 . 7 . 3 Coastal Protection w o r k s
In this project, 155 m long revetment will be constructed. The following figure illustrates the cross section of the revetment.
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Figure 6: Cross section of a revetment.
The following figure outlines a cross section of a groyne.
7 . 7 . 4 Back filling
Backfilling material is already available in the island from the harbour project and will not be excavated from the lagoon.
7 . 7 . 5 C o n s t r u c t i on m e t h o d s
Excavators will be used to construct the revetment. Dump trucks and other heavy machineries will be used to assist in transportation of materials and other processes. Rock boulders are already stockpiled near the proposed project area.
7 . 8 P r o j e c t Management
7 . 8 . 1 P r o j e c t s c h e d u l e
The total duration of project is 3 months. Refer to the construction schedule outlined below.
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Figure 7: Tentative construction schedule.
7 . 8 . 2 Construction method statement
Detailed construction method statement is attached as an annex.
7 . 8 . 3 Waste management
A waste removal strategy will be developed during the pre-commencement period. The contractor will have to provide rubbish bins within site area, which will be removed and replaced on a regular basis. The contractor is also required to work towards better management of waste so the volume of waste to be disposed would be reduced. All domestic wastes from the construction activities, that is from the construction works will enter the present waste management cycle in Fainu, that is only domestic garbage. All other wastes such as hazardous wastes like waste oil, grease and construction waste alike will be stockpiled at the project site and transferred to Thilafushi after the project.
7 . 8 . 4 Dust and Debris
The construction areas will be kept clean and tidy at all times and will accord with the safety requirements. Particular attention will be given to preventing the contamination of working areas.
7 . 8 . 5 S a f e t y
Full recognition and regard will be taken in the management and execution of project safety plan. Any subcontractors will be obliged to provide safety policies, plans and method statements and will be interviewed prior to order placement on all aspects of safety, health and welfare. All sites are subject to independent site safety checks, inspection and reports by our independent site safety inspectors and advisors.
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7 . 8 . 6 Housing of temporary labour
Housing of labour will also be the responsibility of the contractor and will be based in the temporary accommodation facilities setup and also in rented accommodation in the island depending on the availability. The contractor already has this facility setup in the island.
7 . 8 . 7 Emergency plan in case of spills (diesel, grease, oil)
Spillages can be an issue in this project if adequate measures are not taken. Hence, oil, grease and other fuel storage will be held on land in a temporary site that has an adequate impervious flooring. Refuelling of excavators, loaders and trucks will be required to be undertaken in hard floor areas setup at the project site during the construction works.
7 . 8 . 8 Measures to control sedimentation
In order to minimize the sedimentation, excavators will be working on land for most part of the construction and avoid or minimize their use in the lagoon.
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7 . 9 Expected En vironmental Conditions during the Project Implementation Period
The project activities is expected to take place in south-west monsoon towards the end, and hence environmental conditions are expected to be mostly favourable during the construction period (the proposed project area is located on the east side and therefore is better protected). The project activities may have some disruption in extreme events only. As for the construction of the revetment works, it will mainly be done on land and thus pose limited interruptions from weather, unless in severe conditions.
7 . 1 0 Risks Associated with the Project
There are very limited risk factors associated with this project that could possibly have both financial and environmental implications. The most important is the risk of project delays caused by bad weather. The actual construction work is likely to be affect minimally by bad weather unless it is very severe.
The other risk factors are community dissatisfaction regarding some of the components that they have identified, but are out of the scope of the works. These includes activities such as deepening of the filled up area in the east of the harbour and filling of the west side of the harbour to compensate for erosion.
7 . 1 1 Project Inputs and Outputs
7 . 1 1 . 1 Project Inp u t s
The types of resources that will go into the project and from where and how these will be obtained are given in the following table.
Figure 8: Matrix of major inputs during construction period
INPUT RESOURCE(S) SOURCE/TYPE HOW TO OBTAIN RESOURCES Construction workers (10+) Maldivians +foreign Contractor labours Water supply (construction Desalinated water / Available from Fainu period). mineral water / rainwater from the island Electricity/Energy Form the islands power Contractor (construction period) grid. A backup mobile Diesel generators will be available on standby. Construction machinery Excavators, general Contractor construction tools, wheel
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loaders, dump trucks and loader. Telecommunications Mobile Phones, and radio Contractor two-way communications. Food (during construction Food prepared at the Contractor period) project site area. Fuel Diesel, Petrol, Lubricants Contractor to obtain from Fainu island or source it from Male’.
7 . 1 1 . 2 Project Outputs
The type of outputs (products and waste streams) and what is expected to happen to them are given in the following table.
Figure 9: Matrix of major outputs of environmental significance during construction stage
PRODUCTS AND ANTICIPATED METHOD OF WASTE QUANTITIES DISPOSAL MATERIALS wastewater 250/l/person/day Waste water generated by the labour force of the contractor Waste oil and grease Approximately 55 litres per Stockpiled in the project (hazardous waste) month site and later will be disposed at Thilafushi after they are transported during demobilization. Noise Localized to the project site Unavoidable during the including the surrounding areas. construction stage but will be minimized. Noise is unavoidable and project does not constitute activities that generate high noise. Air pollution Limited quantities of dust, Mainly arising as a result oxides of Nitrogen and sulphur of emission from the from use of machinery in the construction work such as construction zone. from the excavators and machinery. Only localized but unavoidable. Revetment 155 metres long As revetment along the shore.
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8 Methodology
This section outlines the methodologies used in this environmental assessment. The following table outlines a matrix of methodologies used in this project. Details of these methodologies and their descriptions are attached as an annex.
Methodology type Area / environmental aspect Used in this project (yes/no)
General methodologies of data Generally covering the Yes collection broader Environment Mapping and location identification Coastal, terrestrial and marine Yes environment. Marine Environmental survey Marine environment
20 m Line Intercept transect (LIT) Marine environment Yes
50 m photo quadrate analysis Marine environment No
Qualitative assessment of the reef Marine environment Yes Permanent photo quadrate Marine environment No Ref fish visual census Marine environment No
Marine Water Quality Marine environment No Coastal Environment Coastal Environment Shoreline and vegetation line Coastal Environment Yes mapping Coastal structures mapping Coastal Environment Yes
Erosion and accretion areas Coastal Environment Yes mapping Beach profiles Coastal Environment Yes
Drogues and current Coastal Environment Yes Terrestrial Environment Terrestrial environment Terrestrial floral survey Terrestrial environment No Terrestrial faunal survey Terrestrial environment No Groundwater assessment Terrestrial environment No Bathymetry Marine / Coastal Yes Environment Aerial Photos Generally covering the Yes broader Environment Long term weather data Generally covering the Yes broader Environment
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9 Existing Environment of Maldives 9 . 1 Existing general environment of Maldives
The general environmental conditions of Maldives is attached as an annex. The annex covers the overall meteorological conditions of Maldives, climate settings, temperature, wind patterns throughout the country, rainfall, monsoon information, offshore wave conditions, tides, and other relevant information. The general environment is also described in many reports and literature as well as reference to the following report is made if the reader wishes to refer.
EIA of land Harbour development in Fainu Island, Raa Atoll (Sandcays, 2011).
9 . 2 Existing Marine Environment
The marine environmental survey at Fainu was studied on 3 sites as indicated in the following diagramme.
Figure 10: Marine survey locations
9.3 Methodology of marine surveys
To assess the benthic composition of the survey site, an LIT transect of 20 meters were undertaken. The benthic categorization was focused on categorizing life forms followed under the Reef Check protocol, which emphasises on benthic
35 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll, composition categorizing such as hard corals, sand, rock and others. The emphasis is not on recording corals to their species levels, but rather the general coral and other life forms such as hard and soft corals. This method is more accurate as the percentage of healthy coral cover and other life forms can be more accurately recorded even by a non-experienced surveyor. Recording corals to their species levels will pose difficulty if the surveyor is not familiar with the different coral types. This method is universally used throughout the world by Reef Check surveyors and hence it has been used.
This LIT method was also complimented by qualitative methods, such as visual observations and through the use of photos. Fish counts were also undertaken to get a snapshot of the fish population. Details of these methodologies are discussed in the methodology section.
The following are definition of benthic categories used in this survey. HC: All living coral including bleached coral; includes fire, blue and organ pipe corals SC: Include zoanthids but not anemones (OT) RKC: Coral that has died within the past year; appears fresh and white or with corallite structures still recognizable NIA: All macro-algae except coralline, calcareous and turf (record the substrate beneath for these); Halimeda is recorded as OT; turf is shorter than 3cm. SP: All erect and encrusting sponges (but no tunicates). RC: Any hard substrate; includes dead coral more than 1 yr old and may be covered by turf or encrusting coralline algae, barnacles, etc. RB: Reef rocks between 0.5 and 15cm in diameter SD: Sediment less than 0.5cm in diameter; in water, falls quickly to the bottom when dropped. SI: Sediment that remains in suspension if disturbed; recorded if color of the underlying surface is obscured by silt.
OT: Any other sessile organism including sea anemones, tunicates, gorgonians or non-living substrate. Under Reef Check protocol, there is no categorization of sea grass hence, it was recorded under OT.
General impression and quantitative results of the sites surveyed are described in the following pages.
9.4 C o r a l r e e f
Three sites were surveyed to assess the marine environment as baseline for reef benthic community. The coral formation in Fainu reef system varies from site to site.
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9 . 4 . 1 Status of coral reef at site 1
Site 1 was selected on west side of the harbour. This area of the reef is healthiest among the three sites surveyed with live coral and fish population. Coral massives, acropora and digitate coral species dominate the live coral in this site. Some corals in the locations were bleached. It is noticeable that Massive coral species are the type of coral affected by coral bleaching in this site. Plenty of reef fishes were observed in the site including groups of Parrot fish and Surgeon fish. Graph below shows the benthic composition of site 1and some marine photos from the site are attached below.
Figure 11:Mean percent cover of bottom substrate at Site 1 (Survey date: 20 July 2016)
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Figure 12: Marine photos from Site 1 (Survey date: 20 July 2016)
9 . 4 . 2 Status of coral reef at site 2
Site 2 was selected on north side of the island reef just outside the area proposed to borrow sand. This is the location previously harbour construction works were done before the harbour location was changed. Compere to site 1, this area of the reef is less healthy in terms of live coral percentage and but plenty of fish were observed here. Massive species dominate the live coral in this site. Graph below shows the benthic composition of site 2and some marine photos from the site are attached below.
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Figure 13: Mean percent cover of bottom substrate at Site 2 (Survey date: 20 July 2016)
Figure 14: Marine photos from Site 2 (Survey date: 20 July 2016)
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9 . 4 . 3 Status of coral reef at site 3
Marine survey site 3 is on the east to the old harbour location. Benthic composition of the site 3 is dominantly covered with live corals, rocks, rubble and sand. Massive and Digitate coral species were observed in this location. Coral bleaching was observed more in this location compared to site 1 and 2. Site 3 was the shallowest of the three site surveyed. Underwater photos from this location are attached below.
Figure 15: Mean percent cover of bottom substrate at Site 3 (Survey date: 20 July 2016)
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Figure 16: Marine photos from Site 3 (Survey date: 20 July 2016)
9.5 Assessment Fish Communities in the Surveyed Area
The result of 20 minutes swim for fish count along transects at sites reveals that the abundance and diversity of fish was moderately good on the reef area but very low on the lagoon. This may be due to the presence of a number of live coral colonies in the outer reef. Since most of the lagoon area was covered with rubble and sand. The dominant fish taxa observed in the surveyed area included grazers like surgeon fishes, parrotfishes and wrasses (see table below).
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Figure 17: Results of the fish encounter survey (Sites 1 to 3)
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3
Family Angelfishes (Pomacanthidae) R - R Anthias R - - Batfish - - - Bigeyes (Priancanthidae) R - - Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) C R R Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) A C C Emperors R R R Fusiliers (Caesionidae) - - - Goatfishes - R R Groupers C R C Hawkfishes C C - Jacks - R - Lethrinidae (Emperors) - - - Moorish idol (Zanclidae) R R R Parrotfishes (Scaridae) A C R Rudderfishes (Kyphosidae) - C - Snappers (Lutjanidae) C C - Soldier fish R - R Squirrelfishes (Holocentridae) - - - Surgeon fishes (Acanthuridae) C C - Sweetlips R - - Triggerfishes (Balistidae) C R R Wrasses (Labridae) C C C
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9 . 5 . 1 Marine water quality
The primary objective of the marine water quality sampling was to determine the baseline conditions of the marine water in the project site. Qualitative and quantitative assessments were made on seawater from one location. The following table illustrates the result of the marine water quality test.
Figure 18: Results of the marine water quality tests undertaken in Fainu island.
Water Quality Sea water Optimal Ref (M3) range Physical appearance Clear
Electrical Conductivity 555000.00 (us/cm Temperature C 28.00 18 - 32 GBRMPA 2009 Degree Celcius Salinity (mg/l) or PPT 33300.00 3.2% - GBRMPA 2010 4.2% Turbidity (NTU) 0.0 3 to 5 NTU. Cooper et al 2008 > 5 NTU causes stress pH 8.00
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9 . 6 E x i s t i n g socioeconomic Environment
Raa Atoll is located in the north central region of Maldives. There are 15 inhabited islands and 2 resorts operating. The following table outlines the list of islands in the atoll. Raa atoll has the 4th largest population among the atolls (excludes the capital Male’).
Figure 19: List of inhabited islands in Raa Atoll
Name Population(2014)
1 Alifushi 1,808.00 2 An'golhitheemu 400.00 3 Dhuvaafaru 3,018.00 4 Fainu 322.00 5 Hulhudhuffaaru 1,137.00 6 In'guraidhoo 1,223.00 7 Innamaadhoo 570.00 8 Kinolhas 473.00 9 Maakurathu 801.00 10 Maduvvari 1,479.00 11 Meedhoo 1,661.00 12 Rasgatheemu 509.00 13 Rasmaadhoo 512.00 14 UN'GOOFAARU 1,503.00 15 Vaadhoo 397.00
The atoll has the most number of inhabited islands and the most number of resorts proposed for development as shown in the following graphs.
Inhabited Islands 16 15 14 14 14 13 13 13 13
12 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 6 5 5 4 Series1 4 3
2 1
0
Raa
Baa
Thaa
Faafu
Vaavu
Seenu
Laamu
Noonu
Dhaalu
Meemu
HaaAlifu
Lhaviyani
Shaviyani
AlifuAlifu
Gnaviyani
GaafuAlifu
HaaDhaalu
SouthMale'
NorthMale' AlifuDhaalu GaafuDhaalu
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Figure 20: Number of ihabited islands by Atoll
Proposed Resorts
Alifu Dhaalu
Faafu
Gnaviyani
Seenu
North Male'
Lhaviyani Series1 Thaa
Noonu
Haa Dhaalu
Gaafu Dhaalu
Raa 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Figure 21: Number of proposed resorts by Atoll
9 . 6 . 1 Fainu island
The project takes place in the island of Fainu in Raa Atoll. Fainu is located in Raa Atoll and the land area is 50 Ha. A small area in the centre of the island is occupied by people and the rest is thick forest. The registered population of the island as of July 2016 is 1,440 and the population as per the census 2014 is 322. Major occupation of the community is fishing, agriculture, boat building and majority of the younger population is involved in the tourism sector. Fainu is the largest island in Raa Atoll and the least populated.
There is no water supply facilities established in the island. Electricity is operated by Fenaka. Major infrastructures in the island are Power House, Health Center, School, Mosque and the harbour, which was completed in June 2016.
9 . 6 . 2 Economic Activities
The backbone of the island economy is from government jobs accounting to more than 60% of the income earned to the island. Fishing, boat building, agriculture and tourism related works account for the rest of the 40% of income earned.
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9 . 6 . 3 Electricity
The island has diesel generators and all households and institutions are connected with this power grid.
9 . 6 . 4 H e a l t h
The Island has a government owned Health centre with one doctor. The centre is equipped with basic medical treatment facilities.
9 . 6 . 5 Water and Sanitation
Issues related to water, sanitation and garbage disposal is among the biggest problems for this island as indicated by the public consultation sessions. The island does not have a proper sanitation system. The existing sanitation system comprise of septic tanks.
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The following table outlines some key stats for the island.
Figure 22: Some stats for the island
Geography Size of the island (Hectares) 50.00 Distance from Male' (Km) 153.38 Distance from the Atoll capital (Km) 22.81
Popuation Present Population 440.00 Population (Census 2014) 322.00 Annual population growth Average 4 to 5 per year
Education Literacy rate (% age) 99.00 No of children enroleld in the school 91.00 Highest teaching grade 10.00
Employment Percentage of income source from government (%) 60.00 Percentage of income source from other occupations 40.00 Major income generating activities - Agriculture / Farming - Boat building - Tourism - Others
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9 . 7 Existing Coastal Environment
The coastal environment of Fainu consists of the beaches, shores, coastal vegetation and shallow lagoon.
9 . 7 . 1 Features of the Coastal Environment
The coastal environment of the island and in general the project area can be described as having the following components: 1. The natural shallow lagoon around the island. 2. Harsh rocky shores on the east side with a combination of exposed beach rocks. 3. Coastline on the west side of the harbour that is seasonally affected inducing erosion and accretion. 4. A previously dredged harbour basin that is now filled. 5. Coastal vegetation around the island.
One of the most critical areas of the shore is the eastern side. This area has been undergoing chronic erosion annually at a very high rate with sever environmental consequences. Compared to 1969, the shoreline in the project area has retreated to more than 50 metres inland and this continue to be a threat.
A general description of the coastal environment is illustrated in the following diagrammes. In order to assess the coastline, photos and shoreline data were taken from selected locations within the project boundary. The following figure outlines an overview of the coastal environment of Fainu island.
A comparative analysis of the shoreline from 1969 to 2016 has also been analysed and presented in the following pages.
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Figure 23: Physical status of the coastal environment of Fainu Island (Photo taken in July 2016 by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd).
Figure 24: Comparison of the shoreline from 1969 to 2016.
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The following figure illustrates the existing condition of the east side of Fainu taken using a low aerial drone.
From the eastern side of the harbour towards the beach rocks, the shoreline has been proposed to be protected with a revetment. On the east of the new harbour is the old harbour basin that was dredged and previously but had been left uncompleted. The result is the filling of sand from this area. The entrance channel to this harbour can also be seen and the basin has been filled up significantly. During the NE monsoon, this sediment moves towards east, aggravating the filling process. Between this basin and the new harbour, there is a shallow lagoon and the process of sediment movement is likely to cause some sediment transport towards the main harbour.
Figure 25: Physical status of the coastal environment on the east side of Fainu Island (Photo taken in July 2016 by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd).
The following photo illustrates the south-east tip. As it can be seen, wave activity in this region is very high resulting in high erosion along this area. The shoreline is highly exposed to erosion and exposed beach rocks can be seen on this side. There is evidence from accounts of locals that this area is undergoing annual erosion at a very high rate.
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Figure 26: South-east tip of Fainu Island (Photo taken in July 2016 by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd).
The following photos illustrates the existing harbour and the east as well as the western sides. The western side of the harbour, starting from the end of the revetment can be seen filled with sand, mainly transported from the west side during the south west monsoon. Locals have indicated that this shoreline retreats up to the tree line during north-east monsoon due to long shore sediment transport mechanism. During this movement, the area end of the revetment gets a sharp retreat resulting from the actions of bending currents / waves action. In order to control and manage erosion in this area, groynes must be placed but only after gathering further data.
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The following figure outlines the currents measured on a single day around the project site.
Figure 27: Current measurement around the project boundary
The above figure illustrates the prevailing currents measured on the day of the survey. These measurements are not an actual reflection of the site conditions but provide some understanding of current patterns. In order to assess the actual currents situation, data collection must be undertaken for a period of one year.
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10 Environmental Impacts 1 0 . 1 Assessing and identification of I m p a c t
Environmental Impact identification has been undertaken by considering the proposed activities and examining the level of impact the proposed development will have on the environment. Each activity was then examined in detail to identify the construction methods, technology and other factors that would determine the potential impact of the various activities. The following methods were used to identify the impacts of this project.
Impact Identification Matrix (refer to the matrix)
Expert judgment. This method relied on experience gained from similar projects in Maldives.
1 0 . 2 Impact identification matrix
This matrix was designed to help provide an assessment and screening of the potential environmental impacts of this project. The matrix considered 17 potential environmental factors. Indicators are listed for each factor and these are used as a weighing scale. The project components are then assessed against each factor, scoring them on a scale of 1 to 10. This tool was thus utilized to help provide an assessment and screening of the potential environmental impacts of this project. The matrix will identify the impact types. Once the impact types are determined, the matrix is then used to assess the impact significance together with the network diagramme and expert judgment.
This matrix contains: An impact assessment matrix which lists all of the 17 environmental factors and allows, for each one, to provide a score (1-10) and any additional comments. Each factor considers several sub categories (not indicated in the following matrix), depending on the project type and a total score is derived by averaging the individual scores.
A summary of scores for each factors and the impact type, negative, positive or neutral.
All types of projects that are listed in the EIA Regulation of 2012 can be assessed using this tool. The following table outlines the impact assessment matrix and the scores for the 17 categories derived for this project.
Figure 28: Impact assessment matrix for the project
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Impacts Total score Negative Neutral Positive (1-3) (4 -7) (8 -10) Air pollution 4.00 x Waste - x Water pollution 2.00 x Noise/Vibration 5.00 x Amenity 5.00 x Ground water conservation 5.00 x Energy 5.00 x Energy efficiency 5.00 x Access to quality green 8.00 space x Flooding 9.00 x Transport 8.00 x Biodiversity 5.00 x Local environmental 9.00 x quality Resource depletion 5.20 x Health gain 9.50 x Employment 5.00 x Socio-economic 10.00 x implications
Scale Score 1-3, Negative Environmental Impact Scale Score 4-7; Neutral Environmental Impact Scale Score 8-10; Positive Environmental Impact
1 0 . 3 Magnitude of impacts
Environmental impacts of the proposed work have been examined through the above mentioned two processes and the results are outlined in the following pages. By using the impact assessment matrix as a tool, the magnitude of the impacts can be assessed as outlined in the following table.
Figure 29: Impact magnitudes and their corresponding scores.
Scores based on the impact assessment matrix < Negative Impacts > < Neutral Impacts > < Positive Impacts >* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Magnitude Major 2, Minor 4 &5 Minor, 6 & 7 Good Very Excellent of adverse adverse Negligible good impacts. 3, Moderate adverse
This EIA identifies and quantifies the significance of impacts on the environment from the proposed project. Impacts on the environment were identified and described according to their location/attribute, extent (magnitude) and characteristics (such as short-term or long term, direct or indirect, reversible or
54 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll, irreversible) and assessed in terms of their significance according to the following categories: Negligible – the impact is too small to be of any significance; Minor– the impact is minor; Minor adverse – the impact is undesirable but accepted; Moderate adverse – the impact give rise to some concern but is likely to be tolerable in short-term (e.g. construction phase) or will require a value judgment as to its acceptability; Major adverse – the impact is large scale giving rise to great concern; it should be considered unacceptable and requires significant change or halting of the project. Positive – the impact is likely to bring a positive change in the sense that it is aimed at further minimizing the impacts as a result of the proposed actions.
1 0 . 4 Uncertainties in Impact Prediction
Environmental impact prediction involves a certain degree of uncertainty as the natural and anthropogenic impacts can vary from place to place due to even slight differences in ecological, geomorphologic or social conditions in a particular place. There is also limited data and information regarding the particular site under consideration, which makes it difficult to predict impacts.
However, the level of uncertainty, in the case of this project at Fainu is expected to be very low as coastal works have been undertaken in this island as well as in many islands of Maldives. This project also does not foresee any reef damage and therefore, the uncertainty is very low. The proposed works does not pose any threats to the marine environment as it does not involve dredging and working on the lagoon will be very limited.
55 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
1 0 . 5 Major impacts and mitigation measures
The following diagramme illustrates the major impacts of this project on the environment. A revetment is built along a shoreline or steep facing slope in order to protect it against erosion generated by wave or current action. A revetment is like a common sea wall in that it is designed to maintain the location and shape of a shoreline. Instead of standing vertically like a sea wall, however, a revetment "coats" the shoreline with protective material and rests its weight on the shore.
The revetment structure designed for protecting the shoreline of Fainu will be a rock boulder type revetment structure with stone sizes ranging from 2 to 3 tons. Underlying the armour layer of stones will be a filter stone layer of stone size 10 – 30Kg. Erosion of the sand underneath the revetment structure as a result of percolation of water through the pore spaces between the rocks will be prevented by placing a geotextile layer. The overall impact of revetments will be the permanent stabilization of the shoreline without retreating from erosion (assuming that it will be maintained regularly).
One of the significant impacts will be the visual alteration of the natural shoreline. The natural value of the beach face will be permanently lost and access to the beach will not be possible.
Secondly, the areas left without a revetment or the terminal ends of the revetments may experience end scouring. End scouring is a common occurrence along the terminal ends of revetments and could be severe after a storm event. Refer to the following figure.
56 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Figure 30: Impact of revetment
1 0 . 5 . 1 Mitigation measures
There are no mitigation measures for the loss of natural beach face as the shoreline is permanently altered. Mitigation measures to prevent end scouring includes the alteration of the revetment ends as shown in the following figures.
Figure 31: Mitigation measures to reduce end scouring
57 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
The following matrix outlines the impacts and mitigation measures and their significance. The following tables outlines the impacts and mitigation measures proposed as well as the matrix of impacts and their characterization. Reference to the matrix was derived from (Hoepner, 1999).
58 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
1 0 . 6 Impacts on the Environment and their mitigation measures Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Mitigation Construction stage impacts
Energy generation Energy for construction (coastal protection works). Energy generation will be controlled and Use of energy for construction activities has an indirect monitored. Contractor will be required to use negative impact on the environment through the power from the island grid to avoid consumption of fuel. separate generator sets, which will increase emission of greenhouse gases as much as possible and in practical situations where it can be used. Impact of the During the construction stage, the increase number of Fishing from the house reef of the project site temporary workforce workforce and their behavior could have significant will be banned during the construction stage. impact on the environment. The contractor and all construction staff will been informed of this. Due to the fragile It is not expected that any damage would be caused by nature of the coral reef, walking on corals workers fishing or walking on the lagoon, as the while swimming and working in the lagoon environment does not encourage such behavior. environment will also banned. This preventative measure will also be informed to Improper and indiscriminately dumping solid waste to all staff. In Fainu island, live corals are mostly the beach area, especially the marine environment can found in areas further away in the reef edge, impact the marine environment, such as throwing therefore the chances of damage to corals in garbage, plastics etc. this manner is relatively small. Appropriate signs will be placed to keep the Construction workers are already in the island. site clean. Fines and discharges for not obeying the environment protection rules. Workers will be briefed about proper disposal of litter and avoid damaging the surrounding environment.
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EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Mitigation Noise and air Noise impacts will be localized and will affect the Noise may be expected to be a concern due to No cost pollution houses that are close to the work area. In addition, the the intermittent nature of noise sources such movement of machinery and construction materials on as from excavators and other construction the island will have a visual impact on the recreational heavy vehicles driving through the island, value of this area. especially at night. However construction workers, who are prone to high noise levels Impacts from noise and air pollution are expected to be such as machinery operators, will be provided insignificant as the revetment and groynes will be with proper personal protection equipment’s undertaken around the reclaimed area which is away (PPE) such as ear muffs. from the populated areas. Movement of construction vehicles will be almost negligible in the existing island. Revetment A revetment is built along an embankment, shoreline or The following mitigations measures are Cost to be construction steep facing slope in order to protect it against erosion proposed included in the generated by wave or current action. A revetment is like 1. Geo-textile under layer must be placed to contract a common sea wall in that it is designed to maintain the prevent loss of sand from inland. document. location and shape of a shoreline. Instead of standing 2. Slope of the revetment must be maintained Contractor to vertically like a sea wall, however, a revetment "coats" with the engineered design. follow the the shoreline with protective material. 3. Backfilling must be undertaken after mitigation completion of the revetment. measures, The revetment structure designed for protecting the 4. Re-align the terminal end of the revetment including bund shoreline of Fainu will be a rock boulder type revetment away from the shoreline to reduce the impact wall and silt structure with stone sizes ranging from 2 to 3 tons. of inner bank erosion. curtain. Underlying the armour layer of stones will be a filter stone layer of stone size 10 – 30Kg. Erosion of the sand underneath the revetment structure as a result of percolation of water through the pore spaces between the rocks will be prevented by placing a geotextile layer.
The overall impact of revetments will be the permanent
60 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Mitigation stabilization of the shoreline without retreating from erosion (assuming that it will be maintained regularly). In addition, the shoreline will be visually altered permanently and loose the natural looks.
However, the areas left without a revetment or the terminal ends of the revetments may experience end scouring.
Revetment Changes to the hydrodynamic regime. When shorelines There are not many options that can be Cost of coastal construction are stabilized with revetments, there will be some undertaken to reverse this as revetments are Undertake impacts on near-shore current and wave patterns, as well designed to stabilize the shore. However the groynes to trap as bottom hydrodynamics. This can lead to. following mitigation measures will help and sand in between • Seasonal erosion and loss of vegetation in the areas will be undertaken. and to avoid along shoreline that are not protected by revetment Ensuring that no deepening takes place in the further erosion. during either monsoons. foreshore close to the revetment. • Sediment accretion in low energy areas along the Undertake the construction with the designed revetment. parameters. • Alteration of bottom substrate topography. Construction of groynes along areas where • Some alteration of current patterns around the shore. revetments will not be constructed. Revetment Habitat loss 1. Minimize the use and work of excavators in No cost. construction Construction on the shore will lead to direct loss of the marine environment, instead, opt to work Mitigation habitat for corals and marine organisms in the vicinity of on land. measures are the shore or in areas close to the shore. Movement of procedural in heavy machineries such as excavators in the near shore nature. environment will damage the corals.
No habitat loss or coral damage is anticipated in this project as the lagoon around the shore does not contain
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Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Mitigation live corals.
Sedimentation Sedimentation is likely to be very minimal or negligible Avoid excavators working in the lagoon. in this project as the excavators will be mostly working on land.
Coastal protection Material Handling 1. Fuel will be handled with care at all times works Materials such as fuel for excavators, barges and trucks 2. No waste fuel will be disposed into the have the potential to damage to the marine environment. marine environment. Since fuelling is required for the machinery, spillage 3. Designate a separate area for fueling. would be a possibility. Therefore, appropriate care has to 4. Fuel handling area will be kept free from be taken in handling fuel. Fueling will be required during spills and every effort must be made to fill process for excavators, loaders and other machinery. minimize spills. 5. Fuel handling area to have a hard impervious floor surface. 6. All fuel storage and fueling to be undertaken in the same location. 7. Designate a separate person to manage fueling and refueling as well as maintain the fueling area to ensure that unnecessary spillages do not take place. Site mobilization A lot of impacts can occur as a result of mobilization Not required in this project. No cost, but the activities. contractor will be Land clearing will not be required and there will not be required to any need for the construction of large-scale temporary follow proper structures. All temporary structures and machinery are in protocols. the island.
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Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Mitigation Site mobilization impacts will nil in this project.
Waste management Impact of solid waste This can be detrimental to the Work force will be provided with RO or rain marine and the terrestrial environment if they are not water (from the island) for drinking thereby managed properly. Solid waste generated during the reducing the need for mineral water and hence construction stage will include organic, inorganic and reducing the impact of plastic bottles and their hazardous materials and all of which require adequate management and disposal. Furthermore, disposal. workforce will be based in Fainu island and therefore waste generation at construction site The project does not foresee significant quantities of will be minimal. All garbage or wastes of solid waste. domestic in nature generated on site will be transported to Fainu waste disposal site regularly. Construction workers are already in the island. Operational impacts
Changes in flow Revetments are structures on the shore constructed to Maintain the slope of the revetment in order to velocity allow sediment flow over. In addition, they also absorbs allow greater wave absorption. wave energy upon reaching the shore. In areas with beach sand, revetments would still allow sediment transport through long shore drift.
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Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Mitigation Socio-economic The coastal protection project will simulate the Ensure that regular monitoring is taken to impacts. development of Fainu through provision of a sustainable assess the behavior of the shore so that Greater opportunity and stable shoreline achieved with costal protection. corrective measures can be taken if the coastal for Fainu residents. protection measures does not function the way A sustainable shoreline that will not erode in time will it is intended to function. benefit the community’s infrastructure development and attract more investments.
Increase tourism and Demand for Guest house and City Hotels are increasing other infrastructure at a faster speed around various region and along with developments in the restaurants, souvenir shops, dive centres, safari boats and island. yachts are increasing rapidly throughout Maldives. As a result, the project will attract more investors in these sectors to Fainu Island.
In addition, better housing and infrastructure developments will be stimulated by this project.
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Figure 32: Matrix of specific impacts and their characterization
OS) + OS)
Direct
P
Indirect
Long term Long
Reversible
Short term Short
Cumulative
Irreversible
Unavoidable
Maginitude # Maginitude
Mitigation Required Mitigation
Impact type (NEG or or type (NEG Impact Significant (H/M/L)* Significant
Impact indicator (N/M/MA/MoA/MaA)
Environmental Impacts Energy for construction (coastal protection works). Neg L X X N X X X X Impact of the temporary workforce Neg L X X N X X X Noise and air pollution Neg L X N X X X Sedimentation of the lagoon and the coral reef Neg L X N X X X X Changes to the hydrodynamic regime Neg L X M X X X X Habitat loss Neg L X N X X X X Deterioration of marine environment and water quality Neg L X N X X X X Impact of Material Handling Neg L X N X X X Impact of solid waste Neg L X M X X X
Socio -economic Impacts Greater opportunity for locals. POS H x x Increased infrastructure development POS H x x More employment opportunities with increased development. POS H x x
+ POS = positive impacts, NEG= negative impacts * H=high, M=Moderate, L=Low # N=Negligible, M=Minor, MA=Minor Adverse; MoA= Moderate adverse; MaA=Major Adverse # N=Negligible, M=Minor, MA=Minor Adverse; MoA= Moderate adverse; MaA=Major Adverse
65 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
66 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll, 11 Stakeholder Consultations
For the purpose of this project, stakeholder consultations were limited to the Island Council. Methodology for undertaking these discussions was through meetings and discussions. As this is a project initiated and planned from the government, there is limited stakeholders concerned due to the nature of the project. Coastal protection projects are always geared towards protection of vital resources and most communities are in dire need of this. As a result, there is very little or no objections involved from the community, except few concerns. Therefore the consultations were limited to the relevant stakeholders. The consultations also reflect to the many meetings and discussions exchanged between the Island Council and the Ministry.
1 1 . 1 Consultation with the contractor
Mr. Dhaavoodh from MTCC was consulted about the project and provided the following account of the project. - Revetment has been planned to be initiated starting from the east side where the beach rocks are formed. However, this will not cover the entire shoreline on this side.
- Although initially the plan was to start the revetment from the harbour side, this idea was dropped due to the fact the this would lead to more erosion from the east side as this area is exposed to more stronger waves and currents from the east side.
- Rocks are already in the island from the harbour project and does not pose any challenges during loading and offloading to the islands.
- All the machineries and manpower is on standby in the island to begin the work.
- Revetments will be constructed with some back filling, proposed to utilize the surplus material from the harbour project.
1 1 . 2 Consultation with F a i n u Island Council
As part of the consultations, Fainu Island Council was consulted in this project. Discussions were held on 19th July 2016 at Fainu Island Office at 10:30 PM. The objective of the consultations were to identify the need and concerns of the project from the Island Council’s point of view and determine how these concerns can be addressed in the stakeholder process. As the project has not yet begun, it is very likely
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EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll, that issues identified by the community could be potentially addressed in the project implementation stage.
The following are the summary of discussions held during the meeting.
A project summary was given to the Island Council by Water Solutions.
The Island Council indicated that this has been a project that has been considered from 20 years back in order to manage and control erosion.
Even before the harbour project began in 2011, the council has been trying to find a solution to the erosion problem.
The first harbour that began construction in 2011 has been left without completion. As a result, the dredged area has been filled over the years. The council indicated that they are unable to use this area for boat maintenance and beaching and have requested that this location to be used as a source to obtain the backfill material. They are also of the opinion that the filled up sand may access the new harbour through the opening on the east side during the north-east monsoon.
The Council has also proposed a groyne like design. However, the council is in the opinion that any alterations to this project will be disastrous and the project may fail, which would be a big loss to the island.
There is a boat yard warehouse inland of the proposed revetment area which has not been used for many years. It was informed that that the boat yard warehouse will need to be moved to elsewhere as the island is the process of finalizing a revised land use plan.
The west side of the harbour presently has a well formed beach but the situation changes in NE monsoon. Due to the short span of the revetment on the west of the harbour, inner-bank erosion occurs at the shoreward termination of the revetment, mainly resulting from the long shore currents moving westward in NE monsoon.
The council also indicated that the area between the end of the proposed revetment and the harbour be developed as a boat beaching area and hence, the filled areas of the beach can be used as backfilling material.
The Council also suggested some coastal protection to the west side of the harbour to combat erosion but it was indicated to them that this would be beyond the scope of the project.
68 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
1 1 . 3 List of people consulted from the island council
Following is a list of people consulted from the Island Council. Name Designation Phone number Ibrahim Nasir Island Council President 7906400 Ibrahim Umaru Manik Vice President of Council 7994253 Ahmed Waheed Council Member 7500320 Nizaar Ahmed Fulhu Council Member 7717176 Hassan Zahir Finance Officer 9636619
69 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
12 Alternatives
EIA Regulation requires at least two alternatives to be suggested for such projects and therefore two alternatives have been suggested in addition to the no project alternative. These alternatives are discussed below:
1 2 . 1 No Project Option
The no project option considers the following. 1. No coastal protection will be undertaken on the east side of the island. 2. The eastern side of the island will continue to erode at the present rate. 3. Less cost to the proponent. 4. Further risk of damage to the island from erosion. 5. No cost to the proponent.
1 2 . 2 Alternative A nalysis matrix
For this project, an alternative analysis was carried out on the basis of various biophysical and socioeconomic parameters including: Technical feasibility, Economic viability and Environmental acceptability of the project and Social benefits
Based on the above four factors, an alternative analysis matrix was developed with scores given for each factor from 1 to 5. This analysis provides information about the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative considered with regard to its technical, economic and environmental factors. The purpose of this matrix is to obtain a favourable implementation of alternatives proposed by considering alternatives in terms of site selection, design and operational methods, the project scale and timing of project. The total for all factors gives an overall score for a given alternative. The highest total score provides the most desirable and preferred alternatives and vice versa.
70 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
The following table outlines the advantages and disadvantages of the no project option.
Figure 33: Advantages and disadvantages of the no project option
Strategy Advantages Disadvantages Not undertake No capital cost. Risk of erosion high. coastal protection. Less cumulative environmental Continuous threat from erosion. damage. Unattractive for large infrastructure projects.
Areas undergoing erosion will have to be re-filled with sand or other methods at a later stage. This may or may not happen when required, thus risking the environment and infrastructure greatly.
The following table outlines the various alternatives proposed for this project, their economic, technical, environmental as well as social factors taken in to consideration.
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SAlternatives Environmentally Technical feasibility Economic viability Social benefits No proposed acceptable
Alternative materials for the revetment
A1 Use of tetra pods. They can be manufactured on The cost is very high, As far as the Any option that is site provided materials are more than using rock environmental damage more expensive will available. They are long lasting boulders. footprint is concerned, be a negative factor and strong. Their size and it is slightly more for the society. Thus weight can be suited to meet the damaging as using the it is unlikely to be project. But for this project, proposed method of accepted by the their use is not technically rocks as the damage community. sound as they are mostly used foot print will be more as breakwaters. They also due to the complex require especially skilled people nature of construction and heavy machinery to place in work. the interlocking positions.
A2 Use of geo-bags. The geotextile tube is a cost The unit cost of the Environmentally Unlikely to be effective solution, but visually geo-bags may be acceptable as the island accepted by the not appealing. The main cheaper, but already has adequate community as rocks advantage of geotextile is that it considering the long areas from where sand are always preferred. can be manufactured in white term durability and could be borrowed to However this is colour to blend with the white maintenance caused fill the bags. But this always an option
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SAlternatives Environmentally Technical feasibility Economic viability Social benefits No proposed acceptable sandy shores or sandy seabed of by damage, the final will create additional when rocks cannot the island at the proposed areas cost may not be as low environmental damage be sourced if and that it is a very cost as one would imagine. foot print. budgetary effective solution in places with constraints are there. lot of sand is available. Rock boulders are However, despite their white already available in Visually less appearance, they are visually Fainu island from the appealing than rocks. not appealing as the material previous harbour itself is artificial and does not construction and blend with the environment therefore the cost is unlike rocks, which is suitable kept low. for the coastal environment and looks natural. Hence, rocks blend in with the environment much better than geotextiles.
Design and construction alternatives
AConstruction of Technically possible and poses Less expensive as less There is less shoreline There is less social A3 groynes along the no challenges. However, due to rocks and geo-fabric stability guaranteed and benefit in terms of entire perimeter of the challenging environment, under layer material the risk of erosion is shoreline protection the shore. the sustainability of the project will be required. not entirely eliminated. in this manner. is not guaranteed. Groynes may However, the cost of Additionally sand must However, there is
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SAlternatives Environmentally Technical feasibility Economic viability Social benefits No proposed acceptable help trap the sand, but the maintenance will be be pumped to maintain also advantages for strong currents and waves much higher as the continuous the community as especially on the east side will groynes will allow shoreline profile from recreational beach pose management challenges. some degree of time to time. space can be created The significant bending of the erosion between them, with this option that waves caused by the eastern tip which needs to be is in between the of the island creates high degree filled from time to groynes. of currents caused by the time. Therefore, it is diffraction of waves, inducing an added cost. more erosion.
AConstruction of Technically possible and poses More expensive due to Better protection for Sustainable beach A4 offshore no challenges, but requires additional materials the exposed beaches with reduced risk of breakwaters. more time to study its effect on and time. and prevention of erosion is attractive the shoreline on the east side. erosion. for the community.
A A5 Re-alignment of This method is technically More expensive as Environmental damage Likely to be more the revetment to feasible in several areas along creating additional foot print is slightly preferred by the create a the shoreline. However, their beach will increase the more than constructing community due to recreational beach. selection will depend on the project cost. Sand has a revetment along the the availability of community’s preference as well to be sourced as beach shore. recreational beach
75 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
SAlternatives Environmentally Technical feasibility Economic viability Social benefits No proposed acceptable as the land use plan of the fill material and the island. revetment has to be further moved outwards to provide a curved protected barrier to the beach.
AConstruction of Feasibly and practical but there More expensive due to Acceptable as a Not beneficial to the A6 revetment to join are other social and increased material complete solution to community due to with the eastern environmental issues to requirements erosion control on the the lack of a beach side of the harbour. challenge. east. However, it is not area for boats. necessarily beneficial to the environment in the long term.
aContinuous re- This is a soft engineering More expensive and Less acceptable Not acceptable as A7 nourishment of solution that is practical in continuous environmentally as the sustainability is less. beach situations where a source of nourishment has to be damage foot print is sand is available. In Fainu done from time to more island, it is available and so it is time. This is not a technically possible. financially feasible option for island communities where
76 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
SAlternatives Environmentally Technical feasibility Economic viability Social benefits No proposed acceptable budget constraints are a significant drawback.
A8 Construction of a Feasible but requires more More expensive as it More environmental Less acceptable to continuous machinery and work. will require dredging impacts due to the community as it revetment using of the filled area. dredging. will completely rock boulders. block the use of any beach area on the east of the harbour.
A9 Design of the This is a feasible option as its Will be more More acceptable as it Prevent the loss of revetment to implementation is very simple expensive. will reduce end scour at beach in areas that prevent end and does not require the ends. Unarmored, are unprotected, scouring or complicated design alterations. unconsolidated beaches potentially reducing flanking erosion, There are few designs that can on either side of a the recreational especially on the reduce end scour. Refer to the coastal armouring, in value of the beaches. north-west end of diagrammes outlined below. this case the revetment the revetment. structure will continue to erode and the high water line will continue to migrate landward on either side of the
77 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
SAlternatives Environmentally Technical feasibility Economic viability Social benefits No proposed acceptable armouring. Therefore, this is a beneficial effect.
Figure 34: Alternative analysis matrix for the project
78 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
The following figure outlines the construction of revetment all around the reclaimed area, alternative (A4). In this alternative, there is additional cost and work involved in dredging the beach before a revetment can be constructed.
Figure 35: Proposed alternative of constructing revetment along the entire perimeter of the east side.
The biggest advantage of this alternative is that it will ensure the entire eastern side is protected. However, this does not take in to account any access of beach for the islanders (recreation and boating etc.). Hence, although it may protect the entire shoreline, it does fail to address one of the key concerns of the islanders. A beach area is an important requirement for the community at present due to the lack of such space where boats can be beached for repair and maintenance.
As opposed to this concept, the following figure outlines the alternative (A9), that is the realignment of the revetment end in order to prevent end scour. When the ends of the revetment are kept in parallel to the shoreline, it induces end scour, which can be severe or moderate depending on the location and exposure conditions. Monitoring should therefore include this factor. Re-alignment of the ends also help prevent sediment flowing towards the revetment and over filling them with sand. This will also educe end scouring significantly.
79 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Figure 36: The process of end scouring at the end of a revetment.
The above figure illustrates the process of end scouring and the bottom figure illustrates rectification measure for this.
Figure 37: Alternative A9 proposed to prevent end scouring.
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1 2 . 3 Alternative analysis scores
The following table outlines the results of the alternative analysis scores calculated for this project. The scores are given from 1 to 5, 1 being the least and 5 the most desirable.
Figure 38: Alterative evaluation scores
No Alternatives proposed onmenta
Technical Technical feasibility Economic viability Envir llyacceptable Socialbenefits scores Total
A1 Use of tetra pods for groyne 1 1 2 1 5
A2 Use of geo-bags for groyne 3 2 2 0 7
A3 Construction of groynes along the 3 2 1 1 7 entire perimeter of the shore.
A4 Construction of offshore 2 1 1 2 6 breakwaters.
A5 Re-alignment of the revetment to 2 2 3 4 11 create a recreational beach.
A6 Construction of revetment to join 3 1 2 1 7 with the eastern side of the harbour.
A7 Continuous re-nourishment of 2 1 1 3 7 beach
A8 Construction of a continuous 4 4 5 1 11 revetment to join the harbour using rocks
A9 Design changes at the end of the 5 4 5 5 19 revetment
81 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Based on the analysis, Alternative A9 ranks the highest in terms of score followed by A8. This alternative is preferred since altering the design at the end of the revetment is highly recommended to reduce or minimize end scouring.
1 2 . 4 Preferred Alternative
The preferred alternative for this project is to modify the terminal end of the north-west end of revetment to prevent or minimize end scouring. There are few design alternatives that can be adopted to achieve this and are outlined in the following pages.
1 2 . 4 . 1 Mitigation Measures for the Preferred Alternative
The following mitigation measures are proposed for the preferred alternative. 1. Maintaining the length of the end and the angle with the shoreline.
2. Design the revetment ends to adequately trap the sand.
3. A curved design to be adopted to reduce current impacts and smoothen the flow movement.
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13 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 1 3 . 1 I n t r o d u c t i on
Environmental monitoring is essential to ensure that potential impacts are minimized and to mitigate unanticipated impacts. Monitoring will be carried out as part of the environmental impact assessment and monitoring requirements addressed in this EIA report.
1 3 . 2 Cost of Monitoring
The proponent has committed fully for the monitoring programme outlined in this report. The total cost of undertaking the regular monitoring is estimated in the following table. Cost of monitoring includes all data collection and reporting to the client and to the relevant government agencies.
1 3 . 3 D u r a t i o n of Monitoring
Monitoring will include marine, coastal and social aspects only. The proposed scheduled for monitoring has been prepared only for the two (2) years following the completion of the project. Hence, this schedule will be applicable for monitoring during the two years after the completion of the project. Monitoring will be undertaken by subcontracting the work to an independent consultant or a consulting firm.
Figure 39: Summary of Monitoring durations and report numbers
Frequency No of of monitoring Duration in monitoring reports Months report Summary report end of the construction After the 1 period 3 completion Monitoring after the construction period Every 3 4 for the first year 12 months Monitoring for the next 1 year 12 Annually 1 1 3 . 4 M e t h o d s of Monitoring
Environmental monitoring will be undertaken using standard methods described in the Methodology section (refer to annex for details). Monitoring is recommended for marine, coastal and socio-economic environment only.
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1 3 . 5 Monitoring Responsibility
Monitoring responsibility will be with the client and financial provisions will be made in the project to undertake the monitoring.
1 3 . 6 M o n i t o r i n g R e p o r t
A detailed monitoring report should be compiled after the completion of the civil works. During the operational stage (after the completion of the project), regular monitoring reports should be provided in three months for the first year and once a year for the next 1 year. This report will be submitted to the relevant government agencies for compliance. The report will include details of the site, data collection and analysis, quality control measures, sampling frequency and monitoring analysis and details of methodologies and protocols followed.
The following table outlines the monitoring schedule proposed during both construction and after the completion of the works.
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Figure 40: Schedule for environmental monitoring for the construction and operational period.
Monitoring Attribute Indicator Methodology Monitoring Frequency Cost during Cost Per annum (construction (operational phase). phase) Construction Operational stage stage Marine environment Visual water quality Visibility of Through visual - - No cost. water inspections and logs to Contractor to keep be kept on site. the logs on site.
Marine water quality Physical Onsite or Lab analysis - Every six - $200.00 at survey site M3. appearance, months for the turbidity, pH, first year and Suspended then yearly for Solids. the next year. Live Coral cover at Percentage Qualitative & - Annually $5,500.00 survey sites live cover Quantitative 1 and 2 Diversity and Number / Qualitative & - Annually $2,500.00 abundance of fish percentage of Quantitative communities at sites 1, selected fish and 2 Coastal Environment Sand transport Near shore Drogue on the east and - Every three - $400.00 currents. west side. months for the first year and then yearly for the next 1 year.
85 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Monitoring Attribute Indicator Methodology Monitoring Frequency Cost during Cost Per annum (construction (operational phase). phase) Construction Operational stage stage Sand transport (beach Shore line Using DGPS Not required Every three - $550.00 areas only) mapping to months for the assess the first year and shoreline then yearly for profile. the next 1 year. Sand transport (beach Erosion Physical inspection and No need Every three - $550.00 areas only, west of the shoreline mapping. months for the harbour) first year and then yearly for the next 1 year. Revetment structure and associated shores Is there any geo-textile Physical inspection Three monthly Monitoring to be material or underline done by the Island fabric exposed? Council Does scour hole Physical inspection - Three monthly Monitoring to be develop at the end of done by the Island the revetment? Council How long after a storm Physical inspection During a storm Monitoring to be or bad weather event is event done by the Island scour noticeable at the Council end. Does sand accumulate Physical inspection Three monthly Monitoring to be in front of the done by the Island revetment? Council
86 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Monitoring Attribute Indicator Methodology Monitoring Frequency Cost during Cost Per annum (construction (operational phase). phase) Construction Operational stage stage Have rocks from the Physical inspection Three monthly Monitoring to be revetment shifted done by the Island position or rolled Council seaward since construction? Has the revetment Physical inspection Three monthly Monitoring to be elevation dropped? done by the Island Council Has the revetment Physical inspection Three monthly Monitoring to be structure been buried done by the Island by sand? Council Are there any signs of Physical inspection Three monthly Monitoring to be wave overtopping the done by the Island revetment and if so, Council are there sink holes on the back of revetment? Has the revetment Physical inspection Three monthly Monitoring to be rotated seaward? done by the Island Council Has the slope of the Physical inspection Three monthly Monitoring to be revetment changed? done by the Island Council Socio-economic Environment Consultation with the Assess the Interviews/Questionnaire - Annually $200.00 Island Council. satisfaction level of the
87 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Monitoring Attribute Indicator Methodology Monitoring Frequency Cost during Cost Per annum (construction (operational phase). phase) Construction Operational stage stage islanders and the general public about the sustainability of the project. Consultation with the Assess the Interviews/questionnaire - Annually $200.00 Business community satisfaction (guest houses, shop level of the owners etc. to be business interviewed) community and the general public about the sustainability of the project Number of new houses Number of Council records Annually $200.00 or businesses new houses / developed after the new project (within the businesses newly protected area). developed after the project.
88 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Figure 41: Schedule of submission of monitoring report
Next Operatio Construction period (Months) First Operational year (months) nal year (year) Constriction period 1 2 3 3 6 9 12 Month 12
Final monitoring report
Operational stage Monitoring report 1 Monitoring report 2 Monitoring report 3 Monitoring report 4
89 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
90 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
14 Conclusion
This EIA report has identified the main impacts of the proposed coastal protection works in Fainu island. It has been assessed that the project does not foresee any significant negative environmental impacts mainly because the work proposed has very limited negative environmental impacts.
The project is geared towards protection of the eastern coastline from the threat of erosion. As such, the project does not involve construction processes that are of significant harm to the environment. The project does not have a dredging component to obtain back filling material as it is already available in the island as surplus backfill material from the harbour project. In addition, surplus rock boulders from the harbour project have already been sourced to the project location and therefore their loading and unloading will not be of significance when it comes to environmental damage. Secondly, movement of vehicles and heavy machinery in the island can also have unexpected results and socio-economic consequences such as damage to houses (cracks in the boundary walls and buildings, felling of walls etc). However, movement of vehicles for this project will not be inland and have been confined to the coastal zone and the harbour areas only.
The project will have multiple socio-economic and coastal environmental benefits. The main reason to justify this project is to protect the island’s eastern side from erosion. Adequate coastal protection is a significant factor that will determine the fate of the island and how land is utilized in the future. Therefore, it is an important factor for the future development of the island. Most notably, the eastern, north-west and north-east areas have been identified as the most critical areas undergoing erosion.
Without adequate coastal protection, the island will be under threat from erosion and property damage with further damaging consequences with far greater financial risks and losses. However, as the end of the revetment will be kept parallel to the shore, it is anticipated to induce end erosion of flanking that may be severe after a storm event. This is the most significant negative impacts identified from this project.
Once the coastal protection work is completed, the island will have a more sustainable shoreline on the east side that is more resilient and better protected from erosion. The resulting outcomes from this project will enhance the island’s development potential and improve the quality of life for the community with better facilities. It will stimulate the growth and development of infrastructure ranging from small to large infrastructure developments, especially on the eastern side.
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The long term success of the project can also be judged and valued through regular monitoring. Monitoring such as the stability of the structure and what environmental impacts and changes are occurring to the adjacent shores are important to understand and record. Therefore the monitoring programme has outlined detailed parameters and factors, both quantitative and qualitative for better assessment of the project successs.
Given the conditions and proposed methods, the project is justified from a technical and from a developmental point of view. There are good reasons from socio- economic and environmental points of view to undertake the project.
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15 Major findings and Recommendations
Following are the major findings and key recommendations based on this EIA assessment. These recommendations cover both environmental and the social aspects. Some of these recommendations are not part of the scope of works, but have been done so as most of them have been requested by the community through Island Council and it was considered as genuine needs. The Recommendations are:
The present revetment is a linear structure built parallel to the shore. The present design does not account to minimize or reduce end scouring. Hence, end scouring is likely to occur on the eastern end, especially the severity could vary significantly after a storm event. Thus it is advised to utilize a design that would prevent end scour. End scour monitoring has also been identified and recommended in the EIA report. An alternative design to minimize end scouring has been provided in the alternatives section.
Aerial photos and satellite photos could be used to monitor the progress of the project in Fainu island. Hence it is recommended to obtain satellite photos or aerial photos on a weekly basis to monitor the progress of the project. Aerial photos taken with a drone can easily tack project progress and also help provide better and accurate information for the Island Council on a weekly basis. The island council, in turn can inform the Ministry of Environment and Energy.
The presently filled area at the location of the first harbour to be dredged to obtain back filling material if additional fill material is required. This would fulfill two requirements. First would be to obtain the deficit fill material for the project if required. Secondly, this will provide a deep and large enough basin for boats that are in need of repairing and maintenance which eventually can be used for boat beaching. This has been one of the requests from the Island Council.
The area between the existing harbour and the proposed revetment end to be developed in to a boat beaching area. As such, the sediment filled lagoon could be dredged to obtain sand for back filling material if it is required and make the shoreline more favourable for boat beaching. This will also increase the available deep area in this location, one of the requests from the Island Council.
The council has requested some coastal protection measures on the west side of the harbour, to be undertaken to prevent severe erosion on the west
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side of the harbour during NE monsoon. However, these works are not part of the scope.
If the area between the harbour and the proposed revetment is to be left as it is, it is likely that some sediment movement to occur towards the harbour’s east side during NE monsoon. Therefore, removing some of the filled up material and retreating the shore in this area will reduce and minimize sediment flow east as well as allow some space for the islanders to be used as a boat beaching area. This work is not part of the scope though.
Flood control measures must be installed during the construction of the revetment. This could be either installation of pipes or gutters through the revetment at various intervals.
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17 Acknowledgements
Various people have assisted the consulting team in preparing this report, name and their designations are listed below. CV’s of the field assistants are attached as an annex. Water Solutions would like to thank their support and assistance provided in completion of this report. 1- Mr. Ahmed Jameel, EIA consultant (EIA 07/07)
2- Mr. Faruhath Jameel, Chief Surveyour, Water Solutions.
3- Hamdhulla Shakeeb, Surveying Assistant, Water Solutions.
4- Ibrahim Faiz, Junior Environmental Consultant (EIA T06/15)
5- Raa Fainu Island council
6- Water Solutions staff
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EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
18 Reference Books and Sources
Allison, W. (15: 215-218). Snorkeler damage to reef corals in the Maldive Islands,. Coral Reefs.
British Hydrographic Society. (1990). British Admiralty Charts. London: British Hydrographic Society.
English, S., & Wilkinson, C. a. (1997). Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources. Australian Institute of Marine Science.
Hoepner, T. (1999). A Procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Seawater Desalination Plants. Desalination, vol.124, pp. 1-12.
Hussain Naaif. (2013, April 16). President of Thaa Guraidhoo Council,. (Abdul Aleem, Interviewer)
Jameel, A. (2007). Developing a Disaster Profile for Maldives, A thesis for the Masters Degree. Chirstchurch, New Zealand: University of Cantebury.
National Bureau of Statistics. (2014). Maldives Census. Male': Ministry of Finance & Treasury.
Sandcays. (2011). EIA of Harbour construction in Fainu,. Male': Sandcays.
Services, M. m. (2010). Maldives meteorological Services. Retrieved from www.meteorology.gov.mv
Thaa Guraidhoo Island Council. (2013, April 16). Stakeholder consultation meeting. (A. Aleem, Interviewer)
Thaa Guraidhoo Island Council. (2015, April 16). Stakeholder consultation meeting. (A. Aleem, Interviewer)
UNDP. (2006). Developing a Disaster Risk profile for Maldives. Maldives: UNDP.
UNEP. (2005). Maldives Post Tsunami Environmental Assessment. Geneva: United Nations.
UNEP, M. o. (n.d.). State of the Environment Report . Maldives: UNEP2002.
Water Solutions. (2013). EIA of land reclamation in Maafushi Island. Male': Water Solutions.
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EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd,. (2008). Maps of Maldives, the complete guide to the Atolls and Islands of Maldives. Male': Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd.
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Annex: Terms of reference
99
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lvtS *r-c- ?Pyer) re.-2rrr-, Environmental Protection ng"r"y fpfl
203-E TARES/4 38/2016/1 20
Terms of Reference for Addendum to the Environmental lmpact Assessment for Harbour Development at Fainu,Raa Atol!
The following is the Terms of Reference (ToR)for undertaking anaddendum to f,lA of the proposedHarbour Development at Fainu, Raa Atoll,which includes an additional revetment on the easl side of Fainu Island.
While every attempt has been made to ensure that this TOR addresses all of the major issues associated with development proposal, they are not necessarily exhaustive. They should not be interpreted as excluding from consideration matters deemed to be significant but not incorporated in them, or matters currently unforeseen, that emerge as important or significant from environmental studies, or otherwise, during the course of preparation of the EIA report. t. !-Egoductign tolgpiSg! - Describe the purpose of the Addendum and the background of the project and the tasks already completed. Clearly identifl the rationale and objectives to enable the formulation ofalternatives.
2. Studv area - Submit a minimumA3 size scaled plan with indications of the proposed modificatrons. Specifo the agreed boundaries of the study area for the environmental impact assessment highlighting the proposed development location, size and important elements of the proposed changes. The study area should include adjacent or remote areas, such as relevant developments and nearby environmentally sensitive sites (e.g. coral reef, sea grass, mangroves, marine protected areas, special birds site, sensitive species nursery and feeding grounds).Relevant developments in the areas must also be addressed including residential areas, all economic ventures and cultural sites.
3. Scooe of work- ldentifo and number tasks of the project including site preparation, construction and decommissioning phases. The following tasks shall be completed:
Task l. Description of the proposed project - Provide a full description and justification of the relevant parts of the coastal protection works, using maps at appropriate scales where necessary. The following should be provided:
Coastal Drotection structure construction Details and justification of location, number, size and materials of coastal protection structures;Details and justification oflocation, number, size and materials ofcoastal protection structures e.g. groins, seawall or breakwaters: Construction methods, materials, equipment, man power, expertise and scheduling.
Back filline (ifanv) Quantity, quality and characteristics offill material; If fill material is to be sourced fiom exlernal source. it needs to be clarified. Method and equipment used for borrowing of the back fill marerial. Justification lor selecting the methods and equipment for excavation of backfill material Labour requirements and (local) labour availability; Emergency plan during spillages:
Eovironmental Protection AAency w
Green Suild'n& 3d Floor, HandhuvareeHrngun
Male', R€p of Maldives, 20392 rel: j:i: l+9601333 5949 l+9601 3i3 59s1 €mair secretariat@€pa gov-mv ' Faxr l+9501333 s9s3 Lot4 website:wwweF,a.gov.mv i.,-ri (yt?
vl$I ),' vE5 P, C -,,'- er), e- 2r r, /-' Environmental Protection Agency EPA
Measures to protect environmental values during construction and operation phase i.e. sedimentation control; and Project management (include scheduling, duration of the project and waste management plan for construction and operational phase).
Task 2.Description of the existing environment Assemble, evaluate and present the environmental baseline studies/data regardingthe study orea and timing of the project(e.g. monsoon season). Identifl baseline data gaps and identif studies and the level of detail to be carried out by consultant. Consideration of likely monitoring ul ments should be bome in ln lannin so that data coll rU baseline. As such all baseline data must be presented in such a way that they will be usefully applied to future monitoring. The report should outline detailed methodologl ofdata collection utilized.
The baseline data will be collected before construction and from at least two benchmarks. All survey locations shall be referenced with Geographic Positioning System (GPS) including water sampling points, reef transects, vegetation transects and manta tows sites for posterior data comparison. lnformation should be divided into the categories shown below
Reference can be made to the data collected in the original EU ofthe proposed Harbour Development ot Foinu, Raa Atoll d the required data has already been taken for that project.
Hydrograohy/hydrodynamics (use maps) o Tidal ranges and tidal currents; r Wave climate and wave induced currents: o Wind induced (seasonal) currents; . Sea water quality measuring these parameters: temperature, pH, salinity, turbidity and total suspended solids.
Geolory and geomorpholoey o Bathymetry (bottom morphology) (use maps) of the proposed borrow area; . Characteristics of seabed sediments to assess direct habitat destruction and turbidity impacts during construction; Ecoloev o ldenti& marine protected areas (MPAs) and sensitive sites such as breeding or nursery grounds for protected or endangered species.
Socio-economic environment The socio economic environment that may have an impact due to the change in scope.
Task 3. Legislative and regulatory considerations - Identiry the peninent legislation, regulations and standards, and environmental policies that are relevant and applicable to the proposed project, and identifu rhe appropriate authority jurisdictions that will specifically apply to the project.
Task 4. Potential impacts of the proposed project- The EIA report should identifo all the impacts (direct, indirect and cumulative) and evaluate the magnitude and significance. This shall include:
Environmental P.ote.tion Agen.y
Green Bulldhg,3dFloor, HandhuvareeHingun
Male', Rep of Maldives, 20392 ' ' j::: Teli [+960] 3i3 5949 l]9601 333 5951 Email: [email protected]. mv
Faxi I+96013r3 s9s3 2ol4 w€bsit€: www.epa.gov.mv ia:-ti tU"/
v vt5 ; : t ti; .i ai t.t1 it: =s -t "-t Environmenral e.ote"tion rtg"ncy fpfi ImDacts on the natural environment
in changes in erosion/sedimentation paftems, which may logy; hore protection activities), possibly resulting in changes c communities and affecting fish etc ; . Impacts ofnoise, vibration and disturbance; . Impacts on unique or threatened habitats or species (coral reefs, sea tunles etc.), and . Impacts on landscape integrity/scenery.
Identi! impacts that are cumulative and unavoidable.
Task 5. Alternatives to proposed ..should project - Describe altematives including the "no aclion oplron be presented. Determine the best practical environmental options. Altem;ives examined ior th,: proposed project that would achieve the same objective including the "no action altemative". All altemati\ es must be compared according to intemational standards and commonly accepted standards as much as possible. The comparison should yield the preferred altemative for implementation. Mitigation options should be specified for each component ofthe proposed project.
Task 6.Mitigation and management of negative impacts - Identif, possible measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. Mitigation measures must also be identified for both construction and operation phase. Cost of the mitigation measures, equipment and resources required to implement those measures should be specified. The confirmation of financial commitment of the developer to implement the proposed mitigation measures shall also be included. In cases where impacts are urravoidable arrangements to compensate for the environmental effect shall be given.
Task 7. Development of monitoring plan (see appendixFldenti! the critical issues requiring monitoring with regards to the development to ensure compliance to mitigation measures and present impact management and monitoring plan.
Task E. Stakeholder consultation, Inter-Agency coordination and public/NGO participation) Identif, appropriate mechanisms for providing information on the development proposal and its progress to all stakeholders, govemment authorities that is required due to the development that has not been consulted in the original ElA.
Presenlalion- The Environmental Impact Assessment report, to be presented in digital format, will be concise and focus on significant environmental issues. It will contain the findings, conclusions and recommendcd actions supported by summaries of the data collected and citations f or any references used in interpreting those data. The environmental assessment report will be organized according to, but not necessarily limited by, the outline given in the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 201 2. v Envnonmental Protectioo Agency
G.een Building, 3d floor, HandhuvareeHingun
Male', Rep- of Maldives,20392
Tel: I+9601333 s949 I+9601 3J3 59s1 Email:[email protected] i:i;
F.r: [+960] 33:l s9S3 3of4 website' ww epa sov mv i-rti lUt'", !T -i;: t'*e [i; .iristrtrt Environmental Prolection Agency EPA
@ThedevelopermuStSubmitthecompletedEIAreportuithin6 months from the date ofthis Term of Reference.
I 7 Julv 2016
Environmentat Protection &ency : .2 r-t G.een Buildi.t, td ftoor, HandhuE.€eHintun 7t; ii; .jtiit tTt i : ti-- -i)-a ..i4:ij ,tt,ii:i- t_t Male', Rep. of Matdives, 20392 Tel: 20J92,;tir' .;i l+9601 333 s949 l+9601 333 s9s1 [email protected] j:j1 Fax: [+960]333 s9S3 4of4 website: ww.epa gov mv t:t-:) EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Annex: Fainu Shoreline
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73°1'45"E 2 73°2'0"E 2 73°2'15"E 8 8 2 2 0 5 1 1 3 R a a .. 3 F a ii n u C o a s tt a ll P r o tt e c tt ii o n Legend Quaywall Revetment Vegetation
604690µ 604690 Shoreline July 2016 Reef N " N " 0 ' 0 ' 8 8 2 ° 2 ° 5 5
72°0'0"E 74°0'0"E 73°0'0"E N N " " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 ° ° 6 6 N N " " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 3 3 ° °
604190 604190 5 5 N N " " 0 0 ' ' N " 0 0 N " ° ° 5 3 3 5 4 ' 4 ' 7 7 2 ° 2 ° 5 5 N N " " " " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 ' ' 0 0 0 0 ° ° ° ° 5 5 0 0
72°0'0"E 74°0'0"E 73°0'0"E
Geodetic Parameters Coordinate Systems :Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone: 43 North Projection :Transverse Mercator (TM) Datum : WGS 1984 Longitude of Origin :0.000000000 Central Meridian:75 W Scale Factor :0.999600000000000040 False Easting :500000.000 False Northing :0.00000000 Semi-Major Axis (a) (Meters) :6378137.000 Semi-Minor Axis (b) (Meters): 6356752.3142451793
Scale:0 20 40 80 120 160 Meters
Project: Raa.Fainu Coastal Protection
Client: MTCC
Contractor:
Water Solutions Pvt Ltd Ma.Shah, Dhihdhee Goalhi, Male', Maldives Tel: +(960)3341643, Fax: +(960)331643 www.water-solutions.biz 3 3 1 1 0 5 2 2 8 8 2 2 73°1'45"E 73°2'0"E 73°2'15"E EIIA PURPOSES ONLY EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
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EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Annex: Revetment details
103
73°2'0"E 73°2'15"E 2 73°2'30"E 8 2 6
0 Legend 4 R a a .. F a ii n u C o a s tt a ll P r o tt e c tt ii o n N " N 0 "
' Proposed Revetment 0 8 ' 2 8 ° 2 5 ° 5 Quaywall Revetment Vegetation µ Shoreline July 2016 Reef
604371 604371
72°0'0"E 74°0'0"E 73°0'0"E N N " " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 ° ° 6 6 N N " " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 3 3 ° ° 5 5 N N " " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 ° ° 3 3 N " N " 5 5 4 ' 4 ' 7 7 2 ° 2 5 ° 5 N N " " " " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 ' ' 0 0 0 0 ° ° ° ° 5 5 0 0
72°0'0"E 74°0'0"E 73°0'0"E
Geodetic Parameters Coordinate Systems :Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone: 43 North Projection :Transverse Mercator (TM) Datum : WGS 1984 Longitude of Origin :0.000000000 Central Meridian:75 W Scale Factor :0.999600000000000040 False Easting :500000.000 False Northing :0.00000000 Semi-Major Axis (a) (Meters) :6378137.000 Semi-Minor Axis (b) (Meters): 6356752.3142451793
Scale:0 12.5 25 50 75 100 Meters
Project: Raa.Fainu Coastal Protection
Client: MTCC
Contractor:
Water Solutions Pvt Ltd Ma.Shah, Dhihdhee Goalhi, Male', Maldives Tel: +(960)3341643, Fax: +(960)331643 www.water-solutions.biz 4 0 6 2 8 2 73°2'15"E 73°2'30"E EIIA PURPOSES ONLY
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Annex: Method Statement
105
COASTAL PROTECTION STRUCTURE IN TITLE: R.FAINU METHOD STAEMENT
METHODOLOGY
REVISION DOCUMENT
ISSUE DATE: MST/001 1/6 APPROVED BY: MEE
COASTAL PROTECTION STRUCTURE IN TITLE: R.FAINU METHOD STAEMENT
We forward the following Methodology Statement in the execution of the Coastal Protection structure in ……………………………
INTRODUCTION
On receiving of “Letter of acceptance”, project formalities, allocation of management staff, labour and equipment shall be arranged. Purchase of materials shall be initiated and tentative booking shall be carried out. Preparation for signing of contract, preparation for mobilization, possession of site shall be arranged. On signing of contract, guarantees for the project shall be arranged and handed over to Consultant Engineer. EIA will be conducted and site work will be scheduled to start on approval of EIA report. Tentative project execution plan shall be submitted to the engineer, and on his approval. Detail project plan including critical path shall be submitted to the engineer for the approval. The project shall be implemented in accordance with the scheduled plan. However, certain changes at site may be implemented depending on the practicability, unforeseen difficulties weather conditions, material supply position etc. and shall be informed to the Engineer. Site establishment management, plan with relevant names of personnel shall be submitted to the engineer. On receiving the letter of commencement, sites shall be taken over within the period of “Commencement of Work”. Site mobilization shall be initiated in aforesaid islands as specified in the project time schedule.
Project Management
The project shall be managed by the Project Manager, who shall generally be stationed at the Head office in Male’. He shall co-ordinate with the site Engineer, and Consultant Engineer, Contractor’s Management Staff. Two Island work shall be constructed in parallel as given in the work schedule. Accordingly, we shall mobilize 02 units of equipment, 02 units of construction labour, supervision and management teams, and also; 01 survey team for initial survey and final survey
Site Mobilization
The first team to visit site would be survey team to check on the given surveys. The survey team shall be mobilized after the presence of the Engineer’s Representative as per the schedule and in-survey and setting out shall be carried out in consultation with the engineer.
On completion of the survey, the survey drawings, design drawings, shop drawings shall be prepared and submitted to the engineer for approval. In the meantime, on completion of “in survey” and marking of the bench mark and datum points, site setting out and marking shall be carried out by the site staff in consultation with engineer. REVISION DOCUMENT
ISSUE DATE: MST/001 2/6 APPROVED BY: MEE
COASTAL PROTECTION STRUCTURE IN TITLE: R.FAINU METHOD STAEMENT
Supply of Material
Calculation of material shall be carried out in accordance with the approved drawing and initial survey setting out. The material specifications source and test report shall be submitted to the Engineer in the submittal form as provided, from each supplier corresponding to each sub- contractor. Orders shall be placed accordingly and shall be transported to the relevant sites; rocks by deck barge, aggregate and sand in bags.
Dredging
The area for dredging shall be set out and marked by buoy markers or GI pipe pegs driven into sea bed. Dredging depths shall be maintained as per the drawing.
From mean sea level dredging shall commence using crawler excavator size as specified in the equipment list. The dredging shall be on a system of construction of dredge material bund wall; dredging the area either side of the bund wall, transporting the dredge material on tipper trucks to fill area, systematically, filling the reclamation area.
Leveling and compacting the reclaimed area and maintain the reclaimed ground level to the approval of Engineer.
Dredge level shall be checked, using lead weight plumb line and by depth sounder, and shall be to a draught as per the drawing.
Please see attach sketches and drawings and photographs, which depicts the process.
Revetment Construction Site Set out
Site setting out for Revetment shall be carried out after delivering Rock Materials to site, with the “site engineer in attendance “. The profile of the revetment shall be pegged during this survey with GI pipes penetrated into the sea bed, as marker points.
The bathymetric survey carried out in way of the Revetment shall be used in calculation of the area of revetment section and the volume. Adjustments shall be made to this volume, where loose sand, silt deposits and other obstructions and unsuitable material is found in way of the base of the revetment on sea bed. These locations shall be prepared by use of excavator.
REVISION DOCUMENT
ISSUE DATE: MST/001 3/6 APPROVED BY: MEE
COASTAL PROTECTION STRUCTURE IN TITLE: R.FAINU METHOD STAEMENT
Bed Preparation
Pegs in GI pipe shall be driven at 10m intervals in length in way of the revetment. 4mm line shall then be stretch over the pegs, so that the line of edge of revetment is set out. The revetment area shall be backfilled, sloped using dredged sand with excavator and Loader, as calculated at each location as above specified. After that Geotextile shall be placed.
Rock Boulder Placing
Rock boulders purchased in accordance with the contract specification and certified by the engineer shall be loaded on to a barge shall be towed and anchored at the site and unloaded to given stockpile area by trucks.
The rock shall be transported from the stockpile area to revetment construction area. Than first layer of rock boulder (size 100 - 400Kg) shall be placed carefully to a thickness of 400mm and after that second layer shall be placed to a thickness of 400mm (rock sizes shall be 300-700Kg). The following parameters shall be maintained: Revetment top level shall be maintained as MSL+1.6m Revetment Crest width shall be maintained as 1.1m Slop of the revetment shall be maintained as 1.5:1
Quality Control
Surveyors will mark with pegs the revetment Construction lines and Level. Also dredging area will be marked. During construction of revetment, levels will be checked at 10m intervals using a level meter. Every month progress survey will be carried out by surveyors, hence level and lines will be checked thoroughly.
END
REVISION DOCUMENT
ISSUE DATE: MST/001 4/6 APPROVED BY: MEE
COASTAL PROTECTION STRUCTURE IN TITLE: R.FAINU METHOD STAEMENT
DREDGING WORKS
REVISION DOCUMENT
ISSUE DATE: MST/001 5/6 APPROVED BY: MEE
COASTAL PROTECTION STRUCTURE IN TITLE: R.FAINU METHOD STAEMENT
REVETMENT CONSTRUCTION
REVISION DOCUMENT
ISSUE DATE: MST/001 6/6 APPROVED BY: MEE
EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
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EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives.
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1 Introduction
This annex outlines the general environmental conditions in Maldives, including the climatic settings, tides, wind and wave. As there are no specific such data for individual islands, these data will form the basis for describing the conditions for the islands of the Maldives. The data collection on climate, tide and waves are undertaken from weather stations based strategically throughout the Maldives, including Male’ international airport, Gan International airport, Kaadehdhoo Airport and Hanimaadhoo airport.
2 Meteorological Conditions
Meteorology at Maldives is monitored by the Maldives Meteorological Service (MMS) through three stations as detailed below. The stations monitor rainfall, temperature, wind and tide levels at the islands. The secondary data presented in this section has been sourced from recordings of MMS monitoring stations. Location Latitude Longitude Tide gauge National Meteorological Centre, Malé 04.19°N 73.53°E Yes Haa Dhaal Hanimaadhoo Meteorological Office 06.75°N 73.17°E Yes Laamu Kadhdhoo Meteorological Office 01.86°N 72.10°E No
Figure 1: Geographical Coordinates of the Meteorological Centres in Maldives (Source: Maldives Meteorological Service)
Hourly meteorological data was also collected for Hulhule (MIA) for the period 1990-2009. The data includes parameters such as atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction and precipitation which is provided in the subsequent section
2 . 1 Climatic Setting
Maldives is located at the equator and experiences monsoonal climate. Maldives has two distinct seasons; dry season (northeast monsoon) and wet season (southwest monsoon). In these two seasons the temperature remains more or less the same. . Northeast monsoon extends from January to March. Since Maldives consists of small islands and are surrounded by sea, hot days are often tempered by cooling sea breezes and evening temperatures drops. Throughout the year, temperature remains almost same in the Maldives. However, daily temperature ranges from around 31oC in daytime to 23oC in night-time. The mean daily maximum temperature for Central parts (Hulhule) of the Maldives is 30.5oC and minimum temperature is 25.7 oC. On the other hand, mean daily maximum and minimum temperature for South (Gan) is 30.9oC and 24.5 oC, respectively.
The wet season- southwest monsoon runs from mid-May to November. In this season Maldives experiences torrential rain. Central, Southern and Northern parts of the Maldives receive annual average rainfall of 1924.7mm, 2277.8mm, and 1786.4mm, respectively. The highest rainfall ever recorded in the Maldives with in 24 hour period was on 9th July 2002 at Kaadedhdhoo Meteorological Office and amounts to 219.8mm of rainfall. Maldives being located at the equator, receives plentiful of sunshine throughout the year. On average Southern atolls (Gan) of the Maldives receives 2704.07 hours of sunshine each year. Furthermore, on average central (Hulhule) parts of the country receives 2784.51 hours of sunshine per year. The relative humidity in Maldives ranges from 73% to 85%.The monthly average sunshine and rainfall is presented in the figure below:
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 2 Figure 2: Monthly Average Rainfall and Sunshine(Source: Maldives Meteorological Service)
The month wise rainfall data for Maldives recorded for the month of 2009 is as provided below:
Locality Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Male' 2,201 85.2 12.8 36.8 86.6 175.1 213.3 275.9 416.4 193.3 107.5 409.2 189.4 Hanimaadhoo 1,635 2.6 7.6 31.5 55.5 145.4 156.6 218.7 234.8 177.3 83.9 234.4 286.9 L.Kadhdhoo 2,158 58.3 193.1 30.9 149 244.5 187.7 42 295.3 165.4 203.8 336.1 252.5 Kaadedhdhoo 2,023 242.7 50 60.5 124.3 307.3 32.5 83.2 318.1 180.8 188 155.2 280.6 S.Gan 2,307 247.3 23.6 54.1 134.6 253.7 105.1 252.8 165.2 224.9 322 261.3 263.1 Source: Maldives Meteorological Service
Figure 3: Month-wise Rainfall Data for Maldives, 2009
2 . 2 Temperature
Daily temperatures of Maldives vary little throughout the year with a mean annual temperature of 28C. The annual mean maximum temperature recorded for Male’ during the period 1967-1995 was 30.4C and the annual mean minimum temperature for the same period was 25.7C. The highest recorded temperature for Male’ was 34.1C on 16th and 28th of April 1973. The hottest month recorded was April 1975 with a maximum monthly average temperature of 32.7C, the next highest being 32.6C in April 1998. The lowest minimum average temperature of 23.7C was recorded in July 1992.
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 3 Yearly Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg Locality
AVERAGE OF DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (oC)
Male' 31.1 30.5 31.0 31.9 31.7 31.7 31.2 31.2 30.3 30.7 31.6 30.6 30.6
HDh.Hanimaadhoo 31.3 30.7 31.5 32.4 32.1 32.1 31.1 30.9 30.6 30.8 31.6 31.0 31.1
L.Kadhdhoo 31.3 30.6 30.7 32.1 32.3 32.2 31.3 31.4 30.6 31.3 31.4 30.8 30.9
GDh.Kaadedhdhoo 31.1 30.8 31.0 31.8 31.6 31.6 31.1 31.1 30.4 31.1 30.9 30.2 30.9
S.Gan 31.1 30.7 31.1 31.7 31.5 31.2 31.1 30.9 30.6 31.2 31.1 30.5 31.3
AVERAGE OF DAILY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (oC)
Male' 26.3 25.8 26.1 27.1 26.9 26.7 26.6 26.2 25.2 26.1 26.7 25.8 26.0
HDh.Hanimaadhoo 25.5 24.6 24.2 25.5 26.3 27.3 26.0 25.4 25.5 25.8 25.3 25.2 24.7
L.Kadhdhoo 25.7 25.8 24.6 26.0 26.6 26.7 26.1 26.1 25.0 26.1 25.6 25.1 24.7
GDh.Kaadedhdhoo 24.6 24.6 24.5 24.6 25.4 25.1 25.2 24.4 23.8 24.6 24.2 24.4 24.6
S.Gan 25.4 25.2 25.5 25.9 25.8 26.0 25.8 24.9 24.7 25.6 25.0 24.9 25.2
Source: Maldives Meteorological Service
Figure 4: provide details of the average daily maximum and minimum temperature of Maldives for 2009.
2 . 3 M o n s o o n s
Monsoons of Indian Ocean govern the climatology of the Maldives. Monsoon wind reversal plays a significant role in weather patterns. Two monsoon seasons are observed: the Northeast (Iruvai) and the Southwest (Hulhangu) monsoon. Monsoons can be best characterized by wind and rainfall patterns. The southwest monsoon is the rainy season, which lasts from May to September, and the northeast monsoon is the dry season that occurs from December to February. The transition period of southwest monsoon occurs between March and April while that of northeast monsoon occurs from October to November.
2 . 4 R a i n f a l l
Annual average rainfall in Maldives is about 1900mm. There is a marked variation in rainfall across Maldives with an increasing trend towards south. The annual average rainfall in north is 1977mm and for south is 2470mm. The southwest monsoon is known as the wet season with monthly average rainfall ranging from 125-250mm. The northeast monsoon is known as the dry season with average monthly rainfall of 50-75mm.
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 4 Rainfall records indicate an average annual rainfall of 2500mm. The intensity of rainfall is a concern in the Maldives since intensity is high with low frequency. Excessive rainfall is not a concern for Ziyaaraifushi since the island does cup towards the middle.
2 . 5 Wind Conditions
The National Meteorological Center for Maldives provides data for wind speed as recorded at Hulhulé meteorological station, for the period 1990-2010. The month wise windrose for the period of 20years
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 5 Figure 5: Monthly Wind Rose Diagrams for Hulhulé Station, 1990-2010
January February WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: Wind Speed WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: January Wind Speed Direction (blowing from) February 24 hourly Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly
NORTH NORTH
40% 35%
32% 28%
21% 24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS:
9023 hrs. 0.27% 7262 hrs. 0.62% 14% 16% AVG. WIND SPEED: AVG. WIND SPEED: 4.99 m/s 6.02 m/s 7% 8%
WEST EAST WEST EAST
WIND SPEED WIND SPEED (m/s) (m/s) >= 5.5 >= 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 2.1 - 3.6 2.1 - 3.6 0.5 - 2.1 0.5 - 2.1 Calms: 0.62% Calms: 0.27% Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: Resultant Vector 36 deg - 77% SOUTH PROJECT NO.: 38 deg - 80% WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
March April WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: March Wind Speed Wind Speed Direction (blowing from) April Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly 24 hourly
NORTH NORTH
25% 30%
24% 20%
18% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 15% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 7271 hrs. 1.94% 7700 hrs. 1.95% 12% 10% AVG. WIND SPEED: AVG. WIND SPEED: 4.04 m/s 3.88 m/s 6% 5% WEST EAST WEST EAST
WIND SPEED (m/s) WIND SPEED >= 5.5 (m/s) 3.6 - 5.5 >= 5.5 2.1 - 3.6 3.6 - 5.5 0.5 - 2.1 2.1 - 3.6 Calms: 1.94% 0.5 - 2.1 Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: Calms: 1.95% 341 deg - 40% Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: 26 deg - 59% WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
May June WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: Wind Speed WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: May Wind Speed Direction (blowing from) June Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly 24 hourly
NORTH NORTH
40% 40%
32% 32%
24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS:
24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 8662 hrs. 0.27% 16% 8343 hrs. 0.38% AVG. WIND SPEED: 16% 5.72 m/s AVG. WIND SPEED: 8%
5.54 m/s WEST EAST 8%
WEST EAST
WIND SPEED (m/s)
>= 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 WIND SPEED 2.1 - 3.6 (m/s) 0.5 - 2.1 >= 5.5 Calms: 0.27% 3.6 - 5.5 Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: 2.1 - 3.6 307 deg - 46% 0.5 - 2.1 Calms: 0.38% WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: 305 deg - 46%
WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 6 July August WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: July Wind Speed Wind Speed Direction (blowing from) August Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly 24 hourly
NORTH NORTH
40% 40%
32% 32%
24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 8417 hrs. 1.01% 8589 hrs. 0.50% 16% AVG. WIND SPEED: 16% AVG. WIND SPEED: 5.04 m/s 5.23 m/s 8% 8% WEST EAST WEST EAST
WIND SPEED (m/s) WIND SPEED (m/s) >= 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 >= 5.5 2.1 - 3.6 3.6 - 5.5 0.5 - 2.1 2.1 - 3.6 Calms: 1.01% 0.5 - 2.1 Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: Calms: 0.50% 325 deg - 48% Resultant Vector PROJECT NO.: SOUTH 317 deg - 46% WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
September October WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: Wind Speed September Wind Speed Direction (blowing from) October 24 hourly Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly
NORTH NORTH
40% 35%
32% 28%
24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 21% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 8218 hrs. 0.47% 16% 8494 hrs. 1.13% AVG. WIND SPEED: 14% AVG. WIND SPEED: 5.25 m/s 8% 5.52 m/s 7% WEST EAST WEST EAST
WIND SPEED (m/s) WIND SPEED >= 5.5 (m/s) 3.6 - 5.5 >= 5.5 2.1 - 3.6 3.6 - 5.5 0.5 - 2.1 2.1 - 3.6 Calms: 0.47% 0.5 - 2.1 Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: Calms: 1.13% 321 deg - 52% Resultant Vector PROJECT NO.: SOUTH WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software 320 deg - 42%
WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
November December WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: November Wind Speed Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly
NORTH
30%
24%
18% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS:
7783 hrs. 1.82% 12% AVG. WIND SPEED:
4.58 m/s 6%
WEST EAST
WIND SPEED (m/s)
>= 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 2.1 - 3.6 0.5 - 2.1 Calms: 1.82% Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: 355 deg - 39%
WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
Source: National Meteorological Center, Maldives
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 7 The figure below illustrate the wind rose for Kaadhehdhoo from 1980 to 2006.
Figure 6: Percentage of average wind direction for Kaadhedhoo (1980-2006)
2 . 6 W i n d S p e e d
The average monthly wind speed over last 10 years at Hulhulé has been derived from the above windrose diagrams and presented in table below. The maximum average wind speed has been observed in the month of January and lowest in March.
Figure 7: Average Monthly Wind Speed of Hulhulé (1990-2010)
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 8 2 . 7 Wind Direction
The predominant wind direction throughout the year is from North and North-East. The calm periods are low at less than 2% throughout the year. The month wise breakup of the wind direction and the resultant vector for Hulhule is provided in the following table. Month Predominant Directions Calm Resultant Vector Percentage January North (36%) 0.27% North East (35°) Followed by East North East February North (34%) 0.62% North East (36°) Followed by East North East March North (22%) 1.95% North North East (26°) Followed by North North East April North North East (29%) 1.94% North North West (341°) Followed by West May North North East (36%) 0.38% North West (305°) Followed by West June North North East (36%) 0.27% North West (307°) Followed by West July North North East (36%) 0.50% North West (317°) Followed by West August North North East (36%) 1.01% North West (325°) Followed by West September North North East (36%) 0.47% North West (321°) Followed by West October North North East (34%) 1.13% North West (320°) Followed by West November North North East (28%) 1.82% North West (320°) Followed by West December North (36%) 0.97% North East (38°) Followed by East North East
Figure 8: Monthly Wind Direction (1990-2010)
The above table presents the seasonal distribution of wind statistics, sourced from Globocean database. The following periods have been defined in the database: December to March: NE Monsoon April: Transitional season - 1 May to October: SW monsoon November: Transitional season - 2
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 9 NE Transitional SW Transitional Season > Monsoon Season 1 Monsoon Season 2
May to Wind Directional Sectors Dec. to March April November Oct. S1 N15°-N105° 71.35 15.28 1.43 23.96 S2 N105°-N225° 6.13 16.55 17.65 17.62 S3 N225°-N315° 8.42 56.74 77.61 41.11 S4 N315°-N15° 14.10 11.44 3.32 17.31 Source: Globocean database from 1993 to 2004
Figure 9: Wind Occurrence Frequency per Directional Sectors (%)
These results clearly indicate the prevailing directional sectors during the monsoon seasons: N15° to N105° during the NE monsoon, with about 71% of the observations, N225° to N315° during the SW monsoon, with about 78% of the observations.
2 . 8 W a v e s
Wave energy is important for sediment movements and settlement, and it is also a crucial factor controlling coral growth and reef development. Waves have been attributed to the diversity and the abundance of coral and algal species. These aspects have implications for the type and perhaps the supply of sediment s into the island.
Studies by Lanka Hydraulics (1988a & 1998b) on Malé reef indicated that two major types of waves on Maldives coasts: wave generated by local monsoon wind and swells generated by distance storms. The local monsoon predominantly generates wind waves which are typically strongest during April-July in the south-west monsoon period. During this season, swells generated north of the equator with heights of 2-3 m with periods of 18-20 seconds have been reported in the region. Local wave periods are generally in the range 2-4 seconds and are easily distinguished from the swell waves.
Distant cyclones and low pressure systems originating from the intense South Indian Ocean storms are reported to generate long distance swells that occasionally cause flooding in Maldives (Goda, 1988). The swell waves that reached Malé and Hulhule in 1987, thought to have originated from a low pressure system of west coast of Australia, had significant wave heights in the order of 3 metres.
In addition, Maldives has recently been subject to earthquake generated tsunami reaching heights of 4.0m on land (UNEP, 2005). Historical wave data from Indian Ocean countries show that tsunamis have occurred in more than one occasion, most notable been the 1883 tsunami resulting from the volcanic explosion of Karakatoa.
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 10 Season Total Long Period Short Period NE - Monsoon Predominantly from E-S. High From S-SW Mainly E-NE. High waves Waves from E from E Transition Period 1 Mainly from SE-E From S-SW Mainly from NE-SE
SW - Monsoon From SE-SW. Mainly from S. From S-SW Mainly from SE-S. High Medium waves also from W waves from E Transition Period 2 As SW monsoon From S-SW From SE-W. Higher waves from E
Figure 10: Summary of Wave Condition for Hulhule region
2 . 9 T i d e s
Tides affect wave conditions, wave-generated and other reef-top currents. Tide levels are believed to be significant in controlling amount of wave energy reaching an island, as no wave energy crosses the edge of the reef at low tide under normal conditions. In the Maldives where the tidal range is small (1m), tides may have significantly important influence on the formation, development, and sediment movement process around the island. Tides also may play an important role in lagoon flushing, water circulation within the reef and water residence time within an enclosed reef highly depends on tidal fluctuations.
2 . 1 0 T i d e D a t u m
Tide data is important information in any costal development project as it determines the elevation of the structures relative to a datum. A permanent tidal record stations has been established at Malé International Airport by Maldives Meteorological Services. The maximum tidal range recorded at this tide station is 1.20m. The highest astronomical tide level is +0.64m (MSL) and the lowest astronomical tide level is -0.56m (MSL).The following table gives a summary of the tide levels for the tide datum that has been widely used in Maldives.
Water level referred to Mean Tide level Sea Level (MSL) (m) Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) +0.64 Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) +0.34 Mean Lower High Water (MLHW) +0.14 Mean Sea Level (MSL) 0 Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW) -0.16 Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) -0.36 Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) -0.56
Figure 11: Summary of the Tide Levels Hulhule Island, Male Atoll
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 11 2 . 1 1 Tide levels
The tidal regime is semi-diurnal with diurnal inequalities (twice daily). That means 2 high tides and 2 low tides per day, with different heights. Typical spring and neap tidal ranges are approximately 1.0 m and 0.3 m, respectively.
Table below gives the tidal levels in islands of Maldives, including Malé, as sourced from Admiralty Tide Tables for 2007. Geo. Coordinates MSL LAT MLLW MHLW MLHW MHHW HAT Lat. Long. (ML) (°N) (°E) Standard Port: Cochin 9° 76° -0.2 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.2 (West coast 58' 16' of India) Maldive Islands 6° 72° Ihavandhoo 57' 55' - 0.3 0.6 0.68 0.9 1.0 - Goidhoo 4° 72° Atoll 51' 55' - 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 - 4° 73° Girifushi 19' 55' - 0.3 0.4 0.58 0.7 0.9 - 4° 73° Malé 11' 31' - 0.3 0.5 0.65 0.8 0.9 - 3° 73° Vattaru 15' 24' - - - 0.7 0.9 1.0 - Source: Admiralty Tide Tables, 2007 Note: LAT - Lowest Astronomical Tide; MLLW - Mean Lower Low Water; MHLW - Mean Higher Low Water; MLHW - Mean Lower High Water; MHHW - Mean Higher High Water; HAT - Highest Astronomical Tide
Figure 12: Maldives Tidal Level (in mm)
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 12 2 . 1 2 S e a L e v e l R i s e
The Maldives, being a low lying small island state, is very vulnerable to climate change and its associated impacts, especially sea level rise. Although the country contributes only 0.001% of global GHGs, it is one of the most susceptible to climate change impacts. The average elevation of Maldivian islands is 1.5 m above mean sea level (MSL). More than 80% of the land area of Maldives is less than 1 m above MSL. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report predicts that sea-level rise of up to 0.88m by 2100 will submerge the Maldives completely.
Malé International Airport on Hulhulé Island is the only gateway to the Maldives. The height of the runway is only 2 m above MSL and is extremely vulnerable to climate change related sea level rise. The University of Hawaii Sea Level Center (UHSLC) monitors and gathers data on mean sea level for several stations including Hulhulé. The following graphs show the trend of monthly mean sea level as monitored at Hulhulé station for the period 2007 to 2010.
Year 2007 Year 2008
Year 2009 Year 2010
Source: University of Hawaii Sea Level Center (UHSLC)
Figure 13: Mean Sea Level (in mm) from University of Hawaii Sea Level Center
The present estimates for the sea level rise at the Maldives due to the climatic changes are in order of about 0.5 cm per year. This is based on the fact that the sea level has risen 20cm over the past century (MHHE, 2001).
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 13 2 . 1 3 C u r r e n t s
Several currents affect the Maldives Islands. These currents are divided mainly into ocean currents and tidal currents. The ocean currents are stronger than the tidal currents.
A general view of the seasonal current patterns in the Indian Ocean is shown below. The currents flow westward during the northeast monsoon period, and they flow eastward during the southwest monsoon period.
Figure 14: Surface Currents around Maldives (by JICA, 1992)
The ocean currents flowing by the Maldives islands are also driven by the monsoonal winds. In the northern part of the Maldives, constant currents flow westward during the northeast monsoon period from December and April and eastward during the southeast monsoon period from May to August.
General, the tidal currents are eastward in flood and westward in ebb, the velocity, however varies by island areas. The current patterns result from reef forms.
Currents tend to be monsoonal in origin, generally setting W during the NE Monsoon (January to March) and E during the SW monsoon (May to October). During the transition months, the currents are variable. Ocean currents flowing through channels between the atolls are driven by the monsoon winds. Current speeds of 1 to 1.5 knots are reported in the Admiralty pilot. However, the current in the E/W channels of the Maldives may attain 5 knots.
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 14 2 . 1 4 Tidal Currents
Generally, tidal currents in the Maldives are Eastward in flood and Westward in ebb.
2 . 1 5 Offshore Wave Conditions (in deep water)
The swells and wind waves experienced by the Maldives are conditioned by the prevailing biannual monsoon and are typically strongest during April and July in the SW monsoon period. During this season, swells generated north of the equator with heights of 2-3 m and periods of 18-20 sec have been reported in the region. However swells originating from cyclones and storm events occurring well south of the equator may occur. Local wave periods are generally in the range 2 to 4 sec and are easily distinguished from the swell waves.
2 . 1 6 C y c l o n e s
This paragraph presents information extracted from (UNDP- Developing a Disaster Risk profile for Maldives – May 2006) presenting the characteristics of cyclones in the Maldives.
The islands of the Maldives are less prone to tropical cyclones. The northern islands of the country have been affected by weak cyclones that formed in the southern part of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. The number of cyclones directly crossing the Maldives is small. Only 11 cyclones crossed the islands over the entire span of 128 years between 1877 and 2004.
Most of the cyclones crossed the Maldives north of 6.0°N and none of them crossed south of 2.7°N during the period.
All the cyclones that affected the Maldives were formed during the months of October to January except one, which formed in April. The Maldives have not been affected by cyclones since 1993.
In the northern islands, the probable maximum storm tide due to cyclones has been estimated to be around 1.82 m (storm surge of 0.84 m) for a return period of 100 years. This storm surge was computed taking into account probable maximum winds and probable maximum pressure drops.
3 Chlorophyll Concentration/Productivity for Marine Water
Chlorophyll concentration/ Productivity is an index of phytoplankton biomass and it is the most common property that characterizes marine first tropic level. Chlorophyll concentrations derived from satellite remote-sensing images of ocean colour, provide a unique synoptic view of the marine ecosystem including eutrophication, fisheries.
A major value of ocean colour lies in the long-term monitoring of the marine environment which will improve the understanding of the ecosystems functioning. It also helps to assess the response to anthropogenic pressures like agriculture, urban development and global change. It was observed that the Chlorophyll concentration was higher along the periphery of Male’ Atoll which may be attributed to increase in the concentration of nutrients due to sewage disposal in coastal waters. Nutrient enrichment of the waters stimulates the growth of phytoplankton, leading, in certain circumstances, to the phenomena of algal blooms and to anoxia in the lower part of the water column with destruction of the benthic fauna and flora. In addition, insufficient and selective sewage treatment can increase the input of
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 15 nutrients into coastal marine waters and modify the natural ratio between them (removal of phosphorous compared to nitrogen) that may lead to changes in algal quantity and composition.
Aqua Satellite with MODIS sensor provides daily chlorophyll data in the Maldive area. The data provides the Chlorophyll range between ).01 to 10 mg/cu m. Weekly composites of chlorophyll concentration were prepared using the AQUA Satellite data.
Year 2008 Location Week Chlorophyll Concentration/Productivity range (mg/m3) November (Post monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.5- 2.0 (almost 1 mg/m along the periphery of atolls) Male Atoll 2nd week 0 Male Atoll 3rd week 0.5-0.75 South of Male Atoll 4th week 0.7-0.85 Male’ Atoll 4th week 0.6-0.8 with patches of zero (0) productivity December (Post monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.6-1.5 Male Atoll 2nd week 0.6-1.5 Male Atoll 3rd week 0.6-1.5 Male Atoll 4th week 0.8-2.5 Year 2009 Location Week Productivity range (mg/m3) January (Winter season) Male Atoll 1st week 0.7-3 (3 mg/m Along the periphery of Male Atoll Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-3 (3 mg/m Along the periphery of Male Atoll Male Atoll 3rd week 0.7-2.5 (2.5 mg/m Along the periphery of Male Atoll East of Male Atoll 4th week 0.1-0.4 West of Male Atoll 4th week 0.5-0.8 Male Atoll 4th week 0.7-1.0 February (Winter season) Male Atoll 1st week 0.7-2.0 with decreasing productivity towards east Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-1.0 with decreasing productivity towards east March (Pre Monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.7-2.0 with patches of zero productivity towards east side Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-2.0 with decreasing productivity towards east of atoll Male Atoll 3rd week 0.7-2.0 with decreasing productivity towards east of atoll Male Atoll 4th week 0.7-2.0 with decreasing productivity towards east i.e around 0.10 mg/m April (Pre Monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.6-1.5 with decreasing productivity towards east i.e around 0.10 mg/m Male Atoll 2nd week 0 Male Atoll 4th week 0.7-2.5 with decreasing productivity towards east i.e around 0.10 mg/m May (Pre Monsoon)
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 16 Male Atoll 1st week 0.7-2.0 Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-2.0 with patches of zero productivity Male Atoll 3rd week 0.7-1.5 with mostly large patches of zero productivity Male Atoll 4th week 0.7-3.0 with small patches of zero productivity June (Southwest Monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.7-2.5 (2.5 mg/m Along the periphery of Male Atoll July (Southwest Monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week Mostly zero productivity with value of 0.7-0.8 towards north Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-2.0 with patches of zero productivity Male Atoll 3rd week 0.7-2.0 Male Atoll 4th week 0.7-2.0 August (Southwest Monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.3-1.0 Male Atoll 2nd week 0 Male Atoll 3rd week 0.6-1.5 with decreasing productivity towards west of atoll September (Southwest Monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week Mostly zero productivity with patches of 0.7-0.8 around Male Atoll Male Atoll 2nd week Mostly zero productivity with patches of 0.7-0.8 towards SE direction Male Atoll 3rd week 0.7-2.0 Male Atoll 4th week Mostly zero productivity with patches of 0.7-0.8 around and south of Male Atoll October (Post monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.6-1.5 with decreasing productivity towards west of atoll Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-2.0 Male Atoll 3rd week 0.6-1.5 with decreasing productivity towards west of atoll and patch of zero south of Male atoll Male Atoll 4th week 0.7-1.5 with small patches of zero productivity November (Post monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0 Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-2.0 Male Atoll 3rd week 0.7-1.5 Male Atoll 4th week 0 December (Post monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.7-2.0 Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-1.5 Male Atoll 3rd week 0.8-2.0 with large patches of zero productivity Male Atoll 4th week 0.8-2.0 with large patches of zero productivity Year 2010 Location Week Productivity range (mg/m3) January (Winter season) Male Atoll 1st week 0 Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-1.0 (almost 2.5 mg/m Along the periphery of Male Atoll Male Atoll 3rd week 0.7-2.0 with patches of zero (0) productivity South of Male Atoll 3rd week 1-2.5
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 17 Male Atoll 4th week 0.7-2.5 with patches of zero (0) productivity February (Winter season) Male Atoll 1st week (day 1) 0 Male Atoll 2nd week (day 0 9) Male Atoll 3rd week (day 0.1-0.5 22) Male Atoll 4th week (day 0.1-1.0 28) March (Pre Monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.1-0.5 Male Atoll 2nd week 0.1-0.5 Male Atoll 3rd week 0.1-0.4 Source: INCOIS
Figure 15: Productivity Data for Chlorophyll for Male Region, 2008-2010
The chlorophyll data suggests that the productivity in and around Male-Hulhule area is lowly productive with the max Chlorophyll vale of maximum 3 mg/ cum. The productivity is more during January to May and rapidly decreases with the onset of monsoon. The productivity is maximum between January and February months.
4 Hazards and Disasters
4 . 1 Vulnerability to Natural Disasters
The islands of the Maldives are less prone to tropical cyclones and are only impacted in the northern part of the country by weak cyclones that formed in the southern part of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Since 1877, only 11 cyclones crossed the archipelago (Maniku, 1990). Most of the cyclones crossed Maldives north of 6.0o N and none of them crossed south of 2.7o N during the period. All the cyclones that affected Maldives were formed during the months of October to January except one, which formed in April (UNDP, 2006).
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 18 N
Male'
Very High High Moderate Low Very Low Equator
Figure 16: Cyclonic Wind Hazard Map (source: UNDP, 2006)
The northern atolls have a greater risk of cyclonic winds and storm surges. This reduces gradually to very low hazard risk in the southern atolls (see Error! Reference source not found.). The maximum probable wind speed in Zone 5 is 96.8 knots (180 kilometres per hour) and the cyclonic storm category is a lower Category 3 on Suffir-Simpson scale. At this speed, high damage is expected from wind, rain and storm surge hazards (UNDP, 2006).
Figure 17 shows historical earthquakes around Maldives; and three events of magnitude above 7.0 struck the region which had their sources in the Indian Ocean (UNDP, 2006).
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 19 INDIA
SRI LANKA MALDIVES
(1944)
(1983)
(2003)
Figure 17: Earthquake Epicentres around Maldives (Source: UNDP, 2006)
UNDP (2006) identified that hazard risk from earthquake is low for the Maldives and considered as a disaster risk for only islands located in the south of the country. See Error! Reference source not found..
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 20 N
Very High High Moderate Low Very Low Equator
Figure 18: Earthquake Hazard Zone (source: UNDP, 2006)
Maldives faces tsunami threat largely from the east, and lower threat from the north and south. Islands along the eastern fringe of the atolls are more prone to tsunami hazard than those along the northern and southern fringes. Islands along the western fringe experience a relatively low tsunami hazard. Historically, Maldives has been affected by three earthquakes which had their sources in the Indian Ocean. Of the 85 tsunamis generated since 1816, 67 originated from the Sumatra Subduction zone in the east and 13 from the Makran Coast Zone in the north and Carlsburg Transform Fault Zone in the south. The probable maximum tsunami wave height is estimated at 4.5 metres.
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 21 N S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Probable Max Wave Hight Very High 320 - 450 cm S High 250 - 320 cm S Safer Island Moderate 80 - 250 cm Airport Low 30 - 80 cm Atoll Capital Low Less than 30 cm
Equator
0 50 100 150 200 Km
Figure 19: Tsunami Hazard Zones (adopted from UNDP, 2006)
4 . 2 N a t u r a l Vulnerability of the Island s
The islands of the Maldives have natural characteristics which make them vulnerable to disasters such as tsunami. An island’s Natural Vulnerability depends on geographic and geomorphologic characteristics of the island. These include geographic features of the island like the side of the country where the island is located, the formation of the island, location of the island respect to the atoll, orientation of the island, region of the country where island
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 22 is located, level of shadow to the island from the reefs and other islands; area of the inland lake found on the island, width of the island’s house reef, coastal defence structures on the island, shape of the island and the area of the island. A Model to Integrate the Management of Hazards and Disasters in the National Sustainable Development Planning of the Maldives which was developed as part of the Masters of Science (Hazard and Disaster Management) thesis at the University of Canterbury (Jameel 2007) identified the relationship between natural characteristics of the island and the natural vulnerability of the islands using the data that was collected following the Indian Ocean Tsunami.
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 23 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
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EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Annex: Legal and policy frame work
109
Contents
1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION ACT...... 3 2 MALDIVES VISION 2020 4 3 SIXTH AND SEVENTH NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN ...... 4 4 SECOND NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT ACTION PLAN (1999) ...... 5 5 NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ...... 5 6 PROTECTED AREAS AND SENSITIVE AREAS...... 6 7 WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY ...... 6 8 REGULATION ON SAND AND AGGREGATE MINING...... 6 9 BAN ON CORAL MINING 6 10 TOURISM ACT (LAW NO. 2/99) ...... 7 11 MINISTRY OF TOURISM REGULATIONS AND CIRCULARS...... 7 12 FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT...... 7 13 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REGULATION 2007 ...... 8 14 POST EIA MONITORING, AUDITING AND EVALUATION...... 8 15 GUIDELINES FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER DISPOSAL...... 8 16 CONSULTATION AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION LAWS...... 8 17 POPULATION POLICY 8 18 TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN...... 9 19 PROTECTED AREAS AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS...... 9 20 AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN...... 9 21 REGULATION ON CUTTING DOWN, UPROOTING, DIGGING OUT AND EXPORT OF TREES...... 10 22 GUIDELINES FOR LAND USE PLANNING...... 11 23 LAND LAW 12 24 GUIDELINES FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER DISPOSAL...... 12 25 GUIDELINES FOR IMPORT, PRODUCE AND SALE OF BOTTLED WATER IN THE MALDIVES FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION 12 26 GENERAL REGULATION FOR FOOD ESTABLISHMENT AND SERVICES ...... 12 27 REGULATIONS FOR INSTALLING AND OPERATING DESALINATION PLANTS IN THE MALDIVES ...... 12 28 GENERAL STANDARD FOR BOTTLED / PACKAGED DRINKING WATERS (OTHER THAN NATURAL MINERAL WATER) CODEX STAN 227-2001...... 12 29 GENERAL STANDARD FOR THE LABELLING OF PRE-PACKAGED FOODS (CODEX STAN 1 – 1985) ...... 12 30 RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, TREATIES AND PROTOCOLS ...... 13
30.1 THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER...... 13
30.2 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (UNCBD) ...... 13
30.3 MARPOL CONVENTION...... 13
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 2 1 Environmental Protection and Preservation Act
The Articles of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Law No. 4/93) addresses the following aspects of environmental management: . . Guidelines and advice on environmental protection shall be provided by the concerned government authorities.
The concerned government authority shall provide the necessary guidelines and advise on environmental protection in accordance with the prevailing conditions and needs of the country. All concerned parties shall take due considerations of the guidelines provided by the government authorities. . . Formulating policies, rules and regulations for protection and conservation of the environment in areas that do not already have a designated government authority already carrying out such functions shall be carried out by MEEW. . . Identifying and registering protected areas and natural reserves and drawing up of rules and regulations for their protection and preservation. . (a) The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water shall be responsible for identifying protected areas and natural reserves and for drawing up the necessary rules and regulations for their protection and preservation. .
(b) Anyone wishing to establish any such area as mentioned in (a) of this clause, as a protected area or a reserve shall register as such that at the ministry of Environment, Energy and Water and abide by the rules and regulations laid by the Ministry
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
(a) An impact assessment study shall be submitted to the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water before implementing any development project that may have a potential impact on the environment
(b) The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water shall formulate the guidelines for EIA and shall determine the projects that need such assessment as mentioned in paragraph (a) of this clause.
The Termination of projects
The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water has the authority to terminate any project that has any undesirable impact on the environment. A project so terminated shall not receive any compensation
Waste Disposal, Oil and Poisonous Substances
(a) Any type of waste, oil, poisonous gases or any substance that may have harmful effect on the environment shall not be disposed within the territory of the Maldives.
(b) In case where the disposal of the substance stated in paragraph (a) of this clause becomes absolutely necessary, they shall be disposed only within the areas designated for
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 3 the purpose by the government. If such waster is to be incinerated, appropriate precautions shall be taken to avoid any harm to the health of the population.
Hazardous/ Toxic or Nuclear Wastes
Hazardous/Toxic or Nuclear Wastes that is harmful to human health and the environment shall not be disposed anywhere within the territory of the country. Permission shall be obtained from the relevant government authority at least 3 months in advance for any transboundary movement of such wastes through the territory of the Maldives.
The Penalty for Breaking the Law and Damaging the Environment
The penalty for minor offenses in breach of this law or any regulations made under this law, shall be a fine ranging between Rf 5.00 (five Rufiyaa) and Rf 500.00 (five hundred Rufiyaa) depending on the actual gravity of the offence. The fine shall be levied by the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water or by any other government authority designated by the ministry.
Except for those offenses that are stated in (a) of this clause, all major offenses, under this law shall carry a fine of not more than Rf 100,000,000.00 (one hundred million Rufiyaa) depending on the seriousness of the offense. The fine shall be levied by the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water.
Compensation
The government of Maldives reserves the right to claim compensation for all the damages that are caused by the activities that are detrimental to the environment. This include all the activities that area mentioned in clause 7 of this law as well as those activities that take place outside the projects that are identified here as environmentally damaging.
2 Maldives Vision 2020
The Vision 2020 of Maldives states the long term vision for sustainable development, and affirms that the country will take measures to combat global environmental threats and adaptations of environmentally-friendly lifestyles in the country. All national policies and plans focus on realizing environmental goals and policies laid out in Vision 2020.
3 Sixth and Seventh National Development Plan
Building upon the experience of 6th NDP, the major environmental protection and preservation policies outlined in the Seventh National Development Plan of Maldives (7th NDP) are:
Strengthen EIA process to ensure environmental and socio-economic impacts associated with new developments are accounted for in decision making.
Conserve biological diversity for natural, traditional, cultural and economic needs of the people.
Position Maldives to adapt to the impacts of climate change and sea level rise.
Ensure a protected and safe coastal environment for all Maldivians.
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 4 Enable management of solid waste to prevent impact on human health and environmental through approaches that are sustainable and locally appropriate.
Develop the mechanisms for the appropriate management of hazardous wastes including chemical, healthcare waste and waste oil.
Reduce pollution to safeguard human health, protect the environment and promote sustainable development.
Improve the quality of environmental services provided to the islands.
4 Second National Environment Action Plan (1999)
The aim of NEAP II is to protect and preserve the environment of the Maldives and to sustainably manage its resources for the collective benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations.
Main strategies of the NEAP II are: . Continuous assessment of the state of the environment in the Maldives, including impacts of human activities on land, atmosphere, freshwater, lagoons, reefs and the ocean; and the effects of these activities on human well-being . Development and implementation of management methods suitable for the natural and social environment of the Maldives, and maintain or enhance environmental quality and protect human health, while at the same time using resources on a sustainable basis . Consultation and collaboration with all relevant sectors of society to ensure stakeholder participation in the decision making process . Preparation and implementation of comprehensive national environmental legislation in order to provide for responsible and effective management of the environment . Adhering to international and regional environmental conventions and agreements and implementation of commitments embodied in such conventions.
NEAP II specifies priority actions in the following areas. . Climate change and sea level rise; coastal zone management; . biological diversity conservation; integrated reef resources management; . integrated water resources management; . management of solid waste and sewerage; . Pollution control and management of hazardous waste; . sustainable tourism development; . land resources management and sustainable agriculture . human settlement and urbanisation.
NEAP II contains environmental policies and guidelines that should be adhered to in the implementation of the proposed project activities.
5 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
The goals of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan are: . Conserve biological diversity and sustainably utilize biological resources. . Build capacity for biodiversity conservation through a strong governance framework, and improved knowledge and understanding. . Foster community participation, ownership and support for biodiversity
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 5 conservation.
6 Protected Areas and Sensitive Areas
Under Article 4 of the Environment Protection and Preservation Act, the Ministry of Environment is vested with the responsibility of identifying and registering protected areas and natural reserves and drawing up of rules and regulations for their protection and preservation. At present there are no rules and regulations made available to the public on designation and protection of habitats and heritage areas.
7 Waste management policy
The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water has developed the framework for a national waste management policy. The key elements of the policy include: . Ensure safe disposal of solid waste and encourage recycling and reduction in waste generated. . Develop guidelines on waste management and disposal and advocate to enforce these guidelines through inter-sectoral collaboration. . Ensure safe disposal of chemical, industrial and hazardous waste.
The key objective of the waste management policy would be the formulation and implementation of guidelines and means for solid waste management to maintain a healthy environment.
8 Regulation on sand and aggregate mining
This regulation addresses sand mining from uninhabited islands that have been leased; sand mining from the coastal zone of other uninhabited islands; and aggregate mining from uninhabited islands that have been leased and from the coastal zone of other uninhabited islands.
9 Ban on coral mining
Coral mining from the house reef and the atoll rim has been banned through a directive from the President’s Office dated 26th September 1990. According to these policies, coral mining is not to be carried out on island house reefs; coral mining cannot be carried out on atoll rim reefs and common bait fishing reefs; coral or sand mining is only allowed from designated sites, and approval from the concerned Atoll Office is required prior to the commencement of any mining operation. requests for coral or sand mining from residents of inhabited islands are required to be submitted to the Atoll Office through their respective island office the island office is required to estimate the quantity of corals required for the applied construction work and hence this ensures that permission is granted to mine just the required amount;
Every island is required to keep a log book of the amount of corals mined. sand mining is not allowed on the beaches of inhabited islands, islands leased for industrial developments and tourist resorts and within the lagoons adjoining these islands.
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 6 Coral and sand would not be mined in any stage of the project.
10 Tourism Act (Law no. 2/99)
This Act provides for the determination of zones and islands for the development of tourism in the Maldives: . the leasing of islands for development as tourist resorts, . the leasing of land for development as tourist hotels and tourist guesthouses, . the leasing of places for development as marinas, . the management of all such facilities; and . the operation of tourist vessels, diving centres and travel agencies, and . the regulation of persons providing such services.
11 Ministry of Tourism Regulations and Circulars
The Tourism Regulations in the Maldives ensure that carrying capacity of the island and atoll ecosystems are well within limits and the negative effects of the development are minimal. The Ministry also issues circulars on several occasions and when necessary to discourage activities such as sand and coral mining, developing on the coastal environment and waste disposal which may cause harm or damage to the natural environment, which is the main tourism product.
Tourism regulations strictly discourage modifications to the natural movement of sand around the islands. Therefore, Tourism Regulations require that special permission from the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation be sought before commencing any coastal modification works on any tourist resort. It is also stated that hard engineering solutions are not encouraged and construction of solid jetties and groynes be controlled and shall only be undertaken after conducting an Environment Impact Assessment study. Similarly, design of boat piers, jetties and other such structures are required to be in such a way that these shall not obstruct current and sediment circulation patterns of the island.
The Ministry also issues circulars on several occasions and when necessary to discourage activities such as sand and coral mining, developing on the coastal environment and waste disposal which may cause harm or damage to the natural environment, which is the main tourism product.
12 Framework for Environmental Assessment
The enforcement of EIA regulation in the country began with the formulation of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Law 4/93) in April 1993 in order to protect, preserve and safeguard the fragile environment of the country. The Environmental Act gives very high prominence towards safeguarding the environment with regard to all the development activities and is currently being implemented by the Environment Research Center of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water. The Ministry has been formed recently and its mandate includes: . organizing, developing and managing systems for environmental monitoring, including periodically evaluating the actual state of the environment, and forecasting environmental changes; . evaluating environmental impact assessment reports of new projects and monitoring reports for existing facilities; . issuing and revoking certificates based on compliance with environmental standards;
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 7 According to article 5 (a) of the Act, an Environmental Impact Assessment shall be submitted to the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water according to guidelines formulated by the Ministry before implementing any activity that may have an adverse impact on the environment. The Ministry shall determine projects that need such assessment. This umbrella law gives the Ministry the right to terminate projects that have undesirable impacts or claim compensation for damages caused by activities that are detrimental to the environment.
13 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2007
The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water has issued new EIA regulation on May 2007, which guides the process of undertaking the Environmental Impact Assessment in the Republic of Maldives – This guideline also provides a comprehensive outline of the EIA process, including the roles and responsibilities of the consultants and the proponents. This regulation outlines every step of the IEE/EIA process beginning from application to undertake an EIA, details on the contents, minimum requirements for consultants undertaking the EIA, format of the EIA/IEE report and many more .
14 Post EIA Monitoring, Auditing and Evaluation
The environmental monitoring programme given in EIA reports is an important aspect of the EIA process. The monitoring programme outlines the objectives of the monitoring; the specific information to be collected; the data collection program, and managing the monitoring program. Managing the monitoring programme requires assigning institutional responsibility, reporting requirements, enforcement capability, and ensuring that adequate resources are provided in terms of funds, skilled staff, etc.
15 Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Disposal
The guidelines are developed by the Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority and are implemented by the Environment Protection Agency. The guideline is to improve public health through improved sanitation and cleaner and safer environment by regulating the disposal of domestic wastewater.
16 Consultation and Public Participation laws
In the Maldives public participation has been limited to the review stages of the EIA until recently with the EIA Regulation, which considers public consultation as an important and integral part of the EIA process. Hence, this EIA has also taken public views into consideration. Stakeholder consultations are an essential component of the EIA process.
17 Population Policy
The objective of the Population Policy of Maldives is to contribute to improve standard of living and quality of life of the Maldivian people through socio-economic development with a sustainable balance between population and development. One important aspect of the Population Policy is the strategy of population and development consolidation, which focuses on organizing human settlements in such a way that sustainable development is fostered and economies of scale are met.
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 8 18 Transport Master Plan
The Transport Master Plan highlights the issues of scattered geography and the limited transport opportunities that further add to remoteness and isolation of the island communities from the more developed centers and that isolation is an important element of poverty in many atolls. Access problems were reported by half of the atoll population due to problems with harbours, absence of jetties, or enclosed nature of the islands by the coral reefs. These factors greatly contributed the unbalanced development in the atolls compared Male’ For the past three decades public investment in Male’ was more than 50% higher than in atolls.
Recognizing the problem of this unbalanced development the government shifted its development strategy to the atolls to stimulate regional development in five regional growth centers, north, north-central, central, south-central and south of the country which will facilitate balanced provision of economic and social services. The transport Master Plan emphasizes regional development and provision of basic infrastructure which includes harbours that will connect regional centers and surrounding islands with Male’.
According to the Transport Master Plan, having and efficient and effective transport network that systematically link Male’, the regional centers and the surrounding atoll will be the key to ensuring that socio-economic development of the country is distributed equitably.
19 Protected Areas and Environmentally Sensitive Areas
Under article 4 of the Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives, the ministry of Environment, Energy and Water is vested with the responsibility of identifying and designation of protected areas and natural and drawing up rules and regulations for the management of protected areas and natural reserves in the country.
20 Agriculture Development Master Plan
The government of Maldives recognizes that the agriculture industry is an important sector for the economy of the country. In this respect a 15 year Agriculture Development Master Plan has been formulated. Under the 15 year Agriculture Development Master Plan the Government is facilitating the private sector to develop the agriculture industry in the country. In this regard, the Government has started leasing uninhabited islands on long-term basis for the development of agriculture in the country.
Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources is the leading Government Agency having mandates for management of uninhabited islands and hence formulates Laws and regulations with respect to leasing of uninhabited islands on long-term basis for such developments. An important Law in this regard is the Law No. 20/98 on uninhabited islands of Maldives. Under this law, uninhabited islands shall be leased for a maximum period of 21 years to eligible individuals or parties for the on the basis of the best proposal submitted. However, if the initial investment for such development is more than US$10 million, the lease period shall be 35 years. A number of regulations have been formulated and enforced under this Law, including cutting down of trees for timber, and sand and aggregate
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 9 collection. Permission shall be obtained from the relevant Government authorities prior to such actions in leased (on Varuvaa) islands.
According to the Lease Agreement between the Government and the lessee of Islands leased on long-term basis for major economic development such as agriculture development, trees shall not be damaged and a written permission shall be obtained from Government prior to cutting down of trees and collection of sand and aggregate in such islands.
Furthermore, the lessee is responsible for looking after the island in terms of beach and coastal erosion and measures shall be taken by the lessee in protecting the island from such events. Therefore, the Lease Agreement between Government and lessee is an important regulatory document for management of islands leased on long-term basis for economic development. Ministry of Environment has the mandates for protection and preservation of environment. In this respect, Ministry of Environment, formulates policies, Laws and regulations on environmental protection and conservation. The most important regulation is Environment Impact Regulations, 2007 enforced under Environment Protection and Preservation Act (Law No. 4/93). The Clauses of Environment Protection and Preservation Act address the following that relate to the proposed project development and implementation.
An impact assessment study shall be submitted to the relevant Government authority before implementing any development project that may have a potential impact on the environment. This report is submitted in order to get the EIA approval for this project.
Waste Disposal, Oil and Poisonous Substances. Any type of waste, oil, poisonous gases or any substance that may have a harmful effect on the environment shall not be disposed within the territory of the Maldives. Waste management protocols and methods are clearly outlined in this report.
Government of Maldives reserves right to claim compensation for all the damages that area caused by the activities that are detrimental to the environment. All such detrimental activities in this project have been examined and adequate mitigation measures are provided.
In addition to EIA regulations, other relevant regulation will be followed in development and implementation of the proposed project. These regulations include ban on coral mining. Coral mining from house reef and atoll rim reef has been banned since 1990. Sand mining from any island has also been banned since March 2000. Coral or sand will not be used for any purpose for the proposed project.
An important regulation on uninhabited island is with respect to felling trees for the purpose of timber resources. According to this regulation no trees shall be fell without prior permission of relevant Government authorities and trees that need to be fell shall be replaced or replanted elsewhere.
21 Regulation on cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees
The Regulation on cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees and palms from one island to another was recently issued by the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water. Clause 5 (a) of the regulations states that Prior to the commencement of any project(s) that would require the indiscriminate removal and export of trees/palms from one island to another for the purpose of agriculture, development/redevelopment, construction
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 10 or any other purpose, it is mandatory under the Regulation to prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment Report stating clearly the details of the Project(s) with all necessary information and submit the same through the relevant Ministry to Ministry of Environment Energy and Water, and the project(s) can only commence upon the grant of written approval from the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water.
Article 8 (a) requires permission be obtained from Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, if more than 10 coconut palms that are of a height of 15 ft (from base of the palm to the tip of the palm frond) are cut, uprooted or relocated to another island. The regulation also ensures the replacement of the vegetation that is lost by imposing the planting of two palms for every palm tree that is cut or uprooted (Article 2 (d)). Logging on inhabited islands must be done under supervision of the islands chief or an official appointed by the island chief (Article 8 (c)).
In pursuant to law number 4/93 (Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives), the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water has made a by law with the purpose of educating developers about the importance of trees including best management practices for maintaining trees and provide standards for preservation of trees in the Maldives and set down rules and regulations to be adhered to prior to commencing felling, uprooting, digging out and exporting of trees and palms from one island to another in Maldives. The by law states that the cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees and palms from one island to another can only be done if it is absolutely necessary and there is no other alternative.
It further states that for every tree or palm removed in the Maldives two more should be planted and grown in the island. The by-law prohibits the removal of the following tree types;
• The coastal vegetation growing around the islands extending to about 15 meters into the island are protected by this by-law;
• All the trees and palms growing in mangrove and wetlands spreading to 15 meters of land area is protected under this by-law;
• All the trees that are in a designated protected area;
• Trees that are being protected by the Government in order to protect species of animal/organisms that live in such trees;
• Trees/palms that is abnormal in structure
22 Guidelines for land Use Planning
This guideline developed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development (MHUD) categorizes all islands into 5 different categories. Land use plans for inhabited islands are prepared by the Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment in collaboration with other concerned agencies.
Whilst these guidelines require a minimum of 20m wide Environmental Protection Zone (EPZ), consisting of vegetation between the beach and rest of the island except where the land use is for harbour frontage or for commercial use.
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 11 23 Land Law
The law governs the allocation of Maldivian land for different purposes and uses and other issues regarding the issuing of land, issuing of state dwellings for residential purposes, conduct regarding state dwellings or private dwellings constructed for residential purposes and the sale, transfer and lease of Maldivian Land. All transactions concerning the issuing, receiving, owning, selling, lease, utilizing and using Maldivian land shall be conducted in compliance with this Act.
24 Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Disposal
The guidelines is developed by the Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority and is implemented by the Environment Protection Agency. The guideline is to improve public health through improved sanitation and cleaner and safer environment by regulating the disposal of domestic wastewater.
25 Guidelines for Import, Produce and Sale of Bottled Water in the Maldives for Human Consumption
The guideline has been developed by the Maldives Food and Drug Authority to provide guidance on food safety requirements for the pre-packaged or bottled water produced or imported for sale in Maldives for the purpose of human consumption. The guidelines provide the general requirements where the guidelines could be used, good manufacturing standards and water quality standards.
26 General Regulation for Food Establishment and Services
This is a regulation implemented by the Maldives Food and Drug Authority. The regulation is applicable to establishments which are related to the production, harvesting, transport, storage or sales of food.
27 Regulations for Installing and Operating Desalination Plants in the Maldives
This regulations deals with the registering of the desalination plants which are operated in the Maldives. The regulation states that a desalination plant that is capable of producing fresh water to an acceptable standard for domestic consumption and is used for industrial purposes shall be registered under this regulation.
28 General Standard for Bottled / Packaged Drinking Waters (other than natural mineral water) CODEX STAN 227-2001
This standard applies to waters for drinking purposes other than natural mineral waters. This is a guideline issued by the WHO.
29 General Standard for the Labelling of Pre-packaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1 – 1985)
This standard applies to the labelling of all pre-packaged foods to be offered as such to the consumer or for catering purposes and to certain aspects relating to the presentation thereof. This is a guideline issued by the WHO.
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 12 30 Relevant International conventions, treaties and protocols
3 0 . 1 The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone L a y e r
The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is a landmark international agreement designed to protect the stratospheric ozone layer. The treaty was originally signed in 1987 and substantially amended in 1990 and 1992. The Montreal Protocol stipulates that the production and consumption of compounds that deplete ozone in the stratosphere; chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform--are to be phased out by 2000 (2005 for methyl chloroform). Scientific theory and evidence suggest that, once emitted to the atmosphere, these compounds could significantly deplete the stratospheric ozone layer that shields the planet from damaging UV- B radiation.
3 0 . 2 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD)
The objective of UNCBD is “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding”.
Maldives was one of the first nations to ratify UNCBD. Maldives has developed the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) in 2002. Formulation of NBSAP was through wide consultation and extensive stakeholder participation.
3 0 . 3 Marpol Convention
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) is the main international convention covering prevention of pollution of the marine environment by ships from operational or accidental causes. It is a combination of two treaties adopted in 1973 and 1978 and includes regulations aimed at preventing and minimizing pollution from ships - both accidental pollution and that from routine operations - and currently includes Prevention of Pollution by Oil; Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk; Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form; Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships; Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships; and Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships.
The Maldives has guidelines and regulations pertaining to pollution from ships and other vessels which may anchor at any harbour in the Maldives. Vessels requiring discharging slop from tank cleaning and dirty oil bilge should request local agent to provide reception facility. Port Authority does not have slop reception facilities. If any vessel discharges over board or in case any type of oil spill is found in port, the officer in charge of the vessel is required to report to Maldives Ports Authority and Coast Guard to take immediate action.
Furthermore, Government regulation states as follows:
1) It is expressly forbidden for any vessel to dump or discharge into any harbour, lagoon, or into any part of the waters of the Republic of Maldives, refuse, bunker oil, sewage, noxious substances or any materials or substances whatsoever.
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 13 2) The Master of any vessel and / or its agents will be held directly responsible for any nature or degree of pollution of the water, lagoons and Islands of the Republic of Maldives through the dumping or discharge of any refuse and / or substances.
3) In the event of any nature or degree of pollution of Territorial Water of the Republic of Maldives due to the dumping or discharge of refuse and / or substances, the master and / or the Agent of the offending vessel shall be subject to an immediate fine deemed by the Authority concerned according to Maldivian Law.
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 14 EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
110
EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Annex: Methodologies used
111
EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
112
EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Annex: CV’s of unregistered personnel
113
Curriculum Vitae of Surveyor
1. PROPOSED POSITION : Surveyor
2. NAME : Hamdhulla Shakeeb
th 3. CONTACT DETAILS M.Araaraiykuri, 4 Floor Blookiyaa Magu Male’ Maldives Mobile:+(960) 7567075
th 4. DATE OF BIRTH : 26 Feb 1988
5. NATIONALITY : Maldivian
6. EDUCATION : General Certificate of Education (GCE) Ordinary Level Cambridge University, 2005 General Certificate of Education (GCE) Advanced Level Cambridge University, 2008 Certificate in Surveying, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2009
7. OTHER TRAINING : PADI Open Water Diver Reef Check Eco Diver Program Leica GNSS Training Program Advance Certificate in Computing Multi Beam Training
8. LANGUAGE & DEGREE OF Speaking Writing Reading PROFICIENCY : English Excellent Excellent Excellent Dhivehi Mother tongue Mother tongue Mother tongue
9. MEMBERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES : -
10. COUNTRIES OF WORK : Maldives & Sri Lanka EXPERIENCE
11. EMPLOYMENT RECORD :
FROM: 1st August 2008 To: Present EMPLOYER Water Solutions Pvt Ltd POSITION HELD AND Surveyor DESCRIPTION OF DUTIES Undertake field surveys required for environmental studies, development and monitoring. Produce CAD drawings of completed surveys and other drawings required for environment and sewerage projects
Page (1) PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
Project Name : Setting out all Structures in L.Olhuveli Client : Evason Laamu Financing: Period : 2008 Time Spent: 2 months Position Held : Assistant Surveyor Duties : Setting out of water villas
Project Name : Bathymetric Survey of K.Summer Island Client : Summer island Financing: Period : 2008 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Assistant Surveyor Duties : Bathymetric Survey
Project Name : EIA Survey - redevelopment of in K.Giraavaru Client : TBI Period : 2008 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Assistant Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : EIA for Coastal Protection of Embudu Village Client : Embudu Village Period : 2008 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Assistant Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Topographic Survey – Redevelopment of Bolifushi Resort Client : Jumeirah Maldives Period : 2008 Time Spent: 2 Weeks Position Held : Assistant Surveyor Duties : Mapping the Existing structures
Project Name : Environmental Monitoring B.Muhdhoo Client : Coastline Group Period : 2008 Time Spent: 1 week Position Held : Assistant Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : K. Thulusdhoo Huraagadu Client : Island Community Period : 2009 Time Spent: 1 week Position Held : Assistant Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Topographic survey of Bolifufushi Resort Client : Eon Resorts Period : 2009 Time Spent: 5 months Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Setting Out the all the strucures
Project Name : AA. Moofushi Client : Constance Hotels Period : 2009 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Page (2) Project Name : Gdh. Madaveli Land Reclamation EIA Client : MHTE Period : 2009 Time Spent: 1 week Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Ghd. Hoadehdhoo Land Reclamation EIA Client : MHTE Period : 2009 Time Spent: 1 week Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Environmental Monitoring of Gdh.Meradhoo Client : Jumeirah Maldives Financing: Period : 2009 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Topographic Survey of Lh.Felivaru Client : Northern Province Office Financing: Period : 2009 Time Spent: 1 month Position Held : Surveyor Dties : Mapping the structures
Project Name : Topographic Survey of Sonevafushi Client : Sonevafushi Financing: Period : 2010 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Mapping the structures
Project Name : Topographic and Bathymetric Survey of K.Baros Client : Baros Financing: Period : 2010 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Collecting depths and mapping the island
Project Name : Coral Planting in K.Boduhithi Client : Sunland Financing: Period : 2010 Time Spent: 3 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Coral Planting
Project Name : EIA Survey of K.Summer Island Client : Summer Island Period : 2010 Time Spent: 2 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : EIA Survey of Conventional Centre in Addu City Client : MHE Financing: Period : 2010 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : EIA Survey of Maradhoo Football Ground Client : - Financing: Period : 2010 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Page (3) Project Name : EIA Survey of Halaveli Client : Halaveli Period : 2011 Time Spent: 2 Weeks Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Environmental Monitoring of AA.Nika Island Client : Nika Island Financing: Period : 2011 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : EIA Survey of Nolhivaramfaru Client : MHE Period : 2011 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : EIA survey of Sh.Vagaru Client : Viceroy Maldives Period : 2011 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : EIA survey of Bandos Island Resort Client : Bandos Financing: Period : 2011 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report Project Name : EIA survey of AA.Maafushivaru Client : Maafushivaru Financing: Period : 2011 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Topographic Survey of Evasaon Laamu Olhuveli Client : Evason Laamu Financing: Period : 2011 Time Spent: 2 Weeks Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Mapping Existing Beach Villas and corrected the map Project Name : EIA Survey of Hulhumale’ Marina Client : HDC Financing: Period : 2011 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : EIA Survey of Ha.Kela Sewerage project Client : DCP Financing: Period : 2011 Time Spent: 2 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : EIA Survey of Fihaalhohi Client : Fihaalhohi Financing: Period : 2011 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Topographic Survey of K.Summer Island : Field data collected for the EIA report Client : MOOKAI Financing: Period : 2011 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Setting out of breakwaters and reclaim area
Page (4) Project Name : EIA for 8 island Harbour Project Client : MHE Financing: Period : 2012 Time Spent: 14 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Halaveli Coral Rehabilitation Project Client : Halaveli Resort Financing: Period : 2013 Time Spent: 3 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Bathymetry Survey of Kihaadhu Resort Client : HM Lulu Pvt Ltd Financing: Period : 2013 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collection for Bathymetry. This Bar calibration, GPS Setup and echo-sounder operation during data collection Project Name : Land Survey of Adh.Thelaveligau Client : Thelaveligau Retreat Pvt Ltd Financing: Period : 2013 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collection for the Land Survey Report
Project Name : Bathymetry Survey of Jumerah Dhevanafushi(Meradhoo) Client : EON Financing: Period : 2014 Time Spent: 3 weeks Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collection for Bathymetry. This Bar calibration, GPS Setup and echo-sounder operation during data collection Project Name : Land Survey of Ga.Innahera with 4 islands Client : SIMDI Pvt Ltd Financing: Period : 2014 Time Spent: 6 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the Land Survey Report
Project Name : Land Survey of Sh.Ekasdhoo Client : SIMDI Pvt Ltd Financing: Period : 2014 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the Land Survey Report
Project Name : Bathymetry Survey of Maavarufalhu (Faafu Atoll) Client : Boston Consulting Group(BCG) Financing: Period : 2014 Time Spent: 4days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collection for Bathymetry. This Bar calibration, GPS Setup and echo-sounder operation during data collection
Project Name : Topographic Survey of Rihiveli Resort Client : Castaway Financing: Period : 2014 Time Spent: 7 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Setting out of all structures Project Name : Bathymetry Survey of Rihiveli Resort Client : Castaway Financing: Period : 2014 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the Bathymetric Survey
Page (5) Project Name : Bathymetric Survey of Kuramathi Resort Client : Universal Enterprises Pvt Ltd Financing: Period : 2015 Time Spent: 3 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collection for Bathymetry. This Bar calibration, GPS Setup and echo-sounder operation during data collection
Project Name : Bathymetric Survey of S.Gan Bathymetry( Near Main Jetty) Client : Blue Logisitics Pvt Ltd Financing: Period : 2015 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collection for Bathymetry. This Bar calibration, GPS Setup and echo-sounder operation during data collection
Project Name : Bathymetry Survey of Maafalhu Survey Client : WATG Financing: Period : 2014 Time Spent: 3 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collection for Bathymetry. This Bar calibration, GPS Setup and echo-sounder operation during data collection Project Name: Land Survey of B.Muthaafushi Client : Well land Investment Pvt Ltd Financing: Period : 2015 Time Spent: 3 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the Land Survey Report
Project Name: Land Survey of B.Dhandhoo Client : Well land Investment Pvt Ltd Financing: Period : 2015 Time Spent: 3 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the Land Survey Report
Project Name : Land Survey Demarcation of 8 Islands Client : LSA Financing: Period : 2016 Time Spent: 1 month Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Setting out of Blocks
CERTIFICATION:
I, THE UNDERSIGNED, confirm that:
(i) To the best of my knowledge, this CV correctly describes myself, my qualifications, and my experience (ii) I have given my full consent to be included in this Proposal (iii) I am available for the assignment as indicated/scheduled in this Proposal.
Hamdhulla Shakeeb
Page (6)
1. PROPOSED POSITION Chief Surveyor : 2. NAME : Faruhath Jameel (NID No: A-114299)
3. DATE OF BIRTH : 28 September 1984
4. CITIZENSHIP : Maldivian
5. PERSONAL ADDRESS : Ma. Naares, Zamaeenee Goalhi, Malé, Maldives MOBILE NO. : +(960)7904667 E-MAIL ADDRESS : [email protected] 6. EDUCATION : Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Surveying and Mapping Sciences (with First Class Honours). From Sep 2008 to June 2011, University of East London , United Kingdom,
London GCE Advance level, Centre for Higher Secondary Education From June 2003- June 2005 Maldives.
7. Membership in Professional Graduate Member of Royal institute for charted Surveyors (RICS) Societies Graduate Member of Charted institute for Civil Engineering Surveyors (CICES)
Registered Practitioners in the National Building Practitioners Registry at MHE, under Land and Hydrographic Surveying. Registration number BP02406
7. OTHER TRAINING : Training in the use of the Trimble GPS in 2007 DHI Training in MIKE21 classic and flexible Mesh in 2008 ArcGIS desktop 2009, training in 2009 Padi Certified open water diver Leica GNSS & LGO Training Program 2012 Teledyne PDS Software Multibeam Acquisition & Processing Training December 2015
8. LANGUAGE & DEGREE OF Speaking Writing Reading PROFICIENCY : English Excellent Excellent Excellent Dhivehi Mother tongue Mother tongue Mother tongue
10. COUNTRIES OF WORK : Maldives , Sri Lanka and UK EXPERIENCE
11. EMPLOYMENT RECORD :
FROM: October 2005 TO : January 2007 EMPLOYER Water Solutions Private Limited POSITION HELD AND Assistant Surveyor DESCRIPTION OF DUTIES Undertake field surveys required for environmental studies, development and monitoring. Produce CAD drawings of completed surveys and other drawings required for environment and sewerage projects
FROM: January 2007 TO : August 2008 EMPLOYER Water Solutions Private Limited POSITION HELD AND Surveyor DESCRIPTION OF DUTIES Conduct and organize surveys required for environmental studies,
topographic, mapping, engineering surveys, development and
Page (1) September 2011
monitoring. Produce CAD drawings of completed surveys and other drawings required for projects.
FROM: January 2011 Present EMPLOYER Water Solutions Private Limited POSITION HELD AND Chief Surveyor DESCRIPTION OF DUTIES Over responsible for conducting and organize surveys required for environmental studies, landuse planning, engineering surveys, topographic surveys, monitoring application. Liaison with clients with all surveying projects Development of in-house surveying standards and adopting best practices. Training staff for the use of new surveying software and GIS Job of costing of all surveying and engineering projects.
12. RELEVANT WORK EXPERIENCE
Project Name : Kanbaalifaru Island Resort Development Client : Fonadoo Tuna Products Pvt Period : 2006 Time Spent: 1 Week Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Topographic and bathymetric survey of Kabaalifaru island. Island extent lines, mangroves and vegetation were surveyed using GPS and Total Station. Survey drawings were produced in AutoCAD format..
Project Name : Atolls Water and Sanitation Project Client : Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water (Maldives) Period : December 2006 Time Spent: 2 Weeks Position Held : Assistant Surveyor Duties : Conduct Bathymetry and Island extent survey of Dhidhdhoo island. Drawings of these surveys have to be produced in AutoCAD format .
Project Name : Ha. Hondaafushi Resort Development Client : V.A Pvt Ltd Period : 2006 Time Spent: 1 Week Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Tree Survey. locating all significant tree in the island.
Project Name : Sh.Dholhiyadhoo Resort Development Client : V.A Pvt Ltd Period : 2006 Time Spent: 1 Week Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Bathymetry Survey
Project Name : Soneva Gili Island resort Development Client : Six Senses & Spa Period : 2006 Time Spent: 1 Week Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Tree Survey
Project Name : Ha.Naridhoo Development Client : TBI Period : 2006 Time Spent: 2 Weeks Position Held : Assistant Surveyor Duties : Topographic and hydrographic Survey
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Project Name : Lily Beach Island Resort Ari Atoll Client : Lily Hotels Period : 2007 Time Spent: 1 Week Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Topographic and Bathymetric Survey
Project Name : Atoll Ecosystem Conservation Project, Baa Atoll Client : Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water (Maldives) Period : April - May 2007 Time Spent: 2 Months Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Conducted landuse mapping surveys in the 13 inhabited islands of the Maldives. Drawings of these surveys have to be produced in AutoCAD format.
Project Name : Sonenafushi Topographic Mapping Client : Sixsences and Spa Period : June 2007 Time Spent: 1 Months Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Executed the Bathymetry and island extent surveys using mainly DGPS and Total Station. Drawings of this survey have to be produced in AutoCAD format
Project Name : Hudhufushi Island resort Development Client : TBI Maldives Period : July 2007 Time Spent: 1 Month Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Topographic and bathymetry Survey. Mapping all existing structure, island Extends, Mangroves, trees and bathymetry around the Island. Final Drawings of this survey was produced in AutoCAD format
Project Name : Gh.Meradhoo Island Resort Development Client : Zandoo Holdings Period : August 2007 Time Spent: 2 Months Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Setting out all Structures in the island and in water.
Project Name : Dhonveli Beach & Spa Island Resort Developmentl Client : John Keells Period : July 2007 Time Spent: 1 Week Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Bathymetry Survey within the reef for the coastal protection works.
Project Name : Hakuraa Huraa Island Resort Meemu Atollh Client : Chaayaa Lagoon Period : 2007 Time Spent: 1 Week Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Topographic and Bathymetric mapping Survey
Project Name : Gh.Meradhoo Island Resort Development Client : Xandu holdings Period : 2007 Time Spent: 2 months Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Bathymetry of the nearby reef . Which was the area where the luxury Water villas was to develop.
Project Name : Laamu Olhuveli Island Resort Client : Evason Period : 2008 Time Spent: 4 Months Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Setting out all Structures land and water Structures.
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Project Name : Bolifushi Island resort Client : EON resorts Period : 2008 Time Spent: 1 week Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Topographic survey of the whole island.
Project Name : Mahchafushi Island resort Client : Mr Ismail Hilmy Period : 2008 Time Spent: 1 week Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Bathymetry survey of the whole reef system
Project Name : Baa. Dhravandhoo Island Client : Coastline Investments Period : 2008 Time Spent: 1 week Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Topographic and Bathymetry survey of the whole island.
Project Name : Thulhaagiri Island resort Client : Happy Market Period : 2008 Time Spent: 1 week Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Bathymetric survey of the whole reef system
Project Name : Ha. Alidhoo Coastal Protection Project Client : John keels Period : 2008 Time Spent: 7 months Position Held : Project Manager Duties : Over all responsible for the work on site and completing the breakwater on time and position the break water in near real time using optics and GPS methods of surveys .
Project Name : Bolifushi Reclamations and Coastal protection Client : Jumiera Maldives Period : June – September 2009 Time Spent: 4 months Position Held : Project Manager Duties : Responsible for overall project coordination and reclamation boundary control, quality control and setting out of all proposed structures.
Project Name : Thiandhoo Bathymetric Survey Client : AKDA Period : August 2011 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Dutie : Out Survey of thinadhoo harbour and channel area for volume computation and documentation. Final results were produce using Arcgis
Project Name : Summer Island Resort Client : Mookai Group Period : August 2011 Time Spent: 1 week Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Setting out of new proposed Breakwaters and other coastal defence stuctures.
Project Name : Bathymetic Survey of Ippantivu Island, Kalpitiya, Sri Lanka Client : Qube Corporation Period : September 2011 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Responsible of conducting bathymetric survey of the additional areas requested by the client. Main duties were data collation, calibration, processing and plotting of all bathymetric data. The final drawing was produced using ArcGIS and autocad.
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Project Name : Thinadhoo Bathymetric Survey Client : AKDA Pvt, Srilanka Period : 2011 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Responsible for conducting post dredge area survey . Main duties were data collation, calibration, processing and plotting of all bathymetric data. The final drawing was produced using ArcGIS and autocad.
Project Name : Hulhule Bathymetric Survey Client : GADL Pvt Period : 2011 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Bathymetry Survey of Ibrahim Nasir International Airport Lagoon. Main duties were data collation, calibration, processing and plotting of all bathymetric data. The final drawing was produced using ArcGIS and autocad.
Project Name : Survey & Land Registration of B.Muhdhoo and As-Built survey Client : Dusit Thani Maldives Period : 2012 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : The project requires the island to be surveyed for cadastral purposes to verify the land area. Survey was completed according to the specifications published by Ministry of tourism, arts and cultures in their circular no 88-DS/CLR/2012/34. Main duties include data collection, processing and report writing.
Project Name : Survey & Land Registration of B.Muhdhoo and As-Built survey Client : Dusit Thani Maldives Period : 2012 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : The project requires the island to be surveyed for cadastral purposes to verify the land area. Survey was completed according to the specifications published by Ministry of tourism, arts and cultures in their circular no 88-DS/CLR/2012/34. Main duties include data collection, processing and report writing.
Project Name : Bathymetry Survey of Vommuli Client : Vermillion PVt Period : 2012 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Bathymetry Survey Vommuli Island Lagoon.. Main duties were data collation, calibration, processing and plotting of all bathymetric data. The final drawing was produced using ArcGIS and autocad.
Project Name : Hulhule Utility Survey Client : GADL Pvt Period : 2012 Time Spent: 15 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : The project required detection of all underground utilities east of the main runway at male international airport. Cable detectors were used to detect the cables and RTK was used for data collection. Finale Data delivery in CAD format
Project Name : Survey & Land Registration of Coco Palm Dhunikolhu Client : Sunland Hotels Pvt Period : 2012 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : The project required the island to be surveyed for cadastral purposes to verify the land area. Survey was completed according to the specifications published by Ministry of tourism, arts and cultures in their circular no 88-DS/CLR/2012/34. Main duties include data collection, processing and report writing.
Project Name : Survey & Land Registration of Coco Palm Boduhithi Client : Sunland Hotels Pvt Period : 2012 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : The project required the island to be surveyed for cadastral purposes to verify the land area. Survey was completed according to the specifications published by Ministry of tourism, arts and cultures in their circular no 88-DS/CLR/2012/34. Main duties include data collection, processing and report writing.
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Project Name : Survey & Land Registration of Coco Palm Kudahithi Client : Sunland Hotels Pvt Period : 2012 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : The project required the island to be surveyed for cadastral purposes to verify the land area. Survey was completed according to the specifications published by Ministry of tourism, arts and cultures in their circular no 88-DS/CLR/2012/34. Main duties include data collection, processing and report writing.
Project Name : Survey & Land Registration of Coco Palm Makunudhoo Client : Sunland Hotels Pvt Period : 2012 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : The project required the island to be surveyed for cadastral purposes to verify the land area. Survey was completed according to the specifications published by Ministry of tourism, arts and cultures in their circular no 88-DS/CLR/2012/34. Main duties include data collection, processing and report writing.
Project Name : Survey & Land Registration of Coco Palm Biyadhoo Client : Sunland Hotels Pvt Period : 2012 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : The project required the island to be surveyed for cadastral purposes to verify the land area. Survey was completed according to the specifications published by Ministry of tourism, arts and cultures in their circular no 88-DS/CLR/2012/34. Main duties include data collection, processing and report writing.
Project Name : Survey & Land Registration of Vagaru (Viceroy Maldives) Client : Vagaru Holdings Period : 2012 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : The project required the island to be surveyed for cadastral purposes to verify the land area. Survey was completed according to the specifications published by Ministry of tourism, arts and cultures in their circular no 88-DS/CLR/2012/34. Main duties include data collection, processing and report writing.
Project Name : Survey & Land Registration of Jumeirah Dhevanafushi Client : Xandu Holding Pvt Period : 2012 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : The project required the island to be surveyed for cadastral purposes to verify the land area. Survey was completed according to the specifications published by Ministry of tourism, arts and cultures in their circular no 88-DS/CLR/2012/34. Main duties include data collection, processing and report writing.
Project Name : Survey & Land Registration of Jumeirah Vittaveli Client : SPH Pvt Period : 2012 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : The project required the island to be surveyed for cadastral purposes to verify the land area. Survey was completed according to the specifications published by Ministry of tourism, arts and cultures in their circular no 88-DS/CLR/2012/34. Main duties include data collection, processing and report writing.
Project Name : Beach profile survey & Bathymetric survey at Gulhifalhu Client : Maldives Water and Sewerage Company Period : 2012 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : The project involved collection of beach profiles around the newly reclaimed island at gulhifalhu and a bathymetric survey around the new island. Surface model was created in Civil 3D and alignment sections around the island were created for engineering design.
Project Name : Baseline Survey for developing a resort in Thaburudhoo Island Client : Telos Investment Pvt Period : 2013 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Topographic and Bathymetry Survey of Thanburudhoo island for a resort development. Main duties in this project include data collection, data processing and creating final maps and report.
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Project Name : Innareha Cluster Surevy Project Client : Simdi Period : 2013 Time Spent: 10 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Topographic and Bathymetry Survey of 5 islands in a cluster for a resort development. Main duties in this project include data collection, data processing and creating final maps and report.
Project Name : Bathymetry Survey Kihaad Island Resort Client : Kihaad Pvt Period : 2013 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Bathymetry Survey of the Lagoon. Main duties were data collation, calibration, processing and plotting of all bathymetric data. The final drawing was produced using ArcGIS and autocad.
Project Name : Bathymetry Survey Kihaad Island Resort Client : Kihaad Pvt Period : 2013 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Bathymetry Survey of the Lagoon. Main duties were data collation, calibration, processing and plotting of all bathymetric data. The final drawing was produced using ArcGIS and autocad.
Project Name : Jumeirah Dhevanafushi Bathymetric Survey Client : CDL Pvt Period : 2014 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Bathymetry Survey of the Lagoon. Main duties were data collation, calibration, processing and plotting of all bathymetric data. The final drawing was produced using ArcGIS and autocad.
Project Name : Tree survey of Thamburudhoo Island Client : Telos Investments Pvt Period : 2015 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Mapping all significant and large tree on the island. Main duties were data collation, calibration, processing and plotting of all mapping data. The final drawing was produced using ArcGIS and autocad.
Project Name : Bathymetry Survey of Maavaru Falhu Client : BCG Period : 2014 Time Spent: 5 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Bathymetry Survey of the Lagoon. Main duties were data collation, calibration, processing and plotting of all bathymetric data. The final drawing was produced using Autocad civil 3D
Project Name : Bathymetry Survey Maa falhu Client : WATG Period : 2015 Time Spent: 5 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Bathymetry Survey of the Lagoon. Main duties were data collation, calibration, processing and plotting of all bathymetric data. The final drawing was produced using Autocad civil 3D
Project Name : Bathymetry Survey of Helegeli Island Resort Client : East & West pvt Period : 2015 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Bathymetry Survey of the Lagoon. Main duties were data collation, calibration, processing and plotting of all bathymetric data. The final drawing was produced using Autocad civil 3D
Project Name : Dh.Doores as-built survey Client : Dhoores Retreat Pvt Period : 2015 Time Spent: 10 days Position Held : Surveyor
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Duties : Survey of all built up structures at Dhoores Island., processing and plotting of all data. The final drawing was produced using Autocad format
Project Name : Survey & Land Registration of Baa. Muthaafushi Client : Well Land Investment Period : 2015 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : The project required the island to be surveyed for cadastral purposes. Survey was completed according to the specifications published by Ministry of tourism, arts and cultures in their circular no 88- DS/CLR/2012/34. Main duties include data collection, processing and report writing.
Project Name : Gan Jetty Bathymetry Client : MM Export Period : 2015 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Bathymetry Survey along the Gan jetty. Main duties were data collation, calibration, processing and plotting of all bathymetric data. The final drawing was produced using Autocad civil 3D
Project Name : Survey & Land Registration of Raa. Fasmendhoo Client : Fasmendhoo Pvt Ltd Period : 2016 Time Spent: 3 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : The project required the island to be surveyed for cadastral purpose. Survey was completed according to the specifications published by Ministry of tourism, arts and cultures in their circular no 88- DS/CLR/2012/34. Main duties include data collection, processing and report writing.
Project Name : 9 Island Survey and Demarcation Project Client : Maldives Land and Survey Authority Period : 2016 Time Spent: 2 Months Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Land Survey of 6 islands in the Maldives and demarcation of specific blocks for each island. Team leader and was responsible for all surveying task and delivering the project in time.
13. CERTIFICATION:
I, confirm that: (i) To the best of my knowledge, this CV correctly describes myself, my qualifications, and my experience (ii) I have given my full consent to be included in this Proposal (iii) I am available for the assignment as indicated/scheduled in this Proposal.
Faruhath Jameel
Page (8) EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
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EIA addendum to the harbour development project - coastal protection measures in Fainu island, Raa Atoll,
Annex: Letter from Atoll Council
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