Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives: Biodiversity—Volume IV

Home , Bodufolhudhoo, Burunee (Thaa Atoll), Dhaalu Atoll, Dharavandhoo, Dhiyadhoo, Dhonfanu

MULTIHAZARD RISK ATLAS OF MALDIVES Biodiversity—Volume IV

March 2020 MULTIHAZARD RISK ATLAS OF MALDIVES Biodiversity—Volume IV

March 2020 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)

Some rights reserved. Published in 2020.

ISBN 978-92-9262-051-6 (print); 978-92-9262-052-3 (electronic); 978-92-9262-053-0 (ebook) Publication Stock No. TCS200089 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS200089

The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.

ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess.

This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material.

Please contact [email protected] if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo.

Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda.

Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars. The maps presented in this atlas reflect airports based on 2017 data from the Civil Aviation Authority of Maldives.

On the cover: An aerial view shows 1 of 26 natural atolls that make up Maldives, which also includes nearly 1,200 small coral islands and some of the world’s most beautiful beaches. Recognized as the seventh-largest in the world, the coral reefs and associated ecosystems of Maldives are key foundations for food security and means of livelihood. Yet, they are considered as among the most vulnerable to climate change (photo by Roberta Gerpacio).

Printed on recycled paper Contents iii

Tables and Maps iv

Foreword vii

Acknowledgments viii

Abbreviations ix

Environmentally Sensitive Areas 1

Coastal Protection 24

Marine Conservation and Biodiversity 48

Threats to Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 71 Coastal Erosion 71 Coral Bleaching 93

Disaster Risk in Maldives 95

Map Data Sources 103

References 104 iv Tables and Maps

Tables IV.1 Maldives, Islands with Coastal Protection 24 IV.2 Maldives, Islands with Coral Reef Monitoring Sites 48 IV.3 Hazard Categories and Index Ranges 95

Maps IV.1 Maldives, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 2 IV.2 Addu City, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 3 IV.3 Alifu Alifu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 4 IV.4 Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 5 IV.5 Baa Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 6 IV.6 Dhaalu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 7 IV.7 Faafu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 8 IV.8 Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 9 IV.9 Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 10 IV.10 Gnaviyani Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 11 IV.11 Haa Alifu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 12 IV.12 Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 13 IV.13 Laamu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 14 IV.14 Lhaviyani Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 15 IV.15 Meemu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 16 IV.16 Noonu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 17 IV.17 North Malé Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 18 IV.18 Raa Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 19 IV.19 Shaviyani Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 20 IV.20 South Malé Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 21 IV.21 Thaa Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 22 IV.22 Vaavu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 23 IV.23 Maldives, Coastal Protection 26 Tables and Maps v

IV.24 Addu City, Coastal Protection 27 IV.25 Alifu Alifu Atoll, Coastal Protection 28 IV.26 Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Protection 29 IV.27 Baa Atoll, Coastal Protection 30 IV.28 Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Protection 31 IV.29 Faafu Atoll, Coastal Protection 32 IV.30 Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Coastal Protection 33 IV.31 Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Protection 34 IV.32 Gnaviyani Atoll, Coastal Protection 35 IV.33 Haa Alifu Atoll, Coastal Protection 36 IV.34 Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Protection 37 IV.35 Laamu Atoll, Coastal Protection 38 IV.36 Lhaviyani Atoll, Coastal Protection 39 IV.37 Meemu Atoll, Coastal Protection 40 IV.38 Noonu Atoll, Coastal Protection 41 IV.39 North Malé Atoll, Coastal Protection 42 IV.40 Raa Atoll, Coastal Protection 43 IV.41 Shaviyani Atoll, Coastal Protection 44 IV.42 South Malé Atoll, Coastal Protection 45 IV.43 Thaa Atoll, Coastal Protection 46 IV.44 Vaavu Atoll, Coastal Protection 47 IV.45 Addu City, Biodiversity 50 IV.46 Alifu Alifu Atoll, Biodiversity 51 IV.47 Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Biodiversity 52 IV.48 Baa Atoll, Biodiversity 53 IV.49 Dhaalu Atoll, Biodiversity 54 IV.50 Faafu Atoll, Biodiversity 55 IV.51 Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Biodiversity 56 IV.52 Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll, Biodiversity 57 IV.53 Gnaviyani Atoll, Biodiversity 58 IV.54 Haa Alifu Atoll, Biodiversity 59 IV.55 Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Biodiversity 60 IV.56 Laamu Atoll, Biodiversity 61 IV.57 Lhaviyani Atoll, Biodiversity 62 IV.58 Meemu Atoll, Biodiversity 63 IV.59 Noonu Atoll, Biodiversity 64 IV.60 North Malé Atoll, Biodiversity 65 IV.61 Raa Atoll, Biodiversity 66 IV.62 Shaviyani Atoll, Biodiversity 67 vi Tables and Maps

IV.63 South Malé Atoll, Biodiversity 68 IV.64 Thaa Atoll, Biodiversity 69 IV.65 Vaavu Atoll, Biodiversity 70 IV.66 Addu City, Coastal Erosion 72 IV.67 Alifu Alifu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 73 IV.68 Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 74 IV.69 Baa Atoll, Coastal Erosion 75 IV.70 Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 76 IV.71 Faafu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 77 IV.72 Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 78 IV.73 Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 79 IV.74 Gnaviyani Atoll, Coastal Erosion 80 IV.75 Haa Alifu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 81 IV.76 Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 82 IV.77 Laamu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 83 IV.78 Lhaviyani Atoll, Coastal Erosion 84 IV.79 Meemu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 85 IV.80 Noonu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 86 IV.81 North Malé Atoll, Coastal Erosion 87 IV.82 Raa Atoll, Coastal Erosion 88 IV.83 Shaviyani Atoll, Coastal Erosion 89 IV.84 South Malé Atoll, Coastal Erosion 90 IV.85 Thaa Atoll, Coastal Erosion 91 IV.86 Vaavu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 92 IV.87 Maldives, Coral Bleaching Risk Assessment 94 IV.88 Maldives, Hydrometeorological Multihazard (Islands) 96 IV.89 Maldives, Multihazard Physical Risk Index 97 IV.90 Maldives, Multihazard Social Risk Index 98 IV.91 Maldives, Rain-Induced Flood (Islands) 99 IV.92 Maldives, Tsunami Hazard Rank (Islands) 100 IV.93 Maldives, Udha Hazard (Islands) 101 IV.94 Maldives, Wind and Wave Hazards 102 Foreword vii

aldives is among the countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change as it is a small island nation with extremely low elevations. Maldives is also very vulnerable to impacts of rising air and sea surface Mtemperatures and changes in rainfall patterns. Climate change impacts will therefore impose significant negative consequences on the Maldivian economy and society. Some of the priority vulnerabilities to climate change are land loss and beach erosion, infrastructure damage, degradation of coral reefs, and adverse impacts on water resources, food security, human health, and the overall economy.

Sustainable coastal resources management is of particular importance to Maldives, such that all regulations involving various development activities have coastal components. Despite the government’s continued efforts in improving and sustaining coastal resources management, critical issues remain, such as the need for systematized coastal monitoring, clear definition of coastal boundaries and coastal development, enhanced regulatory and monitoring capacities for coastal resources protection, and sustainable long-term strategies on land reclamation and marine area protection. At a time when climate is rapidly changing and extreme weather events are frequently occurring, the critical roles that marine and coastal environments play in mitigating and adapting to climate change need to be sufficiently documented and properly recognized. It is therefore essential for Maldives to develop and establish a comprehensive digital database of marine and coastal ecosystem features and services that can be regularly monitored.

The Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives was developed through the project “Establishing a National Geospatial Database for Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Development Activities and Policies in Maldives” under the Asian Development Bank’s regional knowledge and support (capacity development) technical assistance Action on Climate Change in South Asia (2013–2018). This five-volume atlas aims to promote the sustainable development of coastal and marine ecosystems and their various components, by enhancing the awareness of stakeholders on and enjoining them to address climate and disaster risks (including hazards, exposures, and vulnerabilities) to which ecosystems are exposed. The atlas presents spatial information and maps necessary for assessing future development investments in terms of their risks to climate and geophysical hazards.

The target audience of the Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives are the concerned stakeholders with current or planned development activities in the country, including public and private sectors, nongovernment organizations, research and academic community, development partner agencies, other financial institutions, and the general public. The atlas will also be a useful reference for other developing countries with similar geographical and environmental conditions, particularly small island developing states. It is envisioned that the atlas will significantly contribute to rendering important sector development investments more resilient to hazard-specific risk scenarios in the short, medium, and long terms.

H.E. Dr. Hussain Rasheed Hassan Shixin Chen Minister Vice-President for Operations 1 Ministry of Environment, Malé Asian Development Bank, Manila viii Acknowledgments

Government Ministries, Departments, and Agencies in Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Land and Survey Authority Marine Research Institute Meteorological Service Ministry of Economic Development Ministry of Education Ministry of Environment Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture Ministry of Health Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure Ministry of Tourism National Bureau of Statistics National Disaster Management Center

International Institutions Manila Observatory Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, University of Queensland, Australia SANDER + PARTNER United Nations Development Programme

International Institutions in Maldives International Union for Conservation of Nature, Maldives United Nations Development Programme, Maldives

National Consultant Team Ahmed Jameel, Integrated Coastal Zone Management Specialist Faruhath Jameel, Geographic Information Systems Specialist and Team Leader Hussain Naeem, Coastal Ecosystems and Biodiversity Specialist Mahmood Riyaz, Climate Change Risk Assessment Specialist Abbreviations ix

BODC – British Oceanographic Data Centre

CAA – Maldives Civil Aviation Authority

EPA – Maldives Environmental Protection Agency

GEBCO – General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans

IHO – International Hydrographic Organization

IOC – Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

ME – Ministry of Environment

MED – Ministry of Economic Development

MFMRA – Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture

MLSA – Maldives Land and Survey Authority

MNPI – Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure

MRC – Marine Research Centre

UNDP – United Nations Development Programme

UTM – Universal Transverse Mercator

WGS – World Geodetic System

Environmentally Sensitive Areas 1

Maldives is naturally blessed with an environment that supports a variety of terrestrial and aquatic life. As of 2017, it has a total of 284 environmentally sensitive areas. A quarter of these sites are for bird assembly, nesting, and habitat. Migratory birds find temporary refuge in the islands of Shaviyani Atoll. The mangrove ecosystem, which exists mostly in islands with the least human settlements, serves as breeding grounds for sharks and rays and as a nesting site for turtles. In addition to providing protection to the coast and coastal communities, mangroves also protect the white-breasted waterhen (kabili) and tortoise and serve as shelters for aquatic organisms.

Having evolved from corals, Maldives also has black, soft, hard, and table corals that shelter a variety of marine life. Divers visit Maldives to experience these beautiful coral formations and marine ecosystems teeming with life such as the yellowback fusilier, humpback snapper, whitetip shark, whale shark, grey shark, nurse shark, leopard shark, guitar shark, hammerhead shark, needlefish, eagle ray, manta ray, turtle, tortoise, sea cucumber, lionfish, moray eel, tuna, barracuda, sailfish, red snapper, grouper, and many others. Maldives also has local medicinal plants that the country aims to protect.

Rich biodiversity in Maldives. (Clockwise from top right) The kabili, also known as the white- breasted waterhen, is the national bird, while the grey heron is a common sight in some coasts (photos by Wang Chaonan and Anastasia Kolchedantseva). Under the sea, blacktip reef sharks and hawksbill sea turtles abound (photos by Ibrahim Rifath and Andrew Corman). 2 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Maldives: Environmentally Protected and Sensitive MapAreas IV.1: Maldives, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E

! ! !! HAA ALIFU ATOLL (HA) ! !!

! ! ! Legend ^ o !!! !!

! !

! !! ! HAA ! ! o Administrative Area !! ! DHAALU ! !! !^! Administrative Atoll ATOLL !!!í! (HDh) !!! ! ! SHAVIYANI ^ Atoll Capital Island ! ! ! !! !! ATOLL

!!! City

!!! ! (Sh) ^ ! o !^ !

! ! Domestic Airport !! NOONU

6°0'0"N ATOLL o 6°0'0"N

! ! o ! (N) ! ! RAA !! !^! International Airport ATOLL ^ !!! LHAVIYANI (R) ! ! !! ! Port ! ! ATOLL í ^! !!

! ! ! ! (Lh) ! ! !! ! Environmentally Sensitive Area

!!! !! o ! ! ! ! !!!! ! Environmentally Protected Area ! ! ! ^! BAA !! Island Shoreline ATOLL ! NORTH (B) ! MALÉ Reef Boundary !! ATOLL (K) Water Body

! ALIFU ! !! !

! ALIFU !!^! ATOLL !o ^!! ! ! (AA) ! SOUTH ! !!!!^ ! ! í! MALÉ ! ATOLL

4°0'0"N ! (K) 4°0'0"N ALIFU ! ! ^

DHAALU !

! ! ! ATOLL o ! ! ! VAAVU (ADh) ! ! ! ^! ! ATOLL !!! (V) ! FAAFU ! !! ! ! I N D I A N O C E A N ATOLL ! !! (F) !! ! ^ ! ! ! MEEMU ! !!

! ! ^ ATOLL

DHAALU ! ! (M) o ! ! ATOLL !! !! ! (Dh) ^

!! !! o THAA !! !! ATOLL !^

(Th)

! !o 2°0'0"N ! ! 2°0'0"N !^ ! LAAMU ATOLL (L) A r a b i a n S e a

GAAFU ALIFU ATOLL (GA)

! !o ! ^!

! !!

!! o ! ^! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! !!! GAAFU DHAALU ATOLL (GDh) 0°0'0" 0°0'0"

¯ Data Sources: GNAVIYANI ATOLL (Go n) BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). ! ^! Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); EPA

(environmentally protected and sensitive areas); ME

025 50 100 150 (administrative areas and atolls, island shorelines, reef o ! Kilometers !!!!!! boundaries, and water bodies); MED (ports); and MLSA (atoll ^!! ! WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N ADDU ATOLL (S) í!!! capital islands and cities).

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E Environmentally Sensitive Areas 3

Addu City:Map Environmentally IV.2: Addu City, Environmentally Protected andProtected and Sensitive Areas Sensitive Areas 73°5'0"E 73°7'30"E 73°10'0"E 73°12'30"E

Meedhoo North ! 0°34'30"S 0°34'30"S ! ! Eidhigali Kilhi and Koattey Area Bodaheragandey Meedhoo

! Rocky Reef Hulhudhoo ! Hithadhoo Seagrass beds ^ Hithadhoo Maa Kandu ! ! ! ! Kuda Kandu Kandihera Heraa-gandu

í 0°38'0"S 0°38'0"S ! British Loyalty Wreck

! ! Hankede outer-reef Maradhoo Moolikede ! Vilingili Kandu

Maradhoofeydhoo !

Feydhoo Vilingili House Reef o 0°41'30"S 0°41'30"S

! Gan Kandu

Legend

Administrative Area

^ City o

International Airport 0°45'0"S 0°45'0"S í Port ¯ ! Environmentally Sensitive Area Environmentally Protected Area Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Island Shoreline Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); EPA 0 1 2 4 (environmentally protected and sensitive areas); ME Kilometers Reef Boundary (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Water Body water bodies); MED (ports); and MLSA (cities).

73°5'0"E 73°7'30"E 73°10'0"E 73°12'30"E 4 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Alifu AlifuMap Atoll: IV.3: Alifu Environmentally Alifu Atoll, Environmentally Protected Protected and and Sensitive Areas Sensitive Areas 72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E

Thohdoo 4°21'0"N 4°21'0"N

! Kandi finolhu Beyru Madivaru ! !^! Rasdhoo Madivaru Rasdhoo Atoll RASDHOO

Ukulhas 4°12'30"N 4°12'30"N

Mathiveri ! Bodufolhudhoo Mathiveri finolhu

Legend

! Administrative Area Thinolhufinolhu ^ Atoll Capital Island ! Environmentally Sensitive Area Environmentally Protected Area Island Shoreline Kashibeyru Thila Mayaa Thila Reef Boundary ! Water Body Bathalaa Thila 4°4'0"N Feridhoo 4°4'0"N ¯

0 3 6 12 Maalhos Kilometers ! Maalhos Thila WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Orimas Thila

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: EPA (environmentally Himendhoo Mushimasmigili Thila protected and sensitive areas); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and 3°55'30"N MLSA (atoll capital islands). 3°55'30"N

72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E Environmentally Sensitive Areas 5

! Alifu Dhaalu:Map IV.4: AlifuEnvironmentally Dhaalu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Protected and Sensitive Areas Sensitive Areas 72°38'0"E 72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E

Mushimasmigili Thila Himendhoo 3°54'0"N 3°54'0"N

Hangnaameedhoo

Kalhahandhi Huraa with Kalhuhan'dhi Faru !! Kalhahandhi huraa Omadhoo

Kun'burudhoo ^ MAHIBADHOO Legend 3°45'0"N 3°45'0"N

Administrative Area !

^ Atoll Capital Island Ali Thila o

International Airport

! Environmentally Sensitive Area Mandhoo Environmentally Protected Area Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Hurasdhoo Water Body ! Angaga Thila

Dhangethi 3°36'0"N Faruhuruvalhibeyru 3°36'0"N ! Kahan'bu Thila Kudarah Thila

! Finolhu

Dhigurah

Fenfushi

Dhihdhoo Maamigili o South Ari Atoll MPA ¯ 3°27'0"N Data Sources: 3°27'0"N BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); EPA 0 2.75 5.5 11 (environmentally protected and sensitive areas); ME Kilometers (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°38'0"E 72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 6 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Baa Atoll:Map Environmentally IV.5: Baa Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Protected and Sensitive Areas Sensitive Areas ! 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 73°10'30"E Gaagandu faru huraa ! Dhigufaru-vinagandu Bathalaa huraa!Bathalaa ! ! Bathala Region ! Vinaneifaru huraa Vinanei faru ! 5°20'0"N 5°20'0"N

Boaefaru finolhu Kudarikilu !

Keyodhoo Hulhudhoo ! ! Kamadhoo Kendhoo

Dhakandoo Dhoogandu Finolhu ! !

Veyofushi finolhu !

Kihaadhoo 5°12'0"N Maahuruvalhi 5°12'0"N ! Dhonfanu

Velaa faru Nibiligaa Nagili faruMendhoo and surrounding reef

! ! ! ! Hanifaru ! Angafaru o Kanburu faru Mendhoo Region Dharavandhoo Aanugandu faru ! Maalhos Nelivaru Finolhu !

^ EYDHAFUSHI Maddoo ! Muthafushi with Muthaafushi thila ! 5°4'0"N Legend 5°4'0"N

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island Thulhaadhoo o Medhufinolhu Domestic Airport Maamaduvvari ! ! ! Environmentally Sensitive Area Hithaadhoo Olhugiri Environmentally Protected Area Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body ¯ 4°56'0"N 4°56'0"N

0 3 6 12 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N FehendhooGoidhoo Fulhadhoo ! Data Sources: Goidhoo BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); EPA (environmentally protected and sensitive areas); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

Mathifaru huraa Dhashu faru huraa ! !

72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 73°10'30"E Environmentally Sensitive Areas 7

Dhaalu Atoll:Map IV.6: Environmentally Dhaalu Atoll, Environmentally Protected Protected and and Sensitive Areas Sensitive Areas 72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E

Fushee Kandu Meedhoo 3°0'0"N 3°0'0"N

Maavaru Falhu Kan Kihafun Kandu-olhi ! !

Kihafun Kandu-olhi Kihafun Kandu-olhi!!

Ban'didhoo Kanneiy Faru kan Rin'budhoo !

Hudhufushi finolhu 2°54'0"N ! 2°54'0"N

Hulhudheli 2°48'0"N 2°48'0"N Legend Thinhuraa Administrative Area !

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport Thilabolhufushi ! ! Environmentally Sensitive Area Environmentally Protected Area Island Shoreline Kandinma Reef Boundary ! Water Body

Issari ¯ Kendigandu ! ! 2°42'0"N 2°42'0"N 0 2 4 8 Maafushi Maaen'boodhoo Kilometers !

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N KUDAHUVADHOO o Data Sources: ^ BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); EPA (environmentally protected and sensitive areas); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E 8 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Faafu Atoll:Map EnvironmentallyIV.7: Faafu Atoll, Environmentally Protected Protectedand and Sensitive Areas Sensitive Areas 72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E 3°18'0"N 3°18'0"N

Feeali

Finolhu ! Himithi area! Dhiguvaru !

Filitheyo Kandu Filitheyo Outside ! Filitheyo Thila ! 3°12'0"N 3°12'0"N Filitheyo maarashu huraa !

Legend Kudafalhu finolhu ! Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island ! Environmentally Sensitive Area ! Sunny Reef ! Environmentally Protected Area Barracuda Kan'du Island Shoreline Reef Boundary

Water Body Bileiydhoo

3°6'0"N !! 3°6'0"N Adidhuhfushi finolhu ¯ Magoodhoo

0 2.25 4.5 9 ^ Dharan'boodhoo Kilometers NILANDHOO WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: EPA (environmentally protected and sensitive areas); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

Fushee Kandu Meedhoo 3°0'0"N 3°0'0"N

Maavaru Falhu Kan ! Kihafun Kandu-olhi !

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E !!

! Environmentally Sensitive Areas 9

GaafuMap Alifu: IV.8: Environmentally Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Protected and Sensitive Areas Sensitive Areas 73°3'0"E 73°13'30"E 73°24'0"E 73°34'30"E

Legend 1°7'30"N 1°7'30"N Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

! Environmentally Sensitive Area Environmentally Protected Area Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); EPA (environmentally protected and sensitive areas); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, ¯ and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). ! 0 4 8 16 0°54'0"N Dhigufaru with Maadhiguvaru Kandu Kilometers 0°54'0"N WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Hithaadhoo

Kolamaafushi

! Galeyrehaa huhtaa

Falhuverrahaa

^ VILIN'GILI o ! Villigili Kan'du

! Maamendhoo Boaddoo ! Hagevilla 0°40'30"N ! 0°40'30"N Odagalla ! Kuredhdhu Kan'du Nilandhoo ! Nilandhoo Kan'du Dhaandhoo ! Doragallah Thila

! Mahandhoo Dhekunu Kandu ! Dhevvadhoo Shigalla Kan'du

^ THINADHOO !

Havodigalaa o Kondey Kon'dey !! Dhiyadhoo Madaveli Maareha Kan'du ! Keyolhu Faru with Hulaa Thila area !! 0°27'0"N ! Hoan'dehdhoo Gemanafushi 0°27'0"N

Dekaanbaa !! Kodurataa Kan'duhulhudhoo

! 73°3'0"E 73°13'30"E 73°24'0"E 73°34'30"E ! ! ! ! !! 10 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

! GaafuMap Dhaalu IV.9: Gaafu Atoll: Dhaalu Environmentally Atoll, Environmentally Protected Protected and Sensitive Areas and Sensitive Areas ! 73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 73°26'30"E! Nilandhoo ! Nilandhoo Kan'du Dhaandhoo Doragallah Thila!

! Shigalla Kan'du ! Dhevvadhoo

^ Havodigalaa

THINADHOO o

0°28'30"N Madaveli 0°28'30"N Keyolhu Faru with Hulaa Thila area !! ! Hoan'dehdhoo

Dekaanbaa ! ! Kodurataa

Kan'duhulhudhoo !Kalhuhutta

!Mathaidhoo Faanuhutta Mariyamkoae rehaa ! ! Kondehutigalaa Rodhavarrehaa 0°18'0"N ! Gadhdhoo Kan'du ! 0°18'0"N Nadellaa ! Gahdhoo Maahutigalaa ! Gan (turtle beaches) Rathafandhoo Maa-odegalaa ! Femunaidhoo! Vaadhoo Dhigulabaadhoo ! Fiyoari ! ! Faresmaathodaa Beynga kulhi ! Maathodaa

Legend

Administrative Area 0°7'30"N 0°7'30"N

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

! Environmentally Sensitive Area Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Data Sources: ¯ BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); EPA (environmentally sensitive areas); ME (administrative areas, 0 2.25 4.5 9 island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and 0°3'0"S 0°3'0"S Kilometers MLSA (atoll capital islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 73°26'30"E Environmentally Sensitive Areas 11

GnaviyaniMap IV.10:Atoll: Gnaviyani Environmentally Atoll, Environmentally Protected Protected and and Sensitive Areas Sensitive Areas 73°24'40"E 73°25'20"E 73°26'0"E 73°26'40"E

Fuvahmulaku Thundi ! 0°16'40"S 0°16'40"S

! Dhandi magu kulhi

Legend

Administrative Area 0°17'30"S 0°17'30"S

^ City o

Fuvahmulah Domestic Airport ^ ! Environmentally Sensitive Area ! Island Shoreline Fuvahmulaku Bandara Kulhi Reef Boundary Water Body

0°18'20"S 0°18'20"S o 0°19'10"S 0°19'10"S

¯ Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); EPA 0 0.3 0.6 1.2 (environmentally sensitive areas); ME (administrative areas, Kilometers island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (cities). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°24'40"E 73°25'20"E 73°26'0"E 73°26'40"E 12 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Haa Alifu Atoll: Environmentally Protected and SensitiveMap Areas IV.11: Haa Alifu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 72°49'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°10'0"E

Legend

7°13'20"N Administrative Area 7°13'20"N ^ Atoll Capital Island ! Environmentally Sensitive Area Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Thuraakunu ¯ ! Uligan Vangaaru ! Innafinolhu 7°5'0"N ! Uligamu 0 3 6 12 7°5'0"N Kilometers Madulu ! WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Berinmadhoo !

Matheerah Data Sources: ! BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Mulhadhoo Other data from Maldives agencies: EPA (environmentally ! sensitive areas); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, Mulhadhoo reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

Huvarafushi

Ihavandhoo Gallandhoo ! Kelaa 6°56'40"N Farukan huraa Kandaali finolhu 6°56'40"N ! ! ! Dhapparu Filladhoo

Naridhoo ! ^ Vashafaru DHIHDHOO Filladhoo

Maarandhoo Maarandhoo! !Thakandhoo Maarandhoo faru Mulidhoo Utheemu Muraidhoo ! Thakandhoo ! ! Muraidhoo! Utheemu ! ! Maafahi Baarah Baarah 6°48'20"N 6°48'20"N Faridhoo ! Faridhoo Hanimaadhoo ! Ruhfushi Maafaru veligandu ! ! Hanimaadhoo Naivaadhoo Finey ! Theefaridhoo ! Naivaadhoo ! Finey Hirimaradhoo Hirimar adhoo !

72°49'0"E 72°56'0"E! 73°3'0"E 73°10'0"E Nellaidhoo ! !

! ! Environmentally Sensitive Areas 13

! Haa DhaaluMap IV.12: Atoll: Haa DhaaluEnvironmentally Atoll, Environmentally Protected Protected!Mulhadhoo and Sensitive Areas and Sensitive Areas 72°40'0"E 72°50'0"EHuvarafushi 73°0'0"E 73°10'0"E

Ihavandhoo Gallandhoo ! Kelaa Farukan huraa Kandaali finolhu ! ! ! Naridhoo ! ^ Vashafaru Filladhoo DHIHDHOO Maarandhoo Maarandhoo! Thakandhoo ! Mulidhoo Utheemu 6°51'0"N Muraidhoo

! 6°51'0"N ! ! Maafahi ! Thakandhoo Muraidhoo Utheemu ! ! Baarah Faridhoo

Faridhoo Hanimaadhoo o ! Ruhfushi Maafaru veligandu ! Hanimaadhoo ! Finey ! Finey Naivaadhoo Naivaadhoo ! ! Hirimaradhoo ! Theefaridhoo Hirimaradhoo !Nellaidhoo Nellaidhoo Dhonfinolhu Legend !Hirinaidhoo ! Nolhivaranfaru Nolhivaranfaru Administrative Area Kudanaagoashi ! ! Kurinbee

^ Atoll Capital Island ! Nolhivaran o Kurin'bee ! Nolhivaramu Kun'burudhoo

Domestic Airport Kulhudhufushi

!o 6°38'0"N o KULHUDHUFFUSHI

^ 6°38'0"N Keylakunu International Airport ! í

í Port Kumundhoo ! ! Environmentally Sensitive Area VaikaradhooKunburudhoo Kumundhoo !! Island Shoreline Neykurendhoo Vaikaradhoo ! Reef Boundary Neykurendhoo Maavaidhoo Water Body ! Maavaidhoo

Gonaafaru finolhu !

Kudadhoo ! Goidhoo Noomaraa Noomaraa ! ! ! Kan'ditheemu Goidhoo 6°25'0"N

Medhurahburi 6°25'0"N ! Makunudhoo

Feydhoo ! Makunudhoo faru including Innafushi Feydhoo Feevah ! ! Foakaidhoo Bileiyfahi Foakaidhoo! !

Madidhoo ! Milandhoo Narudhoo ! Narudhoo

Naainfaru ! Maroshi ! Medhukunburudhoo ¯ Maroshi ! 6°12'0"N 6°12'0"N

0 4.75 9.5 19 Kilometers Lhaimagu WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N FUNADHOO Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). ! Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); EPA (environmentally sensitive areas); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MED (ports); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

72°40'0"E 72°50'0"E 73°0'0"EKomandoo 73°10'0"E

! 14 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Laamu Atoll:Map IV.13: Environmentally Laamu Atoll, Environmentally Protected Protected and and Sensitive Areas Sensitive Areas 73°16'30"E 73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E

Isdhoo 2°6'0"N 2°6'0"N Dhan'bidhoo

Maabaidhoo

Mundoo

Kalhaidhoo !

Bodufinolhu ! 1°57'0"N 1°57'0"N

Gan

Maavashu ! Bodufengadu (Gan) ! Maavah

Maandhoo

Maandhoo ! o

^ FONADHOO Gaadhoo beach ! Gaadhoo Maamendhoo 1°48'0"N Hithadhoo 1°48'0"N Kunahandhoo

Fares Kuda fares with eastern part of Buduhuraa !

Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o ¯ Domestic Airport Data Sources: ! Environmentally Sensitive Area BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Island Shoreline Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); EPA 0 2.75 5.5 11 (environmentally sensitive areas); ME (administrative areas, Kilometers Reef Boundary island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Water Body 1°39'0"N 1°39'0"N

73°16'30"E 73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E Environmentally Sensitive Areas 15

LhaviyaniMap Atoll:IV.14: Lhaviyani Environmentally Atoll, Environmentally Protected Protected and and Sensitive Areas Sensitive Areas 73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 73°38'30"E

Kuredhu Kanduolhi 5°33'0"N 5°33'0"N

Maagiri !

Hinnavaru Fushivaru Thila

Madivaru Thila !

^NAIFARU

Faadhoo ! 5°26'0"N ! 5°26'0"N Dashugiri finolhu ! Selhlhifushi

Kanifushi Hudhufushi ! !

Kurendhoo Lhohi !

5°19'0"N Lolhsalafushi finolhu ! ! 5°19'0"N Lolhsalafushi ! Varihuraa

Thilamafushi ! Ohluvelifushi

Legend 5°12'0"N Administrative Area 5°12'0"N ^ Atoll Capital Island ! Environmentally Sensitive Area ¯ Environmentally Protected Area Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Island Shoreline 0 2.25 4.5 9 Other data from Maldives agencies: EPA (environmentally Reef Boundary Kilometers protected and sensitive areas); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); Water Body WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 73°38'30"E 16 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

MeemuMap Atoll: IV.15:! Environmentally Meemu Atoll, Environmentally Protected Protected and and Sensitive Areas Sensitive Areas 73°24'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°42'0"E

Dhiggaru Maduhvari Raabandhi huraa 3°6'0"N ! 3°6'0"N Raiymandhoo

! All small island and channels between Rashamugulhi Kandu and Thinviyu dhekunu kandu 2°59'0"N 2°59'0"N

Veyvah Veyvah faru !

Lhazikuraadi Mulah !Mulah

Muli ! MULI ^! South of Muli channel and leeward side of the lagoon area

Naalaafushi

! 3 Reef systems , Huras and two channels between Thuvaru Dhekukandu and Bodu Kandu Legend 2°52'0"N 2°52'0"N Hakuraa X-press Administrative Area ! ^ Atoll Capital Island ! Environmentally Sensitive Area Bodukandu huraa Environmentally Protected Area ! Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Kurali ! Kolhufushi ¯ Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: EPA (environmentally 0 2.5 5 10 2°45'0"N protected and sensitive areas); ME (administrative areas, Kilometers 2°45'0"N island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°24'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°42'0"E Environmentally Sensitive Areas 17

Noonu Atoll:Map IV.16: Environmentally Noonu Atoll, Environmentally Protected! Protectedand and Sensitive Areas ! Sensitive Areas ! 73°10'0"E 73°15'0"E 73°20'0"E 73°25'0"E

Burehifasdhoo Kendhikulhudhoo Kulhi ! ! Hen'badhoo

Ken'dhikulhudhoo

Maalhendhoo 5°54'0"N 5°54'0"N Kudafari Landhoo ! Kuramaadhoo ! Landhoo

Dhathaafaru !

Goanbilivaadhoo ! ! Maafaru Lhohi Lhohi

Miladhoo 5°47'0"N 5°47'0"N Magoodhoo MANADHOO ^! Fodhdhipparu ! Manadhoo Holhudhoo Fohdhoo Dhigurah Bodufinolhu ! ! Thaburudhdhufaru !

Vattaru ! 5°40'0"N Velidhoo 5°40'0"N Raafushi Dhonaerikandoodhoo ! !

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island ! Environmentally Sensitive Area Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body 5°33'0"N 5°33'0"N

Maagiri ! Data Sources: ¯ BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: EPA (environmentally 0 2.75 5.5 11 sensitive areas); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, Hinnavaru reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital Kilometers islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°10'0"E 73°15'0"E 73°20'0"E ! 73°25'0"E

! 18 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

North MapMalé IV.17: Atoll: North Environmentally Malé Atoll, Environmentally Protected Protected and and Sensitive Areas Sensitive Areas Kaashidhoo ! 73°21'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°39'0"E 73°48'0"E

Kaashidhoo !

4°52'30"N Kaashidhoo 4°52'30"N

Gaafaru Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island

4°41'0"N City

^ 4°41'0"N o

International Airport

í Port ! Environmentally Sensitive Area Environmentally Protected Area Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Makunudhoo Kandu Olhi Water Body

Madivaru beyru ! 4°29'30"N

Kuda Thila 4°29'30"N ! !Gaavimas Faru Meeru Corner Bodu Hithi Thila ! ! Dhihfushi

Rasfari island, lagoon and the surrounding reef

Nerukonunu fasgandu ! THULUSDHOO Thulusdhoo Beyru kan'du ^! Huraagandu ! !Lhohifushi beyru kan'du Huraa Huraa Mangrove Area Himmafushi Thamburudhoo Thila Okobe Thila ! ¯ 4°18'0"N 4°18'0"N Lankan Thila Maagiri Reef 0 4.25 8.5 17 ! Kilometers Kudakohdhipparu Finolhu ! Gaathugiri WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Farukolhufushi Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry).

Kuda Haa Hulhumale' Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); EPA o (environmentally protected and sensitive areas); ME Gulhifalhu Medhuga onna kohlavaanee (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MED (ports); and MLSA (atoll capital islands Dhekunu Thilafalhuge Miyaruvan í^ MALE' and cities). Vilin'gili

73°21'0"E !! ! 73°30'0"E 73°39'0"E 73°48'0"E !!

Emboodhoo Kanduolhi Environmentally Sensitive Areas 19

Raa Atoll:Map Environmentally IV.18: Raa Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Protected and Sensitive Areas Sensitive Areas ! 72°40'0"E 72°48'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°4'0"E

Alifushi 5°53'0"N 5°53'0"N

Vaadhoo

Rasgetheemu An'golhitheemu Kandoogandu !

Hulhudhuffaaru o 5°42'0"N 5°42'0"N

^UN'GOOFAARU

Dhuvaafaru Legend Maakurathu Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o Rasmaadhoo Domestic Airport Innamaadhoo ! Environmentally Sensitive Area Gemanaa Bodufarufinolhu ! Vandhoo ! ! Island Shoreline Muhlaafushi ! Reef Boundary 5°31'0"N Water Body 5°31'0"N Neyo ! Maduvvari In'guraidhoo Fainu Meedhoo ¯ Kinolhas

0 3.25 6.5 13 Kilometers Dheburidheythereyvaadhu ! WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Gaagandu faru huraa ! Bathalaa huraa Data Sources: Bathalaa BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). ! !! Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); EPA Vinaneifaru huraa ! (environmentally sensitive areas); ME (administrative areas, Dhigufaru-vinagandu island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); Vinanei faru !

5°20'0"N and MLSA (atoll capital islands). 5°20'0"N

Kudarikilu ! 72°40'0"E 72°48'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°4'0"E ! !

! 20 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

! ^ ShaviyaniMap Atoll:IV.19: Shaviyani Environmentally Atoll, Environmentally Protected Protected and and Sensitive Areas Sensitive Areas ! 72°52'30"E 73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E Kumundhoo Kumundhoo ! Vaikaradhoo Kunburudhoo !! Neykurendhoo Vaikaradhoo ! Neykurendhoo Maavaidhoo ! Maavaidhoo 6°30'0"N 6°30'0"N

Gonaafaru finolhu !

Kandeetheemu ! Noomaraa Noomaraa ! ! Goidhoo ! Kan'ditheemu Goidhoo Kudadhoo

Feydhoo ! Feevah Feydhoo ! Feevah Foakaidhoo Bileiyfahi Foakaidhoo! Nalandhoo

6°20'0"N ! 6°20'0"N

Madidhoo Milandhoo ! ! Milandhoo

Legend Narudhoo ! Administrative Area Narudhoo Maakandoodhoo ^ Atoll Capital Island ! ! Environmentally Sensitive Area Naainfaru ! ! Maroshi Migoodhoo Island Shoreline Maroshi ! Reef Boundary ! Farukolhu dhonveli huraa Water Body Medhukunburudhoo ! 6°10'0"N Lhaimagu ! 6°10'0"N ^FUNADHOO Ganbaakulhi

Firunbaidhoo ! Eriyadhoo !

Ekasdhoo ! Data Sources: Komandoo BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: EPA (environmentally Maaun'goodhoo sensitive areas); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). Kudalhaimandhoo Keekimini ! ! ! 6°0'0"N 6°0'0"N Bodulhamendhoo

Alifushi Hen'badhoo ¯ Ken'dhikulhudhoo

0 3.75 7.5 15 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Kuramaadhoo ! 72°52'30"E 73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E Vaadhoo ! Environmentally Sensitive Areas 21

SouthMap Malé IV.20: Atoll: South Environmentally Malé Atoll, Environmentally Protected Protected and and Sensitive Areas Sensitive Areas 73°24'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°32'0"E 73°36'0"E

! ! ! ! Velassaru Corner, Beyru & Caves ! Vaadhoo Caves/Vadhoo Channel (all outside reef of Velassaru)

! 4°6'0"N 4°6'0"N Bolidhufaru Corner/Beyru Emboodhoo Kanduolhi ! Embudhoo Canyon 4°0'0"N 4°0'0"N Gulhi

Legend

Administrative Area ! Environmentally Sensitive Area Maafushi Environmentally Protected Area Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Cocoa Thila/Cocoa Corner/Kandhooma Thila ! Guraidhoo 3°54'0"N ¯ 3°54'0"N Guraidhoo Kanduolhi 0 1.75 3.5 7 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: EPA (environmentally protected and sensitive areas); and ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies). 3°48'0"N 3°48'0"N

73°24'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°32'0"E 73°36'0"E 22 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Thaa Atoll:Map Environmentally IV.21: Thaa Atoll, Environmentally Protected andProtected and Sensitive Areas Sensitive Areas 72°54'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°12'0"E 73°21'0"E

Burunee

Vilufushi 2°30'0"N 2°30'0"N

! Olhufushi ! Fondhoo area Olhufushi finolhu ! Madifushi

Dhiyamigili !Kafidhoo Guraidhoo 2°20'0"N 2°20'0"N !Kan'doodhoo Kandoodhoo

!Vandhoo Vandhoo

Hirilandhoo

Gaadhihfushi Hiriyanfushio Kanimeedhoo beach Kani ! Thimarafushi ! Veymandoo ! ^! VEYMANDOO Vanbadhi Dhururehaa Legend ! ! Kuredhifushi

2°10'0"N Omadhoo Kin'bidhoo 2°10'0"N Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport ! ¯ Environmentally Sensitive Area

Island Shoreline 0 3.5 7 14 Reef Boundary Kilometers Water Body WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N 2°0'0"N 2°0'0"N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); EPA (environmentally sensitive areas); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

72°54'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°12'0"E 73°21'0"E

! Environmentally Sensitive Areas 23

Vaavu Atoll:Map IV.22: Environmentally Vaavu Atoll, Environmentally Protected Protectedand and Sensitive Areas Sensitive Areas 73°20'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°44'0"E

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island ! Environmentally Sensitive Area Fulidhoo Environmentally Protected Area Fulhafi Kandu ! Island Shoreline 3°40'0"N Reef Boundary 3°40'0"N

Kudhibolifinolhu Water Body ! Medhu Kan'du !

Miyaru Kand

Kuda Dhiggaru Falhu with Kuda Dhiggaru Kandu !

Aarah ! Huralhu Kandu with the Sand Bank 3°30'0"N Thinadhoo ! 3°30'0"N Fuhsaru reef system ! FELIDHOO^ Keyodhoo ! ! Foththeyo Bodufushi with reef system up Kashivaru Kan'du to first channel on northwest

Anbaraa Ambara House Reef !! Ruhhurihuraa ! ! Ambara Thila 3°20'0"N 3°20'0"N Rakeedhoo ¯ !

Rakeedhoo Kan'du 0 3.5 7 14 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°20'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°44'0"E

! 24 Coastal Protection

Ocean waves, the changing mean sea level, beach erosion, and anthropogenic activities such as coral and sand mining threaten the coastal ecosystems. To protect their precious resources, the people of Maldives have identified sites to be safeguarded against coastal erosion. The coasts of 51 inhabited islands have coastal protection sites. Coastal protection is an important task for Maldivians as the coastal ecosystems—specifically the mangroves and coral reefs—also serve as a buffer from storm surges, inundation, and tsunamis. Having a well-protected coast also preserves the country’s rich aquatic resources.

Table IV.1: Maldives, Islands with Coastal Protection

Atoll Number Island Atoll Number Island Addu City 1 Feydhoo Laamu 1 Gaadhoo Alifu Alifu 3 Bodufolhudhoo Lhaviyani 2 Hinnavaru Rasdhooa Kurehdhoo Ukulhas Malé City 5 Hulhule Alifu Dhaalu 2 Kun’burudhoo HulhuMalé Maamigili Maléb Baa 3 Eydhafushia Thilafushi Fares Vilin’gili Thulhaadhoo Meemu 3 Dhiggaru Dhaalu 4 Kudahuvadhooa Mulia Maaen’boodhoo Naalaafushi Meedhoo Noonu 2 Holhudhoo Rin’budhoo Maafaru Faafu 1 Nilandhooa Raa 3 Dhuvaafaru Gaafu Alifu 3 Vilin’gilia Fainu Faresmaathodaa Maduvvari Gahdhoo Shaviyani 2 Bileiyfahi Haa Alifu 3 Dhidhdhooa Komandoo Ihavandhoo Thaa 6 Dhiyamigili Kelaa Guraidhoo

continued on next page Coastal Protection 25

Table IV.1 continued

Atoll Number Island Atoll Number Island Haa Dhaalu 3 Finey Kan’doodhoo Kulhudhuffushia Madifushi Neykurendhoo Thimarafushi Kaafu 4 Guraidhoo Vilufushi Himmafushi Maafushi Thulusdhooa

Notes: a Atoll capital. b City. Source: Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure, 2017. 26 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Maldives: Coastal ProtectionMap IV.23: Maldives, Coastal Protection

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E

HAA ALIFU ATOLL (HA) ^ o

Legend HAA o DHAALU ^ Administrative Area ATOLL í (HDh) SHAVIYANI Administrative Atoll ATOLL ^ Atoll Capital Island

^ (Sh)

^ City NOONU o

6°0'0"N ATOLL Domestic Airport 6°0'0"N

o (N) ^ o RAA ^ ATOLL International Airport (R) LHAVIYANI ^ ATOLL

(Lh) í Port o Coastal Protection ^ BAA Island Shoreline ATOLL NORTH (B) MALÉ Reef Boundary ATOLL (K) Water Body

ALIFU

ALIFU ^ ATOLL ^ o (AA) SOUTH í^ MALÉ ATOLL

4°0'0"N (K) 4°0'0"N

ALIFU ^

DHAALU ATOLL o VAAVU (ADh) ^ ATOLL (V) FAAFU I N D I A N O C E A N ATOLL (F) ^ MEEMU ^ ATOLL

DHAALU (M) ATOLL o

(Dh) ^ THAA o ATOLL ^ (Th)

2°0'0"N ^o 2°0'0"N LAAMU ATOLL (L) A r a b i a n S e a

GAAFU ALIFU ATOLL (GA)

^o ^o

GAAFU DHAALU ATOLL (GDh)

0°0'0" ¯ 0°0'0" GNAVIYANI ATOLL (Go n) Data Sources: ^ BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports);

025 50 100 150 ME (administrative areas and atolls, island shorelines, reef Kilometers ^o boundaries, and water bodies); MED (ports); MLSA (atoll WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N ADDU ATOLL (S) í capital islands and cities); and MNPI (coastal protections).

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E Coastal Protection 27

Addu City: Coastal MapProtection IV.24: Addu City, Coastal Protection

73°5'0"E 73°7'30"E 73°10'0"E 73°12'30"E 0°34'30"S 0°34'30"S

Meedhoo

Hulhudhoo ^ Hithadhoo

í 0°38'0"S 0°38'0"S

Maradhoo

Maradhoofeydhoo

Feydhoo o 0°41'30"S 0°41'30"S

Legend

Administrative Area

^ City o 0°45'0"S 0°45'0"S International Airport ¯ í Port Data Sources: Coastal Protection BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Island Shoreline Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); 0 1 2 4 ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, Kilometers Reef Boundary and water bodies); MED (ports); MLSA (cities); and MNPI (coastal protections). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Water Body

73°5'0"E 73°7'30"E 73°10'0"E 73°12'30"E 28 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Alifu Alifu Atoll: CoastalMap IV.25: Protection Alifu Alifu Atoll, Coastal Protection

72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E

Thohdoo 4°21'0"N 4°21'0"N

^ RASDHOO

Ukulhas 4°12'30"N 4°12'30"N Bodufolhudhoo Mathiveri

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island

Coastal Protection

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body 4°4'0"N Feridhoo 4°4'0"N ¯

0 3 6 12 Maalhos Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, Himendhoo island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (coastal protections). 3°55'30"N 3°55'30"N

72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E Coastal Protection 29

Alifu Dhaalu: CoastalMap IV.26: Protection Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Protection

72°38'0"E 72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E

Himendhoo 3°54'0"N 3°54'0"N

Hangnaameedhoo

Omadhoo

Kun'burudhoo ^ MAHIBADHOO 3°45'0"N 3°45'0"N

Mandhoo

Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

International Airport

Coastal Protection

Island Shoreline Dhangethi 3°36'0"N Reef Boundary 3°36'0"N Water Body

Dhigurah

Fenfushi o Dhihdhoo Maamigili ¯ 3°27'0"N

Data Sources: 3°27'0"N BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); 0 2.75 5.5 11 ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, Kilometers and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (coastal protections). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°38'0"E 72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 30 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Baa Atoll: Coastal ProtectionMap IV.27: Baa Atoll, Coastal Protection

72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 73°10'30"E 5°20'0"N 5°20'0"N

Kudarikilu

Kendhoo Kamadhoo

Kihaadhoo 5°12'0"N 5°12'0"N

Dhonfanu o Dharavandhoo

Maalhos

^ EYDHAFUSHI 5°4'0"N 5°4'0"N

Thulhaadhoo

Hithaadhoo 4°56'0"N ¯ 4°56'0"N Legend

Administrative Area 0 3 6 12

^ Atoll Capital Island Kilometers o Fehendhoo WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Domestic Airport Fulhadhoo

Goidhoo Coastal Protection Data Sources: Island Shoreline BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); Reef Boundary ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI Water Body (coastal protections).

72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 73°10'30"E Coastal Protection 31

Dhaalu Atoll: CoastalMap ProtectionIV.28: Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Protection

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E

Meedhoo 3°0'0"N 3°0'0"N

Ban'didhoo

Rin'budhoo 2°54'0"N 2°54'0"N

Hulhudheli 2°48'0"N 2°48'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

Coastal Protection

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body ¯ 2°42'0"N 2°42'0"N 0 2 4 8 Maaen'boodhoo

Kilometers WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N KUDAHUVADHOO o Data Sources: ^ BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (coastal protections).

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E 32 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Faafu Atoll: CoastalMap Protection IV.29: Faafu Atoll, Coastal Protection

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E 3°18'0"N 3°18'0"N

Feeali

Legend

Administrative Area 3°12'0"N 3°12'0"N ^ Atoll Capital Island

Coastal Protection

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Bileiydhoo 3°6'0"N 3°6'0"N ¯ Magoodhoo ^ Dharan'boodhoo 0 2.25 4.5 9 NILANDHOO Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (coastal protections).

Meedhoo 3°0'0"N 3°0'0"N

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E Coastal Protection 33

Gaafu Alifu: CoastalMap IV.30:Protection Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Coastal Protection

73°3'0"E 73°13'30"E 73°24'0"E 73°34'30"E 1°7'30"N

Legend 1°7'30"N

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

Coastal Protection

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ¯ ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (coastal protections). 0 4 8 16 0°54'0"N Kilometers 0°54'0"N WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Kolamaafushi

Falhuverrahaa

^ VILIN'GILI o

Maamendhoo 0°40'30"N 0°40'30"N

Nilandhoo Dhaandhoo

Dhevvadhoo

THINADHOO o Kon'dey

Dhiyadhoo Madaveli Gemanafushi 0°27'0"N Hoan'dehdhoo 0°27'0"N

Kan'duhulhudhoo

73°3'0"E 73°13'30"E 73°24'0"E 73°34'30"E

Gahdhoo 34 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll:Map IV.31:Coastal Gaafu Protection Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Protection

73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 73°26'30"E Nilandhoo Dhaandhoo

Dhevvadhoo

THINADHOO o Kon'dey

Dhiyadhoo

0°28'30"N Madaveli 0°28'30"N

Hoan'dehdhoo

Kan'duhulhudhoo

Gahdhoo 0°18'0"N Nadellaa 0°18'0"N Rodhavarrehaa

Rathafandhoo Vaadhoo Fiyoari

Faresmaathodaa

Legend

Administrative Area

0°7'30"N ^ Atoll Capital Island 0°7'30"N o

Domestic Airport

Coastal Protection

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Data Sources: ¯ BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, 0 2.25 4.5 9 and water bodies ); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI 0°3'0"S 0°3'0"S Kilometers (coastal protections). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 73°26'30"E Coastal Protection 35

Gnaviyani Atoll: CoastalMap IV.32: Protection Gnaviyani Atoll, Coastal Protection

73°24'40"E 73°25'20"E 73°26'0"E 73°26'40"E 0°16'40"S 0°16'40"S

Legend 0°17'30"S 0°17'30"S Administrative Area

Fuvahmulah ^ City o

^ Domestic Airport

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

0°18'20"S 0°18'20"S o 0°19'10"S 0°19'10"S

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 0.3 0.6 1.2 Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); Kilometers ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (cities). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°24'40"E 73°25'20"E 73°26'0"E 73°26'40"E 36 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Haa Alifu Atoll: CoastalMap IV.33: Protection Haa Alifu Atoll, Coastal Protection

72°49'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°10'0"E

Legend

Administrative Area 7°13'20"N 7°13'20"N ^ Atoll Capital Island

Coastal Protection

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Thuraakunu ¯ Uligamu 7°5'0"N

0 3 6 12 7°5'0"N Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, Mulhadhoo island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (coastal protections).

Huvarafushi

Ihavandhoo Kelaa 6°56'40"N 6°56'40"N

Vashafaru ^ DHIHDHOO Filladhoo

Maarandhoo Thakandhoo

Muraidhoo Utheemu

Baarah 6°48'20"N 6°48'20"N

Faridhoo

Hanimaadhoo Naivaadhoo Finey

Hirimaradhoo

72°49'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°10'0"E Nellaidhoo Coastal Protection 37

Mulhadhoo Haa Dhaalu Atoll:Map Coastal IV.34: Haa Protection Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Protection

72°40'0"E 72°50'0"EHuvarafushi 73°0'0"E 73°10'0"E

Ihavandhoo Kelaa

Vashafaru ^ Filladhoo DHIHDHOO Maarandhoo Thakandhoo 6°51'0"N 6°51'0"N Utheemu Muraidhoo Baarah

Legend Faridhoo Hanimaadhoo o Administrative Area Naivaadhoo Finey

^ Atoll Capital Island o Hirimaradhoo

Domestic Airport Nellaidhoo o Nolhivaranfaru International Airport Nolhivaramu

Port Kurin'bee

í Kun'burudhoo Coastal Protection o KULHUDHUFFUSHI 6°38'0"N

^ 6°38'0"N Island Shoreline í Reef Boundary Water Body

Kumundhoo Vaikaradhoo

Neykurendhoo Maavaidhoo

Noomaraa Kan'ditheemu Goidhoo Makunudhoo 6°25'0"N 6°25'0"N

Feydhoo Feevah Foakaidhoo Bileiyfahi

Milandhoo

Narudhoo

¯ Maroshi 6°12'0"N 6°12'0"N 0 4.75 9.5 19 Kilometers Lhaimagu WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N FUNADHOO Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MED (ports); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (coastal protections).

72°40'0"E 72°50'0"E 73°0'0"EKomandoo 73°10'0"E 38 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Laamu Atoll: CoastalMap Protection IV.35: Laamu Atoll, Coastal Protection

73°16'30"E 73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E

Isdhoo 2°6'0"N 2°6'0"N Dhan'bidhoo

Maabaidhoo

Mundoo 1°57'0"N 1°57'0"N

Gan

Maavah

Maandhoo o

^ FONADHOO Gaadhoo Maamendhoo 1°48'0"N Hithadhoo 1°48'0"N Kunahandhoo

Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o ¯ Domestic Airport Data Sources: Coastal Protection BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Island Shoreline Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); 0 2.75 5.5 11 ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, Kilometers Reef Boundary and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (coastal protections). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Water Body 1°39'0"N 1°39'0"N

73°16'30"E 73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E Coastal Protection 39

Lhaviyani Atoll: CoastalMap IV.36: Protection Lhaviyani Atoll, Coastal Protection

73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 73°38'30"E 5°33'0"N 5°33'0"N

Hinnavaru

^NAIFARU 5°26'0"N 5°26'0"N

Kurendhoo 5°19'0"N 5°19'0"N

Ohluvelifushi

Legend 5°12'0"N 5°12'0"N Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island ¯ Coastal Protection

Island Shoreline Data Sources: 0 2.25 4.5 9 BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Reef Boundary Kilometers Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA Water Body WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (coastal protections).

73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 73°38'30"E 40 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Meemu Atoll: CoastalMap IV.37:Protection Meemu Atoll, Coastal Protection

73°24'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°42'0"E

Dhiggaru Maduhvari 3°6'0"N 3°6'0"N

Raiymandhoo 2°59'0"N 2°59'0"N

Veyvah Mulah

^ MULI

Naalaafushi

Legend 2°52'0"N 2°52'0"N Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island

Coastal Protection

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Kolhufushi ¯

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 2.5 5 10 2°45'0"N Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, Kilometers 2°45'0"N island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (coastal protections). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°24'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°42'0"E Coastal Protection 41

Noonu Atoll: CoastalMap Protection IV.38: Noonu Atoll, Coastal Protection

73°10'0"E 73°15'0"E 73°20'0"E 73°25'0"E

Hen'badhoo

Ken'dhikulhudhoo

Maalhendhoo 5°54'0"N 5°54'0"N Kudafari

Landhoo

Maafaru Lhohi

Miladhoo 5°47'0"N 5°47'0"N Magoodhoo ^MANADHOO

Fohdhoo Holhudhoo 5°40'0"N Velidhoo 5°40'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island

Coastal Protection

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary 5°33'0"N 5°33'0"N Water Body ¯ Data Sources: Hinnavaru BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 2.75 5.5 11 Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, Kilometers island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (coastal protections). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°10'0"E 73°15'0"E 73°20'0"E 73°25'0"E

^ 42 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

North Malé Atoll:Map Coastal IV.39: NorthProtection Malé Atoll, Coastal Protection Kaashidhoo

73°21'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°39'0"E 73°48'0"E

Kaashidhoo 4°52'30"N 4°52'30"N

Gaafaru Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island

4°41'0"N City

^ 4°41'0"N o

International Airport

í Port Coastal Protection

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body 4°29'30"N 4°29'30"N

Dhihfushi

THULUSDHOO^

Huraa Himmafushi ¯ 4°18'0"N 4°18'0"N

0 4.25 8.5 17 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Farukolhufushi Data Sources:

BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry).

Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); o Hulhumale' ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, MALE' and water bodies); MED (ports); MLSA (atoll capital islands í^ and cities); and MNPI (coastal protections). Vilin'gili

73°21'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°39'0"E 73°48'0"E Coastal Protection 43

Raa Atoll: Coastal ProtectionMap IV.40: Raa Atoll, Coastal Protection

72°40'0"E 72°48'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°4'0"E

Alifushi 5°53'0"N 5°53'0"N

Vaadhoo

Rasgetheemu An'golhitheemu

Hulhudhuffaaru o 5°42'0"N 5°42'0"N Legend ^UN'GOOFAARU Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport Dhuvaafaru Coastal Protection

Island Shoreline Maakurathu Reef Boundary Water Body

Rasmaadhoo Innamaadhoo 5°31'0"N 5°31'0"N

Maduvvari In'guraidhoo

Fainu Meedhoo ¯ Kinolhas

0 3.25 6.5 13 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI

5°20'0"N (coastal protections). 5°20'0"N

Kudarikilu

72°40'0"E 72°48'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°4'0"E Kendhoo Kamadhoo 44 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

^ Shaviyani Atoll: CoastalMap IV.41: Protection Shaviyani Atoll, Coastal Protection

72°52'30"E 73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E

Kumundhoo Vaikaradhoo

Neykurendhoo Maavaidhoo 6°30'0"N 6°30'0"N

Noomaraa Kan'ditheemu Goidhoo

Feydhoo Feevah

Foakaidhoo Bileiyfahi 6°20'0"N 6°20'0"N

Milandhoo Legend Narudhoo Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island

Coastal Protection

Island Shoreline Maroshi Reef Boundary Water Body 6°10'0"N Lhaimagu ^ 6°10'0"N FUNADHOO

Data Sources: Komandoo BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (coastal protections). Maaun'goodhoo 6°0'0"N 6°0'0"N

Alifushi Hen'badhoo ¯ Ken'dhikulhudhoo

0 3.75 7.5 15 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°52'30"E 73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E Vaadhoo Coastal Protection 45

South Malé Atoll:Map Coastal IV.42: SouthProtection Malé Atoll, Coastal Protection

73°24'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°32'0"E 73°36'0"E 4°6'0"N 4°6'0"N 4°0'0"N 4°0'0"N Gulhi

Legend

Administrative Area

Maafushi Coastal Protection

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Guraidhoo 3°54'0"N ¯ 3°54'0"N

0 1.75 3.5 7 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MNPI (coastal protections). 3°48'0"N 3°48'0"N

73°24'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°32'0"E 73°36'0"E 46 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Thaa Atoll: CoastalMap Protection IV.43: Thaa Atoll, Coastal Protection

72°54'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°12'0"E 73°21'0"E

Burunee

2°30'0"N Vilufushi 2°30'0"N

Madifushi

Dhiyamigili

2°20'0"N Guraidhoo Kan'doodhoo 2°20'0"N

Vandhoo

Hirilandhoo

Gaadhihfushi Hiriyanfushio

Thimarafushi ^VEYMANDOO

Kin'bidhoo Legend Omadhoo 2°10'0"N 2°10'0"N Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o Domestic Airport ¯ Coastal Protection

Island Shoreline 0 3.5 7 14 Kilometers Reef Boundary WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Water Body 2°0'0"N 2°0'0"N

72°54'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°12'0"E 73°21'0"E Coastal Protection 47

Vaavu Atoll: CoastalMap Protection IV.44: Vaavu Atoll, Coastal Protection

73°20'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°44'0"E

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island Fulidhoo Island Shoreline Reef Boundary 3°40'0"N Water Body 3°40'0"N 3°30'0"N Thinadhoo 3°30'0"N

FELIDHOO^ Keyodhoo 3°20'0"N 3°20'0"N Rakeedhoo ¯

0 3.5 7 14 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies ); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). 3°10'0"N 3°10'0"N

73°20'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°44'0"E Marine Conservation 48 and Biodiversity

Maldives has greater coral reef coverage than available dry land. It has diverse and rich coral reefs, lagoons teeming with aquatic life, Diverse and rich coral reefs. About 100,000 divers visit mangrove ecosystems where fingerlings as well as avian creatures find Maldives every year refuge, beaches where turtles lay their eggs, and seagrass beds. Human (photo by Fonthip Warrd). activities, coastal erosion, and changing climate patterns—specifically warmer seas—threaten the rich marine resources, particularly leading to coral bleaching. To protect this, the Marine Research Centre (now called ‘Marine Research Institute’) established coral reef monitoring sites in the 1990s to address the coral bleaching event that occurred in 1998 (Ibrahim et al. 2017). Coral reef monitoring sites can be found in the islands of Addu City and Alifu Alifu, Gaafu Alifu, Haa Dhaalu, North Malé, Seemu, and Vaavu atolls.

Table IV.2: Maldives, Islands with Coral Reef Monitoring Sites

Atoll Island Haa Dhaalu Hondaafushi Haa Dhaalu Finey Haa Dhaalu Hirimaradhoo North Malé Bodubandos

North Malé Udhafushi Aquatic life. Moray eels North Malé Enboodhoofinolhu on corals (photo by Julian Svoboda). Alifu Alifu Fesdhoo Alifu Alifu Maayaafushi Alifu Alifu Velidhoo Alifu Alifu Kandhonlhudhoo Vaavu Anbaraa Vaavu Vattaru Vaavu Foththeyo Gaafu Alifu Kooddoo Seemu Hithadhoo Seemu Gan Seemu Vilingili

Source: Maldives Marine Research Centre, 2017. Biodiversity—Volume IV 49 Biodiversity. Coral reef teeming with life (photo by Fonthip Warrd). 50 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Addu City: BiodiversityMap IV.45: Addu City, Biodiversity

73°5'0"E 73°7'30"E 73°10'0"E 73°12'30"E 0°34'30"S 0°34'30"S o Meedhoo

Hulhudhoo ^ Hithadhoo

í 0°38'0"S 0°38'0"S O

Maradhoo

Maradhoofeydhoo o

Feydhoo o o 0°41'30"S 0°41'30"S

Legend

Administrative Area

^ City o

International Airport

Port 0°45'0"S 0°45'0"S í o Coral Reef Monitoring Site ¯ O Fish Aggregating Device (FAD) Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Mangrove Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME Island Shoreline (administrative areas, mangroves, island shorelines, reef 0 1 2 4 boundaries, and water bodies); MED (ports); MFMRA (fish Kilometers Reef Boundary aggregating devices); MLSA (cities); and MRC (coral reef monitoring sites). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Water Body

73°5'0"E 73°7'30"E 73°10'0"E 73°12'30"E Marine Conservation and Biodiversity 51

Alifu Alifu Atoll: BiodiversityMap IV.46: Alifu Alifu Atoll, Biodiversity

72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E

Thohdoo 4°21'0"N 4°21'0"N

^RASDHOO

Ukulhas 4°12'30"N 4°12'30"N

Mathiveri Bodufolhudhoo o

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island o Coral Reef Monitoring Site Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body o 4°4'0"N Feridhoo 4°4'0"N ¯

o 0 3 6 12 Maalhos Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA Himendhoo (atoll capital islands); and MRC (coral reef monitoring sites). 3°55'30"N 3°55'30"N

72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 52 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Alifu Dhaalu: BiodiversityMap IV.47: Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Biodiversity

72°38'0"E 72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E

Himendhoo 3°54'0"N 3°54'0"N

Hangnaameedhoo

Omadhoo

Kun'burudhoo ^ MAHIBADHOO 3°45'0"N 3°45'0"N

Mandhoo

Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

International Airport

Island Shoreline Dhangethi 3°36'0"N Reef Boundary 3°36'0"N Water Body

Dhigurah

Fenfushi o Dhihdhoo Maamigili ¯ 3°27'0"N 3°27'0"N Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 2.75 5.5 11 Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME Kilometers (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°38'0"E 72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E Marine Conservation and Biodiversity 53

Baa Atoll: Biodiversity Map IV.48: Baa Atoll, Biodiversity

72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 73°10'30"E 5°20'0"N 5°20'0"N

Kudarikilu

Kendhoo Kamadhoo

Kihaadhoo 5°12'0"N 5°12'0"N

Dhonfanu o Dharavandhoo

Maalhos

^ EYDHAFUSHI 5°4'0"N 5°4'0"N

Thulhaadhoo

Hithaadhoo 4°56'0"N ¯ 4°56'0"N Legend

Administrative Area 0 3 6 12 Kilometers

^ Atoll Capital Island o Fehendhoo WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Fulhadhoo Domestic Airport Goidhoo Island Shoreline Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Reef Boundary Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and Water Body water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 73°10'30"E 54 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Dhaalu Atoll: BiodiversityMap IV.49: Dhaalu Atoll, Biodiversity

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E

Meedhoo 3°0'0"N 3°0'0"N

Ban'didhoo

Rin'budhoo 2°54'0"N 2°54'0"N

Hulhudheli

Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o 2°48'0"N 2°48'0"N Domestic Airport

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

¯ 2°42'0"N 2°42'0"N Maaen'boodhoo 0 2 4 8

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E Marine Conservation and Biodiversity 55

Faafu Atoll: BiodiversityMap IV.50: Faafu Atoll, Biodiversity

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E 3°18'0"N 3°18'0"N

Feeali

Legend 3°12'0"N 3°12'0"N Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Bileiydhoo 3°6'0"N 3°6'0"N ¯ Magoodhoo ^ Dharan'boodhoo 0 2.25 4.5 9 NILANDHOO Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Meedhoo 3°0'0"N 3°0'0"N

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E 56 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Gaafu Alifu: BiodiversityMap IV.51: Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Biodiversity

73°3'0"E 73°13'30"E 73°24'0"E 73°34'30"E 1°7'30"N Legend 1°7'30"N

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

o Coral Reef Monitoring Site O Fish Aggregating Device (FAD) Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME ¯ (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MFMRA (fish aggregating devices); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MRC (coral reef monitoring sites). 0 4 8 16 0°54'0"N Kilometers 0°54'0"N WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Kolamaafushi O

Falhuverrahaa

^ VILIN'GILI o o

Maamendhoo 0°40'30"N 0°40'30"N

Nilandhoo Dhaandhoo

Dhevvadhoo

THINADHOO o Kon'dey

Dhiyadhoo Madaveli

Gemanafushi 0°27'0"N Hoan'dehdhoo 0°27'0"N

Kan'duhulhudhoo

73°3'0"E 73°13'30"E 73°24'0"E 73°34'30"E

Gahdhoo Rodhavarrehaa Nadellaa O Marine Conservation and Biodiversity 57

Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll:Map Biodiversity IV.52: Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll, Biodiversity

73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 73°26'30"E Nilandhoo Dhaandhoo

Dhevvadhoo

THINADHOO o 0°28'30"N Madaveli 0°28'30"N

Hoan'dehdhoo

Gahdhoo 0°18'0"N Nadellaa Rodhavarrehaa 0°18'0"N O

Rathafandhoo Vaadhoo Fiyoari

Faresmaathodaa

Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island 0°7'30"N o 0°7'30"N Domestic Airport

O Fish Aggregating Device (FAD) Mangrove Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Data Sources: ¯ BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME (administrative areas, mangroves, island shorelines, reef 0 2.25 4.5 9 boundaries, and water bodies); MFMRA (fish aggregating 0°3'0"S 0°3'0"S Kilometers devices); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 73°26'30"E 58 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Gnaviyani Atoll: BiodiversityMap IV.53: Gnaviyani Atoll, Biodiversity

73°24'40"E 73°25'20"E 73°26'0"E 73°26'40"E 0°16'40"S 0°16'40"S

Legend Administrative Area 0°17'30"S 0°17'30"S ^ City

Fuvahmulah o ^ Domestic Airport Mangrove Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

0°18'20"S 0°18'20"S o 0°19'10"S 0°19'10"S

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 0.3 0.6 1.2 Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME Kilometers (administrative areas, mangroves, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (cities). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°24'40"E 73°25'20"E 73°26'0"E 73°26'40"E Marine Conservation and Biodiversity 59

Haa Alifu Atoll: BiodiversityMap IV.54: Haa Alifu Atoll, Biodiversity

72°49'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°10'0"E

Legend

Administrative Area 7°13'20"N ^ Atoll Capital Island 7°13'20"N Mangrove Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Thuraakunu ¯ Uligamu 7°5'0"N

0 3 6 12 7°5'0"N Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, Mulhadhoo mangroves, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

Huvarafushi

Ihavandhoo Kelaa 6°56'40"N 6°56'40"N

Vashafaru ^DHIHDHOO Filladhoo

Maarandhoo Thakandhoo

Muraidhoo Utheemu

Baarah 6°48'20"N 6°48'20"N

Faridhoo

Hanimaadhoo Naivaadhoo Finey

Hirimaradhoo

72°49'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°10'0"E 60 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Mulhadhoo Haa Dhaalu Atoll: BiodiversityMap IV.55: Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Biodiversity

72°40'0"E 72°50'0"EHuvarafushi 73°0'0"E 73°10'0"E Ihavandhoo Kelaa

Vashafaru ^ Filladhoo DHIHDHOO Maarandhoo Thakandhoo 6°51'0"N 6°51'0"N Utheemu Muraidhoo Baarah Legend

Faridhoo Administrative Area o o

Hanimaadhoo

^ Atoll Capital Island Naivaadhoo Finey o o

Hirimaradhoo

Domestic Airport Nellaidhoo o o

International Airport Nolhivaranfaru

Port Nolhivaramu í Kurin'bee

o Coral Reef Monitoring Site Kun'burudhoo Mangrove o KULHUDHUFFUSHI 6°38'0"N

^ 6°38'0"N Island Shoreline í Reef Boundary Water Body Kumundhoo Vaikaradhoo

Neykurendhoo Maavaidhoo

Noomaraa Kan'ditheemu Goidhoo Makunudhoo 6°25'0"N 6°25'0"N

Feydhoo Feevah

Bileiyfahi Foakaidhoo

Milandhoo

Narudhoo

¯ Maroshi 6°12'0"N 0 4.75 9.5 19 6°12'0"N Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Lhaimagu FUNADHOO Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME (administrative areas, mangroves, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MED (ports); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MRC (coral reef monitoring sites).

72°40'0"E 72°50'0"E 73°0'0"EKomandoo 73°10'0"E Marine Conservation and Biodiversity 61

Laamu Atoll: BiodiversityMap IV.56: Laamu Atoll, Biodiversity

73°16'30"E 73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E

Isdhoo 2°6'0"N 2°6'0"N Dhan'bidhoo

Maabaidhoo

Mundoo 1°57'0"N 1°57'0"N

Gan

Maavah

Maandhoo o

^ FONADHOO Gaadhoo Maamendhoo 1°48'0"N Hithadhoo 1°48'0"N Kunahandhoo

Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o ¯ Domestic Airport Mangrove Data Sources: Island Shoreline BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 2.75 5.5 11 Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME Kilometers Reef Boundary (administrative areas, mangroves, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Water Body 1°39'0"N 1°39'0"N

73°16'30"E 73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 62 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Lhaviyani Atoll: BiodiversityMap IV.57: Lhaviyani Atoll, Biodiversity

73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 73°38'30"E 5°33'0"N 5°33'0"N

Hinnavaru

^NAIFARU 5°26'0"N O 5°26'0"N

Kurendhoo 5°19'0"N 5°19'0"N

Ohluvelifushi

Legend

Administrative Area 5°12'0"N 5°12'0"N ^ Atoll Capital Island O Fish Aggregating Device (FAD) ¯ Mangrove Island Shoreline Data Sources: 0 2.25 4.5 9 BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Reef Boundary Kilometers Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, mangroves, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water Water Body WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N bodies); MFMRA (fish aggregating devices); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 73°38'30"E Marine Conservation and Biodiversity 63

Meemu Atoll: BiodiversityMap IV.58: Meemu Atoll, Biodiversity

73°24'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°42'0"E

Dhiggaru Maduhvari 3°6'0"N 3°6'0"N

Raiymandhoo 2°59'0"N 2°59'0"N

Veyvah Mulah

^ MULI

Naalaafushi

Legend 2°52'0"N 2°52'0"N Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island Mangrove Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Kolhufushi ¯

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 2.5 5 10 Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, Kilometers 2°45'0"N mangroves, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water 2°45'0"N bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°24'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°42'0"E 64 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Noonu Atoll: BiodiversityMap IV.59: Noonu Atoll, Biodiversity

73°10'0"E 73°15'0"E 73°20'0"E 73°25'0"E

Hen'badhoo

Ken'dhikulhudhoo

Maalhendhoo 5°54'0"N 5°54'0"N Kudafari

Landhoo

Maafaru Lhohi

Miladhoo 5°47'0"N 5°47'0"N Magoodhoo ^MANADHOO

Holhudhoo Fohdhoo 5°40'0"N Velidhoo 5°40'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island Mangrove Island Shoreline 5°33'0"N

Reef Boundary 5°33'0"N Water Body ¯ Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 2.75 5.5 11 Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, Hinnavaru mangroves, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water Kilometers bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°10'0"E 73°15'0"E 73°20'0"E 73°25'0"E

^ Marine Conservation and Biodiversity 65

North Malé Atoll: BiodiversityMap IV.60: North Malé Atoll, Biodiversity Kaashidhoo

73°21'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°39'0"E 73°48'0"E

Kaashidhoo 4°52'30"N 4°52'30"N

Gaafaru Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island

4°41'0"N ^ City 4°41'0"N o

International Airport

í Port o Coral Reef Monitoring Site Mangrove Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body 4°29'30"N 4°29'30"N

Dhihfushi

THULUSDHOO^

Huraa

o Himmafushi 4°18'0"N ¯ 4°18'0"N

o 0 4.25 8.5 17 Kilometers

Farukolhufushi WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources:

Hulhumale' BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). o Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME MALE' (administrative areas, mangroves, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MED (ports); MLSA (atoll í^ capital islands and cities); and MRC (coral reef monitoring sites). Vilin'gili

73°21'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°39'0"E 73°48'0"E o 66 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Raa Atoll: Biodiversity Map IV.61: Raa Atoll, Biodiversity

72°40'0"E 72°48'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°4'0"E

Alifushi 5°53'0"N 5°53'0"N

Vaadhoo

Rasgetheemu An'golhitheemu

Hulhudhuffaaru o 5°42'0"N 5°42'0"N

^UN'GOOFAARU

Dhuvaafaru

Legend Maakurathu

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport Rasmaadhoo Innamaadhoo Mangrove Island Shoreline 5°31'0"N

Reef Boundary 5°31'0"N Water Body

Maduvvari In'guraidhoo Fainu Meedhoo ¯ Kinolhas

0 3.25 6.5 13 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME (administrative areas, mangroves, island shorelines, reef 5°20'0"N boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). 5°20'0"N

Kudarikilu

72°40'0"E 72°48'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°4'0"E Marine Conservation and Biodiversity 67

^ Shaviyani Atoll: BiodiversityMap IV.62: Shaviyani Atoll, Biodiversity

72°52'30"E 73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E

Kumundhoo Vaikaradhoo

Neykurendhoo Maavaidhoo 6°30'0"N 6°30'0"N

Noomaraa Kan'ditheemu Goidhoo

Feydhoo Feevah

Bileiyfahi Foakaidhoo 6°20'0"N 6°20'0"N

Milandhoo Legend

Administrative Area Narudhoo ^ Atoll Capital Island O Fish Aggregating Device (FAD) Mangrove Maroshi Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body 6°10'0"N Lhaimagu ^ 6°10'0"N FUNADHOO O

Data Sources: Komandoo BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, mangroves, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MFMRA (fish aggregating devices); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). Maaun'goodhoo 6°0'0"N 6°0'0"N Alifushi ¯

0 3.75 7.5 15 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°52'30"E 73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 68 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

South Malé Atoll: BiodiversityMap IV.63: South Malé Atoll, Biodiversity

73°24'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°32'0"E 73°36'0"E 4°6'0"N 4°6'0"N 4°0'0"N 4°0'0"N Gulhi

Legend

Maafushi Administrative Area Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Guraidhoo 3°54'0"N ¯ 3°54'0"N

0 1.75 3.5 7 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agency: ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies). 3°48'0"N 3°48'0"N

73°24'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°32'0"E 73°36'0"E Marine Conservation and Biodiversity 69

Thaa Atoll: BiodiversityMap IV.64: Thaa Atoll, Biodiversity

72°54'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°12'0"E 73°21'0"E

Burunee

Vilufushi 2°30'0"N 2°30'0"N

Madifushi

Dhiyamigili Guraidhoo 2°20'0"N Kan'doodhoo 2°20'0"N

Vandhoo

Hirilandhoo

Gaadhihfushi Hiriyanfushio Thimarafushi ^VEYMANDOO

Kin'bidhoo Omadhoo 2°10'0"N 2°10'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area ¯ ^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport 0 3.5 7 14 Kilometers

Mangrove WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body 2°0'0"N 2°0'0"N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME (administrative areas, mangroves, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

72°54'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°12'0"E 73°21'0"E 70 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Vaavu Atoll: BiodiversityMap IV.65: Vaavu Atoll, Biodiversity

73°20'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°44'0"E

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island o Coral Reef Monitoring Site Fulidhoo Island Shoreline Reef Boundary 3°40'0"N Water Body 3°40'0"N 3°30'0"N Thinadhoo 3°30'0"N

FELIDHOO^ Keyodhoo o o 3°20'0"N 3°20'0"N Rakeedhoo ¯

0 3.5 7 14 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA o (atoll capital islands); and MRC (coral reef monitoring sites). 3°10'0"N 3°10'0"N

73°20'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°44'0"E Threats to Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 71

Coastal Erosion

The islands of Maldives, with an average elevation of 1.4 meters above sea level, are prone to coastal erosions and inundation. Natural factors such as tides, waves, and surges cause these coastal erosions. However, human activities such as sand mining increase the severity of beach erosion. The rising global mean sea level is another threatening factor. Global mean sea level, which is connected to rising temperature, would increase the country’s coastal erosion. As of 2017, 45 islands are very severely eroded, 20 are severely eroded, and 18 are slightly eroded. Small island resorts are greatly vulnerable to coastal erosions and, as a result, are already losing economic gains (Emerton, Baig, and Saleem 2009).

Coastal erosion. Wave breakers are installed along the coast to protect the beach from erosion (photo by Erwin Österreich). 72 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Addu City: Coastal ErosionMap IV.66: Addu City, Coastal Erosion

73°5'0"E 73°7'30"E 73°10'0"E 73°12'30"E 0°34'30"S 0°34'30"S

Meedhoo

Hulhudhoo ^ Hithadhoo

í 0°38'0"S 0°38'0"S

Maradhoo

Maradhoofeydhoo

Feydhoo o 0°41'30"S 0°41'30"S

Legend

Administrative Area

^ City o

International Airport

í Port Severity No Erosion 0°45'0"S 0°45'0"S Slightly ¯ Severe Very Severe Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Island Shoreline Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); 0 1 2 4 EPA (coastal erosions); ME (administrative areas, Kilometers Reef Boundary island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); Water Body MED (ports); and MLSA (cities). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°5'0"E 73°7'30"E 73°10'0"E 73°12'30"E Threats to Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 73

Alifu Alifu Atoll: CoastalMap IV.67: Erosion Alifu Alifu Atoll, Coastal Erosion

72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E

Thohdoo 4°21'0"N 4°21'0"N

^ RASDHOO

Ukulhas 4°12'30"N 4°12'30"N Legend Mathiveri Bodufolhudhoo Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island Severity No Erosion Slightly Severe

Very Severe

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body 4°4'0"N Feridhoo 4°4'0"N ¯

0 3 6 12 Maalhos Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Himendhoo Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: EPA (coastal erosions); 3°55'30"N ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, 3°55'30"N and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 74 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Alifu Dhaalu: CoastalMap IV.68: Erosion Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Erosion

72°38'0"E 72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E

Himendhoo 3°54'0"N 3°54'0"N

Hangnaameedhoo

Omadhoo

Kun'burudhoo ^

3°45'0"N MAHIBADHOO 3°45'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area Mandhoo

^ Atoll Capital Island o

International Airport

Severity No Erosion Slightly Severe

Very Severe Dhan'gethi 3°36'0"N 3°36'0"N Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Dhigurah

Fenfushi o Dhihdhoo Maamigili ¯ 3°27'0"N

Data Sources: 3°27'0"N BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); 0 2.75 5.5 11 EPA (coastal erosions); ME (administrative areas, Kilometers island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°38'0"E 72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E Threats to Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 75

Baa Atoll: Coastal ErosionMap IV.69: Baa Atoll, Coastal Erosion

72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 73°10'30"E 5°20'0"N 5°20'0"N

Kudarikilu

Kendhoo Kamadhoo

Kihaadhoo 5°12'0"N 5°12'0"N

Dhonfanu o Dharavandhoo

Maalhos

EYDHAFUSHI ^ 5°4'0"N 5°4'0"N

Thulhaadhoo

Hithaadhoo

Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island 4°56'0"N 4°56'0"N o Domestic Airport ¯

Severity 0 3 6 12 No Erosion Fehendhoo Kilometers Fulhadhoo Slightly WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Severe Goidhoo

Very Severe Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Island Shoreline Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); Reef Boundary EPA (coastal erosions); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); Water Body and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 73°10'30"E 76 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Dhaalu Atoll: CoastalMap Erosion IV.70: Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Erosion

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E 3°0'0"N 3°0'0"N Meedhoo

Ban'didhoo

Rin'budhoo

Legend

Administrative Area

2°54'0"N 2°54'0"N

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

Severity No Erosion Slightly Hulhudheli Severe

Very Severe

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body 2°48'0"N 2°48'0"N

¯ 2°42'0"N 2°42'0"N 0 2 4 8 Maaen'boodhoo

Kilometers WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N KUDAHUVADHOO o ^ Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); EPA (coastal erosions); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E Threats to Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 77

Faafu Atoll: Coastal MapErosion IV.71: Faafu Atoll, Coastal Erosion

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E 3°18'0"N 3°18'0"N

Feeali Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island Severity No Erosion Slightly Severe

3°12'0"N Very Severe 3°12'0"N Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Bileiydhoo 3°6'0"N 3°6'0"N ¯ Magoodhoo ^ Dharan'boodhoo 0 2.25 4.5 9 NILANDHOO Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: EPA (coastal erosions); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

3°0'0"N Meedhoo 3°0'0"N

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E 78 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Gaafu Alifu: CoastalMap Erosion IV.72: Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Coastal Erosion

73°3'0"E 73°13'30"E 73°24'0"E 73°34'30"E 1°7'30"N 1°7'30"N Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

Severity No Erosion Slightly Severe

Very Severe

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary ¯ Water Body 0 4 8 16 0°54'0"N Kilometers 0°54'0"N WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Kolamaafushi

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Falhuverrahaa Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports);

EPA (coastal erosions); ME (administrative areas, ^ island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); VILIN'GILI o and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

Maamendhoo 0°40'30"N 0°40'30"N

Nilandhoo Dhaandhoo

Dhevvadhoo

THINADHOO o Kon'dey

Madaveli Dhiyadhoo 0°27'0"N Hoan'dehdhoo Gemanafushi 0°27'0"N

73°3'0"E 73°13'30"E 73°24'0"E 73°34'30"E Threats to Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 79

Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll:Map Coastal IV.73: Gaafu Erosion Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Erosion

73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 73°26'30"E

Dhevvadhoo

THINADHOO o 0°28'30"N Madaveli 0°28'30"N

Hoan'dehdhoo

0°18'0"N Gahdhoo 0°18'0"N Nadellaa Rodhavarrehaa

Rathafandhoo Vaadhoo Fiyoari

Faresmaathodaa Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

Severity 0°7'30"N 0°7'30"N No Erosion Slightly

Severe

Very Severe

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Data Sources: ¯ BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); EPA (coastal erosions); ME (administrative areas, 0 2.25 4.5 9 island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); 0°3'0"S 0°3'0"S Kilometers and MLSA (atoll capital islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 73°26'30"E 80 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Gnaviyani Atoll: CoastalMap IV.74: Erosion Gnaviyani Atoll, Coastal Erosion

73°24'40"E 73°25'20"E 73°26'0"E 73°26'40"E 0°16'40"S 0°16'40"S 0°17'30"S 0°17'30"S

Fuvahmulah ^

0°18'20"S 0°18'20"S Legend o Administrative Area

^ City o

Domestic Airport

Severity No Erosion Slightly Severe

Very Severe

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body 0°19'10"S 0°19'10"S

¯ Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 0.3 0.6 1.2 Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); Kilometers EPA (coastal erosions); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N and MLSA (cities).

73°24'40"E 73°25'20"E 73°26'0"E 73°26'40"E Threats to Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 81

Haa Alifu Atoll: CoastalMap IV.75: Erosion Haa Alifu Atoll, Coastal Erosion

72°49'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°10'0"E

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island Severity No Erosion 7°13'20"N Slightly 7°13'20"N Severe

Very Severe

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Thuraakunu ¯ Uligamu 7°5'0"N

0 3 6 12 7°5'0"N Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: EPA (coastal erosions); Mulhadhoo ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

Huvarafushi

Ihavandhoo Kelaa 6°56'40"N 6°56'40"N

Vashafaru ^ DHIHDHOO Filladhoo

Maarandhoo Thakandhoo

Muraidhoo Utheemu

Baarah 6°48'20"N 6°48'20"N

Faridhoo

Hanimaadhoo Naivaadhoo Finey

Hirimaradhoo

72°49'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°10'0"E 82 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Haa Dhaalu Atoll: MapCoastal IV.76: HaaErosion Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Erosion

72°40'0"E 72°50'0"E 73°0'0"E 73°10'0"E Ihavandhoo Data Sources: Kelaa BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); EPA (coastal erosions); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); Vashafaru MED (ports); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). ^ DHIHDHOO Maarandhoo Thakandhoo

6°51'0"N Muraidhoo 6°51'0"N Utheemu Baarah

Faridhoo Legend o Naivaadhoo Finey Hanimaadhoo Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island Hirimaradhoo o Nellaidhoo

Domestic Airport

Nolhivaranfaru o

International Airport Nolhivaramu Kurin'bee Kun'burudhoo

Port í o KULHUDHUFFUSHI 6°38'0"N

^ 6°38'0"N Severity í No Erosion Slightly Severe Vaikaradhoo Kumundhoo Very Severe

Island Shoreline Neykurendhoo Maavaidhoo Reef Boundary Water Body

Noomaraa Kan'ditheemu Makunudhoo Goidhoo 6°25'0"N 6°25'0"N

Feydhoo Foakaidhoo Bileiyfahi

Narudhoo

Maroshi 6°12'0"N ¯ 6°12'0"N

0 4.75 9.5 19 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°40'0"E 72°50'0"E 73°0'0"EKomandoo 73°10'0"E Threats to Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 83

Laamu Atoll: CoastalMap Erosion IV.77: Laamu Atoll, Coastal Erosion

73°16'30"E 73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E

Isdhoo 2°6'0"N 2°6'0"N Dhan'bidhoo

Maabaidhoo

Mundoo 1°57'0"N 1°57'0"N

Gan

Maavah

Maandhoo o

^ Gaadhoo FONADHOO

Maamendhoo 1°48'0"N Hithadhoo 1°48'0"N Legend Kunahandhoo

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

Severity No Erosion Slightly Severe

Very Severe ¯ Data Sources: Island Shoreline BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 2.75 5.5 11 Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); Reef Boundary Kilometers EPA (coastal erosions); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); Water Body WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N and MLSA (atoll capital islands). 1°39'0"N 1°39'0"N

73°16'30"E 73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 84 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Lhaviyani Atoll: CoastalMap IV.78: Erosion Lhaviyani Atoll, Coastal Erosion

73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 73°38'30"E 5°33'0"N 5°33'0"N

Hinnavaru

^ NAIFARU 5°26'0"N 5°26'0"N

Kurendhoo 5°19'0"N 5°19'0"N

Ohluvelifushi

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island Severity No Erosion 5°12'0"N 5°12'0"N Slightly Severe ¯ Very Severe Data Sources: Island Shoreline 0 2.25 4.5 9 BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Reef Boundary Kilometers Other data from Maldives agencies: EPA (coastal erosions); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, Water Body WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 73°38'30"E Threats to Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 85

Meemu Atoll: CoastalMap Erosion IV.79: Meemu Atoll, Coastal Erosion

73°24'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°42'0"E

Dhiggaru Maduhvari 3°6'0"N 3°6'0"N

Raiymandhoo 2°59'0"N 2°59'0"N

Veyvah Mulah

^ MULI Legend Naalaafushi Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island Severity No Erosion 2°52'0"N Slightly 2°52'0"N Severe

Very Severe

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Kolhufushi ¯

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 2.5 5 10 2°45'0"N Other data from Maldives agencies: EPA (coastal erosions); Kilometers 2°45'0"N ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°24'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°42'0"E 86 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Noonu Atoll: CoastalMap Erosion IV.80: Noonu Atoll, Coastal Erosion

73°10'0"E 73°15'0"E 73°20'0"E 73°25'0"E

Hen'badhoo Ken'dhikulhudhoo

Maalhendhoo 5°54'0"N Kudafari 5°54'0"N

Landhoo

Maafaru Lhohi

Miladhoo 5°47'0"N 5°47'0"N Magoodhoo ^MANADHOO

Fohdhoo Holhudhoo 5°40'0"N Velidhoo 5°40'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island Severity No Erosion Slightly Severe

Very Severe

Island Shoreline

5°33'0"N Reef Boundary 5°33'0"N Water Body ¯ Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 2.75 5.5 11 Other data from Maldives agencies: EPA (coastal erosions); Kilometers ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°10'0"E 73°15'0"E 73°20'0"E 73°25'0"E

^ Threats to Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 87

North Malé Atoll: CoastalMap IV.81: Erosion North Malé Atoll, Coastal Erosion

73°21'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°39'0"E 73°48'0"E

Kaashidhoo 4°52'30"N 4°52'30"N

Gaafaru Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island 4°41'0"N

4°41'0"N

^ City o

International Airport

í Port Severity

No Erosion

Slightly

Severe

Very Severe

Island Shoreline 4°29'30"N Reef Boundary 4°29'30"N

Water Body Dhihfushi

THULUSDHOO ^

Huraa

Himmafushi 4°18'0"N ¯ 4°18'0"N

0 4.25 8.5 17 Kilometers

Farukolhufushi WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Hulhumale' o Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); í^MALE' EPA (coastal erosions); ME (administrative areas, island Vilin'gili shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MED (ports); and MLSA (atoll capital islands and cities).

73°21'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°39'0"E 73°48'0"E 88 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Raa Atoll: Coastal ErosionMap IV.82: Raa Atoll, Coastal Erosion

72°42'0"E 72°49'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°3'0"E

Legend

Administrative Area

Alifushi

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

Severity No Erosion Slightly 5°53'0"N Severe 5°53'0"N

Very Severe Vaadhoo Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Rasgetheemu An'golhitheemu

Hulhudhuffaaru o 5°42'0"N 5°42'0"N

^ UN'GOOFAARU

Dhuvaafaru

Maakurathu

Rasmaadhoo Innamaadhoo 5°31'0"N 5°31'0"N

Maduvvari In'guraidhoo Fainu Meedhoo ¯ Kinolhas

0 3.25 6.5 13 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); EPA (coastal erosions); ME (administrative areas, 5°20'0"N island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); 5°20'0"N and MLSA (atoll capital islands). Kudarikilu

72°42'0"E 72°49'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°3'0"E Threats to Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 89

^ Shaviyani Atoll: CoastalMap IV.83: Erosion Shaviyani Atoll, Coastal Erosion

72°52'30"E 73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E

Kumundhoo Vaikaradhoo

Neykurendhoo Maavaidhoo 6°30'0"N 6°30'0"N

Noomaraa Kan'ditheemu Goidhoo

Feydhoo Feevah

Foakaidhoo

6°20'0"N Bileiyfahi 6°20'0"N

Milandhoo

Narudhoo

Legend

Administrative Area Maroshi ^ Atoll Capital Island Severity No Erosion

6°10'0"N Slightly Lhaimagu 6°10'0"N Severe ^ FUNADHOO Very Severe

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Komandoo Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: EPA (coastal erosions); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MED (atoll capitals islands). Maaun'goodhoo 6°0'0"N 6°0'0"N Alifushi ¯

0 3.75 7.5 15 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°52'30"E 73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 90 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

South Malé Atoll: CoastalMap IV.84: Erosion South Malé Atoll, Coastal Erosion

73°24'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°32'0"E 73°36'0"E 4°6'0"N 4°6'0"N 4°0'0"N 4°0'0"N Gulhi Legend

Administrative Area Severity No Erosion Slightly Severe

Maafushi Very Severe

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

3°54'0"N Guraidhoo ¯ 3°54'0"N

0 1.75 3.5 7 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: EPA (coastal erosions); and ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies). 3°48'0"N 3°48'0"N

73°24'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°32'0"E 73°36'0"E Threats to Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 91

Thaa Atoll: Coastal ErosionMap IV.85: Thaa Atoll, Coastal Erosion

72°54'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°12'0"E 73°21'0"E

Burunee 2°30'0"N

Vilufushi 2°30'0"N

Madifushi

Dhiyamigili 2°20'0"N Kan'doodhoo 2°20'0"N Guraidhoo

Vandhoo

Hirilandhoo

Gaadhihfushi Thimarafushi o Hiriyanfushi

^ VEYMANDOO Kin'bidhoo 2°10'0"N Omadhoo 2°10'0"N ¯

Legend 0 3.5 7 14 Kilometers Administrative Area

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

Severity No Erosion Slightly 2°0'0"N Severe 2°0'0"N

72°54'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°12'0"E 73°21'0"E 92 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Vaavu Atoll: CoastalMap Erosion IV.86: Vaavu Atoll, Coastal Erosion

73°20'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°44'0"E

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island Fulidhoo Severity No Erosion 3°40'0"N Slightly 3°40'0"N Severe

Very Severe

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body 3°30'0"N Thinadhoo 3°30'0"N ^ FELIDHOO Keyodhoo 3°20'0"N Rakeedhoo ¯ 3°20'0"N

0 3.5 7 14 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°20'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°44'0"E Threats to Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 93

Coral Bleaching

Maldivians benefit from rich coral reefs. From serving as home to aquatic resources—the nation’s main source of food—to being one of the country’s tourist attractions, coral reefs are undeniably essential to life in Maldives.

Protecting corals is integral to preserving Maldives’ marine resources and keeping its fishing industry alive. While corals are now better monitored, threats such as rising temperatures still cannot be controlled.

In 2015–2016, the worst coral bleaching event in Maldives happened due to high temperatures associated with the El Niño phenomenon (Ibrahim et al. 2017). Based on climate projection, annual average temperature will increase by more than 1°C in 30 years (ADB 2017). This could cause greater damage to corals in the coming years.

Coral bleaching. High seawater temperatures can cause coral bleaching, or the whitening of corals due to the loss of a symbiotic algae. Coral bleaching can lead to loss of individual corals and colonies, which in turn can cause the decline in population of numerous marine flora and fauna that depend on them. 94 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Maldives: CoralMap Bleaching IV.87: Maldives, Risk Coral Assessment Bleaching Risk Assessment

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E

HAA ALIFU ATOLL (HA)

HAA DHAALU ATOLL (HDh) SHAVIYANI ATOLL (Sh)

NOONU

6°0'0"N ATOLL 6°0'0"N (N) RAA ATOLL (R) LHAVIYANI ATOLL Legend (Lh) Administrative Area Administrative Atoll BAA ATOLL NORTH Bleaching Risk Assessment Tool (BRAT) (B) MALÉ ATOLL A: High Chronic and Low Acute Stress (K) B: High Chronic and High Acute Stress ALIFU C: Low Chronic and Low Acute Stress ALIFU ATOLL D: Low Chronic and High Acute Stress (AA) SOUTH MALÉ ATOLL

4°0'0"N (K) 4°0'0"N ALIFU DHAALU ATOLL VAAVU (ADh) ATOLL (V) FAAFU I N D I A N O C E A N ATOLL (F) MEEMU ATOLL DHAALU (M) ATOLL (Dh)

THAA ATOLL (Th) 2°0'0"N 2°0'0"N

LAAMU ATOLL (L) A r a b i a n S e a

GAAFU ALIFU ATOLL (GA)

GAAFU DHAALU ATOLL (GDh) 0°0'0" ¯ 0°0'0" GNAVIYANI ATOLL (Gn)

025 50 100 150 Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Kilometers Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N ADDU ATOLL (S) and atolls); and MRC (Bleaching Risk Assessment Tool).

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E Disaster Risk in Maldives 95

The four volumes of the Multihazard Risk Atlas of Table IV.3: Hazard Categories and Index Ranges Maldives present the various components of disaster risk in the country. Volume I looks at the geography of Category Minimum Maximum Maldives, land reclamation, and land use and land cover Rain-induced Flood in the islands. Volume II examines the historical and Low 0.00 0.10 projected climate that could affect Maldivians as well as Medium 0.11 0.25 their natural flora and fauna, which are then mapped out High 0.45 1.26 in Volumes III and IV. Udha Humans, plants, animals, and physical structures for Low 0.00 0.07 education, health, tourism, transportation, and power Medium 0.14 0.32 are all elements exposed to natural hazards. These High 0.71 7.65 hazards include climate, extreme weather, earthquakes, Wave, Rain, Wind (Flood) Hazard tsunamis, typhoons, surges, sea level rise, and others. Low 0.00 0.05 The conditions of elements such as the presence of land reclamation, sand mining activities, and coastal erosion Medium 0.10 0.33 characterize the vulnerability of the exposed islands to High 0.43 1.43 storm surges, sea level rise, inundation, and tsunamis. Wind and Wave Hazard Other factors, such as the human development index, Low 0.00 0.09 power source, health, education, and transportation, Medium 0.10 0.36 define the vulnerability of the exposed population to High 0.45 5.26 various hazards. Environmentally sensitive areas and bleached corals indicate an increased vulnerability of Hydrometeorological Multihazard the ecosystem to environmental stresses and hazards, Low 0.009 while having coastal protection and monitoring sites Medium 0.132 0.367 indicates adaptation capacity, which lowers vulnerability High 0.403 15.301 to disasters. udha = big wave. The following maps were prepared based on indexed Source: Asian Development Bank. risk tables, which were generated from detailed analysis of relevant data obtained from ME and the National Disaster Management Center of Maldives. These maps include physical and social risks. In addition, physical vulnerability or susceptibility maps feature multihazard hydrometeorological as well as rain-induced flooding; tsunamis; big waves or udha; and wave, rain, and wind hazards. Table IV.3 shows the numerical ranges of the hazard categories mapped. 96 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Maldives: Hydrometeorological Multihazard (Islands) Map IV.88: Maldives, Hydrometeorological Multihazard (Islands)

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E

! !! ! ! HAA ALIFU ATOLL (HA) !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! HAA !! !! ! ! DHAALU !!! ! ATOLL !! ! (HDh) ! !! ! SHAVIYANI ! ! !! ATOLL !! ! (Sh) ! !! ! ! NOONU ! !! 6°0'0"N !!! ATOLL 6°0'0"N ! (N) ! !! ! RAA ! !! !! ATOLL ! ! ! ! (R) ! LHAVIYANI ! ! ! ! ! ATOLL (Lh) Legend ! !! ! ! ! Administrative Area ! !! BAA Administrative Atoll ! ! ATOLL ! NORTH (B) !!! MALÉ Hydrometeorological Multihazard ATOLL ! ! (K) High ! Medium ALIFU ! ! ! ALIFU ! Low ATOLL !! ! (AA) ! ! !! !! SOUTH MALÉ ! ! ! ATOLL ! 4°0'0"N ! ! (K) 4°0'0"N ! ALIFU !! DHAALU ! ! ATOLL ! VAAVU (ADh) ! !!! !! ATOLL (V) ! FAAFU ! I N D I A N O C E A N ATOLL ! ! (F) !!! ! ! MEEMU ! !! ! ! ATOLL DHAALU ! (M) ATOLL ! (Dh) ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! THAA ! ! !! ATOLL !! !! (Th) ! !

2°0'0"N ! ! 2°0'0"N !! !! LAAMU ATOLL (L) A r a b i a n S e a

GAAFU ALIFU ATOLL (GA)

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! GAAFU DHAALU ATOLL (GDh) 0°0'0" ¯ 0°0'0" GNAVIYANI ATOLL (Gn) ! Data Sources: 025 50 100 150 BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives: Dr. Mahmood Riyaz, EIA consultant Kilometers ! ! (hydrometeorological multihazard); and ME (administrative WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N ADDU ATOLL (S) !!! areas and atolls).

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E Disaster Risk in Maldives 97

Maldives: MultihazardMap IV.89: Physical Maldives, MultihazardRisk Index Physical Risk Index

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E

HAA ALIFU ATOLL (HA)

HAA DHAALU ATOLL (HDh) SHAVIYANI ATOLL (Sh)

NOONU

6°0'0"N ATOLL 6°0'0"N (N) RAA ATOLL Legend (R) LHAVIYANI ATOLL Administrative Area (Lh) Administrative Atoll Multihazard Physical Risk Index BAA ATOLL NORTH Very Low (B) MALÉ ATOLL Low (K) Moderate ALIFU ALIFU High ATOLL (AA) SOUTH Very High MALÉ ATOLL

4°0'0"N (K) 4°0'0"N ALIFU DHAALU ATOLL VAAVU (ADh) ATOLL (V) FAAFU I N D I A N O C E A N ATOLL (F) MEEMU ATOLL DHAALU (M) ATOLL (Dh)

THAA ATOLL (Th) 2°0'0"N 2°0'0"N

LAAMU ATOLL (L) A r a b i a n S e a

GAAFU ALIFU ATOLL (GA)

GAAFU DHAALU ATOLL (GDh) 0°0'0" ¯ 0°0'0" GNAVIYANI ATOLL (Gn)

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E 98 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Maldives: MultihazardMap IV.90: Social Maldives, Risk Multihazard Index Social Risk Index

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E

HAA ALIFU ATOLL (HA)

HAA DHAALU ATOLL (HDh) SHAVIYANI ATOLL (Sh)

NOONU

6°0'0"N ATOLL 6°0'0"N (N) RAA ATOLL Legend (R) LHAVIYANI ATOLL Administrative Area (Lh) Administrative Atoll Multihazard Social Risk Index BAA ATOLL NORTH Low (B) MALÉ ATOLL Very Low (K) Moderate ALIFU ALIFU High ATOLL (AA) SOUTH Very High MALÉ ATOLL

4°0'0"N (K) 4°0'0"N ALIFU DHAALU ATOLL VAAVU (ADh) ATOLL (V) FAAFU I N D I A N O C E A N ATOLL (F) MEEMU ATOLL DHAALU (M) ATOLL (Dh)

THAA ATOLL (Th) 2°0'0"N 2°0'0"N

LAAMU ATOLL (L) A r a b i a n S e a

GAAFU ALIFU ATOLL (GA)

GAAFU DHAALU ATOLL (GDh) 0°0'0" ¯ 0°0'0" GNAVIYANI ATOLL (Gn)

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E Disaster Risk in Maldives 99

Maldives: Rain-InducedMap IV.91: Maldives,Flood (Islands) Rain-Induced Flood (Islands)

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E

! !! ! ! HAA ALIFU ATOLL (HA) !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! HAA !! !! ! ! DHAALU !!! ! ATOLL !! ! (HDh) ! !! ! SHAVIYANI ! ! !! ATOLL !! ! (Sh) ! !! ! ! NOONU ! !! 6°0'0"N !!! ATOLL 6°0'0"N ! (N) ! !! ! RAA ! !! !! ATOLL ! ! ! ! (R) ! LHAVIYANI ! ! ! ! ! ATOLL (Lh) Legend ! !! ! ! ! Administrative Area ! !! BAA Administrative Atoll ! ! ATOLL ! NORTH (B) !!! MALÉ Rain (Flood) ATOLL ! ! (K) High ! Medium ALIFU ! ! ! ALIFU ! Low ATOLL !! ! (AA) ! ! !! !! SOUTH MALÉ ! ! ! ATOLL ! 4°0'0"N ! ! (K) 4°0'0"N ! ALIFU !! DHAALU ! ! ATOLL ! VAAVU (ADh) ! !!! !! ATOLL (V) ! FAAFU ! I N D I A N O C E A N ATOLL ! ! (F) !!! ! ! MEEMU ! !! ! ! ATOLL DHAALU ! (M) ATOLL ! (Dh) ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! THAA ! ! !! ATOLL !! !! (Th) ! !

2°0'0"N ! ! 2°0'0"N !! !! LAAMU ATOLL (L) A r a b i a n S e a

GAAFU ALIFU ATOLL (GA)

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! GAAFU DHAALU ATOLL (GDh) 0°0'0" ¯ 0°0'0" GNAVIYANI ATOLL (Gn) ! 025 50 100 150 Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Kilometers ! ! Other data from Maldives: Dr. Mahmood Riyaz, EIA consultant WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N ADDU ATOLL (S) !!! (rain-induced floods); and ME (administrative areas and atolls).

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E 100 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Maldives: TsunamiMap IV.92: Hazard Maldives, Rank Tsunami (Islands) Hazard Rank (Islands)

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E

HAA ALIFU ATOLL (HA)

HAA DHAALU ATOLL (HDh) SHAVIYANI ATOLL (Sh)

NOONU

6°0'0"N ATOLL 6°0'0"N (N) RAA Legend ATOLL (R) LHAVIYANI Administrative Area ATOLL (Lh) Administrative Atoll Tsunami Hazard Rank

BAA Very Low ATOLL NORTH (B) MALÉ Low ATOLL (K) Moderate

ALIFU High ALIFU ATOLL Very High (AA) SOUTH MALÉ ATOLL

4°0'0"N (K) 4°0'0"N ALIFU DHAALU ATOLL VAAVU (ADh) ATOLL (V) FAAFU I N D I A N O C E A N ATOLL (F) MEEMU ATOLL DHAALU (M) ATOLL (Dh)

THAA ATOLL (Th) 2°0'0"N 2°0'0"N

LAAMU ATOLL (L) A r a b i a n S e a

GAAFU ALIFU ATOLL (GA)

GAAFU DHAALU ATOLL (GDh) 0°0'0" ¯ 0°0'0" GNAVIYANI ATOLL (Gn)

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E Disaster Risk in Maldives 101

Maldives: Udha HazardMap IV.93: (Islands) Maldives, Udha Hazard (Islands)

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E

! !! ! ! HAA ALIFU ATOLL (HA) !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! HAA !! !! ! ! DHAALU !!! ! ATOLL !! ! (HDh) ! !! ! SHAVIYANI ! ! !! ATOLL !! ! (Sh) ! !! ! ! NOONU ! !! 6°0'0"N !!! ATOLL 6°0'0"N ! (N) ! !! ! RAA ! !! !! ATOLL ! ! ! ! (R) ! LHAVIYANI ! ! ! ! ! ATOLL (Lh) Legend ! !! ! ! ! Administrative Area ! !! BAA Administrative Atoll ! ! ATOLL ! NORTH (B) !!! MALÉ Udha ATOLL ! ! (K) High ! Medium ALIFU ! ! ! ALIFU ! Low ATOLL !! ! (AA) ! ! !! !! SOUTH MALÉ ! ! ! ATOLL ! 4°0'0"N ! ! (K) 4°0'0"N ! ALIFU !! DHAALU ! ! ATOLL ! VAAVU (ADh) ! !!! !! ATOLL (V) ! FAAFU ! I N D I A N O C E A N ATOLL ! ! (F) !!! ! ! MEEMU ! !! ! ! ATOLL DHAALU ! (M) ATOLL ! (Dh) ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! THAA ! ! !! ATOLL !! !! (Th) ! !

2°0'0"N ! ! 2°0'0"N !! !! LAAMU ATOLL (L) A r a b i a n S e a

GAAFU ALIFU ATOLL (GA)

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! GAAFU DHAALU ATOLL (GDh) 0°0'0" ¯ 0°0'0" GNAVIYANI ATOLL (Gn) ! 025 50 100 150 Data Sources: BODC, IHO and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Kilometers ! ! Other data from Maldives: Dr. Mahmood Riyaz, EIA consultant WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N ADDU ATOLL (S) !!! (udha); and ME (administrative areas and atolls).

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E 102 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Biodiversity

Maldives: Wind, Wave (Storm) Hazard (Islands) Map IV.94: Maldives, Wind and Wave Hazards

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E

! !! ! ! HAA ALIFU ATOLL (HA) !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! HAA !! !! ! ! DHAALU !!! ! ATOLL !! ! (HDh) ! !! ! SHAVIYANI ! ! !! ATOLL !! ! (Sh) ! !! ! ! NOONU ! !! 6°0'0"N !!! ATOLL 6°0'0"N ! (N) ! !! ! RAA ! !! !! ATOLL ! ! ! ! (R) ! LHAVIYANI ! ! ! ! ! ATOLL (Lh) Legend ! !! ! ! ! Administrative Area ! !! BAA Administrative Atoll ! ! ATOLL ! NORTH (B) !!! MALÉ Wind, Wave (Storm) ATOLL ! ! (K) High ! Medium ALIFU ! ! ! ALIFU ! Low ATOLL !! ! (AA) ! ! !! !! SOUTH MALÉ ! ! ! ATOLL ! 4°0'0"N ! ! (K) 4°0'0"N ! ALIFU !! DHAALU ! ! ATOLL ! VAAVU (ADh) ! !!! !! ATOLL (V) ! FAAFU ! I N D I A N O C E A N ATOLL ! ! (F) !!! ! ! MEEMU ! !! ! ! ATOLL DHAALU ! (M) ATOLL ! (Dh) ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! THAA ! ! !! ATOLL !! !! (Th) ! !

2°0'0"N ! ! 2°0'0"N !! !! LAAMU ATOLL (L) A r a b i a n S e a

GAAFU ALIFU ATOLL (GA)

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E Map Data Sources 103

Government Ministries, Departments, and Agencies in Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Airports Environmental Protection Agency Coastal erosion Environmentally protected and sensitive areas Land and Survey Authority Atoll capital islands Cities Marine Research Centre Coral reef monitoring sites Ministry of Economic Development Ports Ministry of Environment Administrative areas Administrative atolls Island shorelines Mangroves Reef boundaries Water bodies Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture Fish aggregating devices Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure Coastal protection

International Institutions Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, University of Queensland, Australia Bleaching Risk Assessment Tool

Private Individual Mahmood Riyaz, EPA-Licensed Environmental Impact Assessment Specialist Hydrometeorological multihazard Rain-induced flood Udha vulnerability Wave, rain, wind (flood) vulnerability Wind, wave (storm) vulnerability 104 References

Asian Development Bank. 2017. Final Report on Climate Downscaling for Bangladesh, Maldives, and Sri Lanka. Consultants’ report. Manila (TA 8572-REG).

British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC), International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2003. General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) Digital Atlas. UK: British Oceanographic Data Centre.

Emerton, L., S. Baig, and M. Saleem. 2009. Valuing Biodiversity: The Economic Case for Biodiversity Conservation in the Maldives. Homagama: Ecosystems and Livelihoods Group Asia; International Union for the Conservation of Nature for the Atoll Ecosystem Conservation Project; Ministry of Housing, Transport, and Environment, Government of Maldives.

Ibrahim, N., M. Mohamed, A. Basheer, H. Ismail, F. Nistharan, A. Schmidt, R. Naeem, A. Abdulla, and G. Grimsditch. 2017. Status of Coral Bleaching in the Maldives in 2016. Malé: Marine Research Centre.

United Nations Development Programme. 2006. Developing a Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives. Maps were prepared by the Country Consultant Team and the Manila Observatory on behalf of the Asian Development Bank. Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives Biodiversity—Volume IV

This atlas provides spatial information about Maldives and thematic maps necessary for assessing future development investments in terms of climate risks and geophysical hazards. It is also intended to support the formulation of cobeneficial options for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction and management. The five-volume atlas is a major output of the project “Establishing a National Geospatial Database for Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Development Activities and Policies in Maldives” under the Asian Development Bank’s regional knowledge and support (capacity development) technical assistance Action on Climate Change in South Asia (2013–2018).

The Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives is composed of Geography—Volume I, Climate and Geophysical Hazards —Volume II, Economy and Demographics—Volume III, Biodiversity—Volume IV, and Summary—Volume V.

About the Asian Development Bank

ADB is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty. Established in 1966, it is owned by 68 members —49 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance.

Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines www.adb.org