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Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives: Biodiversity—Volume IV

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Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives: Biodiversity—Volume IV MULTIHAZARD RISK ATLAS OF MALDIVES Biodiversity—Volume IV MARch 2020 MULTIHAZARD RISK ATLAS OF MALDIVES Biodiversity—Volume IV MARch 2020 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2020 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2020. ISBN 978-92-9262-051-6 (print); 978-92-9262-052-3 (electronic); 978-92-9262-053-0 (ebook) Publication Stock No. TCS200089 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS200089 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact [email protected] if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda. Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars. The maps presented in this atlas reflect airports based on 2017 data from the Civil Aviation Authority of Maldives. On the cover: An aerial view shows 1 of 26 natural atolls that make up Maldives, which also includes nearly 1,200 small coral islands and some of the world’s most beautiful beaches. Recognized as the seventh-largest in the world, the coral reefs and associated ecosystems of Maldives are key foundations for food security and means of livelihood. Yet, they are considered as among the most vulnerable to climate change (photo by Roberta Gerpacio). Printed on recycled paper Contents iii Tables and Maps iv Foreword vii Acknowledgments viii Abbreviations ix Environmentally Sensitive Areas 1 Coastal Protection 24 Marine Conservation and Biodiversity 48 Threats to Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 71 Coastal Erosion 71 Coral Bleaching 93 Disaster Risk in Maldives 95 Map Data Sources 103 References 104 iv Tables and Maps Tables IV.1 Maldives, Islands with Coastal Protection 24 IV.2 Maldives, Islands with Coral Reef Monitoring Sites 48 IV.3 Hazard Categories and Index Ranges 95 Maps IV.1 Maldives, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 2 IV.2 Addu City, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 3 IV.3 Alifu Alifu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 4 IV.4 Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 5 IV.5 Baa Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 6 IV.6 Dhaalu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 7 IV.7 Faafu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 8 IV.8 Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 9 IV.9 Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 10 IV.10 Gnaviyani Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 11 IV.11 Haa Alifu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 12 IV.12 Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 13 IV.13 Laamu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 14 IV.14 Lhaviyani Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 15 IV.15 Meemu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 16 IV.16 Noonu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 17 IV.17 North Malé Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 18 IV.18 Raa Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 19 IV.19 Shaviyani Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 20 IV.20 South Malé Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 21 IV.21 Thaa Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 22 IV.22 Vaavu Atoll, Environmentally Protected and Sensitive Areas 23 IV.23 Maldives, Coastal Protection 26 Tables and Maps v IV.24 Addu City, Coastal Protection 27 IV.25 Alifu Alifu Atoll, Coastal Protection 28 IV.26 Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Protection 29 IV.27 Baa Atoll, Coastal Protection 30 IV.28 Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Protection 31 IV.29 Faafu Atoll, Coastal Protection 32 IV.30 Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Coastal Protection 33 IV.31 Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Protection 34 IV.32 Gnaviyani Atoll, Coastal Protection 35 IV.33 Haa Alifu Atoll, Coastal Protection 36 IV.34 Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Protection 37 IV.35 Laamu Atoll, Coastal Protection 38 IV.36 Lhaviyani Atoll, Coastal Protection 39 IV.37 Meemu Atoll, Coastal Protection 40 IV.38 Noonu Atoll, Coastal Protection 41 IV.39 North Malé Atoll, Coastal Protection 42 IV.40 Raa Atoll, Coastal Protection 43 IV.41 Shaviyani Atoll, Coastal Protection 44 IV.42 South Malé Atoll, Coastal Protection 45 IV.43 Thaa Atoll, Coastal Protection 46 IV.44 Vaavu Atoll, Coastal Protection 47 IV.45 Addu City, Biodiversity 50 IV.46 Alifu Alifu Atoll, Biodiversity 51 IV.47 Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Biodiversity 52 IV.48 Baa Atoll, Biodiversity 53 IV.49 Dhaalu Atoll, Biodiversity 54 IV.50 Faafu Atoll, Biodiversity 55 IV.51 Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Biodiversity 56 IV.52 Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll, Biodiversity 57 IV.53 Gnaviyani Atoll, Biodiversity 58 IV.54 Haa Alifu Atoll, Biodiversity 59 IV.55 Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Biodiversity 60 IV.56 Laamu Atoll, Biodiversity 61 IV.57 Lhaviyani Atoll, Biodiversity 62 IV.58 Meemu Atoll, Biodiversity 63 IV.59 Noonu Atoll, Biodiversity 64 IV.60 North Malé Atoll, Biodiversity 65 IV.61 Raa Atoll, Biodiversity 66 IV.62 Shaviyani Atoll, Biodiversity 67 vi Tables and Maps IV.63 South Malé Atoll, Biodiversity 68 IV.64 Thaa Atoll, Biodiversity 69 IV.65 Vaavu Atoll, Biodiversity 70 IV.66 Addu City, Coastal Erosion 72 IV.67 Alifu Alifu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 73 IV.68 Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 74 IV.69 Baa Atoll, Coastal Erosion 75 IV.70 Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 76 IV.71 Faafu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 77 IV.72 Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 78 IV.73 Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 79 IV.74 Gnaviyani Atoll, Coastal Erosion 80 IV.75 Haa Alifu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 81 IV.76 Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 82 IV.77 Laamu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 83 IV.78 Lhaviyani Atoll, Coastal Erosion 84 IV.79 Meemu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 85 IV.80 Noonu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 86 IV.81 North Malé Atoll, Coastal Erosion 87 IV.82 Raa Atoll, Coastal Erosion 88 IV.83 Shaviyani Atoll, Coastal Erosion 89 IV.84 South Malé Atoll, Coastal Erosion 90 IV.85 Thaa Atoll, Coastal Erosion 91 IV.86 Vaavu Atoll, Coastal Erosion 92 IV.87 Maldives, Coral Bleaching Risk Assessment 94 IV.88 Maldives, Hydrometeorological Multihazard (Islands) 96 IV.89 Maldives, Multihazard Physical Risk Index 97 IV.90 Maldives, Multihazard Social Risk Index 98 IV.91 Maldives, Rain-Induced Flood (Islands) 99 IV.92 Maldives, Tsunami Hazard Rank (Islands) 100 IV.93 Maldives, Udha Hazard (Islands) 101 IV.94 Maldives, Wind and Wave Hazards 102 Foreword vii aldives is among the countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change as it is a small island nation with extremely low elevations. Maldives is also very vulnerable to impacts of rising air and sea surface Mtemperatures and changes in rainfall patterns. Climate change impacts will therefore impose significant negative consequences on the Maldivian economy and society. Some of the priority vulnerabilities to climate change are land loss and beach erosion, infrastructure damage, degradation of coral reefs, and adverse impacts on water resources, food security, human health, and the overall economy. Sustainable coastal resources management is of particular importance to Maldives, such that all regulations involving various development activities have coastal components. Despite the government’s continued efforts in improving and sustaining coastal resources management, critical issues remain, such as the need for systematized coastal monitoring, clear definition of coastal boundaries and coastal development, enhanced regulatory and monitoring capacities for coastal resources protection, and sustainable long-term strategies on land reclamation and marine area protection. At a time when climate is rapidly changing and extreme weather events are frequently occurring, the critical roles that marine and coastal environments play in mitigating and adapting to climate change need to be sufficiently documented and properly recognized. It is therefore essential for Maldives to develop and establish a comprehensive digital database of marine and coastal ecosystem features and services that can be regularly monitored. The Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives was developed through the project “Establishing a National Geospatial Database for Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Development Activities and Policies in Maldives” under the Asian Development Bank’s regional knowledge and support (capacity development) technical assistance Action on Climate Change in South Asia (2013–2018).
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