Hulhumale Link Road, North Male’ Atoll

Home , Dhaandhoo, Dhiggaru (Meemu Atoll), Fainu (Raa Atoll), Hirilandhoo (Thaa Atoll), Kendhoo, Kolhufushi (Meemu Atoll)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT,

For the Hulhule-Hulhumale connecting link road development project, North Male’ Atoll.

Proposed by

Ministry of Environment and Energy

Prepared by

Hassan Shah

For Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Maldives

July 2017

EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 2 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

1 Table of Contents

1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 3

2 DECLARATION OF THE CONSULTANTS ...... 9

3 PROPONENTS COMMITMENT ...... 11

4 NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY ...... 17

5 INTRODUCTION ...... 19

5.1 Structure of the Report ...... 19

5.2 Aims and Objectives of the report ...... 19

5.3 EIA Implementation ...... 20

5.4 Terms of Reference ...... 20

5.5 Desk Study Review ...... 20

6 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 21

6.1 Relevant Legislations ...... 21 6.1.1 Environmental Protection and Preservation Act ...... 21 6.1.2 Protected Areas and Sensitive Areas ...... 21 6.1.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 ...... 21 6.1.4 Decentralization Act ...... 22 6.1.5 General Laws Act – 4/68(Public property) ...... 22

6.2 Relevant Regulations and Guidelines ...... 22 6.2.1 Waste management Regulations ...... 22 6.2.2 Regulation cutting down, uprooting and export of trees ...... 23 6.2.3 Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Disposal ...... 23 6.2.4 Post EIA Monitoring, Auditing and Evaluation ...... 24 6.2.5 Dredging and Reclamation regulation ...... 24

6.3 Environmental Permits ...... 25 6.3.1 Decision Statement (EDS) ...... 25

6.4 Responsible Institutions ...... 25 6.4.1 Environmental Protection Agency ...... 25 6.4.2 Ministry of Environment and Energy...... 25

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 3 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

6.5 Relevant Policies ...... 26 6.5.1 National Climate Change Strategy ...... 26 6.5.2 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan ...... 26 6.5.3 Waste Management Policy ...... 26

6.6 International Conventions ...... 27 6.6.1 Convention on Climate Change ...... 27 6.6.2 Convention on Biological Diversity ...... 27

7 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 28

7.1 Introduction to the project ...... 28

7.2 Description of the development zones and the proposed works ...... 29 7.2.1 Zone 1 ...... 29 7.2.2 Zone 2 ...... 29 7.2.3 Zone 3 ...... 29

7.3 Key Nodes ...... 30

7.4 Reclamation component and area ...... 30

7.5 Dredging and fill material requirement ...... 33

7.6 Machinery and Tools ...... 33

7.7 Project Proponent ...... 33

7.8 Institutional arrangements for managing the project ...... 34

7.9 Project Location and Study Area ...... 34

7.10 Need and Justification to undertake the project ...... 35 7.10.1 An Urban centre relieving the population pressure on Male’ ...... 35 7.10.2 Accessibility to Hulhumale harbour ...... 35 7.10.3 Greater flexibility of moving people from Male’ to Hulhumale ...... 36 7.10.4 Orientation of present sea plane runway ...... 36

7.11 Project boundary ...... 37 7.11.1 Recreation of rock boulder revetment ...... 37 7.11.2 Coastal Protection works ...... 37

7.12 Project Management ...... 38 7.12.1 Project schedule ...... 38 7.12.2 Waste management ...... 38 7.12.3 Dust and Debris ...... 38 7.12.4 Safety ...... 38

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 4 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

7.12.5 Housing of temporary labour ...... 39 7.12.6 Emergency plan in case of spills (diesel, grease, oil) ...... 39 7.12.7 Measures to control sedimentation ...... 39

7.13 Expected Environmental Conditions during the Project Implementation Period ...... 39

7.14 Risks Associated with the Project ...... 39

7.15 Project Inputs and Outputs ...... 40 7.15.1 Project Inputs ...... 40 7.15.2 Project Outputs ...... 41

8 METHODOLOGY ...... 42

8.1 General Methodologies of data collection ...... 42

8.2 Mapping and Location identification ...... 42

8.3 Marine Survey ...... 42

8.4 Bathymetric survey ...... 43

8.5 Marine water quality ...... 43

8.6 Socio-economic condition and stakeholder consultation ...... 43

8.7 Data Analysis ...... 43

8.8 Report Format ...... 44

9 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT OF MALDIVES ...... 45

9.1 Existing general environment of Maldives ...... 45

9.2 Geographic Setting ...... 45

9.3 Topography and Island elevation ...... 46

9.4 Coastal Environment ...... 46 9.4.1 Historic Shoreline Changes ...... 46 9.4.2 Beach ...... 47

9.5 Climate ...... 48 9.5.1 Wind Conditions ...... 49 9.5.2 Cyclones ...... 52 9.5.3 Tide ...... 52 9.5.3.1 Tide Datum ...... 52

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 5 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

9.5.3.2 Tide levels ...... 53 9.5.4 Sea Level Rise ...... 54 9.5.5 Waves ...... 54 9.5.6 Storm Surge ...... 55 9.5.7 Offshore Wave Conditions (in deep water) ...... 55 9.5.8 Currents ...... 55 9.5.9 Tidal Currents ...... 56

9.6 Coral Reef System ...... 57 9.6.1 Lagoon ...... 57

9.7 Existing Marine Environment ...... 58 9.7.1 Methodology of marine surveys ...... 58 9.7.2 Coral reef survey results ...... 59 9.7.2.1 Site 1 (M1) ...... 59 9.7.2.2 Site 2 (M2) ...... 60 9.7.2.3 Site 3 (M3) ...... 61 9.7.3 Status of fish abundance ...... 62 9.7.4 Marine water quality ...... 64

9.8 Existing socioeconomic Environment ...... 64 9.8.1 Socio Economic Profile ...... 64 9.8.6 Ferry service between Male’ and the INIA ...... 66 9.8.7 MTCC express service ...... 66

9.9 Existing Coastal Environment ...... 67

10 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 68

10.1 Impact Identification Criteria ...... 68

10.2 Analysis of Environmental Impacts ...... 69 10.2.1 Significance of the Impacts ...... 69 10.2.2 Priority of Impacts ...... 70

10.3 Impact on Marine Environment ...... 71 10.3.1 Shallow lagoon Reclamation ...... 71 10.3.2 The reef Crest and reef slope ...... 72 10.3.3 Impact of waste and sewage ...... 72 10.3.4 Machinery ...... 73 10.3.5 Mobilization Impacts ...... 73 10.3.6 Impacts from Materials and Other Waste ...... 73 10.3.7 Impacts due to Construction Work ...... 74 10.3.8 Impacts due to noise and vibration ...... 74 10.3.9 Impacts on groundwater table due to the paving of the road surface...... 74

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 6 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

10.3.10 Impacts on flooding due to the reclamation of the lagoon ...... 74 10.3.11 Uncertainties in Impact Prediction ...... 75

11 MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 76

11.1 Identifying Mitigation Measures ...... 76

11.2 Mitigation Options ...... 76

11.3 General Mitigation Measures ...... 77 11.3.1 General construction impact management ...... 77 11.3.2 Mitigating construction phase impacts ...... 77 11.3.2.1 Monitoring Turbidity levels during reclamation and filling works ...... 77 11.3.2.2 Using Physical Barriers to Reduce the Effects of Sedimentation ...... 78 11.3.2.3 Minimizing Impacts of Construction Waste ...... 78 11.3.2.4 Reducing impacts of and on project staff ...... 78

12 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ...... 81

12.1 Consultation with the Housing Development Corporation (HDC) ...... 81

12.2 Consultation with MACL ...... 81

12.3 Consultation with Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure ...... 82

12.4 Consultation with Trans Maldivian Airways (TMA) ...... 83

12.5 List of people consulted ...... 83

13 ALTERNATIVES ...... 84

13.1 No Development Option ...... 84

13.2 Alternative technological options for reclamation ...... 84 13.2.1 Bunding the reclamation area with Geotubes ...... 84

14 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN ...... 89

14.1 Introduction ...... 89

14.2 Monitoring Programme ...... 89

14.3 Monitoring Timetable ...... 90

14.4 Monitoring Report ...... 90

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 7 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

14.5 Cost of monitoring ...... 90

15 CONCLUSION ...... 95

16 MAJOR FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 97

16.1 Undertaking Survey at reclamation area ...... 97

16.2 Inclusion of culverts to allow water flow ...... 97

16.3 Coastal Protection Structure’s Detail Design ...... 98

16.4 Controlling the sedimentation during reclamation ...... 98

16.5 Environmental Monitoring ...... 98

16.6 Environmental Supervision ...... 98

16.7 Establish a Geodetic Control Network...... 98

16.8 Methodology for the execution of the project ...... 99

17 PEOPLE WHO HAVE ASSISTED IN THE PREPERATION OF THIS REPORT 100

18 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 101

19 REFERENCE BOOKS AND SOURCES ...... 102

ANNEX: TERMS OF REFERENCE ...... 103

ANNEX: BATHYMETRY ...... 104

ANNEX: PROJECT SCHEDULE ...... 105

ANNEX: NO OBJECTION LETTER FROM MACL ...... 106

ANNEX: REVETMENT DESIGN ENGINEERING REPORT ...... 107

ANNEX: LETTER FROM CITY COUNCIL...... 108

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 8 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

2 Declaration of the consultants

This EIA report has been prepared according to the EIA Regulations 2012, issued by the Ministry of Housing and Environment and all the amendments brought to the regulation including the amendment number 2016/R-66 gazetted 11 August 2016.

The EIA addendum was carried out by a multidisciplinary consulting team representing Water Solutions Private Ltd. In preparing this report, no data has been manipulated. All data has been collected by field visits.

I as the lead consultant certify that the statements in this Environmental Impact Assessment study are true, complete and correct.

Name: Hassan Shah (EIA P02/2007)

Signature:

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 9 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 10 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

3 Proponents commitment

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 11

EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July c

ާސާލުޙ ާދާސ

ާވިއަފިވެރުކުރާޔްއަތ ްށަކަމުތަގިއަޑަވިދެއ ެގ ްނަޝޭރަޕޯކ ްޓްނެމްޕޮލެވިޑ ްގްނިސުއަހ ީކަޓޯޕިރިމ

ްށަމުދެހ ިއަގުތާރަފ ީތަމުރިއ ެގޭލުޅުހ ްއެގަމ ޭދިއަޅުގ ާއ ެލާމުޅުހ ާއެލުޅުހ ީކަޓރޯޕިރިމ .ެވެކެޓރޯޕިރ

ރަޓޯވ ްނުތޮގ ެގުމުލެބ ޯތްއެމަކެނާރުކްއެރަސައ ާހިކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނުބަބަސެގ ުއޫރްޝަމ ާވިއަފިވެލާވަލުކެއ

ުދެމެދ ާއެލުޅުހ ާއެލާމ ީކަދަސުގަމ ުޑނަގިއަމ ެގުއޫރްޝަމިމ .ެވެކެޓރޯޕިރ ާވިއަފިވެރުކުރާޔްއަަތ ްނިއ ްނަޝުއިލޮސ

.ެވެމުދެހ ްއެގަމ ެނޭވެރުކުރުތަދ ާދީސ ްނިއެރެތޭލުޅުހ ްށައެލާމުޅުހ ްނެގިޅުގ ާއ ްޖިރްބ ާވިއަފިހެޖަމަހ ްށަމުޅެއ

ްށަރަވްނެފ ީނާމަޒ ެމްނެއ ްއެގަމ ާއ ްނިޅުމ ްނުރޭބ ެގ ުގަމ ަންނޮއ ިއަގުދެމެދ ާއެލާމުޅުހ ާއެލުޅުހ ުރާހިމ ްނުތޮގިމ

ްތާރަފ ީތަމުރިއ ިދައ ިނަހ ްށަރަވ ީކަގަމ ޭވެރުކ ްނުނޭބ ުރާހިމ .ެވެއަފިވެލާވަލުކެއ ްއަތ ްނޭލްޕ ީނަވ ިއަކަޓްށަމުދެހ

ްޖިރްބ ާވިއަފިހެޖަމަހ ްށަމުޅެއ ުދެމެދ ާއެލުޅުހ ާއެލާމ ްނުމަކ ްނޫނ ްއެގަމ ާވިއަފިވެރުކިރެތާކްއަރ ްށަޑޮބ ާހެއ

ްތަކްތަސަމ ެގ ްޖިރްބ ްނުމަކ ްނެހިމ .ެވެކެގަމ ެގްއެރަވްނެފާވުނ ްނެގީށަކެއ ްށައ ްކިފެރްޓ ޭދެފުއ ްނުމުމިނާޅައ

ްޓްކެޖޮރްޕ ާވިއަފިހެމާލ ިޅުގ ްށަޑޮބ ްށަރަވ ާއ ީގްއަރަތ ެގ ުދްއަހަރަސ ެލާމ ީކަމުލާމްނިނ ާދަހ ުގަމިމ ްނިރުކެގުމުމިނ

.ެވެކެއ

ީތަމުރިއ ްއެއ ްޓްނެމްޓެވިރ ުހަފްށަމުކްއިހ ްއެއަބ ްނުތާރަފ ީތަމުރިއ ެގޭލުޅުހ ީނަވިއަފިހެޖަމަހ ްށަމުދެހ ުގަމ ިމ

ީނަވ ްއަތްނިއަޒިޑ ާންސިވ ްށަޑޮބ ްށަރަވ ްށަގަމިރުކ ެގ ުގަމ ިއަގުމުދެހ ުގަމ .ެވެންނެގިއަހަޖ ިއަގުތާރަފ

އެކުލަވާލެވިފައެވެ. މިގޮތުން މަގުގެެ ފުޅާމިން އިތުރުކުރުމާ، ތާރު އެޅުމު ގެ އިތުރުން، މުސްތަގްބަލުގައި ދުއްވާ

.ެވެއަފިވެރުކ ްނިއަޒިޑ ްށަރަވްނެފ ީނާމަޒ ެމްނެއ ީނަވ ުގަމ ްނެގިއަލަބ ްށަމަކ ެނާވުރުތިއ ިތެޗްއެއ

ީނަވ ްއަތްތޮގ ާކަތ ުދްއަހަރަސ ިކެއ ެނޭގެނިލެވ ްނުމަކ ްނެގިއަކްއިހ ްނިބ ީނަވިއަފިވޭރ ްށަމުދެހ ުގަމ

ދިރާސާކުރެވި ބެލިފައެވެ. މިގޮތުން، ހުޅުމާލޭ ގެ ފޭސް 1 އަދި 2 ގައި އިތުރުވެފައި ހުރި ވެލި ލިބޭނޭކަން ވަނީ

ްށައ ޭވްނަރ ްނޭލްޕީސ ްނުރުތިއ ެގީމ .ެވެއަފާވްއެދްށޮކ ްނީގަޔ ްނިއ ްނަޝޭރަޕޯކ ްނުޓްނެމްޕޮލެވިޑ ްގްނިސުއަހ

ްސްވިޑްލޯމ ްށަމަކޭނޭބިލ ަމަނެޖްއެވ ްނުނޭބ ިލެވ ްސެވ ްނުދްއަހަރަސ ާވްނުނޭބ ްށަމުރުކ ްނުފ ްނުޅަފ ްށަރުުތިއ

.ެވެނޫނ ްއެއަބ ާވިއަފިނެމިހ ިއަގުއޫރްޝަމ ިމ ީކަމަކިމ ްސެވަމަނ .ެވެއަފެވުޅާދިވ ީނަވ ްނިއ ީނެޕްމޮކ ޓރޯޕރައެއ

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 13 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

ާވިއަފާޅައަޑނަކ ްށަމުދެހ ުގަމ ުރާހިމ ީނަވިއަފިވެރުކަގަހާފ ްށަތޮގްއެމަކ ުމްނިހުމ ެމްނެއ ެގ ުއޫރްޝަމ ިމ ާމީވ

ސަރަހައްދަކީ ބިންހިއްކުމާ ބެހޭ ގަވާއިދުގައި ބުނާ ބަފަރ ޒޯން ގެ އެތެރޭގައި ހިމެނޭ ހިސާބެއްކަމެވެ. މިހެންކަމުން،

ެގްއެއ ްޓްކެޖޮރްޕ ޭވެރުކ ާންސިތްސިއ ްނުށަދ ެގާދްއާމ ަނަވ 11 ެގުދިއާވަގ ިމ ީނޭވެދްނެގ ްށަތޮގ ާވިއަފިއަވާރ ުރާހިމ

ްއެލްއަހ ްގްނިރައިނިޖްނިއ ްށަމަކިމ ްނުމަކްއެއޫރްޝަމ ީމުއަގ ުމްނިހުމ ްށަރަވ ީކަތަކްތަސަމ ިމ .ެވެއަގުތޮގ

ަގަހާފ ީނާވ ްނިއާއީރަޒ ެގ ްޓރޯޕިރ ިމ ްށަމަކްއެމަކުމްނިހުމ ީކަމުރުކ ްނަކިމ ްނުރޭބ ެގ ްނޯޒ ރަފަބ ްސެވްނެގްސެނެގ

ްށައ ްނަޝޭޓްނެއިރޮއ ެގ ޭވްނަރ ްގްނިޑްނޭލ ްނޭލްޕީސ ަމަނ ީނަރުކ ްނުނޭބ ުގަމ ާރުކ ްނުނޭބ ުރާހިމ .ެވެއަފިވެރުކ

ްށަޑނަކ ްއަތްނޭލްޕީސ ީކަލަދަބ ުނުވެނެގ ިމ .ެވެއެނާރުކ ްއެކަތުރަސައ ިތެޑޮބ ްނުބަބަސ ެގ ުލަދަބ ާވިއަފިވެނެގ

ީސ ުރާހިމ .ެވެކެލަދަބ ާވިއަފިވެނެގ ްށަތޮގެނޭވެރުކ ްނުނޭބ ިހުދުއ ުނ ްނިތަމ ެލާމުޅުހ ިއަގުރިއ ާރުކްފޮއްކޭޓ ާމުސްއެޖ

ޕްލޭން ރަންވޭ ގެ އޮރިއެންޓޭޝަން ބައްޓަން ކުރެވިފައިވާގޮތުން މަގު އިތުރަށް ހުޅަނގުފަރާތަށް ނުޖައްސައިފިނަމަ،

.ެވެނޫނ ްއެމަކ ަހޭސަފ ާހެއ ީކަމަކިމ .ެވެއެނޭހެޖ ްނަރުކުލަދަބ ްސެވާކްއެނައ ްނަޝޭޓްނެއިރޮއ ެގޭވްނަރ ްނޭލްޕީސ

ުރާހިމ ްނުރުތިއ ެގީމ .ެވެއަގުހަފ ްށައ ާރަވްޝަމ ާކަތަކްތަސަމ ްއަތެއ ީނަވިއަފިވެނެގ ުލަދަބ ުނުވެނެގ ިމ ިދައ

.ެވެކެދްއަހަރސ ާވިއަފެވާމިދ ްއެކަތ ިތަދ ްށަރަވ ްނުތޮގެގިއަގާޖ ީކައ ޭވްނަރ ްނޭލްޕީސ

ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނުބަބަސ ެގޫރްޝަމ ިމ ްނުކަތާސާރިދ ުނުދެހ ިދައ ްނުކަތްއަތްނަކ ިލެބ ްށޮކްތަޔާއިރ ްށަމަކްނަކިމ

ާށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނުބަބަސ ެގ ްޓެޖޮރްޕ ިމ ުހަފްށަމުލެބ ްށަކަތ ާސާރިދ ުނުވެރުކ .ެވެއަފިވެނަގެނެދ ީނަވ ުރަސައ ެނާރުކ

އަދި މިހާރު ހެދިފައި ހުރި ގަވާއިތުތަކާ، ސީޕްލޭން ލޭންޑިންގް އަށް އޭގެ އަސަރު ކުރާނެއެވެ. މިގޮތުން އެންމެ

.ެވެކެމަކެނާރުކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ުރަސައ ޭވެދޭނ ެގޭއ ީކަމުކްއިހ ްނިބ .ެވެރަސައ ާރުކ ްނުމުކްއިހ ްނިބ ީކަމަކ ަމަތަރުފ

ްށަކަތުބާސިހިކެއ ެގުރަފ ްސެވުރާހިމ ީތާދ ްށަރާބ ްށަރަވ ްތަކްތަސަމ ެގުމުކްއިހ ްނިބ ްސެވުރާހިމ ިއަގޭލުޅުހ ްސެވަމަނ

ވަނީ ގެއްލުން ލިބިފައެވެ. މިހެން މިކަން އޮތްކަމުގައިވީނަމަވެސް، ބިން ހިއްކުމުން އޭގެ ނޭދެވޭ އަސަރު ފަރުގެ

އިރުމަތީ ފަރާތަށް ކުރާނެއެވެ. ހިއްކާ ސަރަހައްދު ހިމާޔަތްކުރުމަށް ރޭވިފައިވާ ރިވެޓްމެންޓް ހެދިއްޖެނަމަ، ހިއްކާ

ްނުނޭބ ުރާހިމ .ެވެއެނޭވެރުކުދަމ ިއަގުތަދްއުމުގިދ ުޑަސިކ ާބިއަފ ްސެވ ްށަރަފ ްނުރުތިއ ެގުމުރުކްތަޔާމިހ ުދްއަހަރަސ

ިއަގޓރޯޕިރ ްށަމަކްއެތޮގ ަޑުކ ްނުލްއެގ ިހެޓްއަރ ާޓްއެވާމިތ ީކައްޓްނެެމްޓެވިރ ާވިއަފިހެޖަމަހ ްނަުކ

.ެވެއެނާވިއަފިވެރުކަގަހާފ

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 14 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

ެގ ުހަމ ިއަލުޖ ިދައ ްނޫޖ ެގ 1027 ީކަތަތުތާމޫލުއަމ ާވިއަފިވެރުކ ްނުނޭބ ިއަގުމުރުކުރާޔްއަތ ްޓރޯޕިރ ިމ

ްށޮކާނިބ ްށަޗްއަމ ެގުތާމޫލުއަމ ަވިއަފިވެރުކާކްއަރ ިވެރުކްއެއ ްނިތަމުރަހަފިކެއ ިއަގ ްޓރޯޕރައެއ ްނުރުތިއ

.ެވެކެޓރޯޕިރ ުނުވެރުކުރާޔްއަތ

ްސެވ ްނިރުކ ީނަވިއަފިވެރުކ ަގަހާފ ްށަތޮގްއެމަކ ާވުޑޮބްނަކ ެމްނެއ ްނުތޮގ ާވިއަފިވޭރ ުއޫރްޝަމިމ ުރާހިމ

ިމ ްސެވަމަނ .ެވެމުވ ާވްޒަރާއަތ ާކަތ ާދްއާމ ްއެއަބ ެގުދިއާވަގ ޭހެބ ާމުކްއިހ ްނިބ ްނިއަދަފާވިއަފިވެރުކ ަގަހާފ

ިމ ްށައާރާދިއ ީޒީފްނަތ ްނުމަކ ްނެހެއ .ެވެއެވ ްޓްކެޖޮރްޕ ިމ ްށަކައްޓްކެޖޮރްޕ ޭވެރުކާންސިތްސިއ ްނުށަދ ެގުފިއަވަގ

.ެވެއެނާދިމްނިނ ްތޮގ ްށަމުއިދްނެގ ްށައިރުކ ްޓްކެޖޮރްޕ

ްށައެލާމުޅުހ ާއެލާމ ްނުމުމިނ ްތަކްތަސަމ ެގ ްޖިރްބ .ެވެތަލީސަވ ިއަމ ޭދިއަވުޅުގ ާއެލާމ ާއެލާމުޅުހ ީކަގަމ ިމ

ިއަގުގަމ ާވިއަފިދެހ ުރާހިމ .ެވެންނެގިދެހ ްށަކަރަވްނެފ ާވްނެގީށަކެއ ުގަމިމ ީނަންނައ ްނެވެދ ްށޮކުނ ްސަރުހ ުޑނަކ

ދަތުރުކުރުމުގެ ހުއްދަ ދެވިފައިވަނީ ހަމަ އެކަނި ބައެއް ވެހިކަލްތަކަށް އެކަންޏެވެ. ނަމަވެސް މަގު ހެދުމުން، ޓްރެފިކް

ްނިއަހޭސަފ ްށަކަތްލަކިހެވ ީލުކ ްނުރުތިއ ެގ ްނުހީމ ަލްއިމައ .ެވެއެނާންނައ ްއެކަތުލަދަބ ަނިގ ުނަހުނ ްށައޯލްފ

ިދައ.ެވެކެކަތްނަކ ެނާރުކ ާދިއަފިތެޑޮބ ްށަރަވ ްނުތޮގ ީއާމިތްޖިއ ީކަމަކާހިރުހިމ .ެވެއެނާވ ުމިއާގ ުމާޒިނ ެނޭވެރުކުރުތަދ

.ެވެންނެގިދެހ ްށަކަރަވްނެފ ާވްނެގީށަކެއ ުގަމ ިމ ީނަންނައ ްނެވެނެގ ްއެލަދަބ ާހިރުހިމ

.ެވެއެނޭބިލުނ ްއެމުލްއެގ ެގުރަވާވުޑޮބްނަކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުއޫރްޝަމިމ ްނުމުލެބިލެބ ްށޮކާސާރިދ ިމ

.ެވެއެނާދ ްށައިރިއަކ ާރަފ ިއަބ ޭކްއިހ ްށަރޭބ ްނިއ ްނޯޒ ރަފަބ ާނުބ ިއަގުދިއާވަގ ޭހެބ ާމުކްއިހްނިބ ްސެވަމަނ

ުރަސައ ާރުކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުއޫރްޝަމ ިމ ުރިއާލަބ ާޅައ ާކަތުއޫރްޝަމ ޭގްނިހ ިއަގުދްއަހަރަސ ިމ ުރާހިމ

ނިސްބަތުން ވަރަށް ކުޑަވާނެއެވެ. އަދި މަޝްރޫއު ކުރިއަށް ނުގެންދެވިއްޖެނަމަ، އެއަރޕޯރޓް އާ ހުޅުމާލެ އަދި

ްސަރުހ ްށަމުރެއިރުކ ަންނައ ްނެބިލ ްނުތޮގ ީއާމިތްޖިއ ްނުމަކިމ ާރައ ޫރުބ ްށަމުޅުގ ަންނައ ްނެބިލ ްށައެލާމ

.ެވެއެނޭޅެއ

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 15 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 16 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

4 Non Technical Summary

This report discusses the findings of an environmental impact assessment undertaken by Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd for undertaking the construction of the link road between Hulhule- Hulhumale connecting link road. The project is proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC).

Hulhumale Island is developed on the eastern rim of North Male’ atoll between the island of Farukolhufushi (now part of Hullhumale) and Hulhule island.

The island of Hulhumale has been an important growth centre since its development. Presently, Hulhumale is the fastest growing urban centre and has residential as well as industrial developments to a scale that has never been experienced anywhere in the Maldives. Being close to Male’ and the airport, Hulhumale has been attracting migrants from all over the Maldives.

Construction of the Male’ to Hulhule bridge is presently the biggest infrastructure project under construction. This project is very much tied with the present link road as this link road will provide direct connection of Hullhumale and the bridge, ultimately making the traffic flow from Hulhumale to Male’. This road will be constructed on the east side of the existing land mass of Hulhule airport by reclaiming a small area further west of the existing island. The proposed road will consists of three zones.

The proposed project is an important infrastructure development requirement for the development of greater Male’ region. As the project takes place in a congested zone with the airport being in the centre of the project boundary, some of the components of the project overlaps with existing legislations. Therefore, these must be addressed and an engineering solution should be sorted to achieve its objectives in the most environmentally friendly manner. The need to shift the road further east arose due to the changes that were brought to the sea plan landing and take off orientations to avoid flying over Hulhumale. Therefore, without the proposed shift in location, the road cannot be constructed.

Environmental impacts were assessed and most of the environmental impacts of the project have been identified as resulting mainly from the coral reef damage caused by reclamation of additional land. Mitigation measures for the negative impacts have been identified and outlined in detail, especially sedimentation control methods. The most important mitigation measure is the use of bund walls in the fill areas. Coastal protection has been proposed on the east side of the reclaimed land and the methodology proposed does not pose serious environmental concerns. The proposed mitigation measures will have to be followed in order to minimize environmental damage. As the existing road is presently used by limited number of vehicles and the fact that this is not a public road, social impacts during the construction period will be limited and manageable.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 17 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

The EIA was undertaken to assess the environmental impacts of the proposed link road construction. Based on the assessment, it has been identified that the major impacts of the project will be felt on the marine environment during the construction stage. The EIA report also highlights some of the studies and research work undertaken in similar environments, especially in Male’، to understand the impacts of construction works close to reef slope and how this knowledge can be transferred to similar environments based on the type of coastal protection methods in use.

The mitigation measures are provided in the report with alternatives. It is vital to conduct the activities, during both project planning and construction phase, in line with mitigation measures emphasized in the report. Socio-economic impacts of the proposed project will be immense as direct land connection of Male’ and Hulhumale would bring significant benefits to the general public. Connection of Hulhumale, Male’ and the airport is a vital transportation link that would save time and money for more than 100,000 people residing in the greater Male’ region.

The environmental impacts of various projects that are currently being undertaken in the airport region have caused significant damage to reef in various areas. This project will also have its impacts, but the impacts will not be anything greater than to what the environment has already been subjected to. Therefore a comprehensive monitoring programme has been suggested which covers components of coastal and marine environment to assess how the critical components of this project will affect the environment and to what extent. It is important to follow this monitoring programme not only to comply with the regulation but also to ensure that the impacts are measures in realistic terms.

Though some of the components of this project contravenes with the Dredging and reclamation regulation; the regulation also exempts this project as Hulhule island is a special zone. Under clause 10 of the dredging and reclamation regulation, special projects are exempted. As the environmental consultants, it is our opinion that this project should be allowed to proceed as the environmental impacts of this project does not pose serious concerns to the natural environment. It is a project that has far greater socio-economic benefits than these limited environmental impacts.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 18 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

5 Introduction

This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report has been prepared to fulfil the requirements of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act, law no. 4/93 in order to assess the impacts of the proposed construction of Hulhule-Hulhumale link road. The project proponent is Housing Development Corporation (HDC).

5.1 Structure of the R e p o r t

The report has been structured to meet the requirements of the EIA regulations 2012 issued by the Ministry of Housing and Environment and all the amendments brought to the regulation including the amendment number 2016/R-66 gazetted 11 August 2016.

Hence, the report will provide an executive summary at the beginning. The report will then have a project description in detail, existing environmental conditions, justifications given by the proponent for undertaking the proposed project components and alternatives. Alternatives to proposed components or activities in terms of location, construction methods and technologies, design and environmental considerations would be suggested. A mitigation plan and monitoring programme before, during and after the works will be outlined at the end. The major findings of this report are based on qualitative and quantitative assessments undertaken during site visits in 2016. Shoreline data, stakeholder meetings and marine environment data have been collected among others.

The impact assessment methodology has been restricted to field data collected, consultations, data collected during various time periods, experience and professional judgment. In addition, satellite and aerial photos have been used to study the geography and environmental changes where necessary.

5.2 Aims and Objectives o f t h e r e p o r t

The objective of the report is to:  Promote informed and environmentally sound decision making.  Report the current environmental, social and economic issues faced in the project boundary.  To fulfill the obligations of the proponent to undertake an EIA under Clause 5 of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of the Maldives.  Undertake the proposed project works with minimum damage to the environment.  Ensure that all the socio-economic aspects of the project are addressed.  Propose recommendations to the client based on stakeholder assessments.  Identify the real need for shore protection.  Identify a suitable and environmentally sound design for shore protection.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 19 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

 Identify what other components that can be incorporated in the project design that does not affect the budget and which can be managed within the project’s overall cost.

5.3 EIA Implementation

This EIA addendum has been prepared by a local environmental consulting firm, Water Solutions. Water Solutions have been chosen by the proponent as the environmental consultants for this project. The team members were:  Hassan Shah, BSc, EIA (P02/2007)  Abdul Aleem, BSc, MPH – Mapping and GIS  Ahmed Jameel, B. Eng (Environmental), MSc – Environmental (EIA-07/07)  Faruhath Jameel, BSc, - Surveying science  Hamdhulla Shakeeb, - Surveyor.  Ibrahim Faiz, BSc - Environmental Management (EIA T06/15)

5.4 Terms of Reference

Terms of Reference for this assessment has been included in the Appendix of this report.

5.5 Desk Study Review

A literature review was conducted to acquire background information on the site and its environment as well as to identify possible environmental impacts of similar developments in island settings. In this context, the EIA Regulations 2012, best practices from similar development activities, studies undertaken in similar settings around Maldives and previous documents/historical publications was considered.

The literature review comprised of, but is not limited to, the following:  - EIA for Hulhulhe Male’ Bridge (1025) - EIA for Male’ West Coast Redevelopment (1025) - Japan’s action on Adaptation to climate change showcasing Male’ seawall (UNFCCC, 2012) - EA for proposed five star hotel development project in Male’ at Dharubaaruge Plot (2008) - Preliminary Report on the Survey Results of 26/12/2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in the Maldives, JICA (2005) - The Project for Seawall Construction in Male Island (JICA, 2003) - EIA for the Proposed Nasandhura Hotel and Apartment Complex Redevelopment Project in Male’, 1025.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 20 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

6 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

The project conforms to the requirements of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of the Maldives, Law no. 4/93. The EIA has been undertaken in accordance with the EIA Regulation 2012 of the Maldives by a registered consultant. Furthermore, it adheres to the principles underlined in the regulations, action plans, programmes and policies of Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure, Ministry of Environment and Energy and Environmental Protection Agency. These are discussed in detail in the following sections.

6.1 Relevant Legislations

6 . 1 . 1 Environmental Protection and Preservation Act

Article 5 (a) of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Law No. 4/93) addresses the submission of an EIA (Majilis, 1993). It states that an EIA shall be submitted to Ministry of Environment before implementing any developing project that may have a potential impact on the environment. This project complies with this Act.

6 . 1 . 2 Protected Areas and Sensitive Areas

Under Article 4 of the Environment Protection and Preservation Act, the Ministry of Environment is vested with the responsibility of identifying and registering protected areas and natural reserves and drawing up of rules and regulations for their protection and preservation.

As part of the Environmental Regulation, EPA has established list of ‘sensitive sites’ in the Maldives. Although not formalized as a regulation, the sensitive list is mentioned in the recent Regulation on Dredging and Reclamation (Regulation number 2014/R-13, see Section 5.7, page34). The sensitive sites, according to EPA are sites in the Maldives (islands, reefs, mangroves, inter-tidal areas) where developments ought to be restricted, regulated or controlled. Some view those sites mentioned in the sensitive list have no meaning because there is no evidence to show any ‘sensitive features’ of the areas.

Hulhule and Hulhumale is not a protected island and the island is not included in an environmentally sensitive area list maintained by EPA. Hence this regulation is not relevant to the proposed project.

6 . 1 . 3 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012

The Ministry of Environment has issued EIA regulation on May 2012, which guides the process of undertaking the Environmental Impact Assessment in the Maldives – This guideline also provides a comprehensive outline of the EIA process, including the roles and responsibilities of the consultants and the proponents. This regulation outlines every step of the IEE/EIA process

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 21 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July beginning from application to undertake an EIA, details on the contents, minimum requirements for consultants undertaking the EIA, format of the EIA/IEE report and many more.

The guidance provided in this Regulation was followed in the preparation of this EIA report. The EIA has also been prepared by registered consultants.

6 . 1 . 4 Decentralization Act

The Decentralization Act establishes the local councils as highest authority in the locality and who shall have executive powers to be exercised in accordance with this Act. The Act establishes Atoll Councils, Island Councils and City Councils.

6 . 1 . 5 General Laws Act – 4/68(Public property)

The general Laws Act 4/68, Paragraph 7 stipulates that public property such as trees, coconut palms, farm land, households and such owned by public or private individuals, if required to be obtained by the Government, the property can be obtained by the Ministry of Justice or the High Court of the Maldives. The above shall be done only after the individual is fairly compensated for the property or by financial compensation proposed by the property holder. If the public property to be attained is a land plot or a household, the property holder shall be given adequate time for clearance of the area. If a private property belonging to one individual creates nuisance to another, the matter shall be resolved by the Atoll Council for issues arising in the islands.

This project does not require removal of any personal properties. The existing vegetation in the proposed areas is all reported as public property. No registrar is maintained on the public trees and bushes around the existing link road between Hulhule and Hulhumale.

6.2 Relevant Regulations and Guidelines

6 . 2 . 1 Waste management Regulations

The Ministry of Environment has developed national waste management regulation. The key elements of the regulations include: ensure safe disposal of solid waste and encourage recycling and reduction in waste generated, develop guidelines on waste management and disposal and advocate enforcing these guidelines through inter-sectoral collaboration and ensure safe disposal of chemical, industrial and hazardous waste.

Waste management for the proposed project during the construction and operation phase will be in line with this regulation. The waste generated from the project site would be taken to the Thilafushi for processing and disposal.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 22 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

6 . 2 . 2 Regulation cutting down, uprooting and export of trees

The Regulation on cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees and palms from one island to another was recently issued by the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water. Clause 5 (a) of the regulations states that Prior to the commencement of any project(s) that would require the indiscriminate removal and export of trees/palms from one island to another for the purpose of agriculture, development/development, construction or any other purpose, it is mandatory under the Regulation to prepare an EIA Report stating clearly the details of the Project(s) with all necessary information and submit the same through the relevant Ministry to Ministry of Environment and Energy and the project(s) can only commence upon the grant of written approval from the MEE.

Article 8 (a) requires permission be obtained from Ministry of Environment and Energy, if more than 10 coconut palms that are of a height of 15 ft (from base of the palm to the tip of the palm frond) are cut, uprooted or relocated to another island. The regulation also ensures the replacement of the vegetation that is lost by imposing the planting of two palms for every palm tree that is cut or uprooted (Article 2 (d)). Logging on inhabited islands must be done under supervision of the islands chief or an official appointed by the island chief (Article 8 (c).

According to Article 3 (a) no trees can be cut or uprooted within the 15m zone inside from the vegetation line of an island. If there is any mangrove areas in the island, no trees and be uprooted, dig out or cut within the 15m buffer zone around the mangrove area (Article 3 (b)). Uprooting and cutting of the trees would be carried out as outlined in the regulations. Two trees would be planted for each tree removed.

This regulations has no implication to the proposed project.

6 . 2 . 3 Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Disposal

The guideline is developed and implemented by the Environment Protection Agency. The guideline is to improve public health through improved sanitation and cleaner and safer environment by regulating the disposal of domestic wastewater.

The proposed project has been proposed based on the requirements of this guidelines and EIA has been undertaken within the parameters defined by this regulations. All domestic waste will be disposed as per the guidelines provided by EPA. Hence, the treated wastewater will be as per the following guidelines.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 23 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

Table 1: Treated wastewater quality standards to be achieved

MEEW guidelines for maximum allowable concentrations for Parameter discharge into deep sea Biochemical Oxygen Demand 40 mg/l (BOD5) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 50 mg/l Suspended Solids 150 mg/L pH 5 -9.5 Oil & Grease (After effective 5 mg/L fat/Grease trap)

This regulation has no implication to the proposed project.

6 . 2 . 4 Post EIA Monitoring, Auditing and Evaluation

The environmental monitoring programme given in EIA report is an important aspect of the EIA process. The monitoring programme outlines the objectives of the monitoring; the specific information to be collected; the data collection program, and managing the monitoring programme. Managing the monitoring programme requires assigning institutional responsibility, reporting requirements, enforcement capability, and ensuring that adequate resources are provided in terms of funds, skilled staff, etc.

The monitoring programme outlined in this report will comply with the EIA Regulations 2012 and subsequent amendments.

6 . 2 . 5 D r e d g i n g a nd Reclamation regulation

Following are the relevant clauses of this regulation.

Clause 6, a, and c outlines the situation or cases to which dredging and permit can be given.

Clause 7 discusses the types of situations in which dredging and reclamation can be undertaken.

Clause 10 outlines the exemptions and exceptional cases where enforcing authority can issue decisions or waive the conditions.

Clause 22 outlines the criteria’s to be utilized during dredging and reclamation.

Clause 13 outlines the details conditions to be met in a borrow area. This includes, minimum buffer zone between the reef line, shore lines and also buffer zones around reef.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 24 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

Clause 14 outlines the dredge spoil disposal methods and its use.

Clause 15 outlines the maximum area for dredging.

Clause 16 outlines the maximum area for reclamation.

Under clause 10, this project can be exempted and the regulatory authority has the legal obligation to issue the approval for this.

6.3 Environmental Permits

6 . 3 . 1 Decision Statement (EDS)

The EIA Decision Statement is issued on successful evaluation of the EIA report by the EPA, Ministry of Environment and Energy. EIA Decision Statement governs the manner in which the EIA project activities must be undertaken.

6.4 Responsible Institutions

The main government institutions that have roles and responsibilities relevant to this project are summarised below.

6 . 4 . 1 Environmental Protection Agency

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the Ministry of Environment and Energy has responsibility for efficient operation of the EIA process. This encompasses a number of tasks, including screening of projects and provision of general procedural advice to the project proponents throughout the EIA process. The EPA manages the review of the EIA report and is responsible for any approvals or recommendations associated with the EIA. It is also responsible for verifying that environmental protection measures are properly implemented by undertaking environmental audits in collaboration with other government as well as non-government agencies with a role for environmental protection and preservation.

6 . 4 . 2 Ministry of Environment and Energy

The Ministry of Housing and Environment is mandated for the effective implementation of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (law 4/93) of the country and has the statutory power over issues related to the environment. It has the central control over the environment protection, management, conservation and environmental emergencies. The Ministry operates mainly at a policy level and the more regulatory and technical assessment activities are mandated to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In this respect EPA has been mandated to manage all issues relating to Environmental Impact Assessment of none tourism related projects.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 25 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

6.5 Relevant Polic i e s

6 . 5 . 1 National Climate Change Strategy

The Maldives Climate Change Strategy Framework is the main policy instrument of the Government of Maldives addressing climate change. The climate policy framework recognises climate change as a central player in the sustainable development. The framework is expected to be instrumental in guiding the efforts to combat climate and to achieve the sustainable development of the Maldives. The policy framework provides a platform to streamline the existing climate change adaptation strategies that had been outlined in various policy documents. The implementation of the Maldives Climate Change Policy Framework is seen as a major step towards adapting to the current and future effects of climate change.

6 . 5 . 2 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2016-2025 (NBSAP 2016-2025) seeks to ensure that threats to biodiversity are addressed, biodiversity is conserved, sustainably used and benefits arising from them are shared equitably. It also encompasses ways of addressing gaps, challenges and constraints highlighted in earlier sections. It is a living document that will have the capacity to adapt to changes in national conditions, capacities and to the changes in the international arena. In implementing the proposed project activities due care would be given to ensure that the national biodiversity strategies are adhered to. The proponent has committed on conservation and protection of the environment while undertaking this proposed project.

6 . 5 . 3 Waste Management Policy

The aim of the waste management policy is to formulate and implement guidelines and means for solid waste management in order to maintain a healthy environment. Accordingly, the key elements of the policy include: - Ensure safe disposal of solid waste and encourage recycling and reduction of waste generated; - Develop guidelines on waste management and disposal and advocate to enforce such guidelines through inter-sectoral collaboration; - Ensure safe disposal of chemical, hazardous and industrial waste.

The proponents of this project must be aware of the policy and all solid and hazardous waste produced in this project should be disposed according to the Environmental Management Plan for the project, which reflects the principles of the Waste Management Policy.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 26 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

6.6 International Conventions

6 . 6 . 1 Convention on Climate Change

The Maldives is a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement to the UNFCCC. The objective of the Convention is to achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.

6 . 6 . 2 Convention on Biolog ical Diversity

The Maldives is a party to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. The objective of the convention is “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding. The proposed development activities outlined in this project does not fall on any area recognised for its ecological value. Therefore it is unlikely there will be a major loss of biodiversity. The loss is not going to be significant at atoll or national level. Yet, it is recommended that the developer ensures that mitigation measures are taken to reduce the impact on biodiversity.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 27 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

7 Project Description 7.1 Introduction to the project

The proposed road development project consists of development of a link road connecting Hulhumale and Hulhule. The road is constructed as part of the preparation for the bridge completion works. The road is intended to connect the bridge to Hulhumale as at present there are no access roads. Hence, it has been proposed to develop this road as preparation for the completion of the Male-Hulhule bridge. The following figure outlines the project boundary.

This road will be constructed on the east side of the existing land mass of Hulhule airport by reclaiming a small area. The proposed road will consists of three zones as outlined below. Each zone will be developed and constructed with specific designs and details.

1- Zone 1 – South side of Hulhumale Phase I. 2- Zone 2 – Link road, Hulhule. 3- Zone 3 – Access road on airport to bridge connection.

The following figure outlines these three zones.

Figure 1: Zones of the link road

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 28 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

7.2 Description of the development zones and the proposed w o r k s

The road will be developed in three (3) different zones and the proposed works for each zones are outlined below. The separate diagrammes attached in this section provides the description of major project components.

7 . 2 . 1 Z o n e 1

Works proposed in zone 1 (Hulhumale phase 1 south side) are as follows.

 Obtaining of fill materials for the reclamation and levelling of the roads.  Removal of existing ramp.  Removal of existing trees.  Reclamation and sand filling (refer to Table 2).  Construction of new revetment and fencing with an approximate length of 795 metres.  Scarifying of 860 metres of existing road and removal of kerbs.  Laying roads with kerbs, street light, signage and road marking. Approximate road length is 860 m.  Levelling of the roads and compacting.  Construction of view point.  Construction of roundabout.  Construction of toll booth and office.  Landscaping.

7 . 2 . 2 Z o n e 2

Works proposed in zone 2 (Link road (Hulhule –Hulhumale) are as follows.

 Reclamation and sand filling (refer to Table 2).  Construction of revetment wall and fencing approximately 1355 m.  Relocation of existing transformer.  Relocation of any existing cables in the road area.  Scarifying of 1355 metres of existing road and removal of kerbs.  Laying roads with kerbs, street light, signage and road marking. Approximate road length is 1355 m.  Landscaping.

7 . 2 . 3 Z o n e 3

Works proposed in zone 3 (Access Road on airport to bridge connection) are as follows.

 Removal of existing rock boulders revetment of approximately 800 metres.  Reclamation and sand filling an area of 6874 m2.  Construction rock boulders revetment, approximately 527 m.  Removal and disposal of warehouse, ramp and any other debris in the project area.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 29 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

 Scarifying of 1825 metres of existing road.  Laying roads with kerbs, street light, signage and road marking of approximate length 1825 metres.  Landscaping.

7.3 K e y N o d e s

Along the route of the proposed road, there are key notes that are essential to the projet. The key nodes of the project are outlined below. These are illustrated in the following diagramme.

1- MNDF & Industrial zone intersection. 2- Nirolhu Magu (of Hulhumale) and Link road intersection. 3- Link road & Hulhule Intersection. 4- Existing MNDF harbour area. 5- Bridge connection.

Figure 2: Key nodes of the project.

7.4 R e c l a m ation component and area

The proposed project involves reclamation of an area on the east side of Hulhule island. The following diagramme shows the reclamation areas for the project.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 30 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

Figure 3: Reclamation areas

The following diagrammes outline the detail design of the road including cross sections, lengths, reclamation zone and all the approved drawings.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 31 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 32 Overview of the projec components

Existing road (no coastal protection) Proposed dredging to extend the East side of the road contains coastal runway (not part of this project). New reclamation perimetre busy vegetation and beach sand. Coastal protection will be constructed on the eastern side of the reclamation boundary to protect the land and the road.

EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

The following table outlines the reclamation areas and reclamation volumes.

Table 2: Reclamation Volumes and areas (metres and square metres respectively)

Proposed reclamation areas and volumes approved

Length on south side of Hulhumale Phase 1 - Link road (M) 860.00 Length of link road connecting to Hulhule (M) 3,180.00

Zone 1 Estimated area to be reclaimed from Hulhumale Phase 1 9,928.84 south side (SQM) Estimated volume to be reclaimed (CBM) 18,467.64

Zone 2 Estimated area to be reclaimed from access roat to Hulumale 193,620.42 airport (bridge connection) - (SQM) Estimated volume to be reclaimed (CBM) 352,389.16

Estimated total area of reclamation (SQM) 203,549.26 Estimated total volume of reclamation (CBM) 370,856.80

7.5 Dredging and fill material requirement

Refer to the volume of reclamation in the table above regarding the details of fill material.

Fill material for the proposed project will be obtained from excess fill material available in Hulhumale from the reclamation of Hulhumale phase 1 and phase 2. HDC has assured the availability of the fill material and a letter is attached as an annex.

7.6 Machinery and Tools Excavator, Dump Truck, Barge, Crane, Loader, Office Container and other construction machineries and tools would be used in the construction process.

7.7 Project Proponent

The project is proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC). The Hulhumalé Development Corporation - HDC for short - was a government owned corporation that previously undertook solely the development and management of the Hulhumalé. In 2009, the name of the corporation was changed to Housing Development Corporation, and mandated to undertake government housing projects not only in Hulhumalé but elsewhere in the Maldives as well. Its mission now is to relieve the urban congestion in the Maldives by providing housing in a socially responsible and commercially viable manner.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 33 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

While the HDC now has the vision of providing quality housing to the whole of the Maldives, its main focus currently lies in developing Hulhumalé into a unique island city in the North Malé Atoll, while creating opportunities for better homes, health, employment and education services in the Maldives. HDC – the largest real estate development company in the Maldives – occupies three roles in the development of Hulhumalé.

Firstly, it acts as a master developer, delivering the vision, inspiration and imagination of the project in a manner that is feasible and commercially viable.

Secondly, HDC is a builder, investing in the infrastructure necessary for quality living and business prosperity. These include the development of roads, landscaping, and ensuring that basic utilities as well as other essential services are available for investors and residents.

Lastly, HDC acts as regulator, overseeing detailed planning, architectural guidelines and building regulations.

The HDC deals with the lease and sale of land as well as developed property on Hulhumalé. The company focuses on three broad areas of real estate development: residential, commercial, and industrial.

7.8 Institutional arrangements for managing the project

HDC has awarded the contract to an independent contractor through the government tendering process. Once the EIA is approved, the mobilization will begin and the work will initiate. HDC will be directly supervising the visits and also have regular meetings as part of the project monitoring.

7.9 Project Location and Study Area

The proposed project takes place on the eastern side of Hulhule and the south side of Hulhumale. Hulhumale Island is developed on the eastern rim of North Male’ atoll between the island of Farukolhufushi (now part of Hulhumale) and Hulhule island. Therefore, this reef system comprises of Hulhule and Hulhumale islands. The following table outlines some basic statistics for the Hulhumale and Hulhule reef system.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 34 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

Table 3: Physical attributes of the Hulhule – Hulhumale reef system

Length of reef system 7,750 m Average width of reef system 1,760 m Width of the shallow lagoon on the western side of the island 132 m Width of the deep lagoon on the western side of the island 528 m

7.10 Need and Justification to undertake the project

7 . 1 0 . 1 An Urban centre relieving the population pressur e o n M a l e ’

The island of Hulhumale has been an important growth centre since its development. Hulhumalé is the most ambitious and striving land reclamation and urban development projects undertaken by the Government of Maldives to date. The perception for the development and expansion of Hulhumalé was envisioned as a significant step in improving the quality and eminence of life of the population and revitalizing the Maldivian economy. It is also with the intention to serve as an effective solution to the mounting problems of congestion within the capital region as well as a resource to facilitate and assist the continual growth of the country’s two dominant economic sectors, fisheries and tourism.

Presently, Hulhumale is the fastest growing urban centre and has residential as well as industrial developments to a scale that has never been experienced anywhere in the Maldives. Today, people live there, industries have established their base and more and more industries are coming up annually. A lot of people working in Male’ are living in Hulhumale and use the system of ferries to transport. The proposed bridge connection of Male and Hulhule will provide direct access to Male’ and presently does not have an access road. The proposed road is therefore essential to transport people between these centres.

7 . 1 0 . 2 Accessibility to Hulhumale harbour

The development of Hulhumale created an ideal deep lagoon on the western side of the island. This was initially a much shallower lagoon from which sand was borrowed to reclaim the island. This lagoon has become one of the pivotal locations for a number of safari vessels that use the lagoon as the nodal point from where they operate. Being close to Male’ and the airport, this lagoon provides the ideal conditions for most safari operators as logistics are very easy in addition to the safety and comfort of a deep lagoon which makes navigation safe and easy.

However, although this lagoon is used by hundreds of boats and vessels, most of the logistics and supplies originate from Male’. Therefore a direct land access road to Male’

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 35 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July is very essential for moving people and getting goods on and off, especially during unfavourable circumstances.

7 . 1 0 . 3 Greater flexibility of moving people from Male’ to H u l h u m a l e

Presently people living in Hulhumale has to take a ferry or go to the airport and then take a boat ferry to Male’. This is a time consuming and inconvenient method of commuting people. The direct link road will allow people to access Male’ and Hulhumale without having to use boat ferries. In addition, presently only certain licensed taxis are allowed to go to the airport direct from Hulhumale.

7 . 1 0 . 4 Orientation of present sea plane runway

The need to move the road further east is also a result of the recent sea plane orientation changes that were brought about by the development works undertaken. The following figure outlines this situation.

Figure 4: Need to move the road further east

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 36 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

7.11 P r o j e c t b o u n d a r y

The project boundary is illustrated in the following figure.

Figure 5: Project boundary

7 . 1 1 . 1 Recreation of rock boulder revetment

The existing revetment at zone 3 will be removed and recreated after reproofing the road.

7 . 1 1 . 2 Coastal Protection w o r k s

In this project, mold-bagged concrete revetment is proposed to be used. A typical section is outlined below. Details of the coastal protection methods are outlined as a separate report in the annex.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 37 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

Figure 6: Proposed revetment (refer to the annex for detail engineering report).

7.12 P r o j e c t Management

7 . 1 2 . 1 P r o j e c t s c h e d u l e

The project schedule is attached as an annex.

7 . 1 2 . 2 Waste management

A waste removal strategy will be developed during the pre-commencement period. The contractor is required to work towards better management of waste so the volume of waste to be disposed would be reduced. All domestic wastes from the construction activities, that is from the construction works will enter the present waste management cycle in Hulhumale, that is only waste of domestic nature from the project site. All other wastes such as construction waste, hazardous wastes like waste oil, grease and alike will be stockpiled at the project site and transferred to Thilafushi after the project.

7 . 1 2 . 3 Dust and Debris

The construction areas will be kept clean and tidy at all times and will accord with the safety requirements. Particular attention will be given to preventing the contamination of working areas.

7 . 1 2 . 4 S a f e t y

Full recognition and regard will be taken in the management and execution of project safety plan. Any subcontractors will be obliged to provide safety policies, plans and method statements and will be interviewed prior to order placement on all aspects of safety, health

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 38 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July and welfare. All sites are subject to independent site safety checks, inspection and reports by our independent site safety inspectors and advisors.

7 . 1 2 . 5 Housing of temporary labour

Housing of labour will also be the responsibility of the contractor and will be based in the temporary accommodation facilities setup in Hulhumale. The contractor will finalize the location in consultation with the Housing Development Corporation. All construction vehicles will also be parked in Hulhumale phase 1.

7 . 1 2 . 6 Emergency plan in case of spills (diesel, grease, o i l )

Spillages can be an issue in this project if adequate measures are not taken. Hence, oil, grease and other fuel storage will be held on land in a temporary site that has an adequate impervious flooring. Refuelling of excavators, loaders and trucks will be required to be undertaken in hard floor areas setup at the project site during the construction works.

7 . 1 2 . 7 Measures to control sedimentation

In order to minimize the sedimentation, excavators will be working on land for most part of the construction and avoid or minimize their use in the lagoon.

7.13 E x p e c t e d Environmental Conditions during the Project Implementation Period

The project activities is expected to take begin in south-west monsoon towards the end completed before the end of the north-east monsoon in 2018. Hence, the environmental conditions are expected to be mostly favourable during the construction period (the proposed project area is located on the east side and therefore is very well protected during the south-west monsoon, but exposed in north-east monsoon). The project activities may have some disruption in extreme events only. As for the construction of the revetment works, it will mainly be done on land and thus pose limited interruptions from weather, unless in severe conditions.

7.14 Risks Associated with the Project

There are very limited risk factors associated with this project that could possibly have both financial and environmental implications. The most important is the sedimentation and reef damage on the east side. Another significant risk is project delays caused that could impact the airport operations. The actual construction work is unlikely to be affect by bad weather unless it is very severe.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 39 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

7.15 Project Inputs and Outputs

7 . 1 5 . 1 Project Inputs

The types of resources that will go into the project and from where and how these will be obtained are given in the following table.

Table 4: Matrix of major inputs during construction period

INPUT RESOURCE(S) SOURCE/TYPE HOW TO OBTAIN RESOURCES Construction workers Maldivians +foreign Contractor (20+) labours Water supply (construction Desalinated water / Available from period). mineral water / Hulhumale Electricity/Energy Form the Hulhumale and Contractor (construction period) Airport power grid. A backup mobile Diesel generators will be available on standby. Construction machinery Excavator s Contractor Dump trucks Contractor Loaders Contractor Concrete mixers Contractor Winget machine Contractor Crane Contractor Workshop container Contractor Office container Contractor Water tanks (2500to Contractor 5000L) Telecommunications Mobile Phones, and radio Contractor two-way communications. Food (during construction Food supplied to the Contractor period) project site area. Fuel Diesel, Petrol, Lubricants Contractor to obtain from Hulhumale.

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7 . 1 5 . 2 P r o j e c t O u t p u t s

The type of outputs (products and waste streams) and what is expected to happen to them are given in the following table.

Table 5: Matrix of major outputs of environmental significance during construction stage

PRODUCTS AND ANTICIPATED METHOD OF WASTE QUANTITIES DISPOSAL MATERIALS wastewater 250/l/person/day Waste water generated by the labour force of the contractor Waste oil and grease Approximately 55 litres per Stockpiled in the project (hazardous waste) month site and later will be disposed at Thilafushi after they are transported during demobilization. Noise Localized to the project site Unavoidable during the including the surrounding construction stage but will areas. be minimized. Noise is unavoidable and does not pose a threat to the environment as the area is a high noise environment. Air pollution Limited quantities of dust, Mainly arising as a result oxides of Nitrogen and sulphur of emission from the from use of machinery in the construction work such as construction zone. from the excavators and machinery. Only localized but unavoidable. Revetment Refer to the Engineering report As revetment along the in the annex shore.

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8 Methodology

The section covers methodologies used to collect data on the existing environment. The key environmental and socio-economic components of the project that were considered are marine environment, coastal environment and social environment. In order to study the existing environment of the project site, the following data collection methodologies were used during the field visits undertaken in a period between June to July 2017. Field visits, mainly covered water quality, terrestrial flora, fauna, marine environment and lagoon condition of the proposed project sites. In addition, stakeholder consultations were carried out with various stakeholders in June and July 2016.

8.1 General Methodologies of data collection

Conditions of the existing environment were analyzed by using appropriate scientific methods. The environmental components of the study area were divided into coastal, marine and terrestrial environment. The marine environment of the island covered the house reef, especially eastern side of Hulhule. The terrestrial environment covered vegetation of the site.

8.2 Mapping and Location identification

The island of Hulhule, including some section of the reef line, shore line, vegetation line and marine survey locations were mapped using available charts and maps. The location of data collection sites were marked using existing available GIS and ground truthing. These data collection points include water sampling locations and marine survey areas.

8.3 Marine Survey

This LIT method was also complimented by qualitative methods, such as visual observations and through the use of photos. Fish counts were also undertaken to get a snapshot of the fish population through swim survey. Details of these methodologies are discussed in the methodology section.

The following are definition of benthic categories used in this survey.

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 HC: All living coral including bleached coral; includes fire, blue and organ pipe corals  SC: Include zoanthids but not anemones (OT)  RKC: Coral that has died within the past year; appears fresh and white or with corallite structures still recognizable  NIA: All macro-algae except coralline, calcareous and turf (record the substrate beneath for these); Halimeda is recorded as OT; turf is shorter than 3cm.  SP: All erect and encrusting sponges (but no tunicates).  RC: Any hard substrate; includes dead coral more than 1 yr old and may be covered by turf or encrusting coralline algae, barnacles, etc.  RB: Reef rocks between 0.5 and 15cm in diameter  SD: Sediment less than 0.5cm in diameter; in water, falls quickly to the bottom when dropped.  SI: Sediment that remains in suspension if disturbed; recorded if color of the underlying surface is obscured by silt.  OT: Any other sessile organism including sea anemones, tunicates, gorgonians or non-living substrate. General impression and quantitative results of the sites surveyed are described in the marine environment section.

8.4 Bathymetric survey

A bathymetric survey was undertaken for the purpose of planning and EIA to assess the baseline condition of the proposed breakwater construction on north eastern side of the island. The bathymetric survey map is attached as annexed as an annex to this report.

8.5 Marine water quality

The marine water samples were tested onsite in-situ using digital water test kit and at the laboartory.

8.6 S o c i o - economic condition and stakeholde r consultation

A stakeholder consultation was undertaken as part of the Environment Impact Assessment for the project. The purpose of the consultation is to get stakeholders view on the project and analyse the potential impact of the project. Consultations were held through meetings at Male’ and HDC with government stakeholder.

8.7 Data Analysis

The EIA consultants used their experience and knowledge in their respective fields to analyse the data from the previous studies and field visits in order to determine the potential impacts of the proposed project, the severity of effects arising from these impacts and how any adverse impacts can be best mitigated and positive impacts enhanced. This analysis provides recommendations on actions and mitigation measures and provides the

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 43 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July basis for the formulation of the environmental monitoring plan. The process and findings of the study is reported in the EIA report compiled for this project.

8.8 Report Format The report format and structure presented here follows the report formatting guidelines issued by EPA.

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9 Existing Environment of Maldives 9.1 Existing general environment of Maldives

The general environmental conditions of Maldives is attached as an annex. The annex covers the overall meteorological conditions of Maldives, climate settings, temperature, wind patterns throughout the country, rainfall, monsoon information, offshore wave conditions, tides, and other relevant information. The general environment is also described in many reports and literature as well as reference to the following report is made if the reader wishes to refer.

The baseline information of the proposed project and surrounding area were collected through primary data collected during the study period (May 2014) and available secondary data as reported in Social and Environmental Impact Assessment Ibrahim Nasir International Airport (2010). The environmental baseline data includes general geography, meteorology, demographic status, geology, ecologically protected areas, terrestrial and marine environment, bathymetry, tidal conditions, etc. A detailed description of baseline data compiled through the surveys and monitoring is provided in the following subsections:

9.2 Geographic Setting

Maldives has a total of 1,192 islands, distributed over 26 natural atolls that encompass an area of approximately 107,500 km2 of which less than 0.3 percent is land area. The country’s total land area is estimated to approximately 300 km2, with islands varying in size from 0.5 km2 to 5.0 km2. Only 197 of the islands are inhabited. The islands consist of coral, sea grass, seaweed, mangrove and sand dune ecosystems which are of great ecological and socio-economic significance.Maldives is considered as one of the ecologically sensitive marine habitats in shallow and intertidal zones.

The Ministry of Housing and Environment, Maldives has identified certain islands as protected areas. The following table shows the list of protected areas in Malé atoll and their respective distances from the Ibrahim Nasir International Airport.

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Table 6: List of the Protected Areas in Male Atoll, 2005

Area Distance from project site (km) Male' Atoll Lankan Thila - Makunudhoo Kandu Olhi 40 Rasfaree and the enclosed reef 28 Thamburudhoo Thila 14 Gaathugiri / Ad' dhashugiri - Giraavaru Kuda Haa 13 Dhekunu Thilafalhuge Miyaruvani - Kollavani in the centre of Gulhifalhu 6 Emboodhoo Kandu Olhi 10 Guraidhoo Kandu Olhi 31

From the above table, it is apparent that except Kollavani in the centre of Gulhifalhu, most of the identified islands are situated beyond 10 km from the airport island.

9.3 Topography and Island elevation

At Hulhule island, no topographical point is more than about 1.7 m above highest water level. The height point of the runway is 1.2 m above mean sea level and thus has only about 0.5m clearance at highest high water level. The edge of the turning apron and shoulders are lapped by the sea at high water in several places and on the northeast end, which is comparatively sheltered, the retaining wall consists of loose piled coral blocks (MHHE, 2001).

9.4 C o a s t a l E n v i r o n m e n t

The coastal environment of the project site (eastern side of Hulhule and south side of Hulhumale can be described as having the following characteristics. They are:

1. A beach on the eastern side.

2. Coastal vegetation which consists of busy trees.

In order to assess the coastline, a qualitative coastal assessment survey was undertaken using handheld GPS and aerial photographs. The coastal environment of the project site is not complex and does not constitute any major significant environment.

9 . 4 . 1 Historic Shoreline Changes

The best way to appreciate the historical changes on the shoreline is through the study of the aerial Photographs. The aerial photographs of the island from 1969, 1999, 2004, and 2013 in Figure 7 shows the modifications and changes that had been made to the shoreline of the island. The most noticeable changes that had happened to the island, is the

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 46 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July disappearance of the lagoon on western side of the island and expansion of the island to the eastern side of the lagoon through reclamation.

Figure 7: The Metamorphosis of the island of Hulhule showing the evolution and formation of the existing link road over time

9 . 4 . 2 B e a c h

Hulhule Island is not a typical Maldivian island with beach as historically the shore line was altered for the construction of the airport and its associated facilities. Coastal protection structures have been constructed all along the shoreline of the island. On the eastern side of the existing link road, there is a beach with a combination of rocks and coarse sand. The following figure outlines the status of the coastal environment at project site.

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Figure 8: Existing coastal environment at project site

9.5 C l i m a t e

Maldives is located at the equator and experiences monsoonal climate. Maldives has two distinct seasons; dry season (northeast monsoon) and wet season (southwest monsoon). In these two seasons the temperature remains more or less the same. . Northeast monsoon extends from January to March. Since Maldives consists of small islands and are surrounded by sea, hot days are often tempered by cooling sea breezes and evening temperatures drops. Throughout the year, temperature remains almost same in the Maldives. However, daily temperature ranges from around 31oC in daytime to 23oC in night-time. The mean daily maximum temperature for Central parts (Hulhule) of the Maldives is 30.5oC and minimum temperature is 25.7 oC. On the other hand, mean daily maximum and minimum temperature for South (Gan) is 30.9oC and 24.5 oC, respectively.

The wet season- southwest monsoon runs from mid-May to November. In this season, Maldives experiences torrential rain. Central, Southern and Northern parts of the Maldives receive annual average rainfall of 1924.7mm, 2277.8mm, and 1786.4mm, respectively. The highest rainfall ever recorded in the Maldives with in 24 hour period was on 9th July 2002 at Kaadedhdhoo Meteorological Office and amounts to 219.8mm of rainfall. Maldives being located at the equator, receives plentiful of sunshine throughout the year. On average Southern atolls (Gan) of the Maldives receives 2704.07 hours of sunshine each year. Furthermore, on average central (Hulhule) parts of the country receives 2784.51 hours of sunshine per year. The relative humidity in Maldives ranges from 73% to 85%.The monthly average sunshine and rainfall is presented in the figure below

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Figure 9: Monthly Average Rainfall and Sunshine

9 . 5 . 1 Wind Conditions

The National Meteorological Center for Maldives provides data for wind speed as recorded at Hulhulé meteorological station, for the period 1990-2010. The month wise windrose for the period of 20 years.

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WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: Wind Speed WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: January Wind Speed Direction (blowing from) February January February Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly 24 hourly

NORTH NORTH

40% 35%

32% 28%

24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 21% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS:

9023 hrs. 0.27% 7262 hrs. 0.62% 16% 14% AVG. WIND SPEED: AVG. WIND SPEED:

6.02 m/s 4.99 m/s 8% 7%

WEST EAST WEST EAST

WIND SPEED WIND SPEED (m/s) (m/s)

>= 5.5 >= 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 2.1 - 3.6 2.1 - 3.6 0.5 - 2.1 0.5 - 2.1 Calms: 0.27% Calms: 0.62% Resultant Vector Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: SOUTH PROJECT NO.: 38 deg - 80% 36 deg - 77%

WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software

WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: WIND ROSE COMMENTS:PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: March Wind Speed Wind Speed March Direction (blowing from) April April Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly 24 hourly

NORTH NORTH

25% 30%

20% 24%

15% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 18% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS:

7700 hrs. 1.95% 7271 hrs. 1.94% 10% 12% AVG. WIND SPEED: AVG. WIND SPEED:

3.88 m/s 4.04 m/s 5% 6%

WEST EAST WEST EAST

WIND SPEED WIND SPEED (m/s) (m/s)

>= 5.5 >= 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 2.1 - 3.6 2.1 - 3.6 0.5 - 2.1 0.5 - 2.1 Calms: 1.95% Calms: 1.94% Resultant Vector Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: SOUTH PROJECT NO.: 26 deg - 59% 341 deg - 40%

WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software

WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: May Wind Speed Wind Speed May Direction (blowing from) June June Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly 24 hourly

NORTH NORTH

40% 40%

32% 32%

24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 8662 hrs. 0.27% 8343 hrs. 0.38% 16% AVG. WIND SPEED: 16% AVG. WIND SPEED: 5.72 m/s 8% 5.54 m/s 8% WEST EAST

WEST EAST

WIND SPEED (m/s)

WIND SPEED >= 5.5 (m/s) 3.6 - 5.5

>= 5.5 2.1 - 3.6 3.6 - 5.5 0.5 - 2.1 2.1 - 3.6 Calms: 0.27% Resultant Vector 0.5 - 2.1 SOUTH PROJECT NO.: 307 deg - 46% Calms: 0.38% Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.:WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software 305 deg - 46% WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software

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WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: WIND ROSECOMMENTS: PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: July Wind Speed Wind Speed July Direction (blowing from) August August Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly 24 hourly

NORTH NORTH

40% 40%

32% 32%

24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS:

8589 hrs. 0.50% 8417 hrs. 1.01% 16% 16% AVG. WIND SPEED: AVG. WIND SPEED:

5.23 m/s 5.04 m/s 8% 8%

WEST EAST WEST EAST

WIND SPEED WIND SPEED (m/s) (m/s)

>= 5.5 >= 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 2.1 - 3.6 2.1 - 3.6 0.5 - 2.1 0.5 - 2.1 Calms: 0.50% Calms: 1.01% Resultant Vector Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: SOUTH PROJECT NO.: 317 deg - 46% 325 deg - 48%

WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software

WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: WIND ROSECOMMENTS: PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: September Wind Speed Wind Speed September Direction (blowing from) October October Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly 24 hourly

NORTH NORTH

40% 35%

32% 28%

24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 21% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS:

8218 hrs. 0.47% 8494 hrs. 1.13% 16% 14% AVG. WIND SPEED: AVG. WIND SPEED:

5.25 m/s 5.52 m/s 8% 7%

WEST EAST WEST EAST

WIND SPEED WIND SPEED (m/s) (m/s)

>= 5.5 >= 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 2.1 - 3.6 2.1 - 3.6 0.5 - 2.1 0.5 - 2.1 Calms: 0.47% Calms: 1.13% Resultant Vector Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: SOUTH PROJECT NO.: 321 deg - 52% 320 deg - 42%

WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software

November December

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WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: November Wind Speed Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly

NORTH

30%

24%

18% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS:

7783 hrs. 1.82% 12% AVG. WIND SPEED:

4.58 m/s 6%

WEST EAST

WIND SPEED (m/s)

>= 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 2.1 - 3.6 0.5 - 2.1 Calms: 1.82% Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: 355 deg - 39%

WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software

9 . 5 . 2 C y c l o n e s

This section presents information extracted from (UNDP- Developing a Disaster Risk profile for Maldives – May 2006) presenting the characteristics of cyclones in the Maldives.

The islands of the Maldives are less prone to tropical cyclones. The northern islands of the country have been affected by weak cyclones that formed in the southern part of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. The number of cyclones directly crossing the Maldives is small. Only 11 cyclones crossed the islands over the entire span of 128 years between 1877 and 2004.

Most of the cyclones crossed the Maldives north of 6.0°N and none of them crossed south of 2.7°N during the period. Hence the Ibrahim Nasir International Airport in Hulhule Island can be considered relatively safe from cyclones since it is spread within 4.10°N to 4.12°N.

All the cyclones that affected the Maldives were formed during the months of October to January except one, which formed in April. The Maldives have not been affected by cyclones since 1993.

In the northern islands, the probable maximum storm tide due to cyclones has been estimated to be around 1.82 m (storm surge of 0.84 m) for a return period of 100 years. This storm surge was computed taking into account probable maximum winds and probable maximum pressure drops.

9 . 5 . 3 T i d e

9.5.3.1 Tide Datum

Tide data is important information in any costal development project as it determines the elevation of the structures relative to a datum. A permanent tidal record stations has

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been established at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport by Maldives Meteorological Services. The maximum tidal range recorded at this tide station is 1.20m. The highest astronomical tide level is +0.64m (MSL) and the lowest astronomical tide level is -0.56m (MSL). Table 7 gives a summary of the tide levels for the tide datum that has been widely used in Maldives.

Table 7: Summary of the Tide Levels Hulhule Island, Male Atoll

Water level referred to Mean Tide level Sea Level (MSL) (m) Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) +0.64 Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) +0.34 Mean Lower High Water (MLHW) +0.14 Mean Sea Level (MSL) 0 Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW) -0.16 Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) -0.36 Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) -0.56

9.5.3.2 Tide levels

The tidal regime is semi-diurnal with diurnal inequalities (twice daily). That means 2 high tides and 2 low tides per day, with different heights. Typical spring and neap tidal ranges are approximately 1.0 m and 0.3 m, respectively.

Table 8 below gives the tidal levels in islands of Maldives, including Malé, as sourced from Admiralty Tide Tables for 2007.

Table 8 Maldives Tidal Level (in mm)

Geo. Coordinates MSL LAT MLLW MHLW MLHW MHHW HAT Lat. Long. (ML) (°N) (°E) Standard Port: Cochin (West 9° 58' 76° 16' -0.2 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.2 coast of India) Maldive Islands Ihavandhoo 6° 57' 72° 55' - 0.3 0.6 0.68 0.9 1.0 - Goidhoo Atoll 4° 51' 72° 55' - 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 - Girifushi 4° 19' 73° 55' - 0.3 0.4 0.58 0.7 0.9 - Malé 4° 11' 73° 31' - 0.3 0.5 0.65 0.8 0.9 - Vattaru 3° 15' 73° 24' - - - 0.7 0.9 1.0 - Source: Admiralty Tide Tables, 2007 Note: LAT - Lowest Astronomical Tide; MLLW - Mean Lower Low Water; MHLW - Mean Higher Low Water; MLHW - Mean Lower High Water; MHHW - Mean Higher High Water; HAT - Highest Astronomical Tide

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9 . 5 . 4 Sea Level Rise

The Maldives, being a low lying small island state, is very vulnerable to climate change and its associated impacts, especially sea level rise. Although the country contributes only 0.001% of global GHGs, it is one of the most susceptible to climate change impacts. The average elevation of Maldivian islands is 1.5 m above mean sea level (MSL). More than 80% of the land area of Maldives is less than 1 m above MSL.

9 . 5 . 5 W a v e s

Information on the swells around Maldives is limited, but there have been a few studies carried out around Male. Wave data for Male that were recorded for the period between June 1988 and January 1990 revealed that the maximum significant wave height (Hs) recorded for the month of June 1989 was 1.23m with a mean period (Tm) of 7.53s. For the month of July 1989 maximum recorded Hs was 1.51m and the corresponding Tm was 7.74s. In June and July 1989 mean wave periods were 5.0 – 9.0s and the peak wave periods within 8.0 – 13.0s. Wave data for the period between September 1988 and July 1989 shows a probability of exceedance of Hs = 1.0 m was approximately 0.1 and of Hs = 1.5 m was approximately 0.0015 based on the wave data of period September 1988 to July 1989. JICA, (1992) reported that the wave climate in Male region is generally higher in the months of June, July and August with a predominant wave direction of S (180º). During October-December the waves have a shorter period with wave directions varying from S and W (180 º -270 º). It is estimated that the maximum wave height outside the flat reefs can reach more than 3m (ocean side, easter side of Hulhule), whereas on the flat reef areas the wave height can reach from 0.6 to 1.2 meters (maximum). During the field visit, monsoonal wind generated waves were experienced at the western side of the island, wave activity was minimal and well below 0.5m. Wind direction during field survey was south westerly direction.

9 . 5 . 6 Storm Surge

Storm surge may increase the water level due to:

 the effect of atmospheric pressure variations - A water level variation of 10 cm occurs with a pressure variation of 10 hPa,

 wind effects, especially in shallow water areas

9 . 5 . 7 Offshore Wave Conditions (in deep water)

The swells and wind waves experienced by the Maldives are conditioned by the prevailing biannual monsoon and are typically strongest during April and July in the SW monsoon period. During this season, swells generated north of the equator with heights of

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2-3 m and periods of 18-20 sec have been reported in the region. However swells originating from cyclones and storm events occurring well south of the equator may occur. Local wave periods are generally in the range 2 to 4 sec and are easily distinguished from the swell waves.

9 . 5 . 8 C u r r e n t s

Several currents affect the Maldives Islands. These currents are divided mainly into ocean currents and tidal currents. The ocean currents are stronger than the tidal currents.

A general view of the seasonal current patterns in the Indian Ocean is shown in Figure 10 The currents flow westward during the northeast monsoon period, and they flow eastward during the southwest monsoon period.

Figure 10: Surface Currents around Maldives (by JICA, 1992)

The ocean currents flowing by the Maldives islands are also driven by the monsoonal winds. In the northern part of the Maldives, constant currents flow westward during the northeast monsoon period from December and April and eastward during the southeast monsoon period from May to August.

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General, the tidal currents are eastward in flood and westward in ebb, the velocity, however varies by island areas. The current patterns result from reef forms.

Currents tend to be monsoonal in origin, generally setting W during the NE Monsoon (January to March) and E during the SW monsoon (May to October). During the transition months, the currents are variable. Ocean currents flowing through channels between the atolls are driven by the monsoon winds. Current speeds of 1 to 1.5 knots are reported in the Admiralty pilot. However, the current in the E/W channels of the Maldives may attain 5 knots.

9 . 5 . 9 Tidal Currents

Generally, tidal currents in the Maldives are Eastward in flood and Westward in ebb.

9.6 Coral Reef System

Hulhule island is found on a large reef which is located south eastern side of North Malé Atoll. Hulhumalé and Hulhule islands are now joined and is located in the same reef system. The total area which reef encloses is estimated to be 1,310.6 hectares. The total length of the reef is estimated to be 17,830 km.

9 . 6 . 1 L a g o o n

A proper lagoon only exists on the north eastern side of Hulhule Island. This lagoon is presently used as a water runway by the sea planes. The shallow part of this lagoon is about 1.2 m below the mean seal level and covers an estimated area of 166 hectres . The deeper part of the lagoon consists of medium-fine size sandy floor and scattered patches of coral colonies (patch reefs). Sea grass is found in the lagoon but is no scientific baseline data on the lagoon available at present.

Table 9 Area of Hulhule and the Region, Extent of Coverage by the Island’s Lagoon

Island name Area (ha.) Beach Length (km) Hulhule 208 9.08 Hulhumale 196.6 6.8 Courseway between Hulhule and Hulhumale (existing link road). 6.0 2.7 Lagoon 918.3 - Reef System 1310.6 17.8

. Bathymetry around the project site

Bathymetric survey is important in order to estimate the required fill volume and the size of the area that will be filled during the construction period. A bathymetric map is attached as an annex.

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9.7 Existing Marine Environment

Three marine environmental locations were studied for this project. Site selection for marine survey was based on representative points that will ensure that project site reef system is well represented and was choosen from the east side of the reef. Seawater quality was also tested on project location. Diagram below shows the survey locations.

Figure 11: Marine survey location

9 . 7 . 1 Methodology of marine surveys

To assess the benthic composition of the survey site, an LIT transect of 20 meters were undertaken. The benthic categorization was focused on categorizing life forms followed under the Reef Check protocol, which emphasises on benthic composition categorizing such as hard corals, sand, rock and others. The emphasis is not on recording corals to their species levels, but rather the general coral and other life forms such as hard and soft corals. This method is more accurate as the percentage of healthy coral cover and other life forms can be more accurately recorded even by a non-experienced surveyor. Recording corals to their species levels will pose difficulty if the surveyor is not familiar with the different coral types. This method is universally used throughout the world by Reef Check surveyors and hence it has been used.

This LIT method was also complimented by qualitative methods, such as visual observations and through the use of photos. Fish counts were also undertaken to get a

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 58 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July snapshot of the fish population. Details of these methodologies are discussed in the methodology section.

The following are definition of benthic categories used in this survey.  HC: All living coral including bleached coral; includes fire, blue and organ pipe corals  SC: Include zoanthids but not anemones (OT)  RKC: Coral that has died within the past year; appears fresh and white or with corallite structures still recognizable  NIA: All macro-algae except coralline, calcareous and turf (record the substrate beneath for these); Halimeda is recorded as OT; turf is shorter than 3cm.  SP: All erect and encrusting sponges (but no tunicates).  RC: Any hard substrate; includes dead coral more than 1 yr old and may be covered by turf or encrusting coralline algae, barnacles, etc.  RB: Reef rocks between 0.5 and 15cm in diameter  SD: Sediment less than 0.5cm in diameter; in water, falls quickly to the bottom when dropped.  SI: Sediment that remains in suspension if disturbed; recorded if color of the underlying surface is obscured by silt.

OT: Any other sessile organism including sea anemones, tunicates, gorgonians or non-living substrate. Under Reef Check protocol, there is no categorization of sea grass hence, it was recorded under OT.

General impression and quantitative results of the sites surveyed are described in the following pages.

9 . 7 . 2 Coral reef survey results

Three sites were surveyed to assess the marine environment as baseline for reef benthic community. Below are the results of the marine survey from three locations.

9.7.2.1 Site 1 (M1)

Site 1 was chosen from the southern tip of Hulhule. This area mostly has dead corals and reef rocks. Some live corals were observed here. Massive corals were quite high among the hard croals and few species of soft corals inhabit in this area. The following graph outlines the percentage benthic composition in site 1.

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SITE 1 Mean Percent Cover Of Substrate for Hulhule island

70%

60% SE - 50%

40%

30%

20% Mean Percent Cover + Cover Percent Mean

10%

0% HC SC RKC NIA SP RC RB SD SI OT

Figure 12: Status of reef at site 1 (M1)

The following table outlines the benthic composition at site 1.

Table 10: Benthic composition at site 1 (M1)

Live reef cover Mean % per segment SE HC 8% 5% SC 0% 0% NIA 0% 0% SP 0% 0% OT 8% 5% Non-living reef cover Mean % per segment SE RKC 0% 0% RC 60% 4% RB 20% 0% SD 5% 4% SI 0% 0%

9.7.2.2 Site 2 (M2)

Site 2 was chosen from east side reef of Hulhule. This area also has very wide reef flat and reef slope. This area appears healthier than site 1. This area mostly has table corals. Massive corals and few species of branching corals were also observed in this site. The following graph outlines the percentage benthic composition in site 2.

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SITE 2 Mean Percent Cover Of Substrate for Hulhule island

60%

50%

SE - 40%

30%

20% Mean Percent Cover + Cover Percent Mean 10%

0% HC SC RKC NIA SP RC RB SD SI OT

Figure 13: Status of reef at site 2 (M2)

The following table outlines the benthic composition at site 2.

Table 11: Benthic composition at site 2 (M2)

Live reef cover Mean % per segment SE HC 18% 5% SC 0% 0% NIA 0% 0% SP 0% 0% OT 5% 4% Non-living reef cover Mean % per segment SE RKC 5% 4% RC 53% 2% RB 15% 4% SD 5% 4% SI 0% 0%

9.7.2.3 Site 3 (M3)

Site 3 was chosen from further north of site 2 on the eastern side of Hulhule island. The overall percentage of live corals is much greater in this area compared to the other sites.

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SITE 3 Mean Percent Cover Of Substrate for Hulhule island

50% 45%

40% SE - 35% 30% 25% 20%

15% Mean Percent Cover + Cover Percent Mean 10% 5% 0% HC SC RKC NIA SP RC RB SD SI OT

Figure 14: Status of reef at site 3 (M3)

The following table outlines the benthic composition at site 3.

Table 12: Benthic composition at site 3 (M3)

Live reef cover Mean % per segment SE HC 28% 5% SC 0% 0% NIA 0% 0% SP 0% 0% OT 5% 4% Non-living reef cover Mean % per segment SE RKC 0% 0% RC 48% 2% RB 8% 2% SD 13% 2% SI 0% 0%

9 . 7 . 3 Status of fish abundance

The amount and type of fish present at a given site can be a good indicator of the marine environment. For example, increased grazers are generally a sign of increased nutrients in the area, thus decreased coral cover and increased algal cover. Similarly, more live corals will attract more fish and some of the fishes are associated with different types and growth forms of corals. For example, Damselfish like Dascyllus sp. or Chromis sp. are common fish found in branching corals and large schools are often seen around healthy

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 62 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July branching corals. Butterfly fishes are associated with live corals because they feed on healthy coral polyps. High nutrients promote eutrophication that deprives a given area of oxygen and hence fish population decreases.

Details of the fish census survey for all the sites are outlined in the following tables.

Table 13: Fish ebundance at survey sites

Family Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Angelfishes (Pomacanthidae) - R C Anthias - R R Batfish C - - Bigeyes (Priancanthidae) - R R Blennies R R R Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) C C C Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) R C C Emperors R R - Fusiliers (Caesionidae) - - - Goatfishes R - R Gobies - - - Groupers R C C Hawkfishes - - - Jacks - R - Moorish idol (Zanclidae) R C C Parrotfishes (Scaridae) C A A Pipe fish R R - Rudderfishes (Kyphosidae) R R R Snappers (Lutjanidae) - R - Squirrelfishes (Holocentridae) - R R Surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) C A A Sweetlips - R - Triggerfishes (Balistidae) C A A Wrasses (Labridae) R C R

A= Abundant (Meaning that during the 15 minute time swim survey, species counts were recorded more than 50, hence it is difficult to count their numbers). C=Common (Meaning that during the 15 minute time swim survey, they were spotted occasionally and throughout the survey, but their numbers were less than 50) R=Rare (Meaning that during the survey, only few of these species were observed, often 1 or 2. Blank cells indicate zero occurrences.

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9 . 7 . 4 Marine water quality

Water quality measurements were taken from M2. The primary objective of the marine water quality assessment is to determine the baseline conditions of the seawater in the project site. The following table illustrates the results of the marine water quality test.

Table 14: Results of the seawater quality of project site

Parameter tested Site 2 (M2) Physical appearance Clear Conductivity (mS/cm) 53.8 TDS (g/L) 26.9 Salinity (ppt) 35.6 Total Suspended solids (TSS) mg/L pH 8.75 Temperature (oC) 28 Turbidity (NTU) 0.23

9.8 E x i s t i n g socioeconomic Environment

9 . 8 . 1 Socio Economic Profile

The total population of Maldives was 298,968 in July 2006. In July 2006, the population of the Maldives doubled that of the population which had during 1977. In 2006 the population of the Maldives crossed the 300,000 mark. Total Maldivian population is projected to reach over 400,000 by 2025 (Table 15). These projections do not include the expatriate population, estimated at over 80,000 in 2009 (DNP, 2009).

Table 15: Population Projection for Maldives

Year Population 2010 319,738 2015 347,552 2020 375,367 2025 400,996

One third of the population lives in the capital, Male, which has an area of less than 2 sq. km. The rest of the population is scattered over approximately 198 Islands. The average population size of these islands is 900. Only 15 islands have over 2,000 inhabitants, while 11 have less than 200. The dispersed population is not only a constraining factor to equitable and balanced social and economic development, but also imposes serious development challenges – particularly in terms of transportation and utilities.

9.8.2 Male’ Population

The total population of Male’ stands at 203693 by 1006 and the land area being 192.07 hectares the population density is 540 people per hectare. Graph 1 illustrates the

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 64 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July increasing trend of the urban population of Male’. With continuing migration from the islands the growth rate of Male’ is estimated at 5.59 per annum compared the country’s growth rate of 2.69 per annum. More than a third (34.7%) of the country’s total population of 298,968 resides in the capital city of Malé. Nearly one-half (46.3%) of the population is very young (under 20 years). The sex ratio is 103.7 and population is growing annually at 1.69 percent.

120000 600

100000 500 Populati on 80000 400

60000 300

40000 200

Population Population density Population 20000 100

0 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2006

Years

Figure 15: Population and Population Density of Male’ 1985-2006 (Department of Planning, 2006)

To ease the urban density and its related issues of Male’, the government has focused on decentralisation and to establish regional urban areas within the country. Hulhumalé is is being developed with the same objective of easing the urbane density within Male’ the capital.

9.8.3 Housing

In Male’ the most pressing issue is that of housing congestion and the lack of housing for growing population. Geography of the island of Male’ limits the available land for housing. Male’ remains one of the world’s most densely populated cities. With the economic importance of Male’ the capital, migration to Male’ with population growth and urbanization has contributed to a number of social problems that impacts the lives of Male’ people.

Housing in the Maldives is very expensive with prices in Malé exceeding 12 times the average annual income. This is partly due to the shortage of land as well as the high cost of construction given the reliance on imported building materials. In Malé, the shortage of housing itself raises rents and prices. Due to land scarcity today, the government has stopped allocating housing plots in Male’. New housing is being made available through

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 65 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July housing development projects. In 2006 there were 14,107 households in Male’ compared to just 9,700 in 2000. The average household size in the Maldives is 6.47 and this figure is slightly higher at 7.35 for Malé. The SAP (2009-2013) highlights that efforts to improve housing opportunities through development of Hulhumalé and Vilingili islands around Malé have not relieved the housing pressures in Malé due to the continued inflow of people from the provinces.

9.8.4 Urbanization and its related issues

Urbanization and its related issues are severe in Male’. High population density, increasing migration, unemployment with unfulfilled expectation have increased social problems in Male’. Many young secondary school graduates from atolls are ambitious and have high expectations with many preferring to seek employment in Male' or close to Male', where urbanization is at peak. With not enough employment youth unemployment are on the rise along with associated social issues.

9.8.5 Transport services between Male’ and INIA

Transport services between Hulhumale and Male’ is an important aspect of the infrastructure development that is an urgent requirement to ease congestion in Male’. The present transportation between Hulhumale and Male’ are as follows;

9 . 8 . 6 Ferry service b e t w e e n M ale’ and the INIA

The ferry service between Male’ and the Hulhumale is regular efficient service that has been established for number years. Boats leave every 20 to 30 minutes range. The charge is Mrf 5 per person and no extra charge is levied on the luggage.

9 . 8 . 7 MTCC express service

MTCC express service is a newly introduced speed boat transport service to Hulhumale. Speed boat with a capacity of 18 people leaves from the MTCC ferry terminal at every 30 minutes reaching Hulhumale in 6 minutes.

Presently, these services are stretched to the limit and during weekends and holidays, the ferry are unable to meet the requirement and brings congestion in roads and the ferry terminal.

The proposed link road will provide direct connection of Hulhumale and Male’ and bring a significant reduction in the congestion of Male’ city.

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9.9 Existing Coastal Environment

The coastal environment of the project site is described and outlined in the following figures.

Figure 16: Existing coastal environment

The above figure illustrates the status of existing coastal environment of the project site. As the environment I highly modified and in an aerodrome, there are no mature trees in the project area and only bushy vegetation is present. On the east side of the existing road, there is a beach formed with beach sand.

The immediate lagoon comprise of rubble and sand mixture with a rock sea bed. On the south side of the Hulhumale, there are more large trees on the coastal belt.

The coastal environment of the project site is thus considered as having very simple characteristics.

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10 Environmental Impacts

This section provides with the identification and evaluation of potential social and environmental impacts that can occur as result of the construction of the Hulhule- Hulhumale link road. The impacts from the proposed project have been categorised under four broad categories as . Impact on Marine environment . Impact on Terrestrial environment . Impact on social structure . Impacts on the coastal environment

10.1 Impact Identification Criteria

The impact identification has been carried out using interaction matrices using project actions and environmental factors. The impact identification process used the following definitions. A summary of the environmental impacts due to the implementation of the project on each component of as defined above.

SB – Significant beneficial impact; represents a highly desirable outcome in terms of either improving the existing quality of the environmental factor or enhancing that factor from an environmental perspective.

SA – Significant adverse impact; represents a highly undesirable outcome in terms of either degrading the existing quality of environmental factor or disrupting that factor from an environmental perspective

B – Beneficial impact; represents a positive outcome in terms of either improving the existing quality of the environmental factor or enhancing that factor from an environmental perspective

A – Adverse impact; represents a negative outcome in terms of either degrading the existing quality of the environmental factor or disrupting that factor from an environmental perspective b – Small beneficial impact; represents a minor improvement in the existing quality of the environmental factor or a minor enhancement in that factor from an environmental perspective a – Small adverse impact; represents a minor degradation in the existing quality of the environmental factors or a minor disruption in that factor from an environmental perspective

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O – No measurable impact to occur as a result of considering the project action relative to the environmental factor

M – Some type of mitigation measures can be used to reduce or avoid a minor adverse, adverse, or significant adverse impact.

NA – The environmental factor is not applicable or not relevant to the proposed project.

10.2 Analysis of Environmental Im p a c t s

1 0 . 2 . 1 Significance of the Impacts

Impacts that may arise from activities of the proposed project were categorized into the characteristics mentioned in. The significance of impacts was determined based on these characteristics and analysis of the impacts from this project and other analogous projects. These impacts correspond in the worst case scenario and after mitigation measures were taken. Table 16 shows the main impacts that will arise from the proposed project activities and their significance based on impact characteristics.

Magnitude of impact is calculated in relation to the total area of the lagoon and the coral reef. Direct geographic range of impact felt will be the immediate proposed development area and indirect impacts will be felt on a larger area due spreading of fine sediments and reef damage from the construction activities (reclamation, piling etc). Duration of the impact is predicted in terms of severity of impacts.

Reversibility of impacts was predicted based on natural recovery of the habitats affected. The coral reef naturally takes longer to recover than the lagoon habitats. Significance of the impacts is predicted based on the nature, geographic range where impacts are felt, magnitude, duration and reversibility of the impacts.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 69 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

Table 16 Possible impact areas of the proposed reclamation project

Impact General construction Reclamation Coastal protection characteristics work Nature of Short term Cumulative, long term Cumulative, long term impacts Adverse impact on coastal ecosystems including the loss of Small adverse impact on beach and benthic life of Magnitude of the existing traffic the lagoon. Beneficial Minor negative impacts movement and the impacts on surrounding environment. socioeconomic aspects - more land and greater safe allowance for sea plane landing. Direct impact on approximately 87000 Direct impact on square meters on lagoon Direct impact on approximately 34000 bottom. 55,000 m2 of lagoon square meters on lagoon Geographical bottom. Direct impact on coral Direct impact on coral range and reef on 214,000 m2 reef on 28,500 m2 due environmental Direct impact on coral to piling works. attributes reef on 20000 m2 Visual impact area due to sediment plume 20 Indirect impact on hectares around the 35,000 m2 of reef-flat eastern side as a result of sediment seepage. Permanent alteration of Short term due to the Short term impact on Duration of physical and biological sedimentation in the lagoon and long term impacts system of the sea bed lagoon. on beach. and marine life Permanent alteration of Irreversible impact on Reversibility of Reversible impact due to physical and biological the benthic life of the impacts sedimentation. system of the reclaimed area reclamation area. Significant impact on Significance of Minor to moderate benthic communities. Major impact on shore- the impacts impacts. Impacts to hydrodynamic line. process unclear.

1 0 . 2 . 2 Priority of Impacts

Following is the list of impacts of the proposed project given in the order of priority and ranked in terms of significance. It was identified that the reclamation activity and its consequential effects such as sedimentation, coral reef degradation and water quality deterioration as the most significant environmental impact that will be associated with the project whereas construction of coastal protection will have localized impacts in the region which are also unpredictable and significance of which can only be determined through further assessment.

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10.3 Impact on Marine Environment

The marine components involved in the proposed reclamation areas for the development of the road will be directly affected and could be completely lost during the construction period, whereas marine habitats in the proximity will be adversely impacted by reclamation works due to increased sedimentation and possible nutrient influx on the eastern side of the lagoon.

During reclamation works and related coastal protection activities, a significant amount of siltation and sedimentation of the lagoon waters and reef slope is anticipated. These impacts may cause adverse conditions such as smothering of corals and reduced light penetration to corals which depend on sunlight, and other sessile benthic communities that are not able to move away from the sand. Even though corals have self-cleansing mechanism and can withstand a certain rate of sedimentation, detrimental impacts such as reduced coral growth, recruitment rate and eventually death are expected to happen in some areas during such events.

The reef on the eastern side of Hulhule and Hulhumale would thus be impacted. As this project is not a large scale reclamation, sand bunding may not be practical.

No well-known diving sites are found on the eastern side of Hulhule and thus is not considered to be affected. The only famous dive site is Victory Wreck, found on the eastern side of Hulhule which are not expected to be affected by the reclamation on the eastern side.

Hulhulhe lagoon has not been used a bait fishery site frequently. Hence it is not expected that due to the loss of some of the reef systems due to the reclamation, a negative impact on fish communities. Fishes associated to corals may potentially lose their habitats and tend to move deeper during construction work and or permanently find other shallow areas.

The project activities and the related impact on marine components are presented in the following subsection:

1 0 . 3 . 1 Shallow lagoon Reclamation

Significant part of the eastern side of Hulhule that is proposed to be reclaimed would be the shallow lagoon. It is estimated that 87000 square metres would be reclaimed from the island’s lagoon. There should not be a major negative impact on the lagoon since it mainly consists of sand, rubble and coral rock with only occasional live coral heads, which are found close to the reef slope areas. There are no sea grass beds nor any other sensitive

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 71 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July environments in the project area. The reef slope on easter side of the island is expected to be impacted by sedimentation to some extent when the filling takes place.

1 0 . 3 . 2 T h e r e e f Crest and reef slope

The reclamation which is proposed on eastern side of the island will impact the reef crest and reef slope areas as the distance is quite nearby. The reclamation will therefore have a direct impact on these areas. The reef slope at this site is expected to experience sedimentation from the filling works. Monitoring of the reef slope after the construction works are completed, is necessary to determine the impact on the reef by comparing live coral coverage and generic composition with baseline data provided in this EIA report.

1 0 . 3 . 3 Impact of waste and sewage

Construction and solid waste is expected to be a significant residue from the development during the construction phase. Waste will principally come from the construction works. A considerable amount of construction and solid waste will be generated during the construction phase of the project. Any mishandling of solid (non- biodegradable) waste, construction and hazardous waste like oil spills or other toxic substances such as bitumen or tar, will contaminate the marine environment.

Table 17: Summary of Environmental Impacts

Development Impact area Type of impact Duration and Impact severity Significance Reclamation Proposed Habitat loss for Permanent adverse SA of shallow reclamation coral and fish destruction lagoon site Reef slope of Sedimentation Temporary during A the reef on due to construction work, eastern side of reclamation. medium to major the island adverse Solid waste General Entanglement in Localized to A polluting the corals, regional; marine destruction cumulative (micro environment (breaking) of particles ingested); corals. between minor Unattractive for adverse (large solid dive sites. waste floating) to Hazard for major adverse marine creatures (ingestion, (ingestion and entanglement). entanglement) Large amount of and boat suspended matter propellers could cause reduced light penetration, which is essential for hermatypic corals and other

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Development Impact area Type of impact Duration and Impact severity Significance marine invertebrates. Coastal Marine Direct and Short term. Long A protection environment indirect impact term impact can be works from piling. determined through monitoring.

1 0 . 3 . 4 M a c h i n e r y

The machines used in the road construction run on diesel fuel, which will have fuel management and handling issues. Poor handling and management of diesel and other fuel has, in many islands, often lead to contamination of the aquifer as well as the marine environment. This is of serious concern and must be emphasized in the developmental process. Moreover, improper handling of fuel could result in accidents and mishaps such as fires, which has in the past caused major damages. Therefore, every effort must be made to avoid accidental spillages from machinery including overtopping leading to severe spillages.

1 0 . 3 . 5 Mobilization Impacts

The transport and supply of construction material, the excavators and other heavy duty equipment may have an impact on the environment. The impacts may arise from:

 Development of temporary access beds to load and unload heavy machineries to the sites. This is possible during the initial mobilization stage where filling will take place.

 Accidental spillage of construction materials (cement bags, tar, timber, iron bars etc.).

 Accidental oils and other chemical spills.

1 0 . 3 . 6 Impacts from Materials and Other Waste

The dredged material will be disposed on the east side of the existing access road. Disposing excavated material at the shoreline would have minor irreversible impacts on the near shore morphology. Construction materials such as cement, timber, and fuel for excavators and trucks have the potential to damage the marine environment. Pollution of the lagoon can be caused by waterborne and windblown debris escaping from the construction.

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1 0 . 3 . 7 Impacts due to Cons truction Work

Use of excavators and heavy machinery would be quite significant in the project. Therefore the negative impacts of their use is unavoidable even when they are used very carefully. Use of heavy machinery in the marine environment will have significant impacts, especially if they are used in processes that create high sedimentation.

1 0 . 3 . 8 Impacts due to noise and vibration

The use of motorized heavy equipment during site preparation, removal of the existing bush and vehicles will create noise and raise dust which could disturb the nearby habitat and the community. Dust and emissions from the construction vehicles and heavy machinery are inevitable both during the site clearing as well as during construction phases. As the project takes place in an Aerodrome, impacts from noise as a result of the construction work is insignificant.

1 0 . 3 . 9 Impacts on groundwater table due to the paving of the road surface.

The road is proposed to be developed on the eastern side of the lagoon by reclaiming part of the lagoon. Hence, at present, there is no way to determine the baseline groundwater in this area. As the reclamation is completed and with time, the groundwater table will slowly starts to form. It is not clear how long it will take to form the groundwater as despite with the reclamation, the stretch of reclaimed land is significantly narrow. The paving of the road surface with tar / bitumen will allow some seepage of chemicals to the ground, but not significantly as these substance are not liquids. However, in time, with the wear and tear caused by traffic, dust debris will accumulate on the surface which would end up in the lagoon with runoff water during rain.

1 0 . 3 . 1 0 Impacts on flooding due to the reclamation of the l a g o o n

Some roads gets flooded during heavy rainfall. The road is designed with pits which are located on either side of the roads at designated intervals. These pits or drains will help to increase infiltration of the rainwater into the groundwater lens. The roads are also designed with a storm water management pipe which will collect the flood water from areas where it gets flooded and drained into the sea though a pump system.

The required area for the construction of the road will be raised and filled above 1.8 metres from Mean Sea Level. In addition, the eastern side will be protected with coastal protection to prevent flooding during storm surges. Therefore, flood control and mitigation measures are already designed.

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1 0 . 3 . 1 1 Uncertainties in Impact Prediction

Environmental impact prediction involves a certain degree of uncertainty as the natural and anthropogenic impacts can vary from place to place due to even slight differences in ecological, geomorphologic or social conditions in a particular place. There is also no long term data and information regarding the particular site under consideration, which makes it difficult to predict impacts.

However, reclamation of shallow lagoon has been undertaken extensive in the Maldives, hence level of uncertainty to predict the impact, for reclamation projects are expected to be low due to the experience of reclamation in similar settings in the Maldives.

Reclamation on reef slopes is rarely carried out in Maldives. In few incidences, the reclamation and construction of breakwaters on reef slopes has caused excessive loading which caused it to fail. Hence, it is important to undertake detail geophysical studies to determine the existing condition of the reef slopes. A geotechnical engineer need to provide their opinion before finalising the design for the sheet piling works proposed as coastal protection.

Professional judgement on the quality or nature of the impacts holds limited uncertainty and is considered reliable. Potentially relevant impacts have been considered and included in the analysis. Judgement on the quantity or importance of impacts holds a higher degree of uncertainty which has been taken into account by assuming a worst case scenario in the impact evaluation process.

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11 Mitigation Measures 11.1 Identifying Mitigation Measures

Where an impact identified can be mitigated, mitigation measures are identified and discussed along with the identification of the impact. For existing environmental concerns or impacts, mitigation measures have not been identified. The mitigation measures proposed would help to alleviate environmental problems before they occur. Mitigation measures are important because if identified impacts are significant and/or important, it would be necessary to identify and implement mitigation measures. Mitigation measures are selected to reduce or eliminate the severity of any predicted adverse environmental effects and improve the overall environmental performance and acceptability of the project. Where mitigation is deemed appropriate, the proponent should strive to act upon effects, in the following order of priority, to:

 Eliminate or avoid adverse effects, where reasonably achievable.

 Reduce adverse effects to the lowest reasonably achievable level.

 Regulate adverse effects to an acceptable level, or to an acceptable time period.

 Create other beneficial effects to partially or fully substitute for, or counter-balance, adverse effects.

11.2 Mitigation Options

Possible mitigation options include:

 Design alterations (e.g., different methods for coastal protection).

 Work method alterations (e.g. changes in construction scheduling).

 Provision of environmental protection and health and safety equipment (e.g., provision of first aid or noise mufflers, pollution abatement equipment)

 Changes in management practices (e.g., contractor’s awareness on environmental issues, keeping work areas clean, public awareness)

 Changes in operation (e.g. operational procedures, specific responsibilities for clean up and maintenance).

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11.3 General Mitigation Measures

1 1 . 3 . 1 General construction impact management

The following measures to minimize general impacts of construction will help to reduce or mitigate the impacts.

 Early planning is the key to minimize the impacts on the marine and coastal environment from the proposed project. If environmental concerns are considered concurrently with technical and logistical planning of the proposed work and precautions are applied from the outset of the planning process it will not be difficult to mitigate and minimize most of the adverse impact on the environment.

 During the construction stage all activities should be properly supervised to ensure that construction is according to the required specification or standards and that no threat or damage to the environment other than the specific location is done.

 Appropriate waste handling, transportation and disposal methods for all waste generated during the construction works should be implemented to ensure that construction wastes do not pollute the environment.

 Ensure that no leaks and accidental spillages of oil occur from vessels and vehicles and that they are maintained adequately.

 Careful control should be exercised to ensure that no materials and machinery fuels enter the marine environment and cause contamination

1 1 . 3 . 2 Mitigating construction phase impacts

This section outlines mitigation measures that will be undertaken to minimize environmental impacts of the proposed project during construction phase.

11.3.2.1 Monitoring Turbidity levels during reclamation and filling works

Given that the water quality in marine environment of the Maldives is very good, the turbidity levels shall be less than 10 NTUs. The contractor shall establish locations to monitor the turbidity during the filling works. If monitoring reveals turbidity levels at the monitoring locations greater than 10 NTUs (or 10%) above the associated background turbidity levels, whichever is greater, reclamation activity shall cease immediately and not resume until corrective measures have been taken and turbidity has returned to acceptable levels.

The following measures shall be taken by the contractor whenever turbidity levels at the limit of the mixing zone exceed the limits given in this report.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 77 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

 Immediately cease filling works.

 Modify the reclamation procedures or wait for turbidity to clear at the monitoring locations. Alternatively sand bunds can be constructed to avoid high sedimentation.

 Continue to undertake turbidity tests as given in the monitoring programme.

 If the problem persists, use physical barriers to reduce the effects of sedimentation.

11.3.2.2 Using Physical Barriers to Reduce the Effects of Sedimentation

An effective means of reducing sediment overflow into the marine environment is by using physical barriers in which sediments will be confined to a certain location in the operation area. In this regard, the reclamation area will be surrounded by a sand bund, so that suspended sediment will be confined to bunded area. This may be done by placing fill material at the boundary first or by placing sandbags at the boundary before reclamation.

11.3.2.3 Minimizing Impacts of Construction Waste

The proposed project will generate construction waste including construction debris, silt, etc. In order to protect the marine environment, no construction waste shall be disposed into the marine environment. All the construction waste generated from the project will be appropriately disposed at Thilafushi.

In addition, the construction workforce will be made aware not to dispose any construction material or waste into the marine environment. All the construction activities will be closely monitored and supervised with regards to protecting the environment of the island.

11.3.2.4 Reducing impacts of and on project staff

Vessels and equipments used for the work should be properly maintained at all times during the operation and the work areas must be kept in an orderly manner to reduce accidents and incidents. Additionally, the project manager and the work force involved during the operation of the work should be briefed of environment friendly practices. Works should also be properly supervised and monitored in order to minimise any adverse effects on the environment and health and safety of the staff.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 78

Table 18: Impacts on the Environment and their mitigation measures

Mitigation measures for minimising impacts of Reclamation Implementing Technology/ Time frame Cost responsibility equipment

Design  Identify areas for reclamation Project N/A To be Included Phase  Adoption a method to reduce and minimize sedimentation during engineer completed in the reclamation project cost Constructio  Adoption of early warning mechanism through regular monitoring for Contractor N/A N/A Included n phase level of suspended solids and turbidity during construction works in the  Ensure proper and efficient construction especially to limit the project reclamation time. cost  Monitor suspended solids in the surrounding lagoon.  Undertake reclamation areas at low tide as possible. Ensure that sediment plume is contained.  Contain reclamation areas using sand bunds on the periphery  Create settling compartments to maximise deposition of fine sediments.  Completion of reclamation as soon as possible  Stockpile part of the fill material for subsequent nourishment in eroding areas until final coastal protection works are completed. Mitigation measures for mitigating impacts of machinery and equipment Implementing Technology/ Time frame Cost responsibility equipment

Design  Plan for the use of appropriate equipment – Loaders, excavator, type, Project N/A To be Included Phase etc. engineer Completed project  Provide appropriate filling timing and scheduling cost Constructio  Ensure proper monitoring of construction activities Contractor N/A N/A N/A n phase  Establish strict regulations and safety measures for machinery operation

EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

 Provide effective management of fuel handling area and other dangerous substances storage Mitigation measures for mitigating impacts of coastal protection

Design  Ensure appropriate design based on cost and environmental impact Project N/A Detailed Included Phase engineer design stage project cost Constructio  Adopt appropriate construction technologies to undertake coastal Contractor N/A N/A N/A n phase protection works. Mitigation measures for mitigating impacts of waste disposal

Design  Design for appropriate construction and solid waste disposal such as Project N/A Detailed Included Phase provision of disposal facilities and collection procedures engineer design stage in the project cost Constructio  Construction waste must be disposed appropriately Contractor N/A N/A Included n phase  Construction debris shall not be disposed in the marine environment project cost

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 80

12 Stakeholder Consultations

For the purpose of this project, stakeholder consultations were limited to limited stakeholders. Methodology for undertaking these discussions was through meetings and discussions.

12.1 Consultation with the Housing Development Corporation (HDC)

A meeting was held at HDC office on 21st June 2017 to discuss the project. Following are the summary outcomes. - The issue of the boundary violations outlined in the dredging and reclamation regulation was discussed and as the road has to be shifted east to allow sea planes to land in the water runway.

- The present location of the road has been decided after many discussions and consultations with the relevant government authorities.

- HDC indicated that the availability of adequate fill material to reclaim the land required for construction of the road. Initially, shallow sheet piling was recommended as coastal protection, but the method has been changed, details of which are provided in the project description.

- HDC acknowledged that the need to have culverts under the road to allow water flow between the east and west side of the road. This is an essential design step required to keep the sea plane landing area clear from water stagnation.

12.2 Consultation with MACL

A meeting was held with senior officials from MACL on 21st June 2017 to discuss the project. Following are the summary outcomes.

• The most important aspect of this road is its location. The fact that the road will be developed further east of the existing connecting road was made due to the changes brought to the sea plane runway orientations.

• Sea plan runway orientation was changed to avoid sea planes flying over Hullhumale during take off and landing.

• If the present link road is to be used, then the sea plane runway orientations will have to be changed and will require flying over Hulhumale for landing and takeoff.

EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July • During the construction, the existing link road will be used by the vehicles. As this is not a public road, only limited vehicles are permitted to travel between Hulhule and Hulhumale. Due to this, it would be easy to manage the traffic flow during the construction stage.

• MACL does not have any objection in the construction of this road. The present link road is a course way that had not been designed and engineered for future use and cannot handle large volume of traffic flow. When the Hulhule-Male’ bridge opens, the present link road cannot handle the traffic and will cause major disruption to the airport operation services if a proper road is not develop in time.

• MACL has planned to dredge a portion on the south-east end of the Hulhumale to create a sea plane landing runway. This will be done by MACL and the dredge material could be used to fill the gaps between the present road and the proposed road if required.

12.3 Consultation with Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

A meeting was held on 19 June 2017 with the Housing Ministry to discuss the project. Following are the main summary of discussions.

- The proposed link road development is an essential link to the Hulhule-Male bridge construction where by the full potential of the bridge connection cannot be realized without developing the proposed road. This forms part of the greater Male’ connectivity project aimed at linking Hulhumale, Hulhule, Male, Villingilli, Gulheefalhu and Thilafushi through a bridge.

- Housing Ministry is overlooking the bridge construction, but does not constitute the road development works that are required. Hence, the proposed link road is an essential infrastructure that needs to be developed before the completion of the bridge.

- Housing Ministry does not have any direct involvement with this project as it falls outside the jurisdiction. Housing Development Corporation (HDC) is responsible for the overall developments in Hulhumale and MACL in the Hulhule airport.

- The Ministry has a general requirement for all the roads that are constructed in the Maldives with regard to flood control. The guidelines and general policy is that all roads should be designed with an appropriate height to prevent wave overtopping. This applies to all roads that are close to the coastal zones and that may have the potential for flooding from waves in such an event.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 82 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July 12.4 Consultation with Trans Ma ldivian Airways (TMA)

Consultation was held with Mohamed Fahud, Operations Manager of TMA and following are the main outcomes and summary of the consultations. - The new runway orientations have been share with TMA but without detail specifications.

- The link road project information has been shared with TMA. The biggest advantage of this project would be the ability for sea planes to avoid flying over Hulhumale during takeoff and landing north bound or south bound.

- TMA is presently in need of more space for sea plane landing as the airport expansion and the new runway project has reduced available space.

12.5 List of people consulted

Following is a list of people consulted. Name Designation Ahmed Anwar Assistant Director, Ministry of Environment and Energy Aishath Bariyya, Engineer Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure Mohamed Jinan Engineer Ministry of Housing and Saeed Infrastructure Aminath Mohamed Assistant project Officer EPA Ahmed Shan Senior Surveyor EPA Fathmath Reema Director EPA Yazeed Ahmed Director EPA Mohamed Razzan Planning Officer HDC Hassan Akram GIS Officer HDC Ibrahim Jilan Planning Officer HDC Ibrahim Zaid Civil Engineer HDC Ibrahim Thuaan Manager MACL Farhana Fahmy Senior research Officer EPA Mohamed Solah MACL Mohamed fahud Operations Manager TMA

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 83 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July 13 Alternatives

This section looks at alternative ways of undertaking the various alternatives of the proposed project. There are two basic options: (1) leave the existing link road between Hulhule and Hulhumale as it without undertaking the proposed development (no project option) or (2) undertake the proposed development (undertake the project options). If the project were to continue, it would be necessary to take technical and social aspects of the project into consideration and ensure that these concerns are adequately considered before taking decisions. It is therefore important to consider practicable options and ensure that the best available option(s) is/are chosen. The following section details the development options.

13.1 No Development Option

The “No Development Option” implies not proceeding with the proposed reclamation and expansion development project, rather leaving the existing road at its current status. This option would likely lead to adverse socio-economic impacts including but not necessarily limited to the following:

• Unable to utilize the full potential of the Hulhule-Male’ bridge whereby traffic flow between Male’ and Hulhumale cannot be

• Inability to cater for forecast future road traffic and passenger growth with the opening of the Hulhule-Male’ connecting bridge;

• Failure to realize positive socio-economic benefits in the connectivity of Hulhumale and Hulhule.

In view of the current status of the existing link road, it is evident that the road needs modernazition and the socio-economic benefits would be enormous for Maldives. On this basis, it is considered that the positive benefits of this road project outweigh the potential negative environmental and social effects. Therefore, the “No Development Option” is not recommended.

13.2 Alternative technological option s for reclamation

1 3 . 2 . 1 Bunding the reclamation area with Geotubes

Bunding is required to control the sedimentation, when the proposed project is undertaken to reclaim the area needed to expand the existing road in order to cater for the proposed development of the new road. Geotube containment technology could be used as a bund and replace the sand bund to create entirely new shoreline by reclamation. Geotube technology has been used for island creation because of its ease

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 84 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July of installation, ruggedness, and cost-effectiveness. Hundreds of meters of Geotube containers can be used to produce durable shorelines that can be filled in behind the units to produce stable land for building. Skyscrapers have been constructed on property reclaimed from the sea by using Geotube technology.

The following table examines various coastal protection options.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 85 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 86 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

Table 19: Examination of various alternatives

Environmentally Alternatives proposed Technical feasibility Economic viability Social benefits acceptable

Alternative materials for the revetment

Use of tetra pods They can be manufactured The cost is very high As far as the environmental Any option that is more on site provided materials damage footprint is expensive will be a negative are available. They are long concerned, it is slightly factor. lasting and strong. Their more damaging as using the size and weight can be proposed method. suited to meet the project.

Use of geo-bags for The geotextile tube is a cost The unit cost of the geo- Environmentally Unattractive for the project. revetment. effective solution, but bags may be cheaper, but acceptable as long as sand Visually less appealing than visually not appealing. The considering the long term is available. rocks. main advantage of durability and maintenance geotextile is that it can be caused by damage, the final manufactured in white cost may not be as low as colour to blend with the one would imagine. white sandy shores. Biggest

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 87 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

Environmentally Alternatives proposed Technical feasibility Economic viability Social benefits acceptable difficulty is the high volume of sand required to fill the bags.

Design and construction alternatives

Construction of offshore Technically poses more More expensive due to More environmental Not suitable for the present breakwaters. challenges, as the additional materials and impacts as the marine area situation. breakwater is to be placed time required for the would be affected to a near the wave breaking construction. greater area rather than the zone. revetment.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 88 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

14 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 14.1 Introduction

Environmental monitoring is essential to ensure that potential impacts are minimized and to mitigate unanticipated impacts. The parameters that are most relevant for monitoring the impacts that may arise from the reclamation components are included in the monitoring plan. These include beach line, turbidity, live coral cover and marine water quality. Monitoring need be carried out as a follow up activity of the environmental impact assessment and mitigation of possible negative impacts from the proposed project.

The purpose of the monitoring is to provide information that will aid impact management, and secondarily to achieve a better understanding of cause‐effect relationship and to improve impact prediction and mitigation methods.

14.2 M o n i t oring Programme

Outlined here are project specific monitoring requirements that the proponent shall include in their annual monitoring programme. This monitoring programme for the proposed project includes at best quarterly monitoring and covers the three stages of the project implementation.

Stage 1: Immediately before starting reclamation work. Stage 2: During reclamation and coastal protection work. Stage 3: Immediately after the completion of the project.

The monitoring needs of each stage are discussed in detail below: Stage 1 . Percent live coral cover and overall health of the reef . Sea water quality – Turbidity . Shoreline boundary. . Aerial photos of the project site. Stage 2 . Turbidity at monitoring locations. . Shorelines of the new land reclaimed. . Aerial photos of the project site. Stage 3 . Water quality – Turbidity (TSS, DO, pH and conductivity may be considered) . Shorelines of the new land reclaimed . Aerial photos of the island . Marine surveys

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 89 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

14.3 Monitoring Timetable

During the reclamation phase, the turbidity levels need to be monitored weekly. The following table shows the frequency at which the different parameters may be monitored after the dredging phase.

14.4 Monitoring Report

During the construction phase of the project, weekly monitoring reports shall be compiled and submitted to EPA for monitoring the parameters included in the monitoring plan.

An environmental monitoring report would be compiled and submitted to the EPA one year after the completion of the project, based on the data collected for the monitoring the parameters included in the monitoring plan given in the EIA.

The annual environmental monitoring report will include details of the site, strategy of data collection and analysis, quality control measures, sampling frequency and monitoring analysis and details of methodologies and protocols followed.

In addition to this, more frequent reporting of environmental monitoring will be communicated among the environmental consultant, proponent, the contractors and supervisors to ensure possible negative impacts are mitigated appropriately during and after the project works.

14.5 Cost of monitoring

It is estimated that during construction phase, the monitoring cost would beUS$ 35,000 per year.

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 90 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

Table 20: Schedule for environmental monitoring for the construction and operational period.

Monitoring Monitoring Attribute Indicator Methodology Responsible Monitoring Report Schedule Weekly during the Marine water quality and Turbidity Turbidity at monitoring Contractor / or appointed Weekly Reports reclamation phase sedimentation at dredging site location around the dredging environmental consultant on of the project and reclamation site location and turbidity at the behalf of HDC monitoring location at the reclamation site Reclamation progress Reclamation Satellite photos Contractor / or appointed progress environmental consultant on behalf of HDC Completion of the Coral and other benthic cover. Percent cover LIT or Reef check protocol at Contractor / or appointed Monitoring Report 1 – Reclamation / surveyed site environmental consultant on after completion of coastal protection behalf of HDC reclamation phase Phase of the Project Diversity and abundance of Number of fish Visual fish census at Contractor / or appointed fish communities present reclamation site environmental consultant on behalf of HDC Seawater quality Turbidity Laboratory analysis at Contractor / or appointed reclamation site environmental consultant on behalf of HDC Shoreline Beach dynamics / Low, high and mean tide line Contractor / or appointed accumulation of as to monitor the beach environmental consultant on sand behalf of HDC Hydrodynamic Changes in current Drogue tracks around the Contractor / or appointed reclamation site environmental consultant on behalf of HDC Reclamation progress Reclamation Aerial or Satellite photos Contractor / or appointed progress environmental consultant on behalf of HDC Two months after Coral and other benthic cover. Percent cover LIT or Reef check protocol Contractor / or appointed Monitoring Report 2 – commencement of environmental consultant on after two months of behalf of HDC

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 91 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

Monitoring Monitoring Attribute Indicator Methodology Responsible Monitoring Report Schedule the coastal Diversity and abundance of Number of fish Visual fish census at Contractor / or appointed Starting the coastal protection work fish communities present reclamation site environmental consultant on protection works behalf of HDC Seawater quality Turbidity Laboratory analysis at Contractor / or appointed reclamation site environmental consultant on behalf of HDC Shoreline of the island Beach dynamics Shore line perimetre Contractor / or appointed environmental consultant on behalf of HDC Hydrodynamic Changes in current Drogue tracks around the Contractor / or appointed reclamation site environmental consultant on behalf of HDC Completion of the Coral and other benthic cover Percent cover LIT or Reef Check Contractor / or appointed Monitoring Report 3 – Coastal Protection environmental consultant on after completion of Work behalf of HDC coastal protection work Diversity and abundance of Number of fish Visual fish census at Contractor / or appointed fish communities present reclamation site environmental consultant on behalf of HDC Seawater quality Turbidity Laboratory analysis Contractor / or appointed environmental consultant on behalf of HDC Shoreline of the island Beach dynamics Shore line perimeter Contractor / or appointed environmental consultant on behalf of HDC Hydrodynamic Changes in current Drogue tracks around the eastern lagoon.

Visual impact of the project Visual impact of Aerial or Satellite photos Contractor / or appointed the project environmental consultant on behalf of HDC One year after the Coral and other benthic cover Percent cover LIT / Reef Check Contractor / or appointed Annual Monitoring completion of the environmental consultant on Report after one year project behalf of HDC

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 92 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

Monitoring Monitoring Attribute Indicator Methodology Responsible Monitoring Report Schedule Diversity and abundance of Number of fish Visual fish census at Contractor / or appointed fish communities present reclamation site. environmental consultant on behalf of HDC Seawater quality DO and turbidity Laboratory analysis at Contractor / or appointed reclamation site. environmental consultant on behalf of HDC Shoreline of the island Beach dynamics Shore line perimeter. Contractor / or appointed environmental consultant on behalf of HDC Hydrodynamic Changes in current Drogue tracks around the Contractor / or appointed around the island reclamation site. environmental consultant on behalf of HDC

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 93 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 94 EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July

15 Conclusion

This report discusses the findings of an environmental impact study (EIA) undertaken by Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd. at the request of Housing Development Corporation (HDC). This EIA report covers works outlined under the Hulhule- Hulhumale link road that includes, reclamation, coastal protection works and road construction works.

The reclamation component is to reclaim additional land on the eastern side of Hulhulhe and the southern side of Hulhumale to extend the boundary from existing road in order to construct a wider and better road with all the road infrastructures. During the construction of the project, the existing roads will still be used between Hulhule and Hulhumale. The fill materials for the reclamation would be obtained from Hulhumale where excess fill material is available from phase 1 and phase 2.

The island of Hulhulé is formed on a large reef in the south eastern side of North Malé Atoll. The Hulhulé Island was reclaimed and constructed in year 1964 for creation of airport. Since then a number of reclamation and expansion project has undertaken at the island to develop an international airport to services the majority of visitors to Maldives. Hulhulé Island is located at about 6km North-East of Male’. Hulhumalé is located in the same reef system. The two islands are connected by a narrow road or course way along the eastern side of Hulhule.

The project aims to connect the island of Hulhumale and Male’ and is undertaken as part of the preparation for the bridge connection. Once the Male’ to Hulhule bridge is constructed, this link road will be the gateway that connects the islands of Hulhumale, Hulhule and Male’.

Environmental impacts of the project were assessed. The reclamation of the shallow lagoon around the eastern side of Hulhulhe would have irreversible impacts on the island. The impacts of the project result mainly from reclamation work result from sedimentation and changing morphology of the shoreline on the eastern side. During reclamation activity, impact of sedimentation will impact the reef on the eastern side. The reclamation and coastal protection of reclaimed land would facilitate to undertake the airport expansion project at Hulhule. This project would have immense socio- economic benefits to the Maldives and the region. The socio-economic benefit outweigh the negative impacts of the project on the physical environment .

Mitigation measures for the anticipated impacts have been identified and outlined in detail, including sedimentation and stagnation control methods and measures for

Proposed by Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 95

EIA for the construction of Hulhule to Hulhumale link road, North Male’ Atoll – 2017 July minimizing negative effects of generation of waste. These mitigation measures will have to be followed in order to minimize environmental damage.

Alternative have been investigated for the different components of the project. The present method of coastal protection design is not expected to cause serious reef damage.

An environmental monitoring plan has been developed including key elements that require regular checks. This monitoring component need to adhere to and would allow assessing the changes due to the project activities. The project involves inevitable negative environmental impacts to the natural environment of the island as reclamation at any scale will impact the marine environment. However such impacts should not prevent undertaking national projects of this significance. The proposed link road is one of the significant infrastructure projects to be undertaken in the Maldives that will have far greater positive socio-economic impacts.

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16 Major findings and Recommendations

Based on the findings of the EIA, the EIA team makes the following recommendation to the current project design that is proposed.

16.1 Undertaking Survey at reclamation area

The contractor needs to undertake a detail level survey at the project site to determine levels of the islands as part of the project. The contractor shall undertake a detail mapping of the island before and after the project. The contractor shall submit the initial survey report before commencing the project and final survey report after project is completed to EPA. Establishment of correct levels is necessary to design the final height of the road surface and integration and implementation of the coastal protection works. These will determine how the finished road will not experience wave overtopping.

16.2 Inclusion of culverts to allow water flow

The use of culverts can be undertaken to enhance the water quality of sea plane landing area by allowing water flushing from east to west. The following diagramme outlines such a scheme.

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16.3 Coastal Protection Structure’s Detail Design

The detail designing of the coastal protection structures should be designed by the contractor. The contractor shall submit detail designs to EPA before commencement of the project. The design specification would be based on the recommendation of the EIA. The selected method of coastal protection must be verified and approved by a coastal engineer.

16.4 Controlling the sedimentation during reclamation

The contractor needs to control the sedimentation as such that it does not impact the eastern reef of Hulhulhé. The contractor shall ensure that the sedimentation plume due to the reclamation is minimized either by use of sand bunds, timing and scheduling or any other practical means.

16.5 Environmental Monitoring

Environmental monitoring is essential to ensure that potential impacts are minimized and to mitigate unanticipated impacts. It is recommended that environmental monitoring to be carried by the contractor during the construction stage to minimize impacts and address serious issues that can be addressed before it is too late. It is recommended that this activity would be carried out as per the proponent’s committed for this development.

16.6 Environmental Supervision

It is recommended that the client to undertake the environmental supervision during the implementation of the project as to ensure the project is implemented as outlined in the EIA report and as specified and agreed in the contract.

16.7 Establish a Geodetic Control Network

The contractor shall establish a geodetic control network before any work is carried out at the island. The primary need to establish a geodetic control network is to provide accurate and reliable 3D reference coordinates (Easting, Northing and Height) for the project and also to determine relationship with the global mathematical reference frame for GPS or WGS84 coordinates.

A single coordinate system shall be selected for the project and used for all aspects of the project, including for boundary demarcation, as-built surveys, topographic survey, hydrographic surveys, engineering surveys and etc.

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The existing Permanent Survey Markers (PSM) at Hulhule island should be checked for movements, disturbances and reliability of these markers, before these are integrated into the network that would be established. The PSM’s shall be established in accordance with the guidelines published by Maldives Land and Survey Authority (MLSA) regarding establishment of PSMs. Any specification adopted for the project shall meet the specification published by MLSA.

A vertical datum for the project shall also be adopted. The detail engineering designs, drawings and maps must have clearly stated the datum that was used and its relationship with the land levelling datum and hydrographic survey datum.

The establishment of the control network and undertaking any survey work shall be carried by registered surveyors at Maldives Land and Survey Authority.

16.8 Methodology for the execution of the project

A detail methodology for the execution of the project components need to be developed as to minimise the impact of mobilisation to the marine and socio-economic environment. The methodology shall outline; detail of mobilisation plan including areas where heavy machineries and materials would be loaded, details identifying the location of reclamation, methods to provide uninterrupted traffic flow during initial construction stage.

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17 People who have assisted in the preperation of this report EIA People who registration Page assisted in data number (only Chapter Signature number collection and for those report writing registered consultants)

Introduction Abdul Aleem

Abdul Aleem

Project Hasan Shah EIA P02/2007 Description Hasan Shah EIA P02/2007

Project Setting (Legislative Ahmed Jameel EIA 07/07 section) Abdul Aleem Existing Ibrahim Faiz EIA T06/15 Environment Hasan Shah EIA P02/2007

Abdul Aleem EIA 09/07 Impact and

Mitigation Ibrahim Faiz EIA T06/15

Abdul Aleem

Stakeholder

Consultations Ibrahim Faiz EIA T06/15

Hassan Shah

Monitoring Abdul Aleem

Abdul Aleem

Recommendations Hassan Shah EIA P02/2007 and conclusion

Ibrahim Faiz EIA T06/15

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18 Acknowledgements

Various people have assisted the consulting team in preparing this report, name and their designations are listed below. CV’s of the field assistants are attached as an annex. Water Solutions would like to thank their support and assistance provided in completion of this report. 1- Mr. Ahmed Jameel, EIA consultant (EIA 07/07)

2- Mr. Abdul Aleem, Environmental Consultant

3- Mr. Faruhath Jameel, Chief Surveyour, Water Solutions.

4- Hamdhulla Shakeeb, Surveying Assistant, Water Solutions.

5- Ibrahim Faiz, Junior Environmental Consultant (EIA T06/15)

6- Water Solutions staff

7- HDC

8- MACL

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19 Reference Books and Sources

Allison, W. (15: 215-218). Snorkeler damage to reef corals in the Maldive Islands,. Coral Reefs.

English, S., & Wilkinson, C. a. (1997). Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources. Australian Institute of Marine Science.

Hoepner, T. (1999). A Procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Seawater Desalination Plants. Desalination, vol.124, pp. 1-12.

Jameel, A. (2007). Developing a Disaster Profile for Maldives, A thesis for the Masters Degree. Chirstchurch, New Zealand: University of Cantebury.

National Bureau of Statistics. (2014). Maldives Census. Male': Ministry of Finance & Treasury.

Services, M. m. (2010). Maldives meteorological Services. Retrieved from www.meteorology.gov.mv

UNDP. (2006). Developing a Disaster Risk profile for Maldives. Maldives: UNDP.

UNEP. (2005). Maldives Post Tsunami Environmental Assessment. Geneva: United Nations.

UNEP, M. o. (n.d.). State of the Environment Report . Maldives: UNEP2002.

Water Solutions. (2013). EIA of land reclamation in Maafushi Island. Male': Water Solutions.

Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd,. (2008). Maps of Maldives, the complete guide to the Atolls and Islands of Maldives. Male': Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd.

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Annex: Terms of reference

a'P

Environmental Protection Ag€ncy EPA

No: 203.EIARES/l6l/2017120

Terms of Reference for Environmental Impact Assessment for the Hulhule-Hulhumale connecting Link Road Development Project, North Male' Atoll

The following is the Terms of Reference (ToR) following the scoping meeting held on 20th June 20t7 at Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for undertaking the EIA of the proposed road deyelopmert project at Hulhule / Hulhumale, North Male' Atoll. The proponent of the project is Housing Development Corporation Limited.

While every attempt has been made to ensure that this TOR addresses all ofthe major issues associated with development proposal, they are not necessarily exhaustive. They should not be interpreted as excluding from consideration matters deemed to be significant but not incorporated in them, or matters curently unforeseen, that emerge as important or signilicant from environmental studies, or otherwise, during the course of preparation of the EIA report.

1, Introduction and Rationale - Describe the purpose of the project. The objectives of the road development activities should be specific and if possible quantified. Define the arrangements required for the environmental assessment including how work carried out under this contract is linked to other activities that are carried out or that is being carried our within the project boundary. Identify the donors and the institutional arrangements relevant to this project.

2. $!g!y_4499 - Submir a minimum A3 size scaled plan with indications ofall the proposed roads ro be developed as part of the projecr. Speciry the agreed boundaries of the study area for the envirorunenral impact assessment.

3. Scooe of work Identify and number tasks of the project including preparation, construction and decommissioning phases. 4. Task l. Description of the proposed project Provide a description and justification ofthe .elevant parts of fie road development works, using maps at appropriate scales where necessary. The following should be provided (all inputs and outputs related to the proposed activities shall be justified):

The main activities ofthe road development works are: o Obtaining offill materials for the reclamation and levelling ofthe roads. . Removal ofexisting ramp. . Removal ofexisting trees. . Reclamation afld sand filling ofan area on the east side of the lagoon. . Construction of new sea wall and fencing. . Scadrying of existing road and removal of kerbs . LevelliDg ofthe roads and compacting.

EnvrcnmenhlPrctrdion^gen.y i:-: a1i; ..i.r:it iil,ti:j, ili - ...,, * ,,, rd tr9al33r 5qe I€@l33rsesr '.*..o.** u'P

Environmenral Prorccrion or*", EPA

Obtaining fill material for the levelling ofthe roads: . Location and size of sand burrow areas (s) on a map or details of where fill material will be obtained including volume ofavailable fill material. . Alternative burrow areas . Justification for the s€lection ofthis the method ofobhining fill material. . Quantity, quality and chaEcteristics offill marerial; . Indication of guarante€s for sufficient availability offill material; . Method and equipment us€d for constuction of the road;

Project management: Include project site set up location, communication oIconstruction details. progress, target dates and duration of works, constructior/operation/closure of labor carnps. access to site. safety. equiprnent and mateaial storage. water supply. waste management fionl construction opemtions. power and fuel supply:

Trsk 2.Description of the environment - Assemble. evaluates and presents the environmental baseline study/data regarding the study area and timing of the project. Identify baseline data gaps and identify studies and the level of detail to be carried out by consultant. consideration of likel1- monitoring requirements should be bome in mind during survey planning. so that data collected rs suitable for use as a baseline. As such all baseline data must be presented in such a way that they \Iill be uselully applied to future monitoring. The repon should ourline delailed methodology of dalr colleclion utilized. Information should be divided into the categones shown below:

Coastal environment . Condition ofthe existing coastalenvironment should b€ outlined in the repon . Study ofthe reef . Bathymetry ( use maps) of reclamation and potential borrow areas. . Seawater quality measuring these parameters: temperatue. pH, salinity. turbidity. phosphatc nitrate. ammoni4 sulphate. total and faecal coliforms and BOD.

Ecoloev . ldenriry marine prolected areas (MPAO and sensitive sites such as breeding or nursery g.ounds for protected or endangercd specres (e.g. coral reefs. spawning fish sites. nurseries for crustaceans or specific sites for marine mammals, sharks and tu(les) Include descriplion of commercial species. species with potential to become nuisances or vector . Benthic and fish community at the project site and any potential borrow areas . Overall healfi and qualit) ofthe eristing marine enr ironmenr

Marine sea water quality measuring these pammeters: temperarurc, pH, salinity. turb'dity

Marine enviromnent r Condition ofthe existing marine environment should be outlined in the reporl. . Identiry the impacts on the marine environment from the project.

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Environm€ntal Proteclion Agency EPI

Hazard vulnerabiliry . Vulnerability ofarea ro flooding and swells (ofproposed road). . Flood mitigation measures in place for the project.

Tssk 3. Legislativc 8nd regulatory considerotions - Idendry the peftinent legislation, regulations and standards, and environmental policies that are relevant and applicable to the proposed project, and idendry thc appropriate authority jurisdictions that will specifically apply to the Eoject. Legal requircments: - Road Developme approval from the Ministry of Housing and Infrastructue; - Regulatory requirements ofDredging and Reclamation Regulations

Task 4. Potential ilupacts (environmeDtal and socio-cultural) ofproposed project' incl. all stsges The EIA report should identiry all the impacts, direct arld indirect. during and after construction. and evaluate lhe magnitude and significance ofeach. Particular aftention shall be given to impacts associated with the following:

Irnpacts . Impacts on the reef due to reclamation and coastal prctection measures . lmpacts on grcund water table due to lhe paving of the road surface. . Impacts ofnoise, vibration and disturbance. . Impact on flooding due to the development of the road. . lmpact on marine environment due to the reclamalion of the lagoon. . ldentify key social impacts. . lmpacts on the operation of the airpon services and facililies.

Construction related hazards and risks . Pollution of the naluml environment (e.g. oil spills, discharyc of untreated waste water and solid waste. including conslruction wasle): . Risk ofaccidents and pollution on workers and local population, and . Impacts on social values, norms and beliefdue to presence ofworkers ofdredging company on local population.

The methods used to identiry the significance of the impacts shall be outlined. One or more of the following methods must be ulilized in determining impacts; checklists. mat ces- overlays, networks, expert systems and professional judgment. Justification must be provided ro the selected methodologies. The report should outline the uncertainties in im n and also outline all positive and negative/short and long-term impacts. Identify -are cumulative and unavordablc. ',!\ ilP

Environmental Prot€ction Agenc) EPA Tgsk 5. Alternrtives to proposed projeca - Describe altematives including the " o action option" should be ples€nted. Detennine the best practical envircnmental options. Altematives examincd for the propos€d project that would achieve the same objective including the "no action altemative". This should include but not limited to altemative methods to obtain fill material for reclaDation. altemative equipmenvmachinery for excavation. road development. and altemative road surfaceVlocations for the proposed roads. The repon should highlight how the proposed roads for development were determined. All altematives must be compared according !o intemarional standards and commor y accepted standards as much as possible. The comparison should yield the preferred altemative for implementation. Mitigation options should be specified for each component oflhe proposed project.

Task 6.Mitigation strd mrDsgemert of regative imprcts ldentify possible measures to pre\ ent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. These will include both environmenral and socio-economic mitigation measures with particular attention paid to the management of the waste lrom road development activity. sedimentation contol during the excavation ofthe lagoon tbr the fill material for the road levelling acrivity. Mitigation measures to avoid or compensate habitat destruction caused by excavation shall considered. Measures lor both construction and operation phase shall be identified. Cost the mitigation measures, equipment and resources required to implement those measures. The confirmation of commitrnent of the developer to implenrent the proposed mitigation measures shall also be included. An Environmental management plan for the proposed project, idenrifiing responsible persons, their duties and commitments shall also be given. In cases where impacts are unavoidable anangements to compensate for the environmental effect shall be given.

Tssk 7. Developmert of monitoriDg plan (see apperdix) ldendry the critical issues rcquiring monitoring to enswe compliance to mitigation measures and present impact management and monitoring plan. Ecological monitoring will b€ submitted to the EPA to evaluate the darnages duri[g construction, after project completion and every six months lhereafter, up to olre year. Detail of the monitoring program including the physical and biological parameters for moniroring, cost commitment from responsible person ro conduct monitoring in the foam of a commitment letter, detailed reporting scheduling, costs and methods of undertaking the monitoring program must be provided. . Generation of conslruction wasle. . Management of rhe waste, T.sk t. Saekeholder consultrlion, lnter-Agency coordinrtiotr and public/l{GO prrticipItioD) - Identify appropriate mechanisms for providing information on the development proposal and its progress to stakeholders, govemment authorities such as l. Ministry ofHousing and Infrastructure, 2. Ministry ofEnvironment and Energy, 3. MACL 4. HDC &?P

Environmenhl Protection Agency EPA

The EIA report should inch-rde a list of people/groups consulted, their contact details and summary of the major outcomes.

Preseoastiotr- The environmental impact assessment report, to be presented in digital format, will be concise and focus on significant envirorunental issues. Ir will contain the findings, conclusions and recommended actions supported by summaries of the data collected and citations f or any references used in interpreting those data. The environmental assessment repon will be organized according to, but not necessarily limited by. the outline given in the Environmental Impact Assessmem Regulations, 2012

Timeframe for submit!!gg-.j!g-p!!_19pg4l The developer must submit the complered EIA report within 6 months llom thc date ofthis Ierm ofReference.

Date Junc 2017

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Annex: Bathymetry

Annex: Project schedule

LINK ROAD CONNECTING HULHULE AND HULHUMALÉ PROJECT WORK PLAN

schedule(month) number item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 preliminary work for construction

2 detail engineering design

3 Removal of existing structures and trees

4 Site desilting and dredging

5 Reclamation and sand filling

6 Construction of shore protection structures

7 Road base

8 Road surface

9 Road marking and signage

10 Laying roads with street light

11 Roll station

12 Office building

13 Roundabout

14 View point

15 Safety fencings

16 Check and accept

Annex: No objection letter from MACL

Annex: Revetment design engineering report

Hulhule Hulhumale’s link road project

上海港湾基础建设（集团）有限公司

2017/07

Catalog

1. Project survey ...... 2

1.1 Geographical position ...... 1

1.2 Hydrogeological condition ...... 1

1.3 Engineering Brief ...... 2

2. Design of bag concrete ...... 4

2.1 Selection of mold bag kind ...... 4

2.2 Proportion design of mold bag concrete ...... 6

2.3 Determination of average thickness of revetment ...... 6

2.4 Calculation of stability against sliding ...... 8

2.5 The width and filling hole design of mold bag ...... 8

2.6 Reinforcement design of slope ...... 10

3. Key points in construction ...... 10

3.1 Construction preparation ...... 10

3.2 Lay the mold bag ...... 10

3.3 Filling concrete ...... 11

3.4 Maintenance ...... 12

4. Construction process ...... 12

4.1 Slope Leveling and Excavation ...... 14

4.2 Laying Mold Bags ...... 14

5. Case ...... 16

5.1 Case 1 ...... 16

5.2 Case 2 ...... 17

5.3 Case 3 ...... 18

1. Project survey 1.1 Geographical position Maldives is an archipelago country located at 4 degrees north latitude and 73 degrees east longitude in Indian Ocean. The total area of Maldives is 90,000 square kilometers (including the area of territorial sea), and the land area is 298 square kilometers with an average elevation of 1.8 meters. It consists of 26 sets of natural atolls and 1192 Coral Island, forming 20 atolls, which are located in the sea area of 90 thousand square kilometers. This project is a coast revetment project in Maldives, and it is a link road between Hulhule and Hulhumale island. The road is constructed by reclamation and its location is shown in figure 1.1:

Fig1.1 Location of construction area 1.2 Hydrogeological condition The location of this project is in torrid zone. There are only two seasons in whole year, southwest monsoon from May to October and northeast monsoon from November to April. The temperature varies little. The annual average temperature is 28 ℃ , the highest and minimum temperature is 32 ℃ and 25 ℃ repectively. The relative humidity is 73 ~ 85%. The sea close-by is calm, but sometimes the height of waves can reach more than 3m, so it is necessary to build reliable protection works for the coast to prevent waves from crashing into the road. Maldives is the flattest archipelago country in Indian Ocean. It is composed of many flat coral islands with many reefs under the sea level. The reclamation part of

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this project is constructed on the coral reef. As the foundation of this project, the geological properties of the coral reef are ideal with reliable bearing capacity. 1.3 Engineering Brief This project is a coast revetment in the field filled by soil in the sea between Hulhule and Hulhumale.The inner bank of the existing embankment is a drainage lake, the outer is the sea, the extension distance is 110m~120m from former embankment; the elevation of the field after filling is 1.8m. Based on the section of the construction area, the elevation of the sea is 0.0m,the top elevation of coral reef is ~-1.0m. The length of the embankment which will be constructed is about 2.8Km. The construction area is shown in fig1.2, the construction area is divided into 4 zones, there is a profundal area in zone 2, it will be covered by soil during construction.

Fig1.2 Plan of construction zone Based on the project profile, this project intends to use mold-bagged concrete as the construction method, which is to protect the embankment through mold-bagged concrete after hydraulic filling. The mold-bagged concrete is to use high-pressure pump to pour concrete or cement mortar into the mold bag. The thickness of the concrete or cement mortar is controlled by the length of the bag hanger and hanger rope (usually polymers such as nylon). After a period of time, the concrete or cement mortar consolidation forms a plate-like structure or other shaped structure with certain strength meeting the engineering needs. As a new model of construction material, the geotextile bag has been widely used in the protection engineering projects such as dam of river or lake or sea, revetment, harbor, wharf, etc. The advantages of this method are as followings: (1) The geotexile mold bag construction adopts one-time spouting forming with

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convenience and speed. (2) The design of mold-bagged concrete is ripe with safety and artistic look. The surface could be designed to various colors, shapes and patterns; the grass could be also planted on the surface to keep green ecology. (3) The geotexile mold bag could adjust to different complicated terrains, especially in the deep water embankment protection and lake bottom where the cofferdam is not necessary to be built so that the construction could be conducted underwater directly; the level of mechanization is high and the embankment protection surface area is large with strong integrity, good stability and long service life. (4) The geotexile mold bag has certain water permeability. After the concrete and cement mortar is poured in, the redundant water oozes through voids of geotexile, lowering the water-cement ratio rapidly and to speed up the concreting rate, increasing the compression strength of concrete. (5) About 70% quantity of block stones and gravels are saved, greatly saving the cost. Especially for the regions where stones are extremely lacking, the saving effect is more obvious.

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Fig1.3 Example of model bag concrete construction The as-built mold-bagged concrete has various types. According to common construction ways, the formed mold bag is a large area concrete structure, whose surface is bulge bar-type shape structure, which is mainly caused by the thickness of lacing wire controlling concrete mold bag; besides, the mold-bagged concrete could be made to grid shape, in which the grass is planted to beautify the environment, as is shown in Figure 1.3.

2. Design of bag concrete

2.1 Selection of mold bag kind

In consideration of different filling material, the concrete mold bags for embankments can be divided into two types: mortar filling and concrete filling. The former is appropriate for slope protection of common slope, channel, river, reservoir and wharf engineering, etc. The latter is appropriate for shore-slope and seawall with strong currents and waves. And in consideration of engineering grade, construction condition, wind wave and current condition, the funds and construction equipment, appearance requirements and processing technic, the concrete mold bags can be divided into machine woven mold bag and simple mold bag. Machine woven mold bag is mainly composed of polyamide, polyester and polypropylene filament yarn fabric with high strength and uniform aperture. Machine woven mold bag can be manufactured with anti-filter spot, and filled with mortar or fine concrete by pump without leaking cement. The simple mold bag is made of polypropylene woven fabric, and the bag body didn’t have anti- filter function. A non-woven fabric filter layer is required on the slope, and the bag should be filled with mortar by artificial pouring. The machine woven mold bag can be used in the maximum slope angle with 1:1 or even steeper and the more appropriate slope angle is 1:1.5. The flow velocity is generally less than 1.5m/s when filling in the water. The simple mold bag concrete is suitable for slope of 1:1.5-1:3.0 overwater or in shallow hydrostatic water. Its construction equipment is simple, and cost is lower than machine woven mold bag.

Table 1 Basic characteristics of the mold bags

Mold S and mold Model FP-100 CY-100 CYZ-3 WYS-100 C series

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Nylon , Polyester Raw material Nylon 66 Nylon 6 fiber ,polypropyl ene fiber

Monolayer quality 241.6 240.8 273.2 331.5 340.0 (g/m2)

Monolayer thickness 0.334 0.356 0.485 0.536 0.55 (mm)

Tensile Longitude 1332~1432 1265～1342 1427～1546 1064～2003 1839～2158 strength Latitude 1587~1605 1599～1615 1478～1482 1757～1984 1786～2003 (N/3cm)

Extensibilit Longitude 10.3～11.4 10.4～12.9 12.2～12.5 15.8～20.4 14.5～21.0 y (%) Latitude 10.6～10.8 10.8～11.0 12.2～15.3 17.1～18.7 16.9～18.5

Bursting strength (N) 1546 1572 1281 1584 5000

Equivalent 0.1 0.12 0.12 0.091 〈0.2and≥0.043 apertureO90(mm)

Permeability coefficient 1×10-2 3×10-3 1.0×10-2 2.87×10-2 4×10-3 (cm/s) 8.6×10-4

Mortar: Molding thickness after Mortar:10c Concrete: Concrete: Mortar: 10～20cm filling m 15cm 15cm 10cm Concrete: 5～70cm

This project is a revetment project of a reclaimed coast in Maldives. And after reclamation, the new coast will be close to the edge of coral reef, therefore the waves will be relatively bigger and the wave protection requirements will be higher. In order to prevent the leakage of cement grout, the equivalent aperture should be 0.084 ~ 0.25 mm. Only a small amount of cement leakage is allowed when grouting, but not the sand shall be allowed to flow out. As a result, the machine woven mold bag made of polyamide + polyester + polypropylene is chosen, because of the joint between mold bags which can be used as drainage measure, so the type of the mold bag can be chosen with no drainage point.

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2.2 Proportion design of mold bag concrete

The machine woven mold bag is constructed by pumping, so it requires that the concrete or cement mortar should have pumpability and proper fluidity, so it can fluid and spread smoothly to fill the whole bag without separated. In consequence, the requirement of concrete proportion and the admixture application is higher than common pump-delivery concrete. And if necessary, it shall be determined by tests according to the in-situ project conditions. Table 2 is the mix proportion of filling material, it can be referred for us.

Table 2 The mix proportion of filling concrete

Maximum size Air Water Fines Unit Mix Slump of coarse content（ cement ratio ratio Sa mass（kg/m3） Remarks type (cm) aggregate(mm) %） W/C（%） (%) C S G W C10 65 382 938 637 248 10-15 23±2 87 65 The mixture, C15 60 365 963 654 237 AE agent, C25 65 50 326 851 867 212 water reducing C25 25 21±2 5 55 55 386 909 785 212 agent W

After the filling material is pumped into the mold bag, redundant water will leak out through the fabric gap, reducing the water-cement ratio to 0.4 or even lower and speeding up the freezing rate of concrete, greatly improving the compressive strength of concrete. The AE agent in table 2 is composite water reducing agent, It has dual functions of air entraining and water reducing. Some units in China use PC-2 type rosin thermal polymer air entraining agent, the amount is 4.5%, gas content is about 5%, plus water reducing agent is 0.6% or so, the content depends on the specific performance of water reducer.

2.3 Determination of average thickness of revetment

The proposed elevation of the reclaimed road is +1.8 meters according to the provided section of HULHULE-HULHUMALE link road. The top elevation of the slope protection is the same with the road, and the bottom elevation of the slope protection is the same with the elevation of seabed. The elevation of the seabed in front of reclaimed coast is between ±0.0 and -1.0 m, so the height of slope is 1.8 m ~ 2.8m. The slope angle of revetment is 1:1.5 and the bottom of the revetment shall be extended seaward horizontally and properly in consideration of stability. Page 6 of 19

In this project, the mold bag concrete revetment is mainly affected by the wind load and wave load. Based on the structural requirements, the thickness of the revetment should be no less than 10cm. The calculated thickness is mainly related to the wave height and wave length in the area, and it can be calculated according to the following formula:  l tH (1) b  Bm

In (1)：t-- Thickness of concrete panel of slope  -- Coefficient， 0.075

H、L--Calculated wave height and Calculated wave length, as the wave height increases when it enters the coastal shallow water area, the wave length becomes shorter, and the wave steepness increases. Based on related research and conservative estimate, H=4.0m，l=20m.  -- Water severity, =10KN/m³  -- Concrete severity，based on the mix proportion design in former,  b b =20Kg/m³ B—Length of declining slope, the height of the slope is 1.8m~2.8m, so B=3.25m~5.05m m—Gradient of declining slope, cotangen of the slope angle, m=1.5 Result：t=0.422m~0.526m。 According to 《The technical specification for application of geosynthetics in hydraulic and Hydropower Engineering》, the thickness of mold bagged concrete is determined by：

lm 1 2 t 0.07 cH 3 (2) Bmb  In (2)：c—Panel coefficient，for bulk concrete，c=1.0，rest parameter meaning is same to equation(1) Result:t  0.574m Combine above two situations，the thickness of mold bag concrete is t=0.60m。 The machine woven mold bag is selected according to the thickness of the mold bag concrete and it confirmed the choice of the form of the bag in former.

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2.4 Calculation of stability against sliding

Because of two kinds of different materials between the mold bag concrete and soil slope, physical and mechanical properties of them are different, so the cohesion performance of interface between them will be reduced, and the interface between the mold bag concrete and soil slope is the most dangerous slip surface. Under the condition of stability of the slope, stability of the mold bag concrete mainly depends on the friction between them, just as the ratio of sliding force to frictional sliding force. According to the design level of the mold bag concrete, the anti-slide safety coefficient is K=1.2 ~ 1.3, so sliding surface between the mold bag concrete and the soil slope will be checked, the anti-slide safety coefficient can be calculated as follows：

Kcs( L1  L 3  L 2 cos ) f cs / ( L 2 sin ) (3)

In (3): Kcs--the anti-slide safety coefficient between the mold bag concrete and soil slope.

fcs-- The friction coefficient between the mold bag concrete and soil slope, fcs=0.5.  --The angle of the slope

L2—The length of the slope

L1、L3—The top and bottom horizontal extension length of the top and toe of slope

Due to Kcs 1.3, so L1+L3>1.1h, the total length of horizontal extension of the top and toe of slope is determined by the height of the slope. Based on specifications, the top horizontal extension length of the slope is about 0.5m~1.0m, 1.0m length is taken uniformly, so the bottom horizontal extension length of the slope is (1.1h -1.0)m.

2.5 The width and filling hole design of mold bag

The production of mold bag shall be based on the notes in construction drawings, different top elevation of the slope can be chosen in different construction section. The height of slope is determined by the seabed elevation at the bottom of slope after soil-filling, then paving width of the mold bag can be calculated in different seabed elevation. Based on the section of structure design, the filling hole can be designed according to different width of the mold bag. The first filling hole is placed at 0.7m from upper edge of the mold bag, the second is 0.6m from the first one, located

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individually in the upper and lower of the horizontal corner of the top, the third is in the middle position below the second, the plan of the filling holes are shown as follows:

Fig.2.1. Sketch of plane position of mold bag filling hole

In current production line of mold bag, each 24.0m is a unit, each unit is divided into 6 pieces, the width of each piece which is a filling operation surface is 4.0m, a list of holes will be set every four meters, the diameter of filling holes should be matched with the outer diameter of the pumping pipeline, is generally 20cm, but the diameter should be greater than the outer diameter of tube. The width of mold bag shall be slightly larger than the design section width due to 8% shrinkage. Two layers of the mold bag will be combined by one set of lacing wires with 60cm distance(chemical fiber rope), the length of the wires depends on the thickness of the mold bag concrete, but the length shall be determined again according to the typical construction materials, because different materials have different expansion coefficient. Geotextile (300g/m3) with 1.6m wide will be laid under the joint two pieces of mold bag connect, single sewing lap length is 0.8m, the length of geotextile shall be consistent with the width of mold bag attached. In order to avoid confusion, number mold bag for each unit produced simultaneously, inspection is taken according to the statistics of mold bag width measurement. Pipe sleeve with 10cm diameter shall be reserved at the upper and lower edge of each piece when the mold bag is produced. Steel pipes will be inserted into the sleeve

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after the production of mold bag finished. Rolling the mold bag into a tubular shape around the lower steel pipe as a axis to facilitate the spread of mold bag conveniently. 2.6 Reinforcement design of slope In order to ensure the mold bag concrete slope work normally under crack conditions induced by uneven settlement, temperature shrinkage and other unfavorable factors, allocate the reinforcement based on structure ， a φ12 reinforcement with 4.5m length shall be allocated in each column of mold bag concrete, and ensure the construction accurately.

3. Key points in construction

3.1 Construction preparation

Including the availability of required materials and equipments, flat slope, site positioning, line location, measurement of underwater construction depth etc.. Main pumping construction equipments are concrete (mortar) mixer and concrete (mortar) pump.

3.2 Lay the mold bag

Non-woven geotextiles shall be laid under the joint where mold bag piece connects each other. The non-woven geotextiles connect the mold bag by sewing or lap, the lap width is 80cm, geotextile is fixed on the top of slope by No. 8 steel wire in “n” shape. Expanding the mold bag along the slope exactly according to the predetermined position, tied the mouth tightly, fixed by piles at the upper and lower ends of the slope. The upper edge of the mold bag is connected with the tension regulator and hung on the piles, as shown in figure 3.1. If reinforcement exists, it will be inserted into the mold bag according to the requirements after the spreading of the mold bag, and shall be prevented from piercing the mold bag.

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(a) Section of mold bag

(b) Plan of the mold bag

Fig.3.2.Lay of the machine woven mold bag (a) Section of mold bag；(b) Plan of the

mold bag

3.3 Filling concrete

The inner wall of the filling mixer and the mold bag should be properly wetted with water before loading and stirring according to the required proportion. The

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concrete shall be measured for slump, and the mortar shall be tested for fluidity before filling into the mold bag. Woven mold bag concrete (mortar) is filled with a special filling pump. The filling is done in the order of bottom to up, left, right and middle. If the reinforcement exists, the steel shall not sink in the filling process. In the filling process, the shrinkage of woven mold bag can be controlled by the tension regulator. If there is a drain pipe, the drainage pipe can be inserted according to the design requirements 1h later after the completion of the filling. The following problems should be paid attention and solved during the filling process of mold bag concrete: (1) In order to prevent plugging accident, the gradation and slump of concrete shall be checked momentarily; prevent the coarse aggregate into and clog pipes; prevent air from pumping into the mold bag to cause plugging or gas explosion; filling should be continuous, downtime is generally not more than 20min. (2) Operation personnel for pumping and filling should contact at any time, closely cooperate. Stop the machine in time after filling to prevent drum package or drum broken during the filling process. The pump machine shall be stopped timely if drum package appears, find the cause and make a solution. (3) The fixed piles should be installed 1.5~2.0m from the upper edge of the mold bag in the top of the slope, the distance between them should be 1.0~2.0m, and the number of each piece is not less than 4. Check the top pile positioning it firmly, to prevent the filling process of bag down. 3.4 Maintenance After the completion of all the slope protection construction, the concrete surface shall be maintained, the general curing period is 7 days, and the surface of the revetment is in a state of wetting during this period.

4. Construction process

The main construction process of mold bagged concrete is to adopt normal intubation filling for land construction. Major construction work process is as below. Preparation before the construction—fixed elevation lofting excavation—primary treatment—laying mold bagged concrete—fill irrigation (commodity concrete) maintenance and quality inspection. Cement, sand and other materials required are transported through the flat barge to the reefs, lifted to homemade assembly pontoon,

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and the push the floating boat around to the island by high tide top with the help of powered boats, and use lifting machine to move onto the island. Repeat the above method until all the materials are already on the island and the start the construction. Compare to the original plan of paving temporary road, this method reduces much cost, and is convenient to apply, and also effectively overcomes the shortcomings of marine hydrodynamics destructive effect on both sides of the temporary road and in need of removal after construction, and no excavation need to be done is also a advantage to natural environment protection.

Fig 4.1 Assenbly Floating Boats

Fig 4.2 Container Bags

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Fig 4.3 Construction Process of Mold Bad Concrete Method

4.1 Slope Leveling and Excavation

The construction area are mainly distributed in the shallow water area, taking into account that the soil of the slope are mainly the reclamation of silty sand, specific dressing method is design as below:The underwater parts (ends and the bottom) will be excavated and leveled with excavator and the downhill bottom will be leveled by divers. The above water parts will be excavated and leveled top-down by digging machine and sharp objects will be cleared at the same time to remove possible damage to the mold bags, and ensure that the surface roughness is less than 100mm.

Fig 4.4 Slope Excavations and Leveling

4.2 Laying Mold Bags

300g/m2 woven composite fabrics are selected. Geotextile and mold bagged concrete should be set up in the joint part of two pieces of mold bags, with the length of 30cm, manually make it solid when charging the concrete. Laying positioning pile

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is more favorable for the accurate positioning of the mode bags. The laying is relied on manually pulling on the slope and on diver’s support underwater. In order to increase the stability of the slope, set presser foot at the bottom. Presser foot must be cleaned, the length is 1.2m, and the width is 0.6m. The best way of laying mold bag is from top to bottom along the slope, with the underwater help of positioning from the divers. Do reserve adequate longitudinal contraction to bags. It’s quite important to strictly control the flatness of the bags; ensuring filled bags meet the design requirements.

Fig 4.5 Laying Mold Bags

4.3 Mold Bagged concrete Perfusion

After laying, the bags should be filled with concrete in time. Quality of concrete should be strictly controlled during the construction. Basic procedure of the method is, tube connection—boot (debugging to normal operation state) —watering (mixing machine, extrusion pump and pipelines) —commodity concrete—transport pipeline banding—perfusion (pressure charge qualified concrete into the mold bags)— anchorage — maintenance.

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Fig 4.6 Charging Concrete

4.4 Quality Inspection

After filling, the surface of mold bags should be timely flushed, cleaned and maintained. Take sampling performance test separately on Day 7, 14 and 28 in order to check the quality of the construction after pouring.

5. Case

5.1 Case 1

This mold bag concrete project is located in the connection of third-line navigation lock guide wall and second-line lock in lower reaches, which is to ensure that the bank slope is not damaged by the changing water level. The top elevation of this bank slope is +6.7m, and the bottom elevation is -0.67m; the current water level in the region is +4.8m. The bank slope is mainly consisting of an irregular cone and a triangular prism. The mold bag concrete covers an area of 600m2 with a thickness of 20cm; bag concrete grade is C20 with the slump no less than 200mm. To keep the

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whole project artistic, the top of slope and inside of gravity retaining are planted with greensward, which covers an area of 218m2. The parameters of bag concrete are shown below.

Grade Thickness Size No. C20 200mm 8m×7m 600

The concrete mold bag slope protection is not only convenient for construction, inexpensive, but also grass plants inside the mold bags of the slope, it beautifies the environment, greatly improves the ornamental property of the project, and gets the good comment of the first party.

5.2 Case 2

This border dike project is located in southern China. The coastal levee type is double-way gradient with the slope ratio of 1:2.5. A 3m wide platform is set in the position of +7.5m elevation, is set in the position of +7.5m elevation, mold-bagged concrete is adopted for the slope protection platform and down section. The thickness of concrete is 15cm. 100cm×100cm C25 concrete ditch is set at the toe to fasten the mold bags in case of the tide washing. M10 paste-made stone slope is used for the platform and the section above with 30cm thick cushion underneath. To keep slope stable,100cm×80cm buried-stone concrete grade beam is set at the toe.

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5.3 Case 3

Wei canal is a typical meandering rivers in Haihe River Basin, Haihe River Water Conservancy Commission use the advantages of fabrics and their biological engineering to research revetment engineering experiment on geotextile material and biological engineering measures combined together. The test length is 170m. 1. Section design of project The elevation of test section is 28.30m and the bottom elevation is 18.63m. At the height of 24.0m, a 1.0m wide platform is designed, and a slope is designed above the platform with slope angle 1:2.5, the length of the slope is10.5m, and the slope is protected by deep planting willow. The spacing of each line of willow is 1.5m. The slope angle below the platform is 1:2.0 and the length is 10.5m. The geotextile is used for slope protection and foundation protection. The protection foundation is considered with local scour depth of 2 ~ 3m and the slope angle of 45° after flushing, the retaining body extends 6m to the bottom of the river. The upper row using precast concrete frame composed of ballast. In order to protect the body rows, prevent geotextile aging, increase the body stability, and slow siltation at the same time, 0.2m depth soil is filled in the frame, planting willow, turf and load the loading of 2000 ~ 3000N/m2, spacing of the willow is 1.5m. There are two kinds of precast concrete length, 1.4m and 1.5m respectively. The cross-section sizes are the same, all 0.1m×0.2m, and the cross section of the project is shown in figure 5.1.

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Fig 5.1 The cross section of the project（unit：m）

2.selection of geotextile

The property in test section: d50 ＝0.028mm，d85 ＝0.085mm, Nonuniformity

-4 coefficient is Cu＝2.83, Permeability coefficient is Ks＝1.39×10 cm/s. Based on the requirement of 090＜d85 and Kg＞5Ks, Anti-aged polypropylene weaving geotextile is

-2 selected, the thickness is 0.61mm, 090 ＝ 0.05mm, Kg ＝ 1.18×10 cm/s, tensile strength in longitude and latitude direction are 11.76kN/m and 9.14kN/m respectively, extensibility are 20％ and 30％ respectively 3.Planting willow and grass On the slope above the elevation of 24.0m , plant willow based on designed spacing, planted deep is 2.0m, exposed height is 0.2m. Below the elevation of 24.0m, a willow tree is located according to the requirements of the project in each frame, the measure is that a 5 ~ 8cm hole can be made by fire or burning red iron at the place willow planted, then surround the willow pole, it can prevent the geotextile around the hole stripping and destroying the retention of soil. The filling thickness of each frame in 0.2m, plant climbing root grass after treading densely. 4. Service performance and economic analysis Within two flood seasons of 400m3/s flow test after completion of the project, the frame is covered by grass fully, and the grass grow luxuriantly, the survival rate of willow is over 95%, the height is 2 ~ 3m. The slope has been generally silting with the ability of sluggish flow of the turf and willow. According to the spot investigation, the silt thickness on the slope is about 10cm, the total thickness include the original filling and geotextile is 20 ~ 30cm. Some local scour and brush phenomenon are found in the retaining foundation, but the row body of geotextile is sinking because of the scour, and the scour pit is wrapped up. The performance of the slope protection is very good in total.

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Annex: Letter from City Council

Annex: Letter from HDC confirming the guarantee of fill material availability

Annex: CVs of unregistered consultants

Abdul Aleem (Amooo) – Curriculum Vitae

Personal and contact Full name: Abdul Aleem details Common Name: Amooo Date of birth: 2nd November 1973 Nationality: Maldivian Sex: Male’

Permanent address M.Dhonumaruge Dhekunubai, Jahaamuguri Goalhi, Male', Republic of Maldives

Tel: + 960 3341643 Mobile: + 960 7793502 Web: www.water-solutions.biz Email (Office): [email protected] Email (Personal): [email protected]

Experience

Specialized in Environmental Health, Environmental Impact Assessment, Environmental Health Impact assessment, Water quality assessment and monitoring (ground and drinking water). Good practical and working experience on terrestrial surveying, qualitative and quantitative fresh water quality surveys, groundwater quality assessment for monitoring purpose (small islands), bathymetric surveys of reefs and lagoons, coastal and marine survey (beach profile measurement using levels and current measurement using dye test), noise assessment and air pollutant measurement. Competent in mapping islands using differential GPS and developing GIS base maps.

Good theoretical and practical knowledge of MS Word, MS Excel, MS Power Point, Macromedia Director MX, Macromedia Deamweaver MX, Macromedia Flash MX, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, Quick Time Pro, Corel Draw. Basic knowledge of MS Access. Good working knowledge and experience in designing and maintenance of static websites and basic knowledge on Dynamic websites. Good knowledge and experience in designing and authoring multimedia CD’s for personal computers using macromedia Director. Good theoretical and practical knowledge on GIS and capable of developing small to medium size GIS projects.

Good practical knowledge on coastal management, coastal surveying, especially use of shorelines as an indicator of coastal erosion, identifying methods of erosion control and beach management and rectification issues.

Fluent in coral reef surveys and a certified Reef check surveyour.

PADI Open Water Instructor and Specialty Instructor (PADI No: 261728) with experience in teaching and diving in a number of atolls in the Maldives.

LANGUAGE & DEGREE OF PROFICIENCY:

Speaking Writing Reading English Excellent Excellent Excellent Dhivehi Mother tongue Mother tongue Mother tongue

Education

Master of Public Health (MPH) - 2003 to 2004 University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

Subjects undertaken: Foundations of Public Health; Social Health Research methods, Statistics for Health Sciences; Child Health, Computer Applications in Epidemiology; Research methods for health professionals; Principles of

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 1

Health informatics; Alcohol, tobacco and other drug studies; Mental health development-theories and principles; Health and Society; Masters dissertation: A qualitative study on “Impact of Stroke on caregivers”.

Bachelor of Environmental Health - Feb 1999 to Nov 1999 University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, Australia

Subjects undertaken: Environmental Health in Practice, Environmental Planning, Food Safety, Noise Assessment and Control, Environmental and Health Education, Environmental Health in Practice (Healthy City Environments), Air Quality Assessment and Management

Diploma in Environmental Health - Feb 1996 - Nov 1998 Fiji School of Medicine, Suva, Fiji

Subjects undertaken: Environmental Health Practicum 1-Primary Health Care, Public Health Administration, Public Health Law, Introduction to Building, Introduction to Population Studies, Environmental Health Practicum 2- Community Health, Epidemiology and Health, Food Handling and Hygiene, Physiology and Toxicology, Chemistry Concepts and Compounds, Environmental Health Practicum 3-Water Quality Studies, Waste Management, Non Formal Education, Introduction to Management, Environmental Health Practicum 4-Terrestrial and Human Ecology, Building 2, Construction Technology, Building Technology, Adult Learning, Environmental Health Practicum 5 – Environmental Impact Assessment, Occupational Health, Town and Country Planning, Organizational Management, Organizational Behaviour, Final Year project (Water Quality Study of Nabukalau Creek, Suva, Fiji Islands).

General Certificate of Education Examination (June 1990 - June 1992) Advanced Level Certificate, University of London, School Examinations Board

General Certificate of Education Examination (Jan 1987 - Dec 1989) Ordinary Level Certificate, University of London, School Examinations Board

Other Professional Courses and training

PADI Open Water Scuba Instructor (Instructor Number 261728) PADI International

Teledyne PDS Software Multibeam Acquisition & Processing (2015) Training course on the use of Multibeam Echosounder for underwater surveying held in Male’, Maldives in November 2015.

Reef check surveying protocols (2014) Training course on the use of Reef Check protocol for undertaking coral reef surveys held in Male’, Maldives in 2014. Training organized by Marine Research Centre.

International Training Programme in GIS for Policy Making, Planning and management of Spatially Distributed resources (2005) 19.12.2005 to 30.12.2005, International Center for Geo-informatics Applications and Training, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

Certificate course in Web Designing and Multimedia (2001) 19.12.2000 to 20.2.2001, Access Computers, Republic of Maldives

Basic French (1996) Three month course in basic French, Alliance Francaise, Suva, Fiji Islands

Photography Basic Course (1993) Six months course, Youth Centre, Republic of Maldives

Photography Advance Course (1994) Six months course, Youth Centre, Republic of Maldives

Photography Technical Course - Advertising Photography (1995) 6 months course, Youth Centre, Republic of Maldives

Technical papers and research undertaken

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 2

Mapping the incidence of Dengue using GIS in Male from 1998 to 2005 Available Dengue incidents reported from Male’, was transformed in to a GIS to assess the disease occurrence patterns in Maldives during the study period and identify any patterns in its occurrence January 2006, Project undertaken for WEB Foundations (webfound.org). The project was completed entirely on my own

Drafting of the 1st National Drinking Water Quality guidelines for Maldives Drafting the guidelines with the assistance and supervision from Dr. Machiel Stynberg, South Africa.

Safety of Rainwater harvesting in Maldives Data analysis and reporting of a pilot survey conducted for the 12th International Rainwater Catchment Systems Conference, New Delhi 2005.

Occupational Health Injury Situation Analysis (December 2002) Joint study on assessing occupational injuries and its situation in Maldives. Study done for Ministry of Health with Ahmed Zahid.

Environmental Health Review (November 2001) A review of Environmental Health status in Maldives done for Ministry of Health

Health and Safety Aspects (October 2001) Joint study on the Feasibility of a Poultry Farm in Maldives. Feasibility study done for a private firm.

Environmental Impact Statement (December 2000) Undertaken for the RO plant at ADK Hospital, Male’, Maldives.

Healthy Islands Plan of Action for Maldives: (2000) Prepared for Environmental Health Unit of Ministry of Health, Maldives

Critique on Hawkesbury Healthy City Project (1999) One year research project undertaken at WHO Collaborating Center for environmental Health, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, Sydney, Australia

Healthy River: Water Quality Study of Nabukalau Creek, Suva, Fiji Islands; 1998 Third year research project undertaken at Department of Environmental Health, Fiji School of Medicine, Suva, Fiji

Environmental and other technical reports

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of Dhandhoo island into a resort in Baa Atoll Date April 2017 Client Paradee Resorts, Thailand / Dhandhoo Holdings Pvt.Ltd Location Dhandhoo Island, Baa Atoll Project Component Development of the island to a new resort. Contact Mr. Pong, Thailand based project Manager, Email:[email protected] Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in the project. During the EIA preparation, I also involvements trained two new staff members on data gathering at site including terrestrial, marine and coastal data.

Name of the EIA EIA addendum for Coastal Protection works. Date February 2017 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Hoarafushi Island, Haa Alifu Atoll Project Component Exploring options for the change in borrow areas from where sand will be obtained for backfilling. Contact / client Ministry of Housing and Environment. Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant for the project. My role includes visiting the island involvements and collecting on site data at the same time leading the team of junior consultants to undertake the EIA data collection. During the project, stakeholders were met and social issues related to the project were identified and the process as used as a means to come up with a suitable and acceptable solutions.

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 3

Name of the EIA EIA for the creation of an artificial reef in Hondaafushi by sinking a cargo vessel. Date January 2017 Client AAA Resorts Location Hondaafushi Island, Haa Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Preparation of EIA report Contact Number Mr. Ahmed / Civil Engineer, AAA Resorts, 7907320 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the construction of a new entrance channel Date December 2016 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure Location Bilehdhoo Island, Faafu Atoll Project Component Construction of a new entrance channel Contact Number Nafha Aujaz / Ministry of Housing Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. The Project involvements involves development of a new entrance channel in Bilehdhoo as the existing channel has several design flaws resulting in difficulty and functionality. The report was prepared by collecting on site data including stakeholder consultations and other data including marine, coastal and harbour details. The project was particularly a challenging project as the harbour was only recently developed and having to implement another new project had its draw backs.

Name of the EIA EIA addendum repot for the creation of a channel in Muthaaufushi Island. Date November 2016 Client Well Land Investment Private Limited Location Muthaafushi island, Baa Atoll Project Component Development of a new entrance channel. Contact Number Mr. Arif, 7782136 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing.

Name of the EIA EIA for the setup of sewerage system in Mulah. Date November 2016 Client Ministry of Environment and Energy Location Mulah Island, Meemu Atoll. Project Component Development of a new sewerage system. Contact Number Ministry of Environment and Energy Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included ground water and calculation of groundwater quantity in the island.

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of Fasmendhoo island in to a resort. Date October 2016 Client Emil resorts / Mr. Fransesco Location Fasmendhoo Island, Raa Atoll Project Component Development of the island in to a resort. Contact Number 7508694 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included marine, coastal, terrestrial and social environment

Name of the EIA EIA for the Dhihdhoo Coastal Protection.

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 4

Date September 2016 Client Ministry of Environment and Energy Location Dhihdhoo Island, Haa Alifu Atoll Project Component Construction of coastal protection Contact Number 301-8300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included marine, coastal, and social aspects of the project. Name of the EIA EIA for the Gahdhoo Coastal Protection. Date September 2016 Client Ministry of Environment and Energy Location Gahdhoo Island, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Construction of coastal protection Contact Number 301-8300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included marine, coastal, and social aspects of the project.

Name of the EIA EIA for the Coastal Protection in Fainu Island. Date July 2016 Client Ministry of Environment and Energy Location Fainu Island, Raa Atoll Project Component Construction of coastal protection Contact Number 301-8300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included marine, coastal, and social aspects of the project.

Name of the EIA EIA for the Coastal Protection in Guraidhoo Date June 2016 Client Ministry of Environment and Energy Location Guraidhoo Island, Thaa Atoll Project Component Construction of coastal protection Contact Number 301-8300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included marine, coastal, and social aspects of the project.

Name of the EIA EIA for the resort concept change in Vomulli Island. Date June 2016 Client Residency Resorts Maldives Location Vommuli Island, Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Changes to the original project concept. Contact Number 9946464 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing for the proposed involvements concept change in the development concept.

Name of the EIA EIA for the coastal protection of Dusit Thani. Date May 2016 Client Dusit Thani Maldives Location Muhdhoo Island, Baa Atoll Project Component Implementation of a coastal protection plan for the eastern side of the island. Contact Number 7954716 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in formulating the coastal protection plan, data involvements collection and report writing for the proposed project.

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 5

Name of the EIA EIA for the proposed additional changes brought to Helengeli resort redevelopment. Date April 2016 Client EON Resort Location Helengeli island, North Male Project Component Changes to the original project concept. Contact Number Mr. Krishna / Project Manager, 9983160 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing for the proposed involvements concept change in the development concept.

Name of the Report Coastal management and assessment report Date February 2015 Client Dusit Thani, Maldives

Location Muhdhoo island, Dusit Thani Project Component Coastal management / feasibility Contact Person Mr. Aruna Bandaranayaka Nature of my Lead Consultant for the environmental monitoring and management. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the shore protection works in Maafushi Island Date December 2015 Client Ministry of Environment

Location Maafushi island, South Male’ Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Contact Person Ms. Aishath Huma Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the harbour rehabilitation and redevelopment in Gaafaru Island Date December 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Gaafaru island, North Male’ Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the harbour rehabilitation and redevelopment in Gahdhoo Island Date September 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Gahdhoo island, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the harbour rehabilitation and redevelopment in Nilandhoo Island Date September 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Nilandhoo island, Faafu Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 6

Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the harbour rehabilitation and redevelopment in Kendhoo Island Date August 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Kendhoo island, Baa Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the harbour rehabilitation and redevelopment in Kelaa Island Date August 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Kelaa island, Haa Alifu Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report Technical report for the development of a coral reef in Mai Falhu in north Male’ Atoll Date July 2014 Client WATG Singapore Location North Male’ Atoll Project Component Development of islands in a coral reef Contact name Mr.Krishna Chalise Nature of my Lead Consultant for planning and executing the bathymetric surveys and involvements preparation of technical report for the client including the development of islands, reclamation and its feasibility components.

Name of the Report EIA for the refurbishment of Viceroy at Vagaru Date May 2015 Client EON Resorts Location Vagaru, Shaviyani Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the reclamation of Maafushi island Date May 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Maafushi Island, South Male’ Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the report EIA addendum report for the redevelopment of Helengeli resort with a modified harbour design Date March 2014 Client Atmosphere OBLU Location Helengeli Island, North Male’ Atoll. Project Component Redevelopment of resort Contact name Saleel Panigrahi Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including development of modified concepts involvements for the harbour

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Name of the Report EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in Milandhoo island Date March 2015 Client MWSC Location Milandhoo Island, Shaviyani Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in Kelaa island Date February 2015 Client MWSC Location Kelaa Island, Haa Alifu Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report Addendum to the ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed redevelopment of Summer island (Ziyaaraifushi island), North Male’ Atoll, Maldives Date December 2014 Client Kaimoo Hotels and Travel Services

Location K. Ziyaaraifushi island Project Component Coastal Protection Contact Number Aboobakuru Yoosuf, Operations Manager, 332 2212 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report Coastal Environmental Report for Thanburudhoo Island Date December 2014 Client Telos Investments

Location K.Thanburudhoo Island Project Component Coastal Protection / feasibility Contact Person Mr. Gunner Lee Miller Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the development of resort in Innahera Cluster of Islands, Date November 2014 Client SIMDI

Location Innareha Cluster of islands, Gaafu Dhaalu Project Component Environmental consultancy Contact Person Mr. Yoosuf / SIMDI Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the report Preliminary Coastal Environmental Report for Thanburudhoo Island Date November 2014 Client Telos Investments

Location K.Thanburudhoo Island Project Component Coastal Protection / feasibility Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 8

Contact Person Mr. Gunner Lee Miller Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the report EIA for the construction and jetty in Baarah Date November 2014 Client Ministry of Housing Location Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll. Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the report EIA for the construction and sewerage system in Alifushi Island Date October 2014 Client MWSC Location Alifushi Island, Raa Atoll. Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the Report Progress report for the development and establishment of an artificial reef Date October 2014 Client Valmont, Switzerland and Constance Halaveli Resort Location Constace Halaveli Resort, Alif Alif Atoll. Project Component Development of an Artificial Reef Contact name Solih Mohamed Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work and report writing.

Name of the report EIA for the redevelopment of Helengeli resort Date September 2014 Client Atmosphere OBLU Location Helengeli Island, North Male’ Atoll. Project Component Redevelopment of resort Contact name Saleel Panigrahi Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work and report writing.

Name of the report Inspection and assessment of Vandhoo Harbour Date August 2014 Client Kocks Consult Gmb, Germany Location Vandhoo, Raa Atoll Project Component Assessment Contact name Mr. Kasdarli Sid-Alir Chakir Nature of my Lead Consultant for the assessment of the harbour. involvements

Name of the Report Implementation and launching report for the development and establishment of an artificial reef Date July 2014 Client Valmont, Switzerland and Constance Halaveli Resort Location Constace Halaveli Resort, Alif Alif Atoll. Project Component Development of an Artificial Reef Contact name Solih Mohamed Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work and report writing.

Name of the report EIA for the construction and harbour in Magoodhoo Date July 2014 Client Ministry of Housing Location Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll.

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 9

Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant for the marine environment assessments. involvements

Name of the report EIA for the construction of sewerage system in Meedhoo island Date July 2014 Client MWSC Location Meedhoo island, Raa Atoll Project Component Assessment of marine and ground water components. Contact name Mr. Mohamed Rasheed Nature of my Lead Consultant for the assessment of the marine and ground water involvements environments including data collection.

Name of the Report Initial assessment report for the development and establishment of an artificial reef Date June 2014 Client Valmont, Switzerland and Constance Halaveli Resort Location Constace Halaveli Resort, Alif Alif Atoll. Project Component Development of an Artificial Reef Contact name Solih Mohamed Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work / feasibility assessment and report writing.

Name of the Report Technical report for the development of a coral reef in Faafu Atoll Date May 2014 Client EON Resort / Boston Consulting Group Location Faafu Atoll Project Component Development of islands Contact name Mr.Krishna Chalise Nature of my Lead Consultant for planning and executing the bathymetric surveys and involvements preparation of technical report for the client.

Name of the Report ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the redevelopment of Summer island (Ziyaaraifushi island), North Male’ Atoll, Maldives Date February 2014 Client Kaimoo Hotels and Travel Services

Name of the Report Coastal Environmental Report for Meradhoo Island (Jumeirah Dhevanafushi) Date March 2014 Client CDL Hospitality Group / Singapore

Location Meradhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll Project Component Coastal Protection / feasibility Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the report EIA for the development of a resort in Thanburudhoo Island Date February 2014 Client Telos Investments

Location K.Thanburudhoo Island, North Male’ Atoll Project Component EIA report Contact Person Mr. Gunner Lee Miller

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 10

Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the report Coastal management and assessment report for Park Hyatt Hadaha Date February 2014 Client Park Hyatt

Location Hadaha Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll Project Component Coastal Assessment / Coastal management Contact Person Mr. Assad Ali Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report Coral reef monitoring report Date Jan 2014 Client Constance Halaveli Resort Location Constace Halaveli Resort, Alif Alif Atoll. Project Component Coral Reef monitoring Contact name Solih Mohamed Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including coral reef survey assessments and involvements report writing.

Name of the Report EIA for the resort development at Kandholhudhoo island Date Jan 2014 Client Universal Resorts Location Alif Alif Atoll. Project Component EIA Contact name Mr.Ibrahim Ali Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine environment assessment. involvements

Name of the Report EIA addendum report for unloading rock boulders in Dharavandhoo island Date Jan 2014 Client Coastline Hotels and Resorts Location Baa Atoll Project Component EIA Contact name Mr. Hussain Fulhu Nature of my Lead Consultant for the environment assessment and report writing. involvements

Name of the report EIA for the construction and setup of an STP Date October 2013 Client Adaaran Location Hudhuranfushi, North Male’ Atoll. Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the construction and harbour at Gulhi Island Date August 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Gulhi Island, South Male’ Atoll. Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA Feasibility report for the development and establishment of an artificial reef Date September 2013 Client Valmont, Switzerland and Constance Halaveli Resort Location Constace Halaveli Resort, Alif Alif Atoll. Project Component Development of a Artificial Reef Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 11

Contact Number Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work and report writing.

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of a resort in Dhoores Island. Date August 2013 Client Vermillion Location Dhoores Island, Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Development of a resort on an uninhabited island. Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work and report writing.

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of roads in Hanimaadhoo Date July 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Hanimaadhoo Island, Haa Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Marine surveys Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine and socio-economic surveys. involvements Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Eydhafushi island Date July 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Eydhafushi Island Project Component Marine surveys Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine surveys and preparation of the report. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the setup of an RO plant in Guraidhoo Date June 2013 Client MWSC Location Guraidhoo Island, Kaafu Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine, ground water and socio-economic surveys. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of road in Kudahuvadhoo Date June 2013 Client Road Corporation Location Kudahuvadhoo Island Project Component Marine surveys Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine, surveys. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the project concept change at Maavelaavaru Island Date June 2013 Client Athama Investments Location Maavelavaru Island, Noonu Atoll Project Component Marine surveys Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine, surveys. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Guraidhoo island Date June 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Guraidhoo Island, Thaa Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Meedhoo island

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 12

Date May 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Meedhoo Island, Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Kudahuvadhoo island Date May 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Kudahuvadhoo Island, Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Marine environment surveys Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Thulusdhoo island Date May 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Thulusdhoo Island, Kaafu Atoll Project Component Marine environment surveys Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Maafushi island Date May 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Maafushi Island, South Male’ Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Bodugiri in North Male’ Atoll. Date April 2013 Client STO Location North Male’ Atoll Project Component Marine surveys and assessment Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the harbour rehabilitation in Kurendhoo island. Date March 2013 Client Ministry of environment Location Lhaviyani Atoll. Project Component Marine surveys and assessment Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of harbour in Utheemu Date February 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Utheemu island, Haa Alif Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Hulhumale 2nd phase

Date January 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Hulhumale Island Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 13

Project Component Marine surveys and assessment Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of harbour in Vashafaru island Date January 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Vashafaru island, Haa Alif Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the rehabilitation of harbour in Kumundhoo Date January 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Kumundhoo Island, Haa Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the rehabilitation of harbour in Vaikaradhoo island Date January 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Vaikaradhoo Island, Haa Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of harbour in Kunahandhoo island Date January 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Kunahandhoo Island, Laamu Atoll Project Component Marine surveys and assessment Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the rehabilitation of harbour in Maavah island Date January 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Maavah Island, Laamu Atoll Project Component Marine surveys and assessment Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of harbour in Dhanbidhoo Island, Laamu Atoll Date December 2012 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Dhanbidhoo Island, Laamu Atoll Project Component Development of a harbour Contact Number Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant for undertaking marine survey assessment, aerial involvements photography and coastal assessment and report writing.

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of harbour in Naifaru Island, Lhaviyani Atoll Date December 2012 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Naifaru Island, Lhaviyani Atoll Project Component Development of a harbour Contact Number Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 14

Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant for undertaking marine survey assessment, aerial involvements photography and coastal assessment and report writing.

Name of the EIA Addendum to the ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed coastal protection of Summer island (Ziyaaraifushi island), North Male’ Atoll, Maldives Date September 2012 Client Kaimoo Hotels and Travel Services

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed coastal protection of Dhunikolhu Resort, Baa Atoll Date August 2012 Client Sunland Hotels

Location Baa Atoll Dhunikolhu Island Project Component Coastal Protection Contact Number Nature of my Lead Environment consultant for the marine surveys and assessment. involvements

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed coastal protection of Boduhithi Resort, Baa Atoll Date August 2012 Client Sunland Hotels

Location Boduhithi Island, North Male’ Atoll Project Component Coastal Protection Contact Number Nature of my Lead Environment consultant for the marine surveys and assessment. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the repair and rehabilitation of the sea water intake pipe line of STELCO. Date June 2012 Client STELCO

Location Male’ Project Component Marine surveys Contact Number Nature of my Lead Environment consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of over water villas at Hudhuranfushi resort Date May 2012 Client Adaaran Resorts Location K.Hudhuranfushi (Lhohifushi) Project Component Development of new water villas Contact Number Mr. Vijay Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA of resort Development at Vommuli island Date April 2012 Client Maldives resort pvt ltd Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 15

Location Dhaalu Atoll Vommuli island Project Component Development of the entire island to a resort Contact Number Mr. Shaaheen. 7777650 Nature of my EIA consultant advising the architects on developing the concept, involvements identifying appropriate locations for water villas and jetty construction and also guiding them in designing and locating the structures on the island so that minimal disruption to the coastal environment will occur.

Name of the EIA EIA of beach replenishment and coastal modification, Date April 2012 Client Villa Hotels Location Royal island, Baa Atoll Project Component Beach replenishment in some areas and extraction of sand from some areas with high accretion Contact Person Mr.Thihaan, Manager, Royal Island resort Nature of my Involved in the mapping of eroding areas and also undertaking the marine involvements environment surveys.

Name of the EIA EIA of Kudahithi Redevelopment Date April 2012 Client Coco Palm Resorts Location Kudahithi island, North Kaafu Atoll Project Component Rehabilitation of the beach including nourishment Contact Person Mr. Adam, Coco palm Resorts Nature of my Involved in the coastal assessment and undertaking marine surveys involvements including identifying areas for sand borrowing and developing methodologies for nourishment of sand.

Name of the EIA EIA of Dhonakulhi Redevelopment Date March 2012 Client Island Hideaway Location Dhonakulhi island, Haa Alif Atoll Project Component Redevelopment of the resort Contact Person Mr. Hafeez, 7773233 Nature of my Lead EIA consultant for the project including undertaking marine and involvements coastal surveys.

Name of the EIA EIA of development of a sewerage system Date February 2012 Client Shin Nipppon Location Meemu Atoll Kolhufushi island Project Component Development of a new sewerage network Contact Person Mr. Saman Adhihetty. [email protected] Nature of my EIA consultant for the project including assessment of groundwater involvements resources and quantification of freshwater availability. Also assist the team in identifying best locations for outfall as well as treatment tanks. Also designed and analysed the willingness to pay survey in the island.

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Thimarafushi second phase Date December 2011 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Thimarafushi island, Thaa Atoll Project Component Reclamation of the island lagoon, second phase Contact Ministry of Housing and Environment Nature of my Lead EIA consultant involvements Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 16

Name of the EIA EIA For the proposed upgrading and development of the Regional Port, Kulhudhufushi, Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives Date November 2011 Client Kulhudhufushi Port Limited Location Kulhudhufushi island, Haa Dhaal Atoll Project Component Upgrading of Kulhudhufushi Port Contact Kulhudhufushi Port Limited Nature of my Lead EIA consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA For the proposed development of a mooring area Date November 2011 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Mathikomandoo, Shaviyani Atoll Project Component Development of a mooring area Contact Ministry of Housing and Environment Nature of my EIA consultant, undertaking marine and island surveys. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development and upgrading of harbour Date November 2011 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Mulah, Meemu Atoll Project Component Redevelopment of Mulah harbour Contact Person Ministry of Housing and Environment Nature of my Assistant EIA consultant including undertaking bathymetry surveys and involvements marine assessments.

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of road Date August 2011 Client Southern utilities Location Hithadhoo island, Addu Atoll Project Component Development of a new roads for SAARC summit Contact Person Mr. Zareer, Southern Utilities Nature of my Assessment of vegetation clearing and undertaking vegetation surveys, involvements undertaking marine surveys in areas of the lagoon where sediment was borrowed to level the roads. Also extensive mapping was undertaken in the project site to determine the boundary and extent.

Name of the EIA EIA for the For the proposed development of a Marina at Hulhumale lagoon, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives

Date July 2011 Client Housing Development Cooperation (HDC) Location Hulhumale, North Male’ Atoll Project Component Development of a marina Contact HDC Nature of my Lead EIA consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA addendnum for For the Proposed Airport Development in Dharavandhoo, Baa Atoll

Date June 2011 Client Coastline Hotels and Resorts Location Dharavandhoo island, Baa Atoll Project Component Change in reclamation concept Contact Person Mr. Gahthan Haleem

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 17

Nature of my Lead consultant for the project including mapping and undertaking marine involvements assessments for the report.

Name of the EIA EIA of Harbor Rehabilitation in Biledhoo, Faafu Atoll, Date May 2011 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location F. Biledhoo Project Component Rehabilitation of the Harbour at F. Biledhoo Contact Number Shaana Farooq, Project Coordinator at Ministry of Housing and Environment, Director, 3004300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant, Environment consultant for the coastal component of involvements the project

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed concept change in Vagaru, Shaviyani Atoll, Maldives

Date March 2011 Client Vagaru holdings Pvt.Ltd Location Sh. Vagaru Project Component Resort development at Sh. Vagaru Contact Number Dilip Kumar, Finance Controller- Projects, 333 9992 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the environmental involvements infrastructure component of the EIA

Name of the EIA INITAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION For the proposed convention centre at Hithadhoo Date January 2011 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Hithadhoo, Addu City Project Component Development of the convention centre at Hithadhoo for the SAARC Summit Contact Number Shaana Farooq, Project Coordinator at Ministry of Housing and Environment, Director, 3004300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the environmental involvements infrastructure component of the EIA

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed coastal protection of Summer island (Ziyaaraifushi island), North Male’ Atoll, Maldives Date January 2011 Client Kaimoo Hotels and Travel Services

Name of the EIA SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT for the Expansion and Modernization of Malé International Airport

Date November 2010 Client GMR Malé International Airport Private Limited Location Malé International Airport, Hulhule Project Component Expansion and Modernization of Malé International Airport Contact Number P. Sripathy, Managing Director +918040432000 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant, Environment consultant for the coastal component of involvements the project Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 18

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed Upgrade and Redevelopment in Thudufushi Resort, South Ari Atoll, Maldives Date June 2010 Client Voyages Maldives Location ADh. Thudhufushi Project Component Resort development Contact Number Mohamed Shafeegu, Director, 7784933 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant, Environment consultant for the coastal component of involvements the project

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT For the Proposed 1000 houses in Hulhumale, Maldives Date May 2010 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Hulhumale, Project Component Housing Contact Number Ahmed Saleem, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Environment Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the redevelopment of Moofushi resort Date June 2009 Client Constance Hotels and Resorts, Mauritius Location Moofushi island resort, Alif Dhaal Atoll Project Component Redevelopment of Moofushi resort Contact Number Constance Hotels and Resorts Nature of my EIA consultant for the project including helping clients develop the project involvements concept including guiding the architects in locating of new structures, jetties.

Name of the EIA EIA for the proposed water bottling plant at Hulhumalé Industrial Area Date May 2009 Client Handy Industries Pvt Ltd Location Hulhumalé Project Component Water bottling plant at Hulhumalé Industrial Area Contact Number Hassan Saeed, Project Manger, Director, 7774888 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the environmental involvements infrastructure component of the EIA

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed Upgrade and Redevelopment in Athuruga resort, South Ari Atoll, Maldives

Date May 2009 Client Voyages Maldives Location Athuruga Island Resort Project Component Upgrade and Redevelopment in Athuruga resort Contact Number Mohamed Shafeegu, Director, 7784933 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the coastal component involvements of the poject

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the the Development of a Boat Yard and Slipway at Kaashidhoo, Kaafu Atoll, Maldives Date April 2009 Client Veyla Travels and Tours Pvt. Ltd Location Kaashidhoo Island, Kaafu Atoll Project Component Development of a boat yard Contact Veyla Travels and Tours Pvt. Ltd Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 19

Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the coastal component involvements of the project

Name of the EIA INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION for the proposed construction of a jetty joining Thulusdhoo and Thulusdhoo - Huraagandu, Kaafu Atoll, Maldives

Date February 2009 Client Thulusdhoo Island council Location Thulusdhoo Project Component Construction of a jetty Contact Number Mohamed, 645553 Nature of my EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA For the proposed modification for the original development concept in Hadahaa island, Gaafu Alif Atoll, Maldives

Date May 2009 Client Driftwood Maldives Location Hadaha, Gaa Alif Atoll Project Component Concept change for the originally developed concept. Contact Driftwood Maldives Nature of my Lead EIA consultant for the project. involvements

Social and Environmental Impact Assessment for the setup of a drinking water supply network in Thinadhoo, Gaafu Dhaal atoll, Maldives; September 2008 Lead EIA consultant for data collection and report writing.

Environmental Impact assessment for the redevelopment of Bolifushi resort, South Male’ Atoll; August 2008 EIA consultant for data collection and Marine environmental surveys and preparation of marine survey findings.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the Proposed Refurbishment of Adaaran Club Rannaalhi, South Male’ Atoll, Maldives; April 2008. Lead EIA consultant for data collection and report writing

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT for the Restoration of Beach at Royal Island Resort and Spa, March 2008 Lead EIA consultant for data collection and report writing

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the Proposed Redevelopment of Vaadhoo Island resort, South Male’ Atoll, Maldives, March 2008 Lead EIA Consultant for the project.

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Hirilandhoo Island, Thaa Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Mathiveri Island, Alif Alif Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Kendhoo Island, Baa Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 20

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Makunudhoo Island, Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Ungoofaaru Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Manadhoo Island, Noonu Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

EIA for the redevelopment of Lily Beach Resort, Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives (June 2007) Lead EIA Consultant for data collection including bathymetric surveys and report writing.

Projects, programmes, research or activities participated in or contributed to

Workshop on Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance (April 29 –1st May, 2007, Khulhudhufushi, Haa Dhaal atoll) Managing and leading the workshop. Presentation on water quality monitoring and surveillance, including ground water and rainwater. Teaching community members on how to assess water quality and undertake surveys and do monitoring work.

Bathymetric Survey of Emboodhoo Finolhu Island (Taj Exotica Resort), South Male’ Atoll, Maldives (April 2007) Detailed bathymetric survey of the island’s northern lagoon using sonar equipment and differential GPS.

Bathymetric Survey of Olhuveli Island, Laamu Atoll, Maldives (30-31 March 2007) Detailed bathymetric survey of the island’s lagoon using sonar equipment and differential GPS. Survey also include identifying and mapping coral patches, specific shallow and deep areas and other ecosystems such as sand banks within the lagoon system.

Initial environmental Assessment (IEA) for the proposed electrification project in Noonu atoll Kudafaree, Maldives (March 2007) Preparation of the IEA for the project that includes assessment of the environmental aspects including noise, air pollution and fuel handling. Final Initial Environmental Assessment Report preparation.

Initial environmental Assessment (IEA) for the proposed electrification project in Meemu Dhiggaru, Maldives (March 2007) Preparation of the IEA for the project that includes assessment of the environmental aspects including noise, air pollution and fuel handling. Final Initial Environmental Assessment Report preparation.

Initial environmental Assessment (IEA) for the proposed electrification project in Gaafu Dhaal Dhaandhoo, Maldives (March 2007) Data collection for the IEA including noise and particulate matter levels during peak and off peak hours. Preparation of the IEA for the project that includes assessment of the environmental aspects including noise, air pollution and fuel handling. Final Initial Environmental Assessment Report preparation.

Initial environmental Assessment (IEA) for the proposed electrification project in Laamu Dambidhoo, Maldives (March 2007) Preparation of an IEA for the project that includes assessment of the environmental aspects including noise, air pollution and fuel handling. Final Initial Environmental Assessment Report preparation.

Groundwater assessment of Noonu Atoll Manadhoo, Maldives (Jan 2007) Data collection including assessing groundwater quality and setting baseline parameters for the preparation of an EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in the island.

Groundwater assessment of Raa atoll Ungoofaaru, Maldives (Jan 2007)

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 21

Data collection including assessing groundwater quality and setting baseline parameters for the preparation of an EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in the island.

EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in Daalu atoll Meedhoo, Maldives (Jan 2007) Data collection including assessing groundwater quality and setting baseline parameters. Preparation of the full EIA report based on field data collected.

EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in Laamu atoll Dambidhoo, Maldives (Dec 2006) Preparation of the full EIA report based on field data collected.

EIA for the establishment of a resort in Naridhoo island, Haa Alif atoll, Maldives (Dec 2006) Assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA.

Shoreline survey of Cocoa Palm island Resort, Maldives (Oct 2006) Mapping the island’s shore line, vegetation line, high tide line, reef line and the extent of erosion. Setting up baseline GIS maps to assess the extent of coastal damage.

Survey of Royal Island Resort and Spa, Baa atoll, Maldives (Oct 2006) Mapping the island’s shore line and setting up baseline GIS maps to assess the extent of coastal damage.

Addendum to EIA for the resort development in Noonu Maavelaavaru, Maldives (Sep 2006) Preparation of the full EIA report based on field data collected.

EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in Vaavu Felidhoo, Maldives (Sep 2006) Preparation of the full EIA report based on field data collected.

EIA for the redevelopment of villivaru resort in Male’ Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2006) Baseline data collection, assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA. Mapping the island including, broad bathymetric survey of the island’s lagoon and reef extent .

EIA for the establishment of a resort in Medhafushi island, Noonu Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2006) Baseline data collection, assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA. Bathymetric survey of the island’s lagoon using differential GPS and echosounder.

EIA for the establishment of a resort in Gaakoshibi island, Maldives (Sep 2006) Assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA.

EIA for the establishment of a resort in Vagaru island, Shaviyani Atoll, Maldives (Aug 2006) Baseline data collection, assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA. Mapping the island and setting up baseline GIS maps for monitoring purposes. Broad bathymetric survey of the island’s lagoon.

Bathymetric survey of Giraavaru Island resort, Male’ atoll, Maldives (June 2006) Broad bathymetric survey of the islands lagoon system using GPS and ecosounder. Mapping the limits of the reef line.

Mapping and bathymetric survey of Halaveli Island resort, Alif atoll, Maldives (May 2006) Mapping the island including shore and vegetation line and generating maps including the islands existing coastal infrastructure and entrance channel. Broad bathymetric survey of the islands lagoon system using GPS and ecosounder.

Workshop on Drinking Water quality monitoring and surveillance (May 14 - 16, 2006, Meemu atoll) Presentation on water quality monitoring and surveillance, including ground water and rainwater. Teaching community members on how to assess water quality and undertake surveys and do monitoring work. Managing and leading the workshop

Workshop on Drinking Water quality monitoring and surveillance (Jan, 2006, Raa atoll) Presentation on water quality monitoring and surveillance, including ground water and rainwater. Teaching community members on how to assess water quality and undertake surveys and do monitoring work. Managing and leading the workshop

Mapping newly renovated Olhuveli Island resort and spa, South Male’ atoll, Maldives (April 2006) Mapping the island including shore and vegetation line and generating maps including newly reclaimed land mass.

EIA for the establishment of a resort in Seenu Villingilli, Maldives (March 2006) Baseline data collection, assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA. Mapping the island and setting up baseline GIS maps for monitoring purposes.

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 22

Mapping and baseline groundwater survey of Kurendhoo Island in Lhaviyani atoll, Maldives (April 2006) Mapping the entire island including shore and vegetation line and setting up GIS base maps for water quality for a sewerage system design.

Erosion study for Royal Island Resort and Spa, Maldives (February 2006) Baseline data collection and assessment of the coastal aspects of the study. Mapping the island’s shore line and setting up baseline GIS maps for monitoring erosion.

EIA for the establishment of Kaafu Maafushi island’s sewerage system, Maldives (November 2005) Baseline data collection and assessment of the groundwater and terrestrial environment.

EIA for the establishment of Kaafu Guraidhoo’s sewerage system, Maldives (November 2005) Baseline data collection and assessment of the groundwater and terrestrial environment .

EIA of Viligilimathidahura reclamation and development, Maldives (October 2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna and socio- economic impacts.

EIA of the Fourth Power Project for STELCO (August 2005) Assessment and reporting of the health impacts of the project.

EIA of Boduhithi Resort redevelopment, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna.

EIA of Kudahithi Resort redevelopment, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna.

EIA of Maavelavaru Resort redevelopment, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna.

EIA of Kalhufahalafushi Resort Development, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial and water quality aspects.

EIA of Alidhoo Resort Development, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna.

EIA of Horizon Fisheries Complex, Laamu Atoll, Maldives(2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the marine and beach water quality, land contamination and coastal aspects.

EIA of Lonudhoohutaa Resort Development, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna.

Rapid Assessment of groundwater and rainwater in selected islands of Gaafu Alif and Gaafu Dhaal atoll, Maldives (March 2005) Rapid assessment and reporting of the groundwater and rainwater conditions to assess the impact of tsunami in seven islands.

Rapid Assessment of groundwater and rainwater status in selected islands of Gaafu Alif and Gaafu Dhaal atoll, Maldives (March 2005) Rapid assessment and reporting of the groundwater conditions to assess the impact of tsunami in two islands.

Rapid Assessment of groundwater in selected islands of Laamu atoll, Maldives (Jan 2005) Rapid assessment and reporting of the groundwater conditions to assess the impact of tsunami in seven islands

Presentation on Waste management and recycling opportunities in the Maldives (27-29 October 2002). Local Consultant for CDE Pvt Ltd. International Workshop on Environmental Management and Sustainable Tourism 27-29 October, Paradise Island, Maldives. Presentation on Waste management and recycling opportunities in the Maldives given at the workshop held jointly by Villa Hotels and International Finance Cooperation. The aim of the workshop was to adopt Environmental Management Systems at Villa Hotels.

Publicity campaign for the First Regional Development Project, Maldives (March 29 - 30, 2002). Local Consultant for Business and Financial Services (BFS) Pvt Ltd.

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 23

Presentation on water resource management, especially on protecting ground water and application of various methods to protect groundwater pollution, Waste management with special emphasis on the first regional development project in the Maldives and environmental protection, especially wetlands and their relationship to groundwater.

Workshop on Drinking Water safety and sanitation (Jan 14 - 18, 2002) Presentation on water resource management, especially on protecting ground water and application of various methods to protect groundwater pollution. Workshop held to provide information to the community and school children at A.dh Dhangethi island, Dhaal Ribudoo Island, Meemu Muli and Vaavu Keyodhoo Island, Maldives

Workshop on Water and Sanitation (Jan 5 - 7, 2002) Presentation on Environmental protection given at the Workshop held to provide information to leaders of islands, teachers, health workers in Ari Atoll, Maldives A.dh Mahibadhoo, Maldives

Comparative Study on Indoor Air pollution (Nov 28-Dec 2, 2001) Assessment of the status of Indoor air pollution in Addu Atoll, Maldives to compare data with Male’, conducted by Ministry of Health, Maldives

Joint ground water research of Maamigili island, Maldives (October 20, 2001) Ground water quality assessment survey of the island of Maamigilli island in Ari Atoll, Maldives conducted by MWSA, Maldives.

Joint ground water research of Fuvah Mulaku Island, Maldives (November 2000) Ground water quality assessment survey of the Island of Fuvah Mulah, Maldives Conducted as part of the V & A assessment study by Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment.

Joint ground water research survey of Bodu Rehaa island, Maldives (November 2000) Ground water quality assessment survey of the Island of Bodu Rehaa, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives. Conducted as part of the V & A assessment study Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment.

Joint ground water research survey of Hithaadhoo Island, Maldives (November 2000) Ground water quality assessment survey of the Island of Hithaadhoo Island in Baa Atoll, Maldives. Conducted as part of the V & A assessment research. Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment.

Employment

Director (June 2005 to present) Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, An Environmental Consultancy firm

Research Student (July 2007 to 2009) Lanka Hydraulics Institute undertaking part time research in Maldives as part of a PhD research programme.

Senior Environmental Analyst (18 September 2005 – 22 July 2007) Maldives Water and sanitation Authority, Republic of Maldives

Project Officer (4 Jan 2005 – 18 September 2005) Maldives Water and sanitation Authority, Republic of Maldives

Project Officer (Sep 2001 – 24 Feb 2003) Maldives Water and sanitation Authority, Republic of Maldives

Project Officer (Aug 2000 – Sep 2001) Health Education Unit, Ministry of Health, Republic of Maldives

Project Officer (Dec 1999 – Aug 2000) Environmental Health Unit, Ministry of Health, Republic of Maldives

General Secretary (December 1999 – August 2001) Tennis Association of Maldives, Male’, Republic of Maldives

Secretary (Jan 1993 - Feb 1996) Planning and Coordination Section, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Maldives Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 24

Secretary (1992- December 1995) Soft Tennis Association of Maldives, Male, Maldives

Public Health Officer (May 1993 - Dec 1993) Food Safety and Epidemic Control Section, Department of Public Health, Republic of Maldives

Achievements

NZAID Scholarship, 2003 Awarded a New Zealand Government Scholarship (NZAID) to undertake a Masters programme in Public Health at University of Auckland (2003-2004).

Third place in the photography division (April 2005) Exhibition organized by WHO and Ministry of Health on the occasion of World Health Day

Third Place in the Photography Division (October 2001) First Youth Exhibition, Male’, Maldives Organized by the Youth Center, Ministry of Youth and Sports, Male’, Maldives

Kodak KPAN Black and White Photographer of the year (Jan 1996) Organized by KODAK, 1995, Republic of Maldives

2nd place, in the Advance and Technical Photography Exhibition (October 1995) Ministry of Youth, Women’s Affairs and Sports, Male’, Maldives

3rd place, in the Advance and October 1995 Technical Photography Exhibition, Ministry of Youth, Women’s Affairs and Sports

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 25

Participation in seminars, conferences, workshops, short courses and training

Biennial conference and Exhibition of Water Institute of South Africa (WISA) 21-25 May 2006, Durban, South Africa

12th International Rainwater Catchment Systems Conference 15-18 November 2005, New Delhi, India. Presented a Paper of issues of rainwater harvesting in Maldives.

ISO 14000 Advance Training on Environmental Management Systems Auditing 13-18 June 2005, New Delhi, India

Asia Pacific Regional Consultation on water and poverty 22 – 26 September 2002, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Seminar on Forward Thinking Policies of Groundwater Management; Energy, Water Resources and Economic Approaches 2 – 6 September 2002; New Delhi, India

International Training course on “Environmental Sanitation – Solutions and Management” 2 – 12 July 2002, Trivandrum, India

Workshop on Concept and Application of IUCN categories to Protected Areas Nasandhura Palace Hotel, Male’, Maldives, (Nov 7-8, 2001)

Workshop on Facilitation skills 14-18 October 2001, UNICEF/MWSA, Male’, Maldives

Congress of the Asian Soft Tennis Federation, Saga City, Japan, October 2000

Training Workshop on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Male’, Maldives, August 2000

Training Workshop on Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment Bandos Island Resort, April 2000

First Sports Medicine Workshop Ministry of Youth, Women’s Affairs and Sports, 11 March 1995, Male’, Maldives

Workshop on Techniques of Script – Writing for Educational Radio Programmes UNICEF and Department of Public Health, 10th –14 July 1993, Male’, Maldives

Workshop on Production of Health Educational Materials on Family Planning & AIDS Department of Public Health, 29th April 1993, Male’, Maldives

International Coaches Programme, International Tennis Federation, 16th December 1990, Male’, Maldives

Computer and IT Experience

2006 Designing and maintenance of “Budget Maldives” web site.

www.budgetmaldives.com

2005 Designing and maintenance of “Water Solutions” web site.

www.water-solutions.biz

2003 Designing and maintenance of “Photography of Amu” web site.

www.amooo.com Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 26

2003 Designing and development of the Website for Ranveli Resort and Spa in the Maldives. Website for Shaviyani Atoll www.ranveli.com.mv

2003 Designing and maintenance of the first Website for an atoll in the Maldives. Website for Shaviyani Atoll www.shaviyani.gov.mv

2002 Development of an incident database for Department of Civil Aviation, Maldives Jointly developed with Ahmed Zahid.

2002 Designing and maintenance of the Website of Maldives Surfing Association www.maldivesurf.org.mv

2002 Designing and maintenance of the Website of Hulhumale Development Unit (currently restricted) www.hdu.gov.mv

2002 Designing and maintenance of the Website of Web Foundation. www.web.org.mv

2000-2001 Designing and maintenance of the Website of Tennis Association of Maldives

2000-2001 Designing and programming of the first interactive CD-ROM on Male’, Republic of Maldives (samples available upon request)

2003 Designing and programming of the first interactive CD-ROM on Surfing in Male’, Maldives (samples available upon request)

Other professional work and experience

Organizational skills

2000 Experience in organizing and managing 3 national level tennis tournaments in the year 2000 in Maldives.

Photography

2001 Photography assignment for UNICEF Maldives to photograph the available fruits and vegetables in the Addo atoll region of Maldives.

Most of the photography work for the year 2000 diary published by Libaas Pvt Ltd.on Maldivian handicrafts

Most of the photography work for the year 2001 diary published by Libaas Pvt Ltd, Maldives on Historical mosques

Various government photography project experiences

Various other private photography project experiences.

Script writing

2002 Writing video documentary script on Cervical Cancer for a 15 minute educational video Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 27

Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Oral Cancer for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on TB for a 15 minute educational video Client: Chest Clinic Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Kidney Failure for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Sexually Transmitted Diseases for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Mental Health for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Pap Smear for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Hand Foot and Mouth Disease for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Food Safety for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Environmental Health for a 15 minute educational video Client: Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

Video and Film making

2001 One hour film on the first body boarding championship “National Varunulaa Challenge” held in Male’, August 2001. Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 28

Miscellaneous

November 2000 Manager Maldives Soft Tennis Team participating in the 4th Asian Soft Tennis Championship (Maldives won the 3rd place in the team consolation event) 1-5 November 2000 Saga City, Japan

May 2000 Manager Maldives Tennis Team participating in the Sri Lankan National Junior Hard Court Tennis Championship Colombo, Sri Lanka

January 2000 Manager Maldives Junior Tennis Team participating in the ITF under 18 Junior Ranking Tournament Colombo, Sri Lanka

October 1995 Manager Maldives Soft Tennis Team participating in the 10th World Soft Tennis Championship (Maldives was the champion in the team consolation event) Gifu City, Japan

October 1992 Player / Manager The 2nd Asian Soft Tennis Championship Oct 21-24 Jakarta, Indonesia

Referees

Mr.Brent Powis Director WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Sydney, Australia

Tel: 02 4570 1660 Fax: 02 4570 1660 Email: [email protected]

Mr. Navi Litidamu Lecturer and Department Head Department of Environmental Health Fiji School of Medicine Suva, Fiji

Mr. Ahmed Zahid Consultant, Environment Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd Male’ Maldives

Signed: ______Date: ______Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 29

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 30