DOCSLIB.ORG

A Feminist Theory of Poetics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Feminist Theory of Poetics University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-1984 A Feminist Theory of Poetics Barbara Alice Templeton University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Templeton, Barbara Alice, "A Feminist Theory of Poetics. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1984. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3538 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Barbara Alice Templeton entitled "A Feminist Theory of Poetics." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in English. B. J. Lettett, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: William H. Shurn, Marilyn Kallet, Betsy C. Postow Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Counci l: I am submi tting herewi th a dissertation written by Barbara Al ice Templeton entitled 11A Femi nist Theory of Poetics ... I have examined the final copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfi llment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy , wi th a major in English. f.·,JJ g� i.eg Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend · its acceptance: · Accepted for the Counci l: Vice Provost and Dean of The Graduate School A FEMINIST THEORY OF POETICS A Di ssertation Presented fo r th e Doctor of Philosophy Degree Th e University of Tennessee , Knoxville Barbara Alice Templeton December 1984 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to th ank severa l people fo r th eir help with th is project. First, my committee has been exceptionally supporti ve and trusting. I thank especially Mari lyn Kal let, wh o helped me discover and th en bel i eve in the topic. Also, many friends have contributed to th is piece by discussing ideas with me and by being th e audience I imagined as I wrote . Finally, th anks to Stephen and 0. T. R. for good energy . i i ABSTRACT ' Many critics have argued that modern poetry is most compre­ hensively understood as an expansion rather th an a rejection of the romantic tradition. Simply stated, their cl aim is that th e romantic lyric, in wh ich the mode of perceiving rather th an th e perception itsel f is the central subject of th e poem , remains the dominant form in modern and post-modern poetry . In general , contemporary poetry also presents itself as an act of the mind encountering and eval uat­ ing the exte rnal worl d. As a poetic movement infl uenced by femi nist th inking, contempora ry women •s poetry grounds itself in th e romantic tradition wh ile deviating from it in ways that indicate a difference in poetic theory. By retaining th e romantic conception of the poem as an act of the mind privately making me aning, but al so continually acknowledging th at the formation of that 11mind11 consists of a complex web of social , cultural , and pol itical facts and val ues , contemporary women poets both enlarge romantic poetic th eory and criti ci ze its tendency toward isolationism and ideal ism. An analysis of poems and essays by Adrienne Rich , Audre Lorde , Carolyn Forche, Olga Broumas, and Cathy Song reveals th at poets in­ fl uenced by feminist th inking defi ne the poem more specifical ly as an act of the mi nd in dialogue with itself and with the outer world. The power of th e dialogue relation , in wh ich the separation of subject from object is undermined, is a common th eme in women•s poetry, and th e dialogue structure often serves as a forma l design fo r women•s iii iv poems . Since by definition th e dial ogue is openended, women poets view th e poetic experience and the dial ogic relation it makes possibl e as tools for expos ing cultural ly legitimated del usions of determinism, wh ether these be aesthetic, ph ilosophical , or political closures of meaning. For women poets , then, poetry is not only capable of trans­ forming the individual but also crucial in revising social ideologies . Final ly, th rough their poetry th ese women poets define the poem as an act of th e femi nist informed mind breaking through self-imposed and culturally-disposed barri ers in order to renew itself and society. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCT ION. 1 I. CONTEMPORARY WOMEN'S POETRY AN D THE MODERN ROMANTIC TRADITION . 5 II. THE POEM AS DIALOGUE .. 33 III. BEYOND DELUS IONS OF DETERMIN ISM .. 64 IV. WOMEN'S POETRY AN D IDEOLOGY .. 99 v. A FEMINIST THEORY OF POETICS. 134 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 152 VITA ...... 158 v INTRODUCT ION Th e poetry of th e women 's movement has fai led to ch all enge a ch arter assumption of bourgeois literature: the notion th at literature in general and poetry in particular exist for the expression of the pri vate, indivi dual , and the subjecti ve element in supposedly uni versal human experi ence. Recogniz­ ing th ro ugh the movement th at our 11personal11 experiences are in fact shared with other women , we have proudly asserted their authenticity as subjects of poetry. But we also learn th rough the movement th at our oppression has a social basis and an eventual social remedy , and th at knowledge is also pa rt of how we experience our lives. It is th is larger aspect, especial ly as it affects the internal dynamics of the movement, th at feminist poetry has , by and large , been unable to accommodate . l Li llian S. Robinson , 1977 In tracing the th emes common to various examples of women 's poetry in her essay 11The Keen Eye . Watching : Poetry and th e Feminist Movement, .. Lillian S. Robinson acknowledges that she assumes the exi stence of an as yet unarti culated feminist th eory of poetics th at would identify parti cular poems as 11femi nist11 works . Having assumed such a theory , ch osen her examples , and discussed th eir feminist themes , Ro binson draws the concl usion , quoted above , th at women 's poetry has so far not been able to break away from tradi tional conceptions of the pri vate boundaries of poetry and therefore has not adequately incorporated feminist social experience into poetry. In short, Robinson laments that feminist poetry has general ly failed to merge effectively th e poetic and th e political . \ illian S. Robinson , 11The Keen Eye . Watching : Poetry and th e Feminist Movement, .. in Sex, Class, and Culture (Bl oomington: Indiana University Press , 1978) , pp. 254- 309 . 1 2 However, it is more likely th at th e fai l ure Robinson attributes to women 's poetry itself lies instead in th e absence of a femi nist theory of poetics . For wh ile the term ..poet ic theory .. suggests an explanation of a particular strategy of writing poetry and a partic­ ul ar understanding of th e or igins and stages of th e poetic process, a poetic th eory also provides a strategy of reading; it not only explains wh at the poet requires of the poem but also wh at the poem requires of the reader. Th us it is possible th at an articulation of a feminist th eory of poetics would redress th e fai l ure Robinson describes by reveal ing a way of reading women 's poetry that does indeed ch all enge the 11Charter assumption of literature , .. wi thout dispensing with or even reducing th e traditionally over- emphasi zed subjective element wi thin the poetry. A femi nist way of reading mi ght be able to recast private experience in th e social context in such a way th at th e 11poetic11 cannot be divorced from the 11political11 unless th e poem is read from an exclusive, dimi nuati ve perspecti ve. Wh ile Robinson may be justi fied in faulting some women 's poetry for portraying femi nist consciousness too narrowly, th e failure of other women •s poetry to express feminist experience comprehensively may not lie only in th e poetry itself, but also in our (the readers• ) misunderstanding of th e femi nist poetic experience and our ro le in it, even in our refusal to let go of fami liar, traditional responses to poetry. An articulation of a feminist th eory of poeti cs th at conveys femi nist ways of reading, as wel l as writing , could provide 3 a bri dge into a broader context th at would enable us , as readers , to deepen the pol itical , femi nist impl i cations of women 's poetry. My intention here is to define a feminist theory of poetics by analyzing selected essays and vol umes of poetry by .five contempo­ rary American women poets--Adrienne Rich, Audre Lorde , Ca rolyn Forche, Olga Broumas, and Cathy Song . I have ch osen these poets , all of whom have received some critical recognition , because their poetry achieves the kind of pri vate and social incl usiveness Robinson ca lls for: th eir work rejects conceptions of poetry as a purely in­ dividual experience and enlarges the domain of th e 11poetic11 to in­ cl ude the 11pol itical11 as wel l.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • POETRY, FEMINISM, and PROTEST Introduction
    POETRY, FEMINISM, AND PROTEST Introduction In this set of lessons, students will explore the often-overlooked relationship between poetry and politics. Poets like Anne Sexton, Adrienne Rich, and Audre Lorde create vital dialogue about the relationship between the daily lives of women and structures of power. The poems and essays below will be examined through a feminist-activist lens. Ø Anne Sexton, “Little Girl, My String Bean, My Lovely Woman” Ø Adrienne Rich, “Anne Sexton: 1928- 1974” Ø Audre Lorde, “Power” and “Poetry is Not a Luxury” Essential Question: Ø How can poetry serve as a form of feminist social protest? FOR THE TEACHER: ADRIENNE RICH AND ANNE SEXTON 1. Explain to students that after Anne Sexton took her own life in 1974, Adrienne Rich delivered a eulogy for Sexton, celebrating her poem “Little Girl, My String Bean, My Lovely Woman.” 2. Explain to the students how Sexton’s poem is central to Rich’s eulogy of Sexton and helps to better illustrate what Rich and others mean when they try and expand the definition of feminist poetry. 3. Ask your students to read the poem by Sexton and essay by Rich and to complete the attached questions. Then use those answers to inform a class discussion. 4. Feminist theorist bell hooks defines feminism as “a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression.” After students have answered the worksheet questions, share hooks’s definition of feminism and ask students to consider how Rich’s essay and Sexton’s poem address feminist ideas or goals. 5. For further reading: In a 2013 issue on women in fiction, Vice magaZine included a fashion spread of seven models depicting famous female writers who died by suicide, but without any mention of the writers’ works.
    [Show full text]
  • "I Am Not Certain I Will / Keep This Word" Victoria Parker Rhode Island College, Vparker [email protected]
    Rhode Island College Digital Commons @ RIC Honors Projects Overview Honors Projects 2016 "I Am Not Certain I Will / Keep This Word" Victoria Parker Rhode Island College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/honors_projects Part of the Other Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Poetry Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Parker, Victoria, ""I Am Not Certain I Will / Keep This Word"" (2016). Honors Projects Overview. 121. https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/honors_projects/121 This Honors is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Projects at Digital Commons @ RIC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Projects Overview by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ RIC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “I AM NOT CERTAIN I WILL / KEEP THIS WORD”: LOUISE GLÜCK’S REVISIONIST MYTHMAKING By Victoria Parker An Honors Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Honors In The Department of English Faculty of Arts and Sciences Rhode Island College 2016 Parker 2 “I AM NOT CERTAIN I WILL / KEEP THIS WORD”: LOUISE GLÜCK’S REVISIONIST MYTHMAKING An Undergraduate Honors Project Presented By Victoria Parker To Department of English Approved: ___________________________________ _______________ Project Advisor Date ___________________________________ _______________ Honors Committee Chair Date ___________________________________ _______________ Department Chair Date Parker 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS
    [Show full text]
  • The Voice of African-American Women: Feminist Voice in Maya Angelou's Selected Poems
    International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. www.ijicc.net Volume 11, Issue 11, 2020 The Voice of African-American Women: Feminist Voice in Maya Angelou's Selected Poems Ali Kareem Sameera*, Hasan Hadi Alib, a,bMinistry of Education in Iraq, Email: a*[email protected] Being an African-American female poet, dramatist, novelist and critic, Maya Angelou made use of her poetry and literary writing as a means to direct her own feeling toward the racial secularism and injustice of the American society. In addition, she displayed the strength aspects of black women in resisting these stereotypes institutions and supporting their self-confidence and dignity. Thus, many critics and writers indicated that Angelou's poems concentrate on her own self-image and regarded her works as a reflection of the African-American womanhood. Therefore, this paper aims to examine Angelou's poems that apparently mirror the female voice and identity in Woman Work, Phenomenal Woman, Still I Rise and Equality. In each of these poems, the poet used a persona to speak out about the personal experience of the poet with racism and oppression against black women. The feminist theory was adopted to analyse the feminist voice in Angelou’s selected poems. The findings indicated that specific facts and literary devices of Angelou's utilisation of feminist inefficacy and silence were effective to stand against the racial discrimination and state of marginalisation. Thus, this paper implies that the reader can recognise Angelou's effort in emerging her own voice to speak about certain strategies used by the black women to sustain their self-respect, self- consciousness and identity.
    [Show full text]
  • Language, Intertextuality, and Subjectivity in the Poetry of Diane
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2005 Sites of resistance: language, intertextuality, and subjectivity in the poetry of Diane Wakoski Cordelia Maxwell Hanemann Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Hanemann, Cordelia Maxwell, "Sites of resistance: language, intertextuality, and subjectivity in the poetry of Diane Wakoski" (2005). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 1092. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1092 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. SITES OF RESISTANCE: LANGUAGE, INTERTEXTUALITY, AND SUBJECTIVITY IN THE POETRY OF DIANE WAKOSKI A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of English by Cordelia Maxwell Hanemann B.A., University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1970 M.A., University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1975 May 2005 © Copyright 2005 Cordelia Maxwell Hanemann All rights reserved ii Acknowledgements The completion of this dissertation owes much to the impetus and efforts of many people. Without the support of my family, my colleagues, and my friends, I would not have persevered: I especially thank my partner, William Birmingham; my children, Louis, Benjamin, and Craig; and my good friend, Lisa Gibbs.
    [Show full text]
  • Writing the Self: Feminist Experiment and Cultural Identity Jill Darling Wayne State University
    Wayne State University Wayne State University Dissertations 1-1-2012 Writing the self: feminist experiment and cultural identity Jill Darling Wayne State University, Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations Part of the American Literature Commons Recommended Citation Darling, Jill, "Writing the self: feminist experiment and cultural identity" (2012). Wayne State University Dissertations. Paper 431. This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. WRITING THE SELF: FEMINIST EXPERIMENT AND CULTURAL IDENTITY by JILL DARLING DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2012 MAJOR: ENGLISH Approved by: ________________________________ Advisor Date ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ DEDICATION This dissertation is for Fran and Dave, my support and counsel. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this dissertation would not have been possible without the encouragement, support, and assistance of a number of people. First and foremost I would like to thank my advisor, Barrett Watten, for his unending patience and support of my project in particular, and for his excitement regarding student projects
    [Show full text]
  • As Sweet As Honey and Beautiful As a Flower
    Sweet as honey and beautiful as a flower? An Ecofeminist Approach to Nature Symbolism in Rupi Kaur’s Poetry milk and honey and the sun and her flowers Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Magistra der Philosophie an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Eden GOLOB am Institut für Amerikanistik Begutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. M.A. Stefan Brandt Graz, 2020 2 Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank my thesis supervisor Professor Dr. Stefan Brandt for supporting me with his vast knowledge and expertise. Thank you for steering my research in the right direction and inspiring me to choose such a pioneering topic. I would like to thank my beloved sister Eva, for her emotional support and always believing in me. Thank you for always being there for me. Thank you to all my wonderful friends for their unfailing encouragement and uplifting words. Especially, I want to thank my fellow student and dear friend Anja for making my time at Uni special. Thank you for your advice and support. Finally, I want to thank my parents for their love, their patience and their support during my entire life. This accomplishment would not have been possible without you. I am so grateful to have you as my parents. 3 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 5 1 Literature and Feminist Theory ............................................................................................... 9 1.1 Defining Important
    [Show full text]
  • Nomadic Subjectivity in Contemporary Women's Poetry in the British Isles
    The Salvage from Postmodernism: Nomadic Subjectivity in Contemporary Women’s Poetry in the British Isles Carmen Zamorano Llena The nomad’s identity is a map of where s/he has already been; s/he can always reconstruct it a posteriori, as a set of steps in an itinerary. (Rosi Braidotti, Nomadic Subjectivity 14) “As a woman I have no country. As a woman I want no country. As a woman my country is the whole world.” This is the quote from Virginia Wolf’s Three Guineas (1938) that Adrienne Rich decided not to use in a talk given at a “Conference on Women, Feminist Identity and Society in the 1980s” held in Utrecht, Holland, but which she argues she would have certainly used some years earlier. This apparent self-denial raises the question of what had changed in Rich’s sense of feminist identity in the period between the late 1960s and the mid 1980s. An analysis of her talk, which is published as “Notes toward a Politics of Location” (1984), belies that the change that Rich describes epitomises the paradigm shift in feminism that started to take shape in the early 1980s and that emerged out of the controversy between postmodernism and feminism over the issue of subjectivity.1 In the context of the re-emerging feminism of the late 1960s, Rich would have argued against the common oppression of women around the world and would have spoken of a common bonding that would unite all women in their resistance against patriarchal power structures. Women would thus be united by the same suffering and common struggle under the banner of a unified gender identity, which would surpass national, racial, ethnic, cultural, class, sexual and age differences.
    [Show full text]
  • THE EROTICIZED FEMINISM of GIOCONDA BELLI Elizabeth
    SPEAKING THROUGH THE BODY: THE EROTICIZED FEMINISM OF GIOCONDA BELLI Elizabeth Casimir Bruno A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Languages (Spanish American) Chapel Hill 2006 Approved by Advisor: María A. Salgado Reader: Rosa Perelmuter Reader: Glynis Cowell Reader: Teresa Chapa Reader: John Chasteen © 2006 Elizabeth Casimir Bruno ii ABSTRACT ELIZABETH CASIMIR BRUNO: Speaking Through the Body: The Eroticized Feminism of Gioconda Belli (Under the direction of María A. Salgado) While female authors have been writing about “women’s issues” for centuries, their foregrounding of women’s bodies is a relatively new phenomenon. This “literature of the body” is perceived as a way for women to claim back what is and has always been theirs. Gioconda Belli’s literature of the body presents a mosaic of images of woman, through which she empowers women to claim back their body and to celebrate it as the site of the multiple facets of woman. After a brief introductory chapter presenting my topic, I move to Chapter 2, which explores how Belli embodies “woman” in her poetry. In order to contextualize her representation, I first look at several poems by Rubén Darío as examples of idealized canonical portrayals. I also analyze poems written by a number of women authors who preceded Belli, thereby demonstrating a distinct progression in the treatment of women-centered literature. Belli’s representation of the erotic woman is the focus of Chapter 3, though I also examine some poems by another Central American woman poet that illustrate the boldness of her work, particularly because this author was the first Central American woman writer to celebrate women’s eroticism.
    [Show full text]
  • Which Feminisms?
    New Masses, New Movements—17 susan watkins WHICH FEMINISMS? f all the opposition movements to have erupted since 2008, the rebirth of a militant feminism is perhaps the most surprising—not least because feminism as such had never gone away; women’s empowerment has long been a Omantra of the global establishment. Yet there were already signs that something new was stirring in the us and uk student protests of 2010, the 2011 Occupy encampments at Puerta del Sol and Zuccotti Park. In India, mass rallies condemned the gang rape of Jyoti Pandey in 2012 and feminist flash-mobs have disrupted the moral-policing operations of Hindutva fundamentalists. The protests against sexual assault on us campuses blazed across the New York media in 2014. In Brazil, 30,000 black women descended on the capital in 2015 to demonstrate against sexual violence and racism, calling for the ouster of the corrupt head of the National Congress, Eduardo Cunha; earlier that year, the March of Margaridas brought over 50,000 rural women to Brasília. In Argentina, feminist campaigners against domestic violence were at the forefront of protests against Macri’s shock therapy. In China, the arrest in 2015 of five young women preparing to sticker Beijing’s public transport against sexual violence—members of Young Feminist Activism, an online coa- lition that’s played cat-and-mouse with the authorities—was met with web petitions signed by over 2 million people. In January 2017, a ‘feminism of the 99 per cent’ declared itself with the million-strong march against the Trump Administration in the us.
    [Show full text]
  • Protest, Justice, and Transnational Organizing SAN FRANCISCO, CA 2020 NWSA Chair and Director Meeting
    NWSA’S 40TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE Protest, Justice, and Transnational Organizing 2019 NWSA ANNUAL CONFERENCE: Protest, Justice, and Transnational Organizing NOV 14–17, 2019 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA NOVEMBER 2018 14-17, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 2020 NWSA Chair and Director Meeting About Friday March 6th The 2020 Chair and Director meeting will be focused on the different responses Chicago, IL to external pressures experienced by departments, programs, and centers. This event is intended to promote field- building by bringing together program and department chairs and women’s center directors for a day-long meeting as an added benefit of institutional membership. Participants will exchange ideas and strategies focused on program and center administration, curriculum development, and pedagogy, among other topics. Participation requirements: • 2020 institutional membership • Chair and Director Meeting registration fee $125 • Registration form DEADLINE The fee includes participation in the event and TO REGISTER: breakfast and lunch the day of the meeting. It does not include travel. NWSA will cover one night’s FEBRUARY 15, 2020 accommodations for those who require it. 2019 NWSA ANNUAL CONFERENCE: Protest, Justice, and Transnational Organizing NOV 14–17, 2019 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA Table of Contents President’s Welcome ........................................... 4 A Brief (and Incomplete) History of the NWSA Women of Color Caucus ................................... 43 Conference Maps ............................................... 5 NWSA Receptions
    [Show full text]
  • Memoir, Mysticism, and Modern Feminist Poetry
    Cantatas of the Wild: Memoir, Mysticism, and Modern Feminist Poetry By Melissa Dawn Keith A dissertation submitted in satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In English in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Associate Professor Geoffrey G. O’Brien, Chair Associate Professor Julia Bader Associate Professor Natalia Brizuela Fall 2012 Cantatas of the Wild: Memoir, Mysticism, and Modern Feminist Poetry Copyright © 2012 By Melissa Dawn Keith 1 Abstract Cantatas of the Wild: Memoir, Mysticism, and Modern Feminist Poetry By Melissa Dawn Keith Doctor of Philosophy in English Professor Geoffrey G. O’Brien, Chair In this dissertation, the introduction defines the erotic-mystical mode, using the poetry and prose of the five feminist writers that I argue constitute a core poetic movement. Based on their shared understandings of the centrality of this disruptive new paradigm—with important influences from English Romanticism—these poets create both lyric and prose works that position them as major leaders in feminist thought in the seventies. Collapsing conventional binaries, their works offer examples of how to live, on the deepest level, as life-affirming beings, regardless of gender, race, class, or sexuality, on a damaged, yet still vibrant, planet. They never deny difference, embracing all that is living, yet still grounded in faith in possibilities of collective communication. No one style best expresses the erotic mystical mode; yet it occupies a place, in the seventies, I argue, linked with memoir-poems, paving the way for the contemporary surge of women’s memoirs. The first chapter concerns itself with selectively surveying the erotic mystical mode transnationally and across periods, while dipping into recent American examples, creating a kind of ground for the sustained individual author readings of H.D.’s Sea Garden, chapter three, and the poetry of Adrienne Rich, 1951-1984, chapters five and seven.
    [Show full text]
  • Women, Islam, and Poetry in Pakistan Anita Anantharam
    Journal of International Women's Studies Volume 11 Article 14 Issue 1 Gender and Islam in Asia Nov-2009 Engendering the Nation: Women, Islam, and Poetry in Pakistan Anita Anantharam Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws Part of the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Anantharam, Anita (2009). Engendering the Nation: Women, Islam, and Poetry in Pakistan. Journal of International Women's Studies, 11(1), 208-224. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol11/iss1/14 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2009 Journal of International Women’s Studies. Engendering the Nation: Women, Islam, and Poetry in Pakistan Anita Anantharam1 Abstract In this essay I offer some examples of reading feminist agency in Pakistan through an analysis of the poems of two of Pakistan’s preeminent feminist poets, Fahmida Riaz (b.1946) and Kishwar Naheed (b.1940). Rather than gesture to their poetry in a strategy of recuperation I contend that their powerful narratives compel us to reevaluate the parameters of contemporary feminist historiography and discourses of nationalism in South Asia. The poems of Fahmida Riaz and Kishwar Naheed are informed by a different set of paradigms about self and community (Islam) and at the same time reflect an archive (poetry) as crucial to feminist critiques of nationalism.
    [Show full text]