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Encounter Images in the Meetings Between Africa and Europé

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Encounter Images in the Meetings Between Africa and Europé Encounter Images in the Meetings between Africa and Europé Edited by Mai Palmberg Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala 2001 Indexing terms African history Communication Culture Culture conflict Cultural identity Development aid Mission history Prejudices Racial discrimination Africa Europe Cover photo: Sérgio Santimano Typesetting: Susanne Östman Language checking: Elaine Almén Transcription from taped interviews: Petra Smitmanis and Jenny Thor © The authors and Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2001 ISBN 91-7106-478-8 Printed in Sweden by Centraltryckeriet Åke Svenson AB, Borås 2001 Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Annemette Kirkegaard, Copenhagen, Denmark Questioning the Origins of the Negative Image of Africa in Medieval Europe......................................................................................................................... 20 Selena Axelrod Winsnes, Lillestrøm, Norway An Eye-Witness, Hearsay, Hands-On Report from the Gold Coast Ludewig F. Rømer’s Tilforladelig Efterretning om Kysten Guinea ...................... 37 Bernth Lindfors, Austin, United States Hottentot, Bushman, Kaffir The Making of Racist Stereotypes in 19th-Century Britain...................................... 54 Zine Magubane, Urbana, United States Labor Laws and Stereotypes Images of the Khoikhoi in the Cape in the Age of Abolition.................................... 76 Mai Palmberg, Uppsala, Sweden “A Gentleman Went to Zanzibar” Racism and Humanism Revisited............................................................................................ 96 Yvonne Vera, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe A Voyeur’s Paradise ... Images of Africa .......................................................................... 115 Björn Lindgren, Uppsala, Sweden Representing the Past in the Present Memory-texts and Ndebele Identity ................................................................................... 121 I. Bolarinwa Udegbe, Ibadan, Nigeria Gender Dimensions in the Images of Africans in Commercial Works of Art .................................................................................................. 135 Johannes Brusila, Åbo, Finland Jungle Drums Striking the World Beat Africa as an Image Factor in Popular Music .................................................................. 146 Karina Hestad Skeie, Oslo, Norway Beyond Black and White Reinterpreting “the Norwegian Missionary Image of the Malagasy” ............. 162 Hanna Mellemsether, Trondheim, Norway Gendered Images of Africa? The Writings of Male and Female Missionaries........................................................... 183 Raisa Simola, Joensuu, Finland Encounter Images in the Meetings between Finland and South-West Africa/Namibia........................................................................................... 195 Nicolas Martin-Granel, Brazzaville, Congo Monkey Business in the Congo ............................................................................................. 206 Hanne Løngreen, Roskilde, Denmark The Development Gaze Visual Representation of Development in Information Material from Danida .................................................................................................................................... 221 Anna Wieslander, Halmstad, Sweden I Often Tell People I Have Been to Africa … Swedish-African Encounters through the Aid Relationship................................... 233 Valentin. Y. Mudimbe, Stanford and Durham, the United States Africa remains the absolute difference—An interview.............................................. 248 Terence Ranger, Oxford, England I did not set out to deconstruct—An interview............................................................. 252 Petra Smitmanis, Stockholm, Sweden Select annotated bibliography ................................................................................................ 261 About the authors......................................................................................................................... 277 Foreword In 1995 the Nordic Africa Institute initiated a research project on cultural aspects of development and Nordic-African relations. One of the aims was to contribute to providing other images of Africa than the negative images of misery, war and catastrophes often conveyed by the mass media. Another was to encourage cultural aspects of change in Africa, and the dynamics of cultural production itself. It is indisputable that negative images of Africa increasingly dominate everyday reporting and therefore public opinion too. The generalised pessimis- tic pictures are in stark contrast to what those of us have experienced who have had the opportunity to visit Africa and work there. It was important not only to encourage alternatives to stereotypes and gen- eralisations, which portrayed Africans as helpless victims, but also to try to understand how and why, and to what extent these images had developed. This was the theme of the first conference organised within the new project on culture, coordinated by Mai Palmberg. This research project was called “Cultural Images in and of Africa”, and the seminar dealt primarily with the images of Africa developed in Europe. A selection of edited papers from this seminar is presented here and we thank the authors for their cooperation. We are grateful that we have also been able to include interviews with two prominent scholars, professor V.Y. Mudimbe and professor Terence Ranger, and texts by one of Africa’s most prominent authors, Yvonne Vera, and one of the world’s most renowned scholars specialising in African literature, Bernth Lindfors. The seminar was held in cooperation with the International People’s Col- lege in Denmark. We thank them, not least the college’s international secre- tary, Garba Diallo, for their warm hospitality and the input of work involved in making the seminar a success. Thanks are also due to Susanne Östman and Petra Smitmanis who contributed to the preparation and organising of the seminar. The images of Africa are a theme that will have to be revisited many times. This book gives a topical input to the debate through the questions it raises and the simplifications it rejects. Lennart Wohlgemuth Director The Nordic Africa Institute 5 Introduction It is something of an axiom that today’s images of Africa in Europe are largely negative. Such statements are taken as fact without much questioning. In this book we want to question them. Not that the authors dispute the existence of negative images of Africa. But what does this really mean? How were the im- ages formed, when and why? The concern with negative images of Africa rests on two underlying as- sumptions, which can operate independently of each other but are often con- nected. The first is the observation that what the mass media present us with about Africa are overwhelmingly negative features of today’s world: conflict and war, starvation and hunger, flight and despair, corruption and suppres- sion. In sum: misery. The other assumption is that the negative images and stereotyping are as old as the relations between Europeans and Africans. This is questioned in some of the contributions to this book. A rather general conception is that racism has coloured European images of Africa all along. Often this is asserted without any attempt to define ‘racism’. The ideology of racism rests on the thinking that one can meaning- fully divide the human species into races, distinguished from each other by different levels of inherited qualities, some belonging to higher ‘races’, some to ‘lower’. In racist thinking, some are hopeless cases by birth due to the ‘races’ they are born into. In paternalism the case is not hopeless, but those ‘less advanced’ must be guided by the enlightened (and needless to say, more powerful) into the light of civilisation. If the era of racism as a dominant and accepted ideology in the West seriously declined after the Second World War, the question is whether paternalism is still with us. The many pronouncements on ‘partnership’ as the new guiding principle bear witness to a recognition that equal terms have not characterised the relationship between Europe and Africa. This is a question of power, but also of the images reproduced. How do you study images? Many studies on images are based on “close reading”, and a search for the subtext. This also entails reading what is not there—i.e. looking for the omis- sions. There is not one single method with which to study images. The variety of approaches was a strength in the conference that brought together the authors of the papers in this book. The conference was initiated by the research project at the Nordic Africa Institute called “Cultural Images in and of Africa” and was held in Helsingør in Denmark (Elsinore) in November 1996, in collaboration with the Interna- tional People’s College in Helsingør. Papers were presented by scholars based 7 Mai Palmberg in four Nordic countries (Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Sweden), and in four African countries (the Republic of Congo, South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria). Despite the variety of approaches, themes and disciplines there were certain common topics: 1. Probing the assumptions about the relationship between the image and reality. 2. The vacillation
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