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Diversity and Evolution of Rosids

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Cucurbitales • previously recognized group of 7 Diversity and Evolution families (some N2 fixers) N2 fixing • palmate leaves, cucurbitoid teeth, clade imperfect flowers, parietal of Rosids placentation Cucurbitaceae Datiscaceae . gourds, oaks, and violets. Begoniaceae Cucurbitaceae - melons Cucurbitaceae - melons Mainly tropical and subtropical family of 118 genera, • flowers unisexual and 845 species of herbaceous or woody vines with tendrils plants dioecious or (modified inflorescences) monoecious Male flower • fusion of perianth (Asterid- like!); stamens are weird, female flower is epigynous Gurania in Panama Cucumis in Wisconsin Female flower 1 Cucurbitaceae - melons Cucurbitaceae - melons Fruit is a berry with leathery rind = *pepo (pumpkin, Note the many small male melon, pickle, gourd) flowers and few female flowers going into fruit and Female flower Echinocystis lobata wild cucumber spiny pepo Cucurbitaceae - melons *Fagales • core “Amentiferae” of Engler & Prantl and subclass “Hamamelidae” Sicyos angulata - bur cucumber N2 fixing of Cronquist - wind pollinated clade • trees with unisexual flowers in aments/catkins • inferior G (2-3) • nut - bony 1-seeded Small “burred” cucumber or pickle-like fruits can be seen on bottom right 2 *Fagales *Fagaceae - beeches • North Temperate family of 7 genera, 670 species (1/2 are oaks) Nothofagaceae - southern beeches - are sister to all others • simple leaves and nut enclosed by subtending bracts ✟✟✟✟ Fagus - beech Castanea - chestnut Quercus - oak *Fagaceae - beeches *Fagaceae - oaks • Fagus (beech) is characteristic of mesic forests in north temperate deciduous forests • Quercus, the oaks, have bracts below • easy to recognize with gray bark female flower that coalesce into a • 2 pistillate flowers (2 nuts) woody cup of the acorn fruit (nut) surrounded by one set of bracts • hybridizing group and taxonomically challenging Fagus sylvatica - Europe Fagus grandifolia - American beech Fagus grandifolia - N. America 3 *Fagaceae - oaks *Fagaceae - oaks White oak - Alleghenian species typical of more mesic woodlands in Wisconsin • White oaks - rounded leaf lobes, thinner walled xylem of summer wood, fruit matures in 1 yr • Red oaks - bristle tipped leaf lobes, thicker xylem, fruit matures in 2 yrs white oak red oak Quercus alba - white oak *Fagaceae - oaks *Fagaceae - oaks Bur oak - Ozarkian element species of Red oak - more mesic member of the red xeric oak woodlands and oak savannas oak group; black oak, hill’s oak are more xeric tolerant Quercus macrocarpa - bur oak Quercus rubra - red oak 4 *Fagaceae - chestnuts *Fagaceae - chestnuts American chestnuts • Castanea, the chestnuts, have 2 Massachusetts in late female flowers per spiny involucre 1800s prior to 1904 chestnut blight Japanese chestnut in Connecticut - resistant Castanea dentata - American Castanea dentata - American chestnut chestnut original distribution *Juglandaceae - walnuts *Juglandaceae - walnuts Well known tree family containing walnuts, hickories, and pecans • Leaves pinnately compound, alternate 10 genera and 50 species are divided into two subfamilies • Leaves often aromatic from resinous peltate glands; allelopathic Engelhardia Juglans Juglans cinera Carya ovata Butternut, white walnut shagbark hickory 5 *Juglandaceae - walnuts *Juglandaceae - walnuts Juglans cinera CA 3-6 CO 0 A 3-∞ G 0 • Trees are Butternut, white walnut monoecious • male flowers apetalous and arranged in pendulous catkins or • Wind pollinated aments on older stems features • calyx small; each flower bracted Female flower Male inflorescence Juglans regia English walnut Juglans nigra - Black walnut *Juglandaceae - walnuts *Juglandaceae - walnuts • fruit a nut - single ovule fused to ovary wall Juglans cinera CA 4 CO 0 A 0 G (2) • surrounded often by persistant involucral bracts which can Butternut, white walnut become fleshy; thus sometimes mistakenly called a “drupe” • female flowers apetalous and in a small group on this year’s new growth • calyx small, persistant, often fused to involucral bracts; 2 stigma feathery Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickory Juglans nigra Black walnut Juglans cinera Butternut, white walnut Juglans nigra Black walnut 6 *Juglandaceae - walnuts *Juglandaceae - hickories • black walnut: one of the most • shagbark hickory: common tree of prized of all lumber trees for fine more mesic to xeric forests over much furniture of North America - oak/hickory forests Juglans nigra - black walnut Carya ovata - shagbark hickory *Betulaceae - birches *Betulaceae - birches Female inflorescence North Temperate family of 6 genera and • both female and male (drooping) 110 species of shrubs to trees - birches inflorescences are in aments/catkins and alders • flowers possess no perianth • fruit a small nut or 1 seeded samara, subtended by 3-lobed bract Male inflorescence Betula papyrifera - paper birch 7 *Betulaceae - birches *Betulaceae - birches Ostrya virginiana - eastern hop hornbeam, ironwood Alnus, the alders Betula papyrifera - Betula allegheniensis Corylus americana paper birch yellow birch Hazelnut, filbert Myricaceae - sweet gale Casuarinaceae • Small family 3 genera that fix • small family of 100 species - atmospheric nitrogen the she oaks of Australia • Dioecious shrubs or subshrubs with sweet aromatic smell Casuarina - evergreen with equisetoid leaves Myrica gale - sweet gale Comptonia peregrina - sweet fern 8 Oxalidales Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels • small, heterogeneous, novel group 6 genera, 770 species in the tropics and temperate areas - 700 of 6 families - seed character? belong to Oxalis (wood sorrel) Oxalidaceae Wood sorrels • plants are herbaceous creepers or woody vines Cephalotaceae Australian pitcher plant Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels 6 genera, 770 species in the tropics and temperate areas - 700 belong to Oxalis (wood sorrel) CA 5 CO 5 A 5+5 G (5) • 5 merous flowers Oxalis corniculata - creeping yellow wood sorrel • typically 3-foliate Oxalis corniculata Oxalis • fruits are 5 locular & leaves (the real winged capsules or berries shamrock) • leaves are acidic to taste due to oxalic acid in the form of calcium oxalate 9 Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels • common native and introduced wood-sorrels CA 5 CO 5 A 5+5 G (5) • 5 merous flowers Oxalis violaceae - Oxalis stricta - • fruits are 5 locular & violet wood-sorrel Oxalis corniculata Oxalis tall wood-sorrel winged capsules or berries Oxalis acetosella - • tristyly common (3 levels wood-sorrel at which 2 sets of anthers and 1 set of styles position) U U U Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels *Malpighiales • large and diverse group of 39 • tropical fruit - carambola or star fruit: note 5 families - many of them carpellate structure contributing importantly to tropical forest diversity Averrhoa carambola 10 *Malpighiales *Malpighiales • “novel” clade – unusual life forms • “novel” clade • leaf margin teeth Rhizophoraceae • “Parietales” subclade (placentation) Rhizophora mangle • hosts for Cymothoe butterflies mangrove stream aquatic Podostemonaceae Podostemon Rafflesiaceae parasite Rafflesia *Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets 23 genera, 800 species of herbs (temperate) to vines and small Viola have either basal leaves or cauline trees (tropics). 400-600 of them are violets (Viola). leaves - cordate or palmately lobed or divided. Stipules are well developed. Viola tricolor - pansy, jonny-jump-up Rinorea - tropical shrub 11 *Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets CA 5 COZ 5 A 5 G (3) CA 5 COZ 5 A 5 G (3) • Flowers insect pollinated, Pistil forms 3 parting nectar guides, zygomorphic capsule in chasmogamous flowers (open flowers) • Perianth 5 merous from out-crossing • Lower petal spurred, 2 lower stamens have spurs going back Cleistogamous, or closed into the petal spur flowers, form small capsules via self-pollination (note the parietal placentation in • 3 fused carpels upper capsule) *Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets V. sororia - dooryard violet Viola affinis - Wisconsin state flower! One sand violet of many stemless purple violets School children on Arbor Day, 1908, voted this violet in as the state flower. It V. pedata V. pedatifida was a very close vote – find one other (of Bird’s-foot violet Prairie violet 3) species that lost out. 12 *Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets • tropical taxa of other genera and Viola are woody • from where did the 10 species in Hawaii come? V. pubescens - downy yellow violet V. canadensis - Canada white violet a stemmed yellow violet a stemmed white violet *Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets • DNA places them within a • Beringian source is polyploid complex, amphi- rare, especially Beringian tundra species surprising with a group once considered tropical • bird migration V. la n g sd o rffi pathway from Beringia to Hawaii is common and potential mechanism of dispersal 13 Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort 9 genera, 560 species of temperate herbs or small shrubs 9 genera, 560 species of temperate herbs or small shrubs • opposite leaved "The little holes where of the leaves of Saint Johns wort are full, does • leaves are punctate - resemble all the pores of the skin and with clearly visible therefore it is profitable for all hurts clear to black dots, and wounds that can happen these sometimes seen thereunto.” on petals as well Herbalist William Coles (17th century) – Doctrine of Signatures hyperforin and hypericin Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5) Stamens many, often grouped CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5) • pistil made up of 3 to 5 fused carpels • placentation either axile (then 3-5 locules) or parietal (as here) Hypericum perforatum - Klamath weed [ecologically invasive] Hypericum pyrimidatum Note the perforations along edge of yellow petals great St. John’s wort 14 Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5) • pistil made up of 3 to 5 fused • Hypericum common in high carpels elevation regions of tropics • placentation either axile (then 3-5 locuoles) or parietal Hypericum in Costa Rican paramo • fruit a capsule • Triadenum restricted Hypericum pyrimidatum to wetlands Triadenum virginicum great St. John’s wort marsh St. John’s wort 15.
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  • Diversity in Host Preference of Rotylenchus Spp. Y.S

    Diversity in Host Preference of Rotylenchus Spp. Y.S

    International Journal of Science, Environment ISSN 2278-3687 (O) and Technology, Vol. 7, No 5, 2018, 1786 – 1793 2277-663X (P) DIVERSITY IN HOST PREFERENCE OF ROTYLENCHUS SPP. Y.S. Rathore Principal Scientist (Retd.), Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur -208024 (U.P.) E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Species of the genus Rotylenchus are ecto- or semi-endo parasites and feed on roots of their host plants. In the study it was found that 50% species of Rotylenchus were monophagous and mostly on plants in the clade Rosids followed by monocots, Asterids and gymnosperms. In general, Rosids and Asterids combined parasitized more than 50% host species followed by monocots. Though food preference was species specific but by and large woody plants were preferred from very primitive families like Magnoliaceae and Lauraceae to representatives of advanced families. Woody plants like pines and others made a substantial contribution in the host range of Rotylenchus. Maximum number of Rotylenchus species harboured plants in families Poaceae (monocots), Rosaceae (Rosids) and Oleaceae (Asterids) followed by Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Asteraceae and Pinaceae. It is, therefore, suggested that agricultural crops should be grown far away from wild vegetation and forest plantations. Keywords: Rotylenchus, Magnoliids, Rosids, Asterids, Gymnosperms, Host preference. INTRODUCTION Species of the genus Rotylenchus (Nematoda: Haplolaimidae) are migratory ectoparasites and browse on the surface of roots. The damage caused by them is usually limited to necrosis of penetrated cells (1). However, species with longer stylet penetrate to tissues more deeply and killing more cells and called as semi-endoparasites (2,3). The genus contains 97 nominal species which parasitize on a wide range of wild and cultivated plants worldwide (3).