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Diversity and Evolution of Rosids

Diversity and Evolution of Rosids

• previously recognized group of 7 Diversity and Evolution families (some N2 fixers) N2 fixing • palmate leaves, cucurbitoid teeth, imperfect flowers, parietal of placentation Datiscaceae . . . gourds, , and violets. . .

Begoniaceae

Cucurbitaceae - melons Cucurbitaceae - melons

Mainly tropical and subtropical of 118 genera, • flowers unisexual and 845 of herbaceous or woody vines with tendrils dioecious or (modified inflorescences) monoecious

Male flower

• fusion of perianth (Asterid- like!); stamens are weird, female flower is epigynous in Panama in Wisconsin Female flower

1 Cucurbitaceae - melons Cucurbitaceae - melons

Fruit is a berry with leathery rind = *pepo (pumpkin, Note the many small male melon, pickle, gourd) flowers and few female flowers going into fruit and Female flower lobata wild spiny pepo

Cucurbitaceae - melons *

• core “Amentiferae” of Engler & Prantl and subclass “Hamamelidae” angulata - bur cucumber N2 fixing of Cronquist - wind pollinated clade • trees with unisexual flowers in aments/catkins • inferior G (2-3) • nut - bony 1-seeded

Small “burred” cucumber or pickle-like fruits can be seen on bottom right

2 *Fagales * - • North Temperate family of 7 genera, 670 species (1/2 are oaks) Nothofagaceae - southern beeches - are sister to all others • simple leaves and nut enclosed by subtending bracts

✟✟✟✟ Fagus - Castanea - Quercus -

*Fagaceae - beeches *Fagaceae - oaks

• Fagus (beech) is characteristic of mesic forests in north temperate deciduous forests • Quercus, the oaks, have bracts below • easy to recognize with gray bark female flower that coalesce into a • 2 pistillate flowers (2 nuts) woody cup of the fruit (nut) surrounded by one set of bracts • hybridizing group and taxonomically challenging

Fagus sylvatica - Europe

Fagus grandifolia - American beech - N. America

3 *Fagaceae - oaks *Fagaceae - oaks White oak - Alleghenian species typical of more mesic woodlands in Wisconsin • White oaks - rounded leaf lobes, thinner walled xylem of summer , fruit matures in 1 yr

• Red oaks - bristle tipped leaf lobes, thicker xylem, fruit matures in 2 yrs

white oak red oak

Quercus alba - white oak

*Fagaceae - oaks *Fagaceae - oaks Bur oak - Ozarkian element species of Red oak - more mesic member of the red xeric oak woodlands and oak savannas oak group; black oak, hill’s oak are more xeric tolerant

Quercus macrocarpa - bur oak - red oak

4 *Fagaceae - *Fagaceae - chestnuts American chestnuts • Castanea, the chestnuts, have 2 Massachusetts in late female flowers per spiny involucre 1800s prior to 1904 chestnut blight

Japanese chestnut in Connecticut - resistant

Castanea dentata - American Castanea dentata - chestnut original distribution

* - walnuts *Juglandaceae - walnuts Well known tree family containing walnuts, , and • Leaves pinnately compound, alternate 10 genera and 50 species are divided into two subfamilies • Leaves often aromatic from resinous peltate glands; allelopathic

Engelhardia

Juglans cinera Butternut, white walnut shagbark

5 *Juglandaceae - walnuts *Juglandaceae - walnuts

Juglans cinera CA 3-6 CO 0 A 3-∞ G 0 • Trees are Butternut, white walnut monoecious • male flowers apetalous and arranged in pendulous catkins or • Wind pollinated aments on older stems features • calyx small; each flower bracted

Female flower

Male inflorescence English walnut - Black walnut

*Juglandaceae - walnuts *Juglandaceae - walnuts • fruit a nut - single ovule fused to ovary wall Juglans cinera CA 4 CO 0 A 0 G (2) • surrounded often by persistant involucral bracts which can Butternut, white walnut become fleshy; thus sometimes mistakenly called a “drupe” • female flowers apetalous and in a small group on this year’s new growth

• calyx small, persistant, often fused to involucral bracts; 2 stigma feathery Bitternut hickory Juglans nigra Black walnut Juglans cinera Butternut, white walnut

Juglans nigra Black walnut

6 *Juglandaceae - walnuts *Juglandaceae - hickories

• black walnut: one of the most • shagbark hickory: common tree of prized of all trees for fine more mesic to xeric forests over much furniture of North America - oak/hickory forests

Juglans nigra - black walnut Carya ovata - shagbark hickory

* - *Betulaceae - birches Female inflorescence North Temperate family of 6 genera and • both female and male (drooping) 110 species of shrubs to trees - birches inflorescences are in aments/catkins and • flowers possess no perianth

• fruit a small nut or 1 seeded samara, subtended by 3-lobed bract

Male inflorescence

Betula papyrifera - paper

7 *Betulaceae - birches *Betulaceae - birches

Ostrya virginiana - eastern hop , ironwood

Alnus, the alders

Betula papyrifera - Betula allegheniensis paper birch yellow birch Hazelnut, filbert

Myricaceae - sweet gale • Small family 3 genera that fix • small family of 100 species - atmospheric nitrogen the she oaks of Australia

• Dioecious shrubs or subshrubs with sweet aromatic smell

Casuarina - evergreen with equisetoid leaves

Myrica gale - sweet gale peregrina - sweet fern

8 - wood sorrels

• small, heterogeneous, novel group 6 genera, 770 species in the tropics and temperate areas - 700 of 6 families - seed character? belong to (wood sorrel) Oxalidaceae Wood sorrels • plants are herbaceous creepers or woody vines

Cephalotaceae Australian pitcher

Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels

6 genera, 770 species in the tropics and temperate areas - 700 belong to Oxalis (wood sorrel) CA 5 CO 5 A 5+5 G (5) • 5 merous flowers

Oxalis corniculata - creeping yellow wood sorrel • typically 3-foliate Oxalis • fruits are 5 locular & leaves (the real winged capsules or berries shamrock)

• leaves are acidic to taste due to oxalic acid in the form of calcium oxalate

9 Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels

• common native and introduced wood-sorrels CA 5 CO 5 A 5+5 G (5) • 5 merous flowers Oxalis - - • fruits are 5 locular & violet wood-sorrel Oxalis corniculata Oxalis tall wood-sorrel winged capsules or berries - • tristyly common (3 levels wood-sorrel at which 2 sets of anthers and 1 set of styles position) U U U

Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels * • large and diverse group of 39 • tropical fruit - carambola or star fruit: note 5 families - many of them carpellate structure contributing importantly to tropical forest diversity

Averrhoa carambola

10 *Malpighiales *Malpighiales • “novel” clade – unusual life forms • “novel” clade • leaf margin teeth • “” subclade (placentation) mangle • hosts for Cymothoe butterflies mangrove

stream aquatic Podostemonaceae Podostemon

Rafflesiaceae parasite

*Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets 23 genera, 800 species of herbs (temperate) to vines and small have either basal leaves or cauline trees (tropics). 400-600 of them are violets (Viola). leaves - cordate or palmately lobed or divided.

Stipules are well developed.

Viola tricolor - , jonny-jump-up - tropical shrub

11 *Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets CA 5 COZ 5 A 5 G (3) CA 5 COZ 5 A 5 G (3)

• Flowers insect pollinated, Pistil forms 3 parting guides, zygomorphic capsule in chasmogamous flowers (open flowers) • Perianth 5 merous from out-crossing

• Lower petal spurred, 2 lower stamens have spurs going back Cleistogamous, or closed into the petal spur flowers, form small capsules via self- (note the parietal placentation in • 3 fused carpels upper capsule)

*Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets

V. sororia - dooryard violet

Viola affinis - Wisconsin state flower! One sand violet of many stemless purple violets

School children on Arbor Day, 1908, voted this violet in as the state flower. It V. pedata V. pedatifida was a very close vote – find one other (of ’s-foot violet Prairie violet 3) species that lost out.

12 *Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets • tropical taxa of other genera and Viola are woody • from where did the 10 species in Hawaii come?

V. pubescens - downy yellow violet V. canadensis - Canada white violet a stemmed yellow violet a stemmed white violet

*Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets

• DNA places them within a • Beringian source is polyploid complex, amphi- rare, especially Beringian tundra species surprising with a group once considered tropical

• bird migration V. la n g sd o rffi pathway from Beringia to Hawaii is common and potential mechanism of dispersal

13 - St. John’s wort Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort 9 genera, 560 species of temperate herbs or small shrubs 9 genera, 560 species of temperate herbs or small shrubs

• opposite leaved "The little holes where of the leaves of Saint Johns wort are full, does • leaves are punctate - resemble all the pores of the skin and with clearly visible therefore it is profitable for all hurts clear to black dots, and wounds that can happen these sometimes seen thereunto.” on petals as well Herbalist William Coles (17th century) – Doctrine of Signatures

hyperforin and hypericin

Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort

CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5) Stamens many, often grouped CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5) • pistil made up of 3 to 5 fused carpels

• placentation either axile (then 3-5 locules) or parietal (as here)

Hypericum perforatum - Klamath weed [ecologically invasive] pyrimidatum Note the perforations along edge of yellow petals great St. John’s wort

14 Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort

CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5) • pistil made up of 3 to 5 fused • Hypericum common in high carpels elevation regions of tropics

• placentation either axile (then 3-5 locuoles) or parietal

Hypericum in Costa Rican paramo

• fruit a capsule

• Triadenum restricted Hypericum pyrimidatum to wetlands Triadenum virginicum great St. John’s wort marsh St. John’s wort

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