DOCSLIB.ORG

The Sustainable Architecture of Bazaars and Its Relation with Social

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Sustainable Architecture of Bazaars and Its Relation with Social International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Vol.5, No.4, Autumn 2015 Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International The Sustainable Architecture of Bazaars and its Relation with Social, Cultural and Economic Components (Case Study: The Historic Bazaar of Tabriz) 1Arezou Mohammadi Kalan, 2*Eduardo Oliveira 1M.Sc., Independent researcher,Tabriz, Iran 2Postdoctoral researcher, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland. Recieved 08.22.2013; Accepted 09.02.2015 ABSTRACT: Urban commercial quarters such as bazaars can be found all over the world, from Turkey to Egypt, from Tajikistan to Iran. In Iranian cities, bazaars have very specific and unique architectural features and they have played an important role as economic and social engines. In addition, bazaars are an integral part of the cultural geography of Iran and have contributed to the definition of urban development patterns. This paper aims to critically explore sustainable architectural elements in historic bazaars and their relation to social and cultural components. This paper’s theoretical exploration is developed by detailing relevant findings from a case study on the significance of the sustainable architectural elements of the historic Bazaar of Tabriz, and it debates the relationship between those architectural elements and socio-cultural and economic components. A qualitative methodology, specifically in-depth interviews with shop-owners and customers and in loco observation, was employed. Findings show that the Bazaar of Tabriz has preserved its sustainability both in terms of architecture, by rigorous preservation, and in terms of socio- cultural and economic components, by maintaining an exciting daily dynamic and a healthy relationship between shop- owners, customers, local administration and the city of Tabriz. The preservation of unique and authentic sustainable architectural features, together with the maintenance of public spaces, such as mosques and schools, benefits the population of Tabriz and brings visitors every day to the shopping area of the complex, thus maintaining a constant flux and social, cultural and economic dynamics. Keywords: Culture, Historic Bazaars, Socio-Economic, Sustainable Architecture, Tabriz. INTRODUCTION This paper brings together a sustainable architecture and efficient use of energy systems and materials to make approach and the economic and socio-cultural components buildings that are more conducive to human use and comfort, involved in historic bazaars, an under-researched topic in without generating pollutants or borrowing natural and non- academia and praxis. According to Guy & Farmer (2001), renewable resources from future generations (Bennetts et al., sustainable architecture is an approach and an attitude 2004). The design process for buildings which incorporate towards the conception of structures, such as buildings or sustainable features has intensified during the past years commercial complexes like bazaars. According to Ibrahim (Bodart & Edward, 2011). The core idea behind sustainable and Mohamed (2005), the introduction of a more sustainable architecture advocacy is that buildings and infrastructures must approach in architecture reflects the principles of sustainable become producers rather than exclusively consumers of energy. development. Sustainable architecture in a nutshell can Sassi (2006) argues that the relationship between architecture be defined by the dominance of energy efficiency and and social sustainability can help put into practice and even climate adaptation strategies aimed at improving economic encourage a sustainable way of life. Bazaars could be seen performance as well as the efficiency of buildings and infra- as pioneers in applying sustainable features while enhancing structures in general. The notion implies a thoughtful, effective a sense of belonging and attachment to place ( Ashworth & Graham, 2005), as they are spaces where social interactions *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] are dominant, culture is nourished and economic value is 5 generated and hopefully maintained. According to Moosavi of respondents started as a process of convenience sampling (2005), a bazaar is a covered public passageway which is (Neuman, 2011) following the examples of previous studies surrounded by shops on two sides. The architectural features (Maroofi et al., 2014) and continued as snowball sampling. were highly dependent on the climate, culture and economic Interviews and observation were both carried out by the authors power of the city in which it is located. Bazaars are examples at the Bazaar of Tabriz in August 2014. of structures designed with an awareness of sustainable Vol.5, No.4, Autumn 2015 Autumn No.4, Vol.5, architecture. Bazaars also reflect the symbioses between the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION need to create structures for the communities to develop their Historic Bazaars activities, the need for adaptation to the territorial physical The word “bazaar” is related to “Çarşı” in Turkish, “Bazaar” characteristics and the need to create dynamics of spatial in Persian and “Bazzarro” in Italian. Bazaars have always (urban) development (Correia et al., 2009). The bazaar is accommodated a large number of activities and have become a traditional public space and part of the urban fabric of intrinsically linked to the development of cities, architecture several cities in Iran. The bazaar is not only the commercial and a sense of place (Pirnia, 2007). First, the bazaar may be centre of traditional cities in Iran, but also the centre of viewed as a symbol of tradition and as a market which operates social, cultural, political and religious activities, and is hence not only in economic terms. Secondly, it may be viewed as interconnected with economic, social and environmental part of a city’s tangible and intangible heritage. Similar to the International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International sustainability (Alipoor & Raeesolmohadesin, 2012). This is ‘plaza’ of the preindustrial European cities, bazaars were also the case with the historic Bazaar of Tabriz in northwest Iran. the most popular site for the development of social, political, The architecture of the Bazaar of Tabriz reflects the links cultural and civic activities of people, like the forum or agora between the climate and local culture. In addition, it has been of ancient cities (Edgu et al., 2012). contributing by adding economic value to the city, supporting job creation and maintaining and developing the surrounding The Bazaar in the Islamic Republic of Iran urban area. The language of architecture is more than a form; Bazaars can be found in various cities of the Islamic Republic it evokes the past, prefigures the future and articulates the of Iran, such as in Shiraz, Isfahan and Tabriz. The bazaar is not present for all citizens and communities (Eldemery, 2010), only the commercial centre of traditional cities in Iran, but also and it represents an integral part of the manifestation of a the meeting point for social and cultural interactions. These society or the image of a place. The historic bazaars of Iran cultural and social activities are the result of the sustainable have always been public spaces for commercial activities and dimension regarding the architecture of the bazaars. Climate centres of social, cultural, political and religious activities is one of the main factors that determine the architecture of where the architecture mirrors societal behaviours. By taking buildings including bazaars in Iranian cities (Fig. 1). the historic Bazaar of Tabriz as a case study, this paper aims to critically explore the sustainable architectural elements The Bazaar of Tabriz of historic bazaars and their relation with social and cultural The historic Bazaar of Tabriz (Fig. 2 and 3) is the largest components. traditional covered bazaar in the world with the finest art and sustainable architectural features. Its strategic location on the MATERIALS AND METHODS Silk Road has always contributed to its economic vitality. In conducting this study, a qualitative method of research was Social, religious, communicational, political and cultural employed. Primary data were gathered through observation functions can also be witnessed throughout history. These at the Bazaar of Tabriz and in-depth interviews with 40 shop- elements have been kept alive until today. owners and customers. In-depth interviews were used in order The Bazaar of Tabriz covers an area of over three square to collect information regarding the perceptions of those kilometres and in 2010 it was included on the World Heritage that interact with the Bazaar on a daily basis. The selection List by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Fig. 1: Climatic influence on the bazaar structure in four Iranian cities. 6 International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International Fig. 2: Historic Bazaar of Tabriz. Fig. 3: Historic Bazaar of Tabriz with an emphasis on the roof function. Organization (UNESCO, 2010). The Bazaar was built on the noticeable temperature variation between day and night time. main circulation axis of the city, connecting the east to the In order to face these climate challenges, the Bazaar was built northwest, dividing the Bazaar into two main parallel rasteh: with the aim of providing protection against climatic conditions, The main “rasteh”; thus responding to the natural environmental
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Architecture and Urbanism in the Middle East
    Viewpoints Special Edition Architecture and Urbanism in the Middle East The Middle East Institute Middle East Institute The mission of the Middle East Institute is to promote knowledge of the Middle East in Amer- ica and strengthen understanding of the United States by the people and governments of the region. For more than 60 years, MEI has dealt with the momentous events in the Middle East — from the birth of the state of Israel to the invasion of Iraq. Today, MEI is a foremost authority on contemporary Middle East issues. It pro- vides a vital forum for honest and open debate that attracts politicians, scholars, government officials, and policy experts from the US, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. MEI enjoys wide access to political and business leaders in countries throughout the region. Along with information exchanges, facilities for research, objective analysis, and thoughtful commentary, MEI’s programs and publications help counter simplistic notions about the Middle East and America. We are at the forefront of private sector public diplomacy. Viewpoints is another MEI service to audiences interested in learning more about the complexities of issues affecting the Middle East and US relations with the region. To learn more about the Middle East Institute, visit our website at http://www.mideasti.org Cover photos, clockwise from the top left hand corner: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (Imre Solt; © GFDL); Tripoli, Libya (Patrick André Perron © GFDL); Burj al Arab Hotel in Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Al Faisaliyah Tower in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Doha, Qatar skyline (Abdulrahman photo); Selimiye Mosque, Edirne, Turkey (Murdjo photo); Registan, Samarkand, Uzbekistan (Steve Evans photo).
    [Show full text]
  • Revitalization of the Bazaar Neighborhood in Tehran
    REVITALIZATION OF THE BAZAAR NEIGHBORHOOD IN TEHRAN BY PARDIS MOINZADEH THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Landscape Architecture in Landscape Architecture in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 2014 Urbana, Illinois Adviser: P Professor D. Fairchild Ruggles Abstract The word “bazaar” comes from an ancient word “wazaar” meaning market. The word “baza” has been used in other countries such as Turkey, Arabic countries and India as well.1 Bazaars are historic market places that provide trade services as well as other functions. Their historic buildings are renowned for their architectural aesthetics, and in old cities such as Tehran (Iran) they are considered the centerpiece of activities with architectural, cultural, historical, religious, and commercial values. However, during the past 400 years, they have undergone social and environmental changes. The neighborhood of the Tehran Bazaar has in recent decades become degraded, which has consequently decreased the social value of the historic Bazaar. The ruined urban condition makes it impossible for contemporary visitors to have a pleasurable experience while visiting the Bazaar, although that was historically their experience. As Tehran began to grow, much of the trade and finance in the city has moved to the newly developed section of the city, diminishing the importance of the bazaars. Today, shoppers and residents living in the Bazaar neighborhood inhabit dilapidated buildings, while customers and tourists—when they go there at all—experience a neighborhood that lacks even the most basic urban amenities such as sidewalks, drainage, benches, trees and lighting. This design study required a number of investigations.
    [Show full text]
  • Bazaars and Bazaar Buildings in Regency and Victorian London’, the Georgian Group Journal, Vol
    Kathryn Morrison, ‘Bazaars and Bazaar Buildings in Regency and Victorian London’, The Georgian Group Journal, Vol. XV, 2006, pp. 281–308 TEXT © THE AUTHORS 2006 BAZAARS AND BAZAAR BUILDINGS IN REGENCY AND VICTORIAN LONDON KATHRYN A MORRISON INTRODUCTION upper- and middle-class shoppers, they developed ew retail or social historians have researched the the concept of browsing, revelled in display, and Flarge-scale commercial enterprises of the first discovered increasingly inventive and theatrical ways half of the nineteenth century with the same of combining shopping with entertainment. In enthusiasm and depth of analysis that is applied to the devising the ideal setting for this novel shopping department store, a retail format which blossomed in experience they pioneered a form of retail building the second half of the century. This is largely because which provided abundant space and light. Th is type copious documentation and extensive literary of building, admirably suited to a sales system references enable historians to use the department dependent on the exhibition of goods, would find its store – and especially the metropolitan department ultimate expression in department stores such as the store – to explore a broad range of social, economic famous Galeries Lafayette in Paris and Whiteley’s in and gender-specific issues. These include kleptomania, London. labour conditions, and the development of shopping as a leisure activity for upper- and middle-class women. Historical sources relating to early nineteenth- THE PRINCIPLES OF BAZAAR RETAILING century shopping may be relatively sparse and Shortly after the conclusion of the French wars, inaccessible, yet the study of retail innovation in that London acquired its first arcade (Royal Opera period, both in the appearance of shops and stores Arcade) and its first bazaar (Soho Bazaar), providing and in their economic practices, has great potential.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short Glimpse to the Urban Development of Tabriz During the History * Ph.D Candidate
    Journal Of Contemporary Urban Affairs 2019, Volume 3, Number 1, pages 73– 83 A Short Glimpse to the Urban Development of Tabriz During the History * Ph.D Candidate. NARMIN BABAZADEH ASBAGH Faculty of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] A B S T R A C T A R T I C L E I N F O: Article history: Locating on North West of Iran, Tabriz, the capital of East Azerbaijan Province, Received 03 September 2018 is one of the important metropolises of the country. The foundation of this Accepted 08 October 2018 Available online 26 October historic city dated back to 1500 B.C. but due to the severe earthquakes, few 2018 historic buildings remained from ancient eras. In 2012, Tabriz was selected as the most beautiful city of Iran, and it is nominated as the tourism capital of Keywords: Islamic countries in 2018. Tabriz used to be the capital of Iran during different Tabriz; dynasties like Ilkhanid, Kara Koyunlu, Ak Koyunlu, and Safavid; it was the Iran; Urban Development; residence of the royal family and crown prince during the Qajar Dynasty Qajar Dynasty; period. Tabriz is famous as “the city of the firsts”; and the Historic Bazaar Rapid Urban Growth. Complex of Tabriz is the biggest roofed bazaar in the world, inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 2010. Tabriz experiences the phenomenon of rapid urban growth causing the formation of slum settlements in the border zones of the city. This paper will briefly discuss the urban development of Tabriz during the history.
    [Show full text]
  • The Change of the Hospital Architecture from the Early Part of 20Th Century to Nowadays: an Example of Konya
    New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 4, Issue 11, (2017) 23-34 ISSN:2547-8818 www.prosoc.eu Selected Paper of 6th World Conference on Design and Arts (WCDA 2017), 29 June – 01 July 2017, University of Zagreb, Zagreb – Croatia The Change of the Hospital Architecture from the Early Part of 20th Century to Nowadays: An Example of Konya Dicle Aydin a*, Department of Architecture, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, Turkey. Esra Yaldiz b, Department of Architecture, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, Turkey. Suheyla Buyuksahin c, Department of Architecture, Selcuk University, 42075 Konya, Turkey. Suggested Citation: Aydin, D., Yaldiz, E. & Buyuksahin, S. (2017). The change of the hospital architecture from the early part of 20th century to nowadays: an example of Konya. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences. [Online]. 4(11), 23-34. Available from: www.prosoc.eu Selection and peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Ayse Cakir Ilhan, Ankara University, Turkey. ©2017 SciencePark Research, Organization & Counseling. All rights reserved. Abstract The hospitals that served in the name of ‘darussifa’ in Seljuk Empire period in Anatolia continued their service during Ottoman Empire period. The health institutions in different areas in Ottoman period were replaced by ‘Gureba hospitals’ in 19th century. The change in Anatolia was realised, after the declaration of the Republic and with the development of its economy, and lived in every area; hospital buildings were constructed first as ‘Gureba hospitals’ then as ‘country hospitals’ in Anatolia cities like Konya after the big cities like İstanbul, Ankara and İzmir.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Analysis of the Role of Bazaar on the Formation of Iranian
    Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 12(26), 89-101, Spring 2019 ISSN: 2008-5079 / EISSN: 2538-2365 DOI: 10.22034/AAUD.2019.89058 Historical Analysis of the Role of Bazaar on the Formation of Iranian Islamic Urban Forms; Case Study: Shiraz, Iran Ali Reza Sadeghia, Mehdi Khakzandb*, Sina Jangjooc a Assistant Professor of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. b Assistant Professor of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture & Urban Planning, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran, Iran. c M.A. of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Received 06 November 2018; Revised 27 February 2019; Accepted 09 June 2019; Available Online 19 June 2019 ABSTRACT: Iranian Islamic city is a physical entity that represents social, cultural and political mechanisms in the Iranian territory where forms, elements, and rules governing the interaction of the inhabitants and the environment are based on the Islamic worldview. Physical, functional, and spatial centers constitute the main form of the city. Also, Bazaar is one of the main elements of traditional Islamic- Iranian cities which has been originally developed for the fulfilment of commercial and manufacturing functions. The present study attempts to analyze these important factors in the formation process of Bazaar structure, as an important factor shaping the ancient Islamic Iranian cities, and to investigate the relationship of these changes with the changes of the urban community. In order to investigate the role of Bazaar in the integrity of the physical form and the main structure of historic cities of Iran in the present study, a combination of descriptive, historical, and comparative research method was used through reviewing texts, sources and visual documents, and the analysis of the evolution of urban Bazaars in shaping the form of ancient Islamic Iranian cities.
    [Show full text]
  • Flight from Your Home Country to Tabriz
    Day 1: Flight from your home country to Tabriz Preparing ourselves for a fabulous trip to Great Persia. Flight from Istanbul late evening with Turkish Airlines to Tabriz Arrival to Tabriz early morning next day, after customer formality, meet and assist at airport and transfer to the Hotel , check in for rest. Day 2: Kandovan 0830 AM breakfast in hotel, then travel to Kandavan is village far from Tabriz around 62KM, this village is in Sahand Rural District, in the Central District of Osku County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. This village exemplifies manmade cliff dwellings which are still inhabited. The troglodyte homes, excavated inside volcanic rocks and tuffs similar to dwellings in the Turkish region of Cappadocia, are locally called "Karaan". Karaans were cut into the Lahars (volcanic mudflow or debris flow) of Mount Sahand. The cone form of the houses is the result of lahar flow consisting of porous round and angular pumice together with other volcanic particles that were positioned in a grey acidic matrix. After the eruption of Sahand these materials were naturally moved and formed the rocks of Kandovan. Around the village the thickness of this formation exceeds 100 m and with time due to water erosion the cone shaped cliffs were formed. At the 2006 census, the village population was 601, in 168 families this village also famous for mineral spring water useful for urinary stones, every day 100 s of peoples going to drink it and take in bulk for their use. Lunch in local restaurant in Kandavan and return to Tabriz in afternoon and evening in free Day 3: Tabriz Today after breakfast in hotel (use to eat BAL GHYMAGH), walking in Shahgoli and then we go to visit Blue Mosque and Museum, then visit to Grand bazaar and House of constitutional of Tabriz Lunch in traditional restaurant and continue to discover Grand Bazaar Return to the hotel late afternoon and evening in free O/N Tabriz Tabriz is the most populated city in the Iranian Azerbaijan, one of the historical capitals of Iran, and the present capital of East Azerbaijan Province.
    [Show full text]
  • Moroccan Architecture, Traditional and Modern
    Moroccan Architecture, traditional and modern - A field study in Casablanca, Morocco LTH School of Engineering at Campus Helsingborg Housing Development & Management Bachelor thesis: Tove Brunzell Sanaa Duric Copyright Tove Brunzell, Sanaa Duric LTH School of Engineering Lund University Box 882 SE-251 08 Helsingborg Sweden LTH Ingenjörshögskolan vid Campus Helsingborg Lunds universitet Box 882 251 08 Helsingborg Printed in Sweden Media-Tryck Biblioteksdirektionen Lunds universitet Lund 2012 Abstract This thesis is about traditional and modern architecture in Casablanca, Morocco. Morocco is located in north-western Africa and Casablanca is the country's largest city with a population of 3.3 million (2011). Morocco has a long history with many different rulers which have left its mark on the country's architecture. The old, traditional architecture of Casablanca is in the old medina, Medina Qdima, which was built in the late 18th and early 19th century. The medina and the traditional Arabic houses that it is composed of are very similar to those in other Arab countries, and the structure of the medina and the houses follow the Islamic laws on private and public areas. The public areas are commercial streets and squares and the private are residential blocks, all the streets in the medina are narrow and winding and the size of the streets varies with how private or public they are. The buildings in the Medina stand very dense and the residential areas are built around a street from where dead-end alleyways go out, along these alleyways are clusters of dwellings. The traditional Arabic houses are perhaps better known as houses with courtyards, but they are also called dar.
    [Show full text]
  • The Typology of Plant Compositions in the Stucco Decorations from The
    Downloaded from jria.iust.ac.ir at 7:10 IRST on Thursday October 7th 2021 Downloaded from jria.iust.ac.ir at 7:10 IRST on Thursday October 7th 2021 39 فصلنامه پژوهش های معماری اسﻻمی / شماره نوزدهم / تابستان 1397 / سال ششم گونهشناسی ترکیب بندیهای گیاهی در تزئینات گچبري ایران دورهی اسﻻمي تا اواخر قرن هشتم هجري* احمد صالحی کاخکی** دانشیار دانشکده حفاظت و مرمت، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان بهاره تقوی نژاد*** استادیار دانشکده صنایع دستی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان )نویسندهی مسئول( تاریخ دریافت مقاله: 11/11/96 تاریخ پذیرش نهایی:97/05/24 چکیــــده: آرایههای گیاهی، یکی از بارزترین نقوش به کار برده شده در انواع هنرها به شمار میرود که همواره حضوری بارز و مستمر داشته و با غنای بسیار به اجرا درآمده است. استفاده از این گروه آرایهها در تزئینات معماری نیز به وفور مشاهده میشود و تزئینات گچبری هم، از این قاعده مستثنی نیستند. نحوهی ترکیببندی آرایههای گیاهی، در هر دوره از ویژگیهای خاصی برخوردار بوده است؛ گرچه بخش عمدهای از این ترکیب بندیها در طی قرون متمادی به دفعات تکرار شده که میتواند به عنوان ویژگی سبکی تزئینات گیاهی نیز به شمار آید. هدف این پژوهش، گونهشناسی و طبقهبندی ترکیب بندیهای شاخص گیاهی در تزئینات گچبری قرون اولیه اسﻻمی تا پایان قرن هشتم هجری است. در راستای دستیابی به این هدف، پرسش اصلی این پژوهش چنین است: رایجترین ترکیب بندیهای گیاهی در تزئینات گچبری دورهی اسﻻمی ایران تا پایان قرن هشتم هجری کدام است؟ کدام ترکیب بندیها را میتوان از جمله ویژگیهای شاخص آرایههای گیاهی در یک دوره یا بازهی زمانی خاص، به شمار آورد؟ روش یافتهاندوزی بر اساس پژوهشی میدانی )عکاسی- طرح خطی1 تصاویر( و با استناد به منابع مکتوب انجام شده که به روش تاریخی- تطبیقی، به تحلیل دادههای بدست آمده از نمونههای مطالعاتی میپردازد.
    [Show full text]
  • Ali Rad Yousefnia The-Impacts-Of-A
    TANGIBLE - INTANGIBLE HERITAGE(S) – DESIGN, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CRITIQUES ON THE PAST, PRESENT AND THE FUTURE • Paper / Proposal Title: The Impacts of a Political Quarrel on Heritage: The case of traditional Bazaar in Tabriz • Author(s) Name: Ali Rad Yousefnia • University or Company Affiliation: Master of Architecture (M. Arch) in Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, Turkey • Presentation Method. I would like to: i. present in person (with a written paper) • Abstract (300 words): Bazaar as the core, has shaped the urban form of many traditional Iranian cities. Without Bazar, a settlement is not considered as a city. Several functions can be listed for Bazaar due to its close spatial relations with different parts of the urban form. Activates like social, religious and cultural activities are among these examples. Nowadays, Bazaar considers as one of the most valuable heritages in Iranian cities. Tabriz, as one of the important and effective cities on the silk road, connected several regions. It was the connection hub with Europe and Anatolia on its West, Caucuses and Russia on its north, Persia and Middle East on its south and east regions. During the transition from tradition to modernity, the Bazaar of Tabriz had been the target of several changes and transformations. One of the most crucial and destructive acts which affected the structural and physical form of Bazaar was the street widening act enacted under the Reza Shah’s reign and continued through the ruling years of his son MohammadReza Shah. This act tore down the old and historical urban fabric in almost all cities in Iran between 1920 and 1960.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & the Exuberance of Mamluk Design
    The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & The Exuberance of Mamluk Design Tarek A. El-Akkad Dipòsit Legal: B. 17657-2013 ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tesisenxarxa.net) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del s eu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tesisenred.net) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos.
    [Show full text]
  • Part Series He Wrote That Details a Seven- Month Road Trip Through Iran
    Hossein Rojhantalab shares his philosophy for the transition to retirement through this two-part series he wrote that details a seven- month road trip through Iran. “Take it easy and enjoy life!” SEVEN MONTHS IN IRAN - 2013 PART ONE OF TWO Wrien by Hossein Rojhantalab Hossein Rojhantalab, a Thin Films Engineer who rered in 2011 from Hillsboro spent seven months on a road trip through Iran. His fascinang journal details his trip and will be connued in the May News Flash. Background I le Iran aer I graduated from high school to pursue a higher educaon in the US. My high school friend, Yadi, and I, at the ages of 18 and 19 respecvely, arrived in Berkeley, California in 1964. I went back to Iran aer I obtained a PhD in Chemistry in 1976 and worked as a professor at Ahwaz University unl 1977 and then at Shiraz University unl 1982. Along with three other professors, I opened a publishing company in Tehran, where we translated and published popular science books. In 1985 I returned to the US and worked as a Post Doc at the University of Tami and Hossein at Narenjestan [orange orchard], Shiraz Oregon doing surface science research. I joined Intel in October, 1988 in Lithography and moved to Thin Films in 1991. I met my wife, Tami in 1994 in Portland (at the Waterfront Blues Festival). She’s a nationally‐recognized contemporary jewelry designer and a linguist, and quickly developed an interest in Iran. For many years we planned to take a trip there, so she could meet my family and experience a bit of my homeland.
    [Show full text]