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The Sustainable Architecture of Bazaars and Its Relation with Social

The Sustainable Architecture of Bazaars and Its Relation with Social

International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 5 Eduardo Oliveira * 2 and social sustainability can help put into practice and even and social sustainability can help put into practice and even encourage a sustainable way of life. could be seen enhancing while features sustainable applying in pioneers as Ashworth & a sense of belonging and attachment to place ( interactions social spaces where are they as Graham, 2005), are dominant, culture is nourished and economic value is and efficient use energyof systemscomfort, and use human to conducive more are that buildings and materials to make pollutants or borrowing natural and non- without generating renewable resources from future generations (Bennetts et al., The design process for buildings which incorporate 2004). sustainable features has intensifiedsustainable behind idea core The & Edward, 2011). (Bodart during the past years advocacy is that buildings and infrastructures must architecture become producers rather than exclusively consumers of energy. architecture between the relationship that Sassi (2006) argues Components Recieved 08.22.2013; Accepted 09.02.2015 Recieved 08.22.2013; M.Sc., Independent researcher,, M.Sc., Independent researcher,Tabriz, 1 Arezou Mohammadi Kalan, Arezou Mohammadi Kalan, 1 Urban commercial quarters such as bazaars can be found all over the world, from to Turkey from world, the over all found be can bazaars as such quarters commercial Urban (Case Study: The Historic of Tabriz) of The Historic Bazaar (Case Study: he Sustainable Architecture of Bazaars and of Bazaars Architecture he Sustainable Culture, Historic Bazaars, Socio-Economic, Sustainable Architecture, Tabriz. Architecture, Historic Bazaars, Socio-Economic, Sustainable Culture, Postdoctoral researcher, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland. Swiss Federal Research Postdoctoral researcher, [email protected] 2

T its Relation with Social, Cultural and Economic with Social, Cultural and its Relation Keywords: Tabriz has preserved its sustainability both in terms of architecture, by rigorous preservation, and in terms of socio- terms in and by rigorous preservation, of architecture, terms in both sustainability has preserved its Tabriz between shop- and a healthy relationship daily dynamic an exciting components, by maintaining and economic cultural sustainable of unique and authentic preservation The Tabriz. city of and the administration owners, customers, local architectural features, together flux with constant a maintaining thus the complex, the of area maintenance the to day every of visitors brings and public Tabriz of population spaces, such as and schools, benefits the and social, cultural and economic dynamics. Egypt, from Tajikistan Egypt, to from Iran. Tajikistan In Iranian cities, bazaars have very specific and unique architectural features and they cultural of the part an integral are bazaars In addition, engines. and social as economic role an important played have geography of Iran and have contributed to the definition of urban development patterns. This paper aims to critically This components. cultural and social to relation their and bazaars historic in elements architectural sustainable explore paper’s theoretical exploration is developed by detailing relevant findings from a casebetween those and it debates the relationship Tabriz, studyof the historic Bazaar of elements the sustainable architectural on the significance of architectural elements and socio-cultural specificallyqualitative and in-depth methodology, A economic components. of Bazaar the that show Findings was employed. observation, loco in and customers shop-owners and with interviews ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT: International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development and Urban Architecture of Journal International Autumn 2015 No.4, Vol.5,

*Corresponding Author Email: performance as well as the efficiency of buildings and infra- structures in general. effective The notion implies a thoughtful, development. Sustainable architecture in a nutshell can development. Sustainable architecture in a nutshell can be defined by the climate adaptation strategies aimed at improving economic dominance energy of efficiency and towards the conception of structures, such as buildings or towards the conception of structures, such as buildings or According to Ibrahim commercial complexes like bazaars. and Mohamed (2005), the introduction of a more sustainable approach in architecture reflects theprinciples of sustainable involved in historic bazaars, an under-researched topic in topic in involved in historic bazaars, an under-researched According to Guy & Farmer (2001), academia and praxis. sustainable architecture is an approach and an attitude INTRODUCTION This paper brings together a sustainable architecture approach and the economic and socio-cultural components generated and hopefully maintained. According to Moosavi of respondents started as a process of convenience sampling (2005), a bazaar is a covered public passageway which is (Neuman, 2011) following the examples of previous studies surrounded by shops on two sides. The architectural features (Maroofi et al., 2014) and continued as snowball sampling. were highly dependent on the climate, culture and economic Interviews and observation were both carried out by the authors power of the city in which it is located. Bazaars are examples at the in August 2014. of structures designed with an awareness of sustainable Vol.5, No.4, Autumn 2015 Autumn No.4, Vol.5, architecture. Bazaars also reflect the symbioses between the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION need to create structures for the communities to develop their Historic Bazaars activities, the need for adaptation to the territorial physical The word “bazaar” is related to “Çarşı” in Turkish, “Bazaar” characteristics and the need to create dynamics of spatial in Persian and “Bazzarro” in Italian. Bazaars have always (urban) development (Correia et al., 2009). The bazaar is accommodated a large number of activities and have become a traditional public space and part of the urban fabric of intrinsically linked to the development of cities, architecture several cities in Iran. The bazaar is not only the commercial and a sense of place (Pirnia, 2007). First, the bazaar may be centre of traditional cities in Iran, but also the centre of viewed as a symbol of tradition and as a which operates social, cultural, political and religious activities, and is hence not only in economic terms. Secondly, it may be viewed as interconnected with economic, social and environmental part of a city’s tangible and intangible heritage. Similar to the International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International

sustainability (Alipoor & Raeesolmohadesin, 2012). This is ‘plaza’ of the preindustrial European cities, bazaars were also the case with the historic Bazaar of Tabriz in northwest Iran. the most popular site for the development of social, political, The architecture of the Bazaar of Tabriz reflects the links cultural and civic activities of people, like the forum or agora between the climate and local culture. In addition, it has been of ancient cities (Edgu et al., 2012). contributing by adding economic value to the city, supporting job creation and maintaining and developing the surrounding The Bazaar in the Islamic Republic of Iran urban area. The language of architecture is more than a form; Bazaars can be found in various cities of the Islamic Republic it evokes the past, prefigures the future and articulates the of Iran, such as in , and Tabriz. The bazaar is not present for all citizens and communities (Eldemery, 2010), only the commercial centre of traditional cities in Iran, but also and it represents an integral part of the manifestation of a the meeting point for social and cultural interactions. These society or the image of a place. The historic bazaars of Iran cultural and social activities are the result of the sustainable have always been public spaces for commercial activities and dimension regarding the architecture of the bazaars. Climate centres of social, cultural, political and religious activities is one of the main factors that determine the architecture of where the architecture mirrors societal behaviours. By taking buildings including bazaars in Iranian cities (Fig. 1). the historic Bazaar of Tabriz as a case study, this paper aims to critically explore the sustainable architectural elements The Bazaar of Tabriz of historic bazaars and their relation with social and cultural The historic Bazaar of Tabriz (Fig. 2 and 3) is the largest components. traditional covered bazaar in the world with the finest art and sustainable architectural features. Its strategic location on the MATERIALS AND METHODS has always contributed to its economic vitality. In conducting this study, a qualitative method of research was Social, religious, communicational, political and cultural employed. Primary data were gathered through observation functions can also be witnessed throughout history. These at the Bazaar of Tabriz and in-depth interviews with 40 shop- elements have been kept alive until today. owners and customers. In-depth interviews were used in order The Bazaar of Tabriz covers an area of over three square to collect information regarding the perceptions of those kilometres and in 2010 it was included on the World Heritage that interact with the Bazaar on a daily basis. The selection List by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Fig. 1: Climatic influence on the bazaar structure in four Iranian cities.

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International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 7

goods. The Rasteh The Timcheh The Timcheh The chārsugis The sārās (or khāns) shops aligned along an often roofed linear path. The vaulted intersections of two perpendicular Rasteh. one- or two-storey rows of rooms where goods are stored. The Timches are used for the storage and trading of expensive Timches The Large complexes with a spacious central courtyard surrounded by Large The basic elements of the Bazaar. They consist of a double row of The basic elements of the Bazaar. Table 1: Main features of the structure of the historic Bazaar of Tabriz 1: Main features of the structure of the historic Bazaar of Table Fig. 3: Historic Bazaar of Tabriz with an emphasis on the roof function. with an emphasis on the roof Tabriz Fig. 3: Historic Bazaar of Non-economic Activities Performed at the Historic Bazaar of Activities Non-economic Tabriz are performed activities and religious Several social, cultural a unique it which makes Bazaar, areas of the in non-economic noticeable temperature variation between day and night time. temperature noticeable was built the Bazaar challenges, In order to face these climate conditions, climatic against protection of providing aim with the conditions. thus responding to the natural environmental brick covered consists of a large the Bazaar For example, lanes lined with complex containing both public buildings and circular openings small stalls. High vaulted ceilings often have During the ventilation. provide and shafts of light admit that winter the during and shade roof provides the season, summer main the 1 summarizes Table from snow and rain. protects it Tabriz. of features of the structure of the historic Bazaar

Fig. 2: Historic Bazaar of Tabriz. Tabriz. Fig. 2: Historic Bazaar of with heavy snowfall, a mild climate in the summer and with heavy snowfall, a mild climate its architecture and the city-region’s climate. Due to the Due to climate. city-region’s the and architecture its the region, mountainous a in Tabriz of location geographical cold winters by severely characterized are conditions climatic also consists of a , a courtyard, a school and several also consists of a mosque, a courtyard, covered biggest the being Tabriz, of Bazaar The streets. bazaar in the world, perfectly exemplifies the relation between dimensions. The dimensions. first floor is composed of commercial spaces, while the second floor is composedoffices. Most of of the warehousethe shops and and workshops is Tabriz of The Bazaar from the streets by stairs. separated at the Bazaar are covered brick structures, buildings and enclosed spaces for both functions, which has preserved its sustainability different in terms of structural firmness, economic, social and cultural Bazaar of Tabriz from Observations from Tabriz of Bazaar authors, the by the conducted observation of the result As the of interconnected, consists of a series Tabriz of Bazaar historic which was the main area of the Bazaar (Edgu et al., 2012). of the Historic Architecture Main Findings on the of the Bazaar. The Mehran River separates the Bazaar into two Bazaar the separates The Mehran River of the Bazaar. Abad Saheb includes that Bazaar of the the northern part parts: to the Bazaar Akbarieh , which was added Square and part, southern the and century, nineteenth the during complex The “kohne rasteh”. and were destroyed Bazaar some parts of the times, In recent streets and rasteh main along the were changed functions some main circulation axis of the city, connecting the east to the the east to connecting axis of the city, main circulation parallel rasteh: northwest, dividing the Bazaar into two main The main “rasteh”; Organization (UNESCO, 2010). The Bazaar was built on the on was built Bazaar The (UNESCO, 2010). Organization architectural element in the city. The Bazaar of Tabriz is structures, functions, professions, and people from different equipped with: cultures are integrated into a unique living environment (Kheirabadi, 2000). The activities described in Table 2 bring Table 2: Non-economic activities performed at the historic Bazaar of Tabriz a daily dynamic to the place. Among the interesting elements

Vol.5, No.4, Autumn 2015 Autumn No.4, Vol.5, that keep the place so dynamic, apart from the natural need to Bathhouse go there to trade and buy goods, are the architectural elements Courtyard that allow the development of those dynamics and facilitate the Mosque social and cultural interactions among those that frequent the Places of mourning School complex. Several squares Shrines The Architecture of the Bazaar and its Social Sport clubs and Cultural Components Tea houses The best examples of social and cultural components and architectural elements are the public meetings by the shop- The abovementioned activities (Table 2) together with the owners that take place inside the mosque, together with an International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International presence of banks, governmental institutions and a post informal consultancy, to try to solve problems and assist each office, join the spine of the Bazaar and create a general and other (Sangsai et al., 2008). The Bazaar of Tabriz, aside from multifunctional complex. The Bazaar block ends at the Jameh its important social role, also enhances cultural initiatives by Mosque, the greatest mosque in the city. These activities, supporting some decision-making processes, spreading news therefore, contribute to the stability of the others and to the and even rumours around the city. The memories the Bazaar functionality of the Bazaar as a whole. The visual integrity evokes are also one of the main elements that tie the people to

of the Bazaar has been maintained and the sequence of open the complex beyond trade, as they involve different activities and covered spaces can still be made out, despite some (for-profit and not-for-profit). unsympathetic and controversial recent interventions. Main Findings of the in-depth Interviews The Economic Component of the Bazaar Respondents in the in-depth interviews declared that when The historic Bazaar of Tabriz is considered to have outstanding a shop-owner or neighbour is facing a problem (personal or universal value by the national organizations, and today professional), the shop-owners meet together in the mosque plays a fundamental role in urban development as well as and try to solve the matter. Several times, some of the shop- in the economic dynamic of the city of Tabriz. The multi- owners have lost their finance support and faced bankruptcy. functionality of the Bazaar of Tabriz is still alive despite the In this circumstance the shop-owners argue that they fact that certain activities, such as manufacturing, have been immediately provide financial assistance to the shop-owner transferred to other areas of the city (Weiss & Westermann, in crisis. In addition, the shop-owners argued that they like to 1998). Moreover, the Bazaar is fundamental to the future support other people, and that they are all happy to do that, development of tourism and urban dynamics, and that requires because everyone that works or has a business at the Bazaar the correct urban management strategies to always keep it alive is susceptible to those situations, so cooperation gives them and socially, culturally and economically dynamic. assurance. Respondents have also argued that the social and cultural aspects include the inner satisfaction and pleasure Social and Cultural Components of the Bazaar of being at the Bazaar. The Bazaar users are attracted by the The social and cultural aspects include the inner satisfaction historical and traditional atmosphere and feel comfortable and pleasure of being at the historic Bazaar of Tabriz. The at the complex. Walking through the Bazaar, noticing Bazaar has always played a central role in spreading cultural the function of different places provides an opportunity trends, thanks to its long-standing vitality as a trade centre. for people to enjoy different kinds of activities inside the The healthy interactions between the complex of buildings complex which generate dynamic, social interactions and and pathways and the people (the customers and shop-owners) provide a distinct perimeter. These activities are significant have created a unique cultural atmosphere, argue Weiss elements in shaping the sense of place and attachment to and Westermann (1998). The Bazaar of Tabriz has unique place (of people to place). Visitors and customers have physical, economic, social, cultural and religious features, mutual experiences of the different parts of the Bazaar. The and bears exceptional testimony to a civilization that is still Bazaar is a unique complex of activities, which are unified enthusiastically inhabiting the place. Over the centuries, thanks by their organic spontaneity and flexibility, creating a sense to its strategic location, and to wise policies of endowments of place which generates community cohesion, at the same and tax exemptions, the Bazaar of Tabriz has developed into time as being environmentally friendly and economically and a social and cultural system in which specialized architectural socially sustainable.

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International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 9 Function of courtyards In the Bazaar of Tabriz Tabriz In the Bazaar of a corridor model with two “timches” in the north-western and southern parts constitutes a unified area, which for analytical purposes can be viewed as the aggregate of the central “-o-nim-hashti” and four “nimhashts”, unique elements of the architecture of the Bazaar. Function of courtyards the creation of a safe and comfortable environment which is ideal for the development of social interactions and cultural development. Courtyards are seen as climate modifiers; they allow domestic outdoor activities to occur with protection from wind, dust and sun. Courtyards serve as light-wells in a type of building that must restrict exterior openings. They also serve as air- wells into which the cool, dense night air sinks, and through which the fresh morning and post-rain air make their way into the building via plentiful openings that open from surrounding spaces onto courtyards. The combination of vegetation and fountains allows for

Climatically responsible design means that the construction means that the construction responsible design Climatically Tabriz, the climate conditions of of the Bazaar has respected system for heating the building in the by applying a thermal providing ventilation of the building very cold winters and during the hot summer season. through the domed roof material was mainly brick. the construction Generally, vault acts as a strong thermal mass Therefore, the brick Public activities, light and heating element for storing heat. inside the building were sufficient to supply cold winters. temperature during the a favourable open spaces in which various Tabriz, At the Bazaar of are properly mixed together and the activities take place air in the inner central courtyards help the regulation of Natural lighting

temperature regulation storage in and energy proportion to the climatic conditions. Lighting quality affects Lighting quality affects human behaviour, comfort, health, safety and efficiency, In most of the security. significant traditional monuments, such as in the lighting Tabriz, Bazaar of application was based on factors such as spiritual dimensions and holiness of light, light adjustment and uniformity, Table 4: Main findings related to architectural sustainability Table The roof function These kinds of roof have been extensively used in order to protect against wind storms and severe sunshine, and the consequent lower heat transfer into the building (Faghih & Bahadori, and 2009; Faghih, 2011) the fact that natural light is allowed to come inside the main commercial areas. The Bazaar of Tabriz is Tabriz The Bazaar of one of the masterpieces of the . Is decorated with magnificent stuccos and high brick arched (e.g., and vault) The roofs (Fig. 3). vault and dome roof are mostly built with brick masonry because of its low cost and good thermal performance.

Roof function Natural lighting Construction materials Solar energy performance Solar energy Climatically responsible design Climatically responsible Ventilation and courtyard functions Ventilation Table 3: Architectural elements of the historic Bazaar of Tabriz of Architectural elements of the historic Bazaar 3: Table the construction process The materials used during which helps control the temperature. brick and stone. The main brick and stone. advantage of this material is to produce a kind of thermal “envelope” The Bazaar of Tabriz Tabriz The Bazaar of is mostly made of solid local materials such as

as Table 3. as Table Sustainability Bazaar, the of elements architectural the to related findings The can be categorized the sustainable elements, and in particular Main Findings Related with Architectural Architectural Related with Main Findings space. The existence of green areas and waterfalls supports It is interesting to underline that the comfortable atmosphere the sustainability of the complex, and shops are shaped and good lighting and ventilation – part of the sustainable around these spaces. The complex has used natural resources architectural elements of the complex – are also positive prudently and recyclable materials have been utilized. The air, determinants when comes to choosing the Bazaar instead land and water pollution are minimized by using vernacular of other shopping areas in the city, together with the mixed Vol.5, No.4, Autumn 2015 Autumn No.4, Vol.5, and environmentally friendly materials, and giving access activities, such as the post office and banks, as well as the mainly to people rather than to vehicles.(Table 4) diversity of local and handmade products (Fig. 5).

Shop-owners’ Perspectives and Satisfaction Assessment Results of the interviews conducted indicate that the majority of the traders and shop-owners are satisfied with the Bazaar environment (85 %) whereas a minority declares that they are not very happy with the environment (15 %) (Fig. 4).

International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International

Fig. 4: Shop-owners’ perspectives on the Bazaar environment.

Fig. 5: Main reasons to visit the Bazaar of Tabriz.

The Role of Memories The memories the Bazaar brings to people’s minds are also one of the main reasons for them to visit the place multiple times. The childhood memories of attending the school at the Bazaar or the public baths, and of playing in the courtyard, bring reminiscences of the past to the present. Those memories Those respondents who are satisfied with the Bazaar’s are important for the visitors as well for the developers (e.g., economic, social and architectural environment state six shop-owners, traders) and enhance the sense of place in the different reasons for their satisfaction (Table 5). Bazaar of Tabriz. Visitors and traders are tied to the Bazaar’s ambience by emotion bonds. The Bazaar creates imaginings and still constitutes a powerful part of the individual and Table 5: Six different reasons for shop-owners’ satisfaction social practices which people consciously use to transform the material world into cultural and economic realms of meaning 1 Good income from the business/trade activities and lived experience. 2 Mixed activities that take place at the Bazaar 3 Friendly atmosphere Dynamic and Vibrant Atmosphere 4 Sense of belonging The strong ability of the environment of the historic Bazaar of 5 Participation in religious celebrations inside the Tabriz to sustain its vibrant and dynamic atmosphere through Bazaar complex the various activities (trade, social, cultural, religious, 6 Growing number of customers educational) embodies the high level of functionality, satisfaction and continuous commitment. The Bazaar was made by the people, for the people, and the way it was Table 6 shows the reasons for dissatisfaction with the Bazaar of designed – the architecture, the sustainable materials – makes Tabriz environment. the people feel good to be at the Bazaar. Therefore, the high frequency of people keeps the place socially and culturally Table 6: Three different reasons for shop-owners’ dissatisfaction dynamic.

1 Cultural and language prejudice CONCLUSION 2 Imitation of products The historic Bazaar of Tabriz includes very varied architectural 3 Increase in the number of modern products spaces and buildings for commercial/trade functions, and that makes the place one of the most important trading centres

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Oxford: Taylor & Taylor Oxford: Understanding Sustainable architecture. Francis press. senses of time. Wilshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited. Ashgate Wilshire: senses of time. Sustainability Factors According to the Image of Iranian Bazaar Factors Sustainability and Architecture of Journal International Tabriz). Study: (Case Urban Development, 2 (4), 25-30. REFERENCES: for tourism development. For that an integrative approach approach integrative an For that development. for tourism well-being its to contributes local communities, respects that and attempt to a social responsible future is needed. transportation, more services offered within the Bazaar within the Bazaar transportation, more services offered premises will greatly contribute to the dynamic and vibrant The Bazaar has enormous potential atmosphere of the Bazaar. to boost sense of belonging and to work as an important engine features of the Bazaar of Tabriz, particularly its architecture. particularly its architecture. Tabriz, features of the Bazaar of value the Bazaar In addition, is important to understand and Better public as an important element for urban development. contributing to the sustainable urban development of the city of the city contributing to the sustainable urban development recommendations the As managerial beyond. and Tabriz of of the unique authors suggest to enhance the preservation community wellbeing and creating ambiance and spirit. The The and spirit. community wellbeing and creating ambiance sustainable architecture Bazaar is a good example of Tabriz for the future, thus from the past to the present that survives courtyards and their green elements and water-wells help to help to courtyards and their green elements and water-wells adjust the interior use natural resources for ventilation and increasing for space social a creating as well as climate, and social and cultural aspects by keeping an exciting daily an exciting daily cultural aspects by keeping social and and The shops (“hojres”), the “saras”, the “timches” dynamic. of the Bazaar by and “rastes” contribute to the sustainability The an appropriate social and economic interaction. creating public transportation is one to the main reasons for users to for users to public transportation is one to the main reasons The Bazaar has preserved choose the Bazaar for shopping. stability its sustainability both in terms of physical/structural costs of travelling when fulfilling their daily tasks, even at peak traffic hours. It is important to notethat the excellent using Bazaar the accessing of possibility accessibility and a multiplicity of activities and large daily visitor numbers. daily visitor numbers. and large a multiplicity of activities other activities around the inhabitants can use Tabriz The visit which helps to save time and Bazaar during the same and accessible by public transportation. In addition, the main transportation. In addition, the main and accessible by public as banks, governmental institutions, public services such the post office and other environment for creating a perfect located around the Bazaar, organizations and activities are in northwest Iran. The Bazaar of Tabriz is located in the the is located in Tabriz of The Bazaar Iran. in northwest is accessible from almost every part centre of the city and well connected to the main roads The complex is also of it. UNESCO (2015, July 1). World Heritage List- Tabriz Weiss, W., & Westermann, K. (1998). The Bazaar: markets Historic Bazaar Complex. Retrieved July 1, 2015, from http:// and merchants of the Islamic world. London: Thames and whc.unesco.org/en/list/1346/ . Hudson, Publications. Vol.5, No.4, Autumn 2015 Autumn No.4, Vol.5, International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International

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