Air Quality and Action Plan Progress Report for the Greenwich Council

*** Amendments have been made to data in Table 6, Page 20. Amendments are for GW55, GW56, GW57, GW58 and GW59. This is due to incorrect figures being added at time of document’s completion. Correct amendments completed by Chris Banks (03/02/09).

October 2008

LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

2 ERG, King’s College London LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

Acknowledgements

The assistance of Chris Banks, Colin Perryman and colleagues from Greenwich Council is gratefully acknowledged in the production of this report .

ERG, King’s College London 3 LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

Executive Summary

This is the Air Quality and Action Plan Progress Report 2008 for the London Borough of Greenwich (“the Council”). This report fulfils this part of the Council’s commitment to the continuing Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) process. This Report provides an annual update of recent air quality issues in Greenwich, including an update on recent air quality in the Borough, obtained from its monitoring results as well as a focus on the Council’s progress on reducing air pollution through its Air Quality Action Plan.

The Council’s earlier Review and Assessments of air quality confirmed that there were locations across the Borough with relevant public exposure where the Government’s air quality objectives might be exceeded.

The more up to date monitoring of nitrogen dioxide and PM 10 in this report confirms that the Government’s air quality objectives are still being exceeded widely at locations with relevant public exposure. The Council will therefore maintain its AQMA for these two pollutants.

The Council’s monitoring results for benzene and sulphur dioxide indicate that the objectives for these pollutants are not being exceeded. The report also includes a section on the Council’s ozone and PM 2.5 monitoring. The monitored results confirm that the ozone objective has been exceeded in the Borough. The Government’s “backstop” objective for PM 2.5 however has not been exceeded.

The purpose of the Council’s Air Quality Action Plan is to ensure that air quality is considered corporately and to seek to reduce air pollution within the Borough, in pursuit of the Government’s air quality objectives. The Council is however limited in its abilities to influence local air quality, firstly as a result of pollution arising elsewhere in London (and beyond) and secondly because it has limited responsibility for the main sources of emissions within the Borough. Major roads in the Borough are not the responsibility of the Council. The plan however includes measures to seek to reduce traffic flow and vehicle emissions that are consistent with other Council policies.

The Council’s progress on the individual actions is given in Table 12 within the report. The Council is maintaining, as well as seeking to enhance, both its monitoring and dissemination of data for planning and assessment purposes. The Action Plan originally included 62 actions. This report confirms that a 13 were completed. The remaining actions are all on going.

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Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO AIR QUALITY AND ACTION PLAN PROGRESS REPORT ...... 8

1.1 OVERVIEW ...... 8 1.2 BACKGROUND – NATIONAL LEVEL ...... 8 1.3 BACKGROUND – LOCAL LEVEL ...... 8 2 NEW MONITORING RESULTS IN THE LB OF GREENWICH ...... 10

2.1 OUTLINE OF MONITORING UNDERTAKEN ...... 10 2.2 SUMMARY OF AUTOMATIC MONITORING IN GREENWICH ...... 11 2.3 BENZENE MONITORING ...... 12

2.4 NO 2 MONITORING ...... 13 2.4.1 Continuous NO 2 and NOx monitoring in LB of Greenwich ...... 13 2.4.2 NO 2 and NOx trends in the LB of Greenwich...... 15 2.4.3 Diffusion tube monitoring of NO 2 in LB of Greenwich...... 18 2.5 PM 10 MONITORING ...... 22 2.6 PM 2.5 MONITORING ...... 27 2.7 SO 2 MONITORING ...... 28 2.8 OZONE MONITORING ...... 29 2 NEW LOCAL DEVELOPMENTS ...... 31

3.1 NEW PART A/ B INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES...... 31 3.2 GREENWICH BEACON STATUS ...... 31 3.3 GREENWICH LOCAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK (LDF) ...... 31 3.4 KEY DEVELOPMENT SITES IN GREENWICH ...... 32 3.5 NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND THE USE OF BIOMASS ...... 33 4 ACTION PLAN PROGRESS REPORT ...... 34

4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 34 4.2 ACHIEVEMENT OF OBJECTIVES ...... 34 4.3 SUMMARY OF KEY MEASURES ...... 34 4.3.1 Monitoring air quality...... 34 4.3.2 Planning Policy and Control...... 34 4.3.3 Traffic control and management...... 34 4.3.4 Travel Plans in Greenwich ...... 35 4.3.5 Greenwich fleet ...... 35 4.3.6 Low Emission Zone ...... 35 4.3.7 Greenwich Council actions ...... 35 5 CONCLUSION...... 45 REFERENCES...... 46 APPENDIX 1...... 47

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List of Figures

Figure 1 Annual mean NO 2 concentrations in the LB of Greenwich (2002 – 2007)...... 14 Figure 2 Rolling annual mean NO x concentrations for continuous monitoring sites in LB of Greenwich ... 16 Figure 3 Rolling annual mean NO 2 concentrations for continuous monitoring sites in LB of Greenwich... 17 Figure 4 2007 Diffusion tube sites in LB Greenwich ...... 19 Figure 5 2007 NO 2 bias adjusted diffusion tube results for sites in LB of Greenwich ...... 20 Figure 6 Estimated 2010 and 2007 NO 2 bias adjusted diffusion tube results for sites in LB of Greenwich22 -3 Figure 7 Number of days PM 10 greater than 50 µµµg m at the LB of Greenwich sites (2002 to 2007) ...... 24 -3 Figure 8 Annual mean PM 10 ( µµµg m ) at the LB of Greenwich sites (2002 to 2007)...... 24 -3 Figure 9 Rolling number of days PM 10 > 50 µg m for Greenwich monitoring sites (1994 to 2007)...... 25 Figure 10 Rolling annual mean PM 10 trends for Greenwich monitoring sites (1995 to 2007)...... 26 Figure 11 Annual mean SO 2 concentrations monitored at the Greenwich 4 site (1994 – 2007) ...... 29

List of Tables

Table 1 Air quality strategy objectives for benzene, NO 2, SO 2, PM 10 and ozone ...... 10 Table 2 Benzene monitoring (µg m -3) in the LB of Greenwich (2002 to 2006) ...... 12 -3 Table 3 Annual mean NO 2 concentrations for the LB of Greenwich (2002 – 2007 inclusive) (µg m ) ...... 13 -3 Table 4 Hourly mean NO 2 periods > 200µg m for the LB of Greenwich (2002 – 2007 inclusive)...... 15 Table 5 Local bias factors used with the Greenwich diffusion tube monitoring ...... 20 Table 6 Bias adjusted results for all Greenwich site 2002 to 2007 (µg m -3) ...... 21 Table 7 PM 10 monitoring at the long-term LB of Greenwich sites (2002 - 2007) ...... 23 -3 Table 8 PM 2.5 annual mean results ( µµµg m ) at the long-term LB of Greenwich sites (2002 - 2007)...... 27 -3 Table 9 Maximum 15 minute mean concentrations of SO2 monitoring (µg m ) (2002-2007) ...... 28 Table 10 Number of daily maxima exceeding 100 µg m -3 based on 8-hour running mean (2002-2007) ... 29 Table 11 New Local Developments since 2007 ...... 31 Table 12 Air Quality Action Status Table...... 37 Table 13 NO 2 data capture for year (%) ...... 47 Table 14 SO 2 data capture for year (%) ...... 47 Table 15 PM 10 data capture for year (%)...... 47 Table 16 Ozone data capture rate for year (%)...... 47 Table 17 Benzene diffusion tube sites in LB of Greenwich ...... 48 Table 18 PM 2.5 data capture for year (%) ...... 48 -3 Table 19 2007 uncorrected annual mean NO 2 diffusion tube results for LB of Greenwich ( µµµg m )...... 49 Table 20 NO 2 diffusion tube site locations and distance to kerb...... 50 Table 21 Part B installations in LB Greenwich...... 51

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1 Introduction to Air Quality and Action Plan Progress Report

1.1 Overview

This is the Air Quality and Action Plan Progress Report 2008 for the London Borough of Greenwich. This report fulfils this part of the Council’s continuing commitment towards the Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) process.

1.2 Background – national level

The LAQM process forms a key part of the Government’s Air Quality Strategy to achieve the air quality objectives prescribed in the Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 and 2002. Air quality progress reports were introduced following a detailed evaluation of the first round of local authority Review and Assessment. This evaluation identified a need both to develop a longer-term vision for LAQM and encourage the integration of air quality into the routine work of local authorities.

Local Authorities are required by section 88 (2) of the Environment Act 1995 to have regard to the Government’s guidance documents when carrying out their LAQM duties. To assist local authorities and provide guidance for the overall LAQM process, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) issued the following policy and technical guidance documents: LAQM PG (03), LAQM PG (S) (03), LAQM TG (03) and LAQM.PGA (05). It is expected that the new guidance will be released during late 2008.

The Government published a revised Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland in July 2007. In formulating the new strategy a review was undertaken which included comprehensive environmental studies. The review also proposed potential new policy measures to improve air quality, and examined their costs and benefits, impact on exceedences of the strategy’s air quality objectives, effect on ecosystems and qualitative impacts.

The new strategy affirms that the quality of air has improved and that despite this there is still more to do as objectives on some pollutants are still exceeded. The areas of exceedence are relatively small, although significant numbers of people are likely to be exposed, as the exceedences tend to be in highly populated areas. The updated strategy provides a long-term vision for improving air quality in the UK and offers options for further consideration to reduce the risk to health and the environment from air pollution. The strategy retains the existing air quality objectives and includes a new objective for PM 2.5 in recognition of recent reviews by the WHO and the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP) who that suggested exposure to PM 2.5 gives a stronger association with the observed ill-health effects of particles.

1.3 Background – local level Formatted: Bullets and Numbering In earlier rounds of review and assessment (R&A) of local air quality management, the Council identified areas where the objectives were exceeded and where there was relevant public exposure. As a consequence, it designated its area an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) for the annual mean nitrogen dioxide objective and daily mean PM 10 objective and produced an Air Quality Action Plan.

The Council also completed the third round of review and assessment. The conclusion of that work was that the Council did not need to undertake a Detailed Assessment and should maintain its AQMA.

LAQM PRG (03) supplemented the above guidance and assists in the production of air quality progress reports. Based on this, local authorities are required to produce Progress Reports in those years when they are not carrying out an Updating and Screening Assessment (USA) or a Detailed Assessment of air quality.

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The guidance also advises that the Progress Report is not designed to represent a further USA, although it states that, if at any time a risk is identified that an air quality objective might be exceeded, a Detailed Assessment should be carried out without delay.

The overall aim of the Progress report is to report on progress on implementing LAQM and report progress in achieving, or maintaining concentrations below the air quality objectives. The guidance considers that these aims can be best achieved by reporting on new results and on progress with implementation of the Action Plan. This, the 2008 progress report, provides the latest update for the London Borough of Greenwich.

The guidance further suggests that those local authorities monitoring ozone use this report to outline the results. (Note – ozone is not one of the identified seven LAQM pollutants, although it is included within the Government’s Air Quality Strategy).

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2 New monitoring results in the LB of Greenwich

2.1 Outline of monitoring undertaken Formatted: Bullets and Numbering The Council continued monitoring benzene, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), sulphur dioxide (SO 2), particles (PM 10 ), fine particles (PM 2.5 ) and ozone in its area. The Government’s adopted air quality objectives for each of these pollutants as shown in Table 1 below .

Table 1 Air quality strategy objectives for benzene, NO 2, SO 2, PM 10 and ozone

Objective Date to be Pollutant Concentration Measured as achieved by

Running Annual 16.25 µg m -3 31 Dec 2003 Mean Benzene

µ -3 31 Dec 2010 5 g m Annual Mean

200 µg m -3 not to be 1 hour mean 31 Dec 2005 Nitrogen Dioxide exceeded more than 18

(provisional) times a year µ -3 40 g m Annual Mean 31 Dec 2005 350 µg m -3 not to be 1 hour mean 31 Dec 2004 exceeded more than 24 times a year

µ -3 Sulphur Dioxide 125 g m not to be (SO ) exceeded more than 3 24 hour mean 31 Dec 2004 2 times a year

266 µg m -3 not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year 15 minute mean 31 Dec 2005

50 µg m -3 not to be Daily Mean 31 Dec 2004 exceeded more than 35

Particles (PM ) times a year 10

µ -3 40 g m Annual Mean 31 Dec 2004

100 µg m -3 not to be Daily maximum of 8 31 Dec 2005 Ozone (O ) exceeded more than 10 3 hour running mean times a year

Note – PM 2.5 was included in the revision of the Government’s Air Quality Strategy in July 2007 and a reduction exposure approach was adopted; based on an objective of 25 µg m -3 as an annual mean to be achieved by 2010 and a target reduction of 15% in concentrations at urban background locations between 2010 and 2020.

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2.2 Summary of automatic monitoring in Greenwich

Site NOx* PM 10 PM 2.5 SO 2 Ozone Greenwich 4 √ √ √ √ Greenwich 5 √ √ Greenwich – Bexley 6 √ √ √ √ Greenwich 7 √ √ Greenwich 8 √ √ √ √ Greenwich 9 √ √ √ √ Greenwich 10 √ √ Greenwich 12 √ Greenwich 13 √ √ √ √ Bexley 3 √

(* Includes NO 2)

The Council undertakes continuous monitoring at nine fixed long-term sites in the Borough, plus the Bexley 3 site:

• Greenwich 4 - a suburban background site in Eltham towards the southeast of the Borough. This site has been operating since January 1994 and is affiliated to the government’s Automated Urban Rural Network (AURN)

• Greenwich 5 - a roadside site on Trafalgar Road in Greenwich in the west of the Borough (this site started operating since November 1996). The sample inlet is located 5m from the road

• Greenwich 7 - a roadside site in Blackheath in the west of the Borough (monitoring at this site commenced in March 2002). The sample inlet is located 9m from the road

• Greenwich 8 - a roadside site close to the Woolwich Flyover towards the north of the Borough. This site has been operating since July 2004. The sample inlet is located 3m from the road

• Greenwich 9 - a roadside site in Westhorne Avenue towards the south of the Borough. This site opened in October 2004 and the sample inlet is located 5m from the road

• Greenwich 10 - a roadside site on the A206 at Burrage Grove in Thamesmead West towards the north east of the Borough (this site opened in October 2004)

• Greenwich 12 – a background site close to the Millennium Village on Greenwich Peninsula in the north of the Borough (monitoring at this site commenced in August 2004)

• Greenwich 13 - a roadside site on Plumstead High Street in the east of the Borough (monitoring at this site commenced in January 2006)

• Greenwich Bexley 6 - a roadside site on the A2 close to the Borough boundary at Falconwood in the southeast (it is shared with the LB of Bexley and has been operating since October 2000). The sample inlet is located 12m from the road.

• Bexley 3 – this is a suburban background site, located in Thamesmead, very close to the Bexley/ Greenwich boundary.

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The above sites are also representative of relevant exposure. All the sites are part of the London Air Quality Network and therefore the standards of QA/QC are similar to those of the Government’s AURN sites. Regular calibrations are carried out, with subsequent data ratification undertaken by the ERG at King’s College London. In all cases the data are fully ratified unless reported otherwise. Details of the sites can be found at www.londonair.org.uk

The Council also undertakes non-continuous monitoring at numerous sites across its area.

2.3 Benzene Monitoring

The Council undertook the monitoring of benzene during 2007. The diffusion tubes were exposed at eleven sites in its area. These included ten roadside sites and a background site; with four tubes exposed. The sites annual mean results for the period 2002 to 2007 inclusive are given in Table 2. (Note – not all sites are reported for 2002 and 2003 as some sites were only started in 2004).

As expected the highest concentrations were observed at the roadside sites, with lower concentrations monitored at the background site. The results however indicated for all sites that the 2003 AQS objectives were not exceeded during the period of monitoring. The benzene monitoring also confirmed that the stricter 2010 annual mean objective (of 5 µg m -3) was also not exceeded, apart from the GW35 site (in the Greenwich town centre) during 2002. However since that time concentrations decreased. The average concentration at the roadside sites for 2007 was 2.2 µg m - 3 and at the background site was 1.4 µg m -3. The highest monitored concentrations for each year since 2003 were recorded at the busy roadside site (GW33) on Blackheath Hill.

The situation in Greenwich reflects the national picture, in that concentrations of benzene have been decreasing over time as a result of stricter emission controls, particularly with regard to road transport sources.

Table 2 Benzene monitoring (µg m -3) in the LB of Greenwich (2002 to 2007)

Site Type 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 GW29 Roadside 4.3 3.9 2.4 2.4 2.8 2.0 GW33 Roadside 2.6 4.3 2.9 2.7 3.6 2.9 GW34 Roadside 2.9 3.2 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.9 GW35 Roadside 5.3 4.2 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.5 GW39A Background 1.7 2.7 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.3 GW39B Background - - 1.0 1.3 1.7 1.3 GW39C Background - - 1.0 1.2 1.7 1.4 GW39D Background - - 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.4 GW41 Roadside 2.9 3.2 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 GW42 Roadside 4.4 3.6 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.3 GW50 Roadside 4.6 4 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8 GW51 Roadside 2.2 2.6 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.7 GW54 Roadside - 3.4 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.2 GW55 Roadside 2.2 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7

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2.4 NO 2 Monitoring

The Council monitors NO 2 in its area using both continuous chemiluminescence analysers and diffusion tubes.

2.4.1 Continuous NO 2 and NOx monitoring in LB of Greenwich

The annual mean results for the continuous sites are presented in Table 3 and Figure 1. The data capture exceeded 90% during 2007 at all sites (see Appendix 1), other than at Greenwich 5 (27) and Greenwich 10 (88%). In all cases the data were fully ratified, apart from the 2007, which included some provisional data.

-3 Table 3 Annual mean NO 2 concentrations for the LB of Greenwich (2002 – 2007 inclusive) (µg m )

LAQN site 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007* Greenwich 4 (suburban) 29 38 31 29 30 30 Greenwich 5 (roadside) 54 50 47 48 56 65 Greenwich 7 (roadside) 59 50 47 47 49 Greenwich 8 (roadside) 78 75 71 71 Greenwich 9 (roadside) 51 44 43 45 Greenwich 10 (roadside) 54 51 52 58 Greenwich 12 (background) 38 34 35 38 Greenwich 13 (roadside) 43 45 Greenwich Bexley 6 (roadside) 48 55 44 41 44 48 (Note - italics indicates < 90% data capture; bold indicates > objective; * includes some provisional data)

The monitoring results for the long-term sites have consistently been above the annual mean objective, for all years at all sites, other than the two background sites in Eltham (GR4) and the Millennium village (GR12).

Figure 1 highlights inter annual variability for the sites arising as a result of the varying meteorological conditions, as well as the release of atmospheric emissions. The results confirm that the annual mean objective continued to be exceeded close to roads where there is relevant exposure in the Borough.

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90 2002 2003

80 2004 2005

70 2006 2007

60

50

40

30

m3) (ug Concentration 20

10

0

Gr 4 Gr GB 6 GB Gr 10 Gr 13 Gr Gr 12 Gr (roadside) (roadside) (roadside) (suburban) (background)

(roadside) 5 Gr (roadside) 7 Gr (roadside) 8 Gr (roadside) 9 Gr

Figure 1 Annual mean NO 2 concentrations in the LB of Greenwich (2002 – 2007)

The number of periods that the hourly standard of 200 µg m -3 was exceeded at the Greenwich sites is given in Table 4. The only sites in 2007 not to exceed the 200 µg m -3 standard were the Greenwich 4 and Greenwich Bexley 6. All other sites recorded periods when this standard was exceeded. For the Greenwich 5, 7 and 9 sites this was the first year that the standard had been exceeded. The highest number of periods exceeding this standard also arose during 2007 for all sites.

The Greenwich 8 roadside site close to the Woolwich flyover was the only site to exceed the Government’s hourly objective of not more than 18 such periods, for the period of monitoring reported, with 58 periods exceeding the 200 µg m -3 standard. This is compared to the objective of not more than 18 periods. The Greenwich 5 site also recorded 6 periods that exceeded despite only achieving 27% data capture for the year. With greater data capture the objective might have been further approached or exceeded.

There was also an increase in the number of sites exceeding this objective elsewhere in London during 2005 - 2006, compared to 2002, when there was only one London site that exceeded. (ERG, 2006). Eleven sites exceeded in 2005 and 14 exceeded in 2006, these included sites at both kerbside and roadside locations. No background locations exceeded in either year, although a number of sites exceeded the 200 µg m -3 standard. This situation changed in 2007 however with urban background sites exceeding. The rises in direct emissions of NO 2 are thought to be implicated in this, as indicated by recent research (Carslaw D.C and Beevers, S. D, 2005 and AQEG, 2007).

In addition a widespread primary pollution episode arose in December 2007. At this time weather conditions were cold and calm, with very light winds. Initial analysis suggests that this is the most significant NO 2 incident for 10 years, when NO 2 was elevated across the region, The hourly mean AQS objective of not more than 18 hours per year above 200 µg m -3 was breached at 9 sites, and equalled at 2 sites, on the basis of measurements during this episode alone. West and central London saw the most elevated levels of pollution.

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-3 Table 4 Hourly mean NO 2 periods > 200µg m for the LB of Greenwich (2002 – 2007 inclusive)

LAQN site 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007* Greenwich 4 (suburban) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Greenwich 5 (roadside) 0 0 0 0 0 6 Greenwich 7 (roadside) 0 0 0 0 5 Greenwich 8 (roadside) 12 42 14 58 Greenwich 9 (roadside) 0 0 0 3 Greenwich 10 (roadside) 3 2 2 7 Greenwich 12 (background) 0 0 2 5 Greenwich 13 (roadside) 2 4 Greenwich Bexley 6 (roadside) 0 2 0 0 1 0 (Note - italics indicates < 90% data capture; bold indicates > hourly mean objective; * includes some provisional data)

2.4.2 NO 2 and NOx trends in the LB of Greenwich

Rolling annual mean plots can be used to indicate changing concentrations over time. The use of rolling annual mean concentrations, based on averaged hourly means, largely removes seasonal influences and provides a guide to changing trends. The plots have been produced for both NO 2 and NOx. NO 2 is a mainly secondary pollutant formed by chemical reactions in the atmosphere from NOx emissions produced by combustion sources. These reactions also involve ozone, which is scavenged by NO. The relationship between NOx and NO 2 is non linear and it is also further complicated by changes in direct emissions of NO 2 from some road vehicles.

The rolling annual mean plots of both NOx and NO 2 concentrations at the Greenwich sites are shown in Figure 2 for NOx and Figure 3 for NO 2. This analysis is for the period from 1994 through to the beginning of 2008 (including some provisional data for the latter period).

For all roadside sites, rolling mean concentrations of NOx were higher than those at the background sites (Greenwich 4 and 12). The rolling annual mean concentrations of NOx indicate a steady downward trend at the Greenwich 4 suburban background site over time in line with reductions in emissions since the site opened in 1994. The reduction of NOx as the primary emission was approximately 40 µg m -3, down from 80 µg m -3 over the period from 1995 to 2007, with no change in the past year.

None of the other Greenwich sites have operated as long as Greenwich 4. Of those that have been open the longest, the Greenwich 5 and 7 sites show differing reductions of NOx over the periods of site operation. Greenwich 5 showed a slight increase between 2000 and 2003, before reducing to its lowest concentration in June 2005. From this time however rolling mean concentrations increased again, with concentrations rising during 2007 to reach their highest level since the site opened. Similarly concentrations at Greenwich 7 increased during 2007 to similar levels to those that arose during 2005. These levels were slightly higher than those recorded when the site was first reported in 2002.

ERG, King’s College London 15 LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

280 GR4 GR5 240 GR7 GR8 GR9 200 GR10 GR12 160 GB6

120 Concentration ug m3 ug Concentration 80

40

0 Dec-94 Dec-95 Dec-96 Dec-97 Dec-98 Dec-99 Dec-00 Dec-01 Dec-02 Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07

Figure 2 Rolling annual mean NO x concentrations for continuous monitoring sites in LB of Greenwich

Other sites that had increases in rolling mean concentration during 2007 included the Greenwich Bexley 6 site and the Greenwich 10 site. Both of these sites ended 2007 with higher concentrations than at the start of 2006 (although it should be noted that the data include provisional data and therefore concentrations may change). The Greenwich Bexley 6 site concentrations were however reduced from their peak close to the start of the monitoring in 2001. The rolling mean concentrations at the Greenwich 9 site were similar to Greenwich 10, although the variation during 2007 was slightly changed, with Greenwich 9 concentrations being slightly lower than those at Greenwich 10 at the end of 2007. In addition 2007 concentrations at Greenwich 9 were very slightly higher at the end of 2007 than when the site started in 2004.

The Greenwich 8 roadside and Greenwich 12 background sites both ended 2006 with similar rolling mean concentrations to those at the start of 2006, although the roadside site concentrations were much higher (greater than 200 µg m -3) with a greater variation during the year.

The rolling annual mean plots of NO 2 concentrations of the Greenwich sites are shown in Figure 3 for the period from 1994 through to the end of 2007 (including some provisional data for part of 2007).

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100 GR4 GR5 90 GR7 80 GR8 GR9 70 GR10 60 GR12 GB6 50

40

Concentration ug m3 30

20

10

0 Dec-94 Dec-95 Dec-96 Dec-97 Dec-98 Dec-99 Dec-00 Dec-01 Dec-02 Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07

Figure 3 Rolling annual mean NO 2 concentrations for continuous monitoring sites in LB of Greenwich

The changes in rolling annual mean concentrations of NO 2 are, as expected for the secondary pollutant less than for NOx as the main primary pollutant. The rolling annual mean concentrations of NO 2 largely indicate a downward trend at the Greenwich 4 suburban background site over time, with reductions in concentration over the period from 1994 approximately 14 µg m -3. The reduction of NO 2 was not even over time and most recently for the period since 2004 there has been little change. The concentration at the end of 2007 was just over 1 µg m -3 lower from that a year earlier (and therefore it was easily within the range of inter year variability that might be expected). The equivalent rolling mean concentration at the other background site, Greenwich 12 was almost the same for both years.

The Greenwich roadside sites were all greater than the objective for all of the period shown. Concentrations at the Greenwich 5 site decreased post 2003, but subsequently increased in 2005 and this continued markedly during 2007. This increase may have arisen as a result of increased emissions, possibly direct NO 2. Increases also arose at the Greenwich Bexley 6 and Greenwich 10 but to a lesser extent.

The rolling mean concentrations at the Greenwich 9 and Greenwich Bexley 6 sites decreased for part of 2007 before rising towards the end of the year. Concentrations of NO 2 at the Greenwich 9 site were more than 10 µg m -3 lower than equivalent concentrations at Greenwich 10, despite having similar NOx concentrations as noted above. This further highlights the complexity and non- linear nature of the relationship between NOx and NO 2.

Rolling mean concentrations at the Greenwich 8 roadside site dropped approximately 5 µg m -3 during 2007, although overall concentrations easily exceeded the objective at more than 70 µg m -3 during 2007. The concentrations at the Greenwich 7 site however were little changed between years although there was some variation through 2007. The concentrations at this site were little changed from those of 2004, although this was still lower than when the site opened in 2001.

ERG, King’s College London 17 LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

These changes illustrate the difficulty in reducing NO 2 concentrations, which is mostly a secondary pollutant that is largely determined by the oxidising capacity of the atmosphere. The effect of the increased direct NO 2 emissions was also more pronounced at the roadside sites and consequently any reduction was reduced.

As reported previously (Greenwich, 2007) the graphs indicate that the annual mean objective is likely to continue to be exceeded into the near future at roadside sites in the Borough unless additional actions are undertaken.

2.4.3 Diffusion tube monitoring of NO 2 in LB of Greenwich

The Council also undertakes the monitoring of nitrogen dioxide using diffusion tubes at selected sites across the Borough. The diffusion tubes are exposed at roadside and background locations. For many of the sites monitoring started before 2000, although only results since 2002 are reported here. The site locations are all considered to represent relevant public exposure (apart from GW41, 49 and 53). One additional site was installed in the Borough during 2007; this site (GW61) was a triplicate site near the Millennium Village co-located with the Greenwich 12 background site.

The diffusion tubes used were supplied by Bureau Veritas and analysed by Gradko using a preparation method of 50% TEA in acetone. Details of the sites monitored are given in Appendix 1. The locations of the sites are also shown in Figure 4.

There was more than 75% data capture for all the sites reported. The biased results of diffusion tube monitoring for 2007 are given below.

The unbiased 2007 results of the diffusion tube monitoring monitored in the Borough, with the details of the site location and reference number are given in Appendix 1 (see Table 19).

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Figure 4 2007 Diffusion tube sites in LB Greenwich

Since 2003 local co-location studies using triplicate tubes were undertaken in the Borough, prior to this time correction factors were derived from the London Wide Environment Programme (LWEP) programme. The factors from these sources are shown in Table 5. The LWEP factors were derived from a series of co-location studies undertaken across London, including the Greenwich sites. The local bias factors are based on an average of the co-location studies within Greenwich only (apart from Greenwich 5 site which only limited data capture). It should also be noted that as a result of the use of the averaged bias factors there is some discrepancy between the measured continuous concentrations and biased results at the co-located sites. The bias factors are as follows:

ERG, King’s College London 19 LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

Table 5 Local bias factors used with the Greenwich diffusion tube monitoring

Year Local Bias factor 2002 1.37* 2003 1.28 2004 1.06 2005 1.04 2006 1.08 2007 0.97 (* Indicates LWEP factor used)

The factors indicate that the diffusion tube results over read slightly in comparison with continuous monitoring in 2007, previously the factor indicated that the readings under read slightly. A comparison between sets of local and LWEP factors shows a reasonable agreement for all years, other than 2003. The 2007 bias adjusted results are shown in Figure 5 and are based on the local bias factor.

Figure 5 2007 NO 2 bias adjusted diffusion tube results for sites in LB of Greenwich

The results indicated that all the roadside sites (shown in blue) exceeded the 40 µg m -3 standard. The 2007 bias adjusted results for background sites (shown in green) meet the objective. The only exception was the GW 38 site, which was sited 30m from the A205 Westhorne Avenue and the GW61 site. (The latter is due to the use of the average bias factor as explained earlier).

20 ERG, King’s College London LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

The bias adjusted results for all years from 2002 to 2007 are shown in Table 6, with the mean concentrations provided for those sites with triplicate tubes exposed. The bias adjustment factors used were from the local Greenwich studies, apart from 2002, which used the LWEP factor as a default.

Table 6 Bias adjusted results for all Greenwich site 2002 to 2007 (µg m -3)

Site Type 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 GW23 Roadside 57.6 46.6 48.9 47.5 52.5 GW24 Roadside 47.6 66.6 59.4 56.2 61.6 60.4 GW25 Roadside 49.0 65.3 55.1 54.1 56.2 55.0 GW26 Roadside 56.3 47.7 47.8 49.7 46.2 GW27 Roadside 69.1 58.3 60.3 61.6 56.3 GW29 Roadside 58.5 74.2 60.4 67.6 72.4 66.7 GW32 Roadside 42.2 62.7 55.1 53.0 51.8 52.7 GW33 Roadside 40.8 66.6 63.6 65.5 67.0 70.9 GW34 Roadside 44.9 57.6 54.1 49.9 54.0 48.7 GW35 Roadside 62.6 93.4 86.9 78.0 96.1 80.3 GW36 Roadside 43.5 66.6 59.4 56.2 59.4 53.4 GW37 Background 29.9 35.8 29.7 30.2 29.2 27.0 GW38 Background 44.9 56.3 37.1 41.6 41.0 45.7 GW39 mean Background 28.6 32.0 27.6 26.3 27.0 25.7 GW40 Background 27.2 32.0 25.4 25.0 29.2 26.2 GW41 Roadside 39.4 61.4 47.7 47.8 47.5 46.7 GW42 Roadside 51.7 75.5 58.3 63.4 63.7 63.4 GW43 Roadside 47.6 73.0 63.6 61.4 65.9 62.1 GW44 Roadside 61.4 45.6 48.9 51.8 58.8 GW45 Roadside 57.2 54.1 55.1 54.2 GW48 Roadside 51.7 65.3 54.1 52.0 54.0 56.6 GW49 Roadside 66.6 65.3 50.9 52.0 55.1 47.5 GW50 mean Roadside 44.9 64.0 62.5 70.0 79.2 69.9 GW51 Roadside 46.2 56.3 47.7 48.9 50.8 49.8 GW52 Roadside 44.9 69.1 50.9 45.8 51.8 51.1 GW53 Roadside 38.1 57.6 47.7 45.8 49.7 50.3 GW54 Roadside 57.1 67.8 57.2 57.2 59.4 55.7 GW55 mean Roadside 46.2 64.9 53.0 51.3 52.9 53.7 GW56 Roadside 58.5 55.0 45.6 44.7 54.0 61.0 GW57 mean Roadside 48.6 47.7 45.1 48.6 49.0 GW58 mean Roadside 63.1 49.5 53.4 54.4 51.7 GW59 mean Roadside 45.4 49.0 45.3 GW60 mean Roadside 45.4 48.6 51.8 GW61 mean Background 42.5 GW101 Roadside 68.0 61.4 66.8 65.5 84.2 77.6 GW102 Roadside 68.0 66.6 67.8 66.6 70.2 72.9

The predictions of concentrations in 2010 were made using the Defra year adjustment factors, and based on 2007 measurements. These estimates shown in Figure 6 indicate that despite the predicted reduction in emissions all of the roadside locations will still exceed the objective in the Borough, apart from the new site at GW61 which is estimated meet the objective. The background sites however will all meet the objective, apart from the site at GW38.

ERG, King’s College London 21 LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

Figure 6 Estimated 2010 and 2007 NO 2 bias adjusted diffusion tube results for sites in LB of Greenwich

2.5 PM 10 monitoring

The Council has undertaken continuous monitoring of PM 10 . These include the roadside sites (Greenwich 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 and Greenwich Bexley 6) plus the background locations (Greenwich 4). The sites however were not all operational for all years. The Council uses TEOM instruments for monitoring PM 10 ; the results are therefore presented as a gravimetric equivalent, i.e. times 1.3 (in accordance with TG03 guidance). The Council also monitored PM 10 using FDMS (Filter Dynamics Measurement System) TEOMs at its Greenwich 9, 12, 13 and Bexley 3 sites. This is a relatively new automatic monitoring technique that will improve understanding of PM 10 . It has also proved equivalent to the reference method for PM 10 and therefore the results were not factored. Monitoring is not reported for the Greenwich 12 and 13 sites during 2007 due to instrument problems. It is hoped that data for these years will be retrieved and reported in the Council’s subsequent reports.

The monitoring results for the sites are given in Table 7. Full details of data capture are given in Appendix 1.

22 ERG, King’s College London LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

Table 7 PM 10 monitoring at the long-term LB of Greenwich sites (2002 - 2007)

Site 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Greenwich 4 (suburban) No. of days 5 26 5 4 12 5 Greenwich 5 (roadside) 13 33 11 8 16 17 Greenwich 7 (roadside) 43 55 25 22 30 24 Greenwich 8 (roadside) 69 120 110 90 Greenwich 9 (roadside) 0 34 10 Greenwich 10 (roadside) 1 9 18 14 Greenwich 12 (background) 26 Greenwich 13 (roadside) 22 Greenwich Bexley 6 (roadside) 19 47 21 31 33 31 Greenwich 4 (suburban) Annual mean 23 27 22 23 24 21 Greenwich 5 (roadside) 27 29 26 26 28 27 Greenwich 7 (roadside) 35 35 31 30 32 30 Greenwich 8 (roadside) 47 45 47 43 Greenwich 9 (roadside) 17 34 25 Greenwich 10 (roadside) 25 26 28 27 Greenwich 12 (background) 8 Greenwich 13 (roadside) 26 Greenwich Bexley 6 (roadside) 28 32 28 30 31 30 (Note - italics indicates < 90% data capture)

The results confirmed for each year of monitoring that there were days when the daily mean standard of 50 µg m -3 was exceeded. The 2004 daily mean objective was exceeded at the Greenwich 8 site only, as it had for all previous years of operation. The number of days that exceeded was less in 2007 than both 2005 and 2006, although the objective of not more than 35 days was easily exceeded. The Greenwich 5 and 9 sites had previously approached the 35 day threshold in 2003 and 2006 respectively, despite less than 90% data capture for the year at both sites. This suggests that the objective might have been exceeded with greater data capture. The results are also shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8.

The 2004 annual mean objective was exceeded at the Greenwich 8 site for the third year running, although the concentration was slightly less in 2007 (based on greater than 90% data capture). In line with other LAQN monitoring sites the highest annual mean concentrations arose during 2003, although concentrations in 2006 were also high in the Borough, which was consistent with monitoring elsewhere across London where 28 sites had increased 2006 annual mean concentrations when compared to 2005 (Fuller G. and Green D., 2006).

ERG, King’s College London 23 LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

2002 140 2003 120 2004 2005 100 2006 80 2007

60

40 No of days > 50 ugm3 20

0

) ) ) ) ) ) n e) d e e a ide id n b s sid sid r dside d d d u a a a b oads grou o su r ck (roa r ( (ro (ro a ( 4 5 7 b 3 6 9 ( 10 (roadside) ( 1 y 2 ich ich ich xle wich w w 1 ich n nw h w e e Be e e enwich wic en h r r re n re G Green Green Greenwich 8 (roadside)G e wic G e G n e Gr e Gr

-3 Figure 7 Number of days PM 10 greater than 50 µg m at the LB of Greenwich sites (2002 to 2007)

50 2002 2003 2004 45 40 35 2005 2006 2007 30

25 20 15 Annual(ug mean m3) 10 5 0

) ) ) ) e) an ide d ide nd rb s s rou bu adside) adsi ad adside) u o o o oadside) o s (r ( ackg 4 5 (road b h h 7 (roadside) ( h c c ich 8 (r ich 9 (r h 10 (r 2 ley 6 (r ic ic 1 w nw w en enwi e ich e en w enwich 13 re re e G Gr Greenwi Greenw Gre en G e Gr enwich Bex Gr e Gr

-3 Figure 8 Annual mean PM 10 ( µg m ) at the LB of Greenwich sites (2002 to 2007)

24 ERG, King’s College London LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

An analysis of rolling annual mean PM 10 concentrations and daily mean PM 10 exceedences is provided for the Greenwich monitoring sites to indicate possible trends over time. The analysis is for the period from 1994 through to 2007 (and includes some provisional data for 2007). Figure 9 illustrates changing concentrations over time of rolling daily mean PM 10 exceedences and Figure 10 changing rolling annual mean PM 10 concentrations. The use of rolling data in this way largely removes seasonal influences and thus provides a guide to changing trends over time.

160 GR 4 GR 5 140 GR 7 GR 8 120 GR 9 GR 10 100 GR 13 GB 6

80

60 No of days >50 ug m3 ug >50 days of No

40

20

0 Dec-94 Dec-95 Dec-96 Dec-97 Dec-98 Dec-99 Dec-00 Dec-01 Dec-02 Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07

-3 Figure 9 Rolling number of days PM 10 > 50 µg m for Greenwich monitoring sites (1994 to 2007)

The data for the Greenwich 4 background site represent the longest period and there was a reduction in the number of days exceeding, from around 23 days in 1995 to the around 5 days at the end of 2006, although the effect of 2006 meant that the number of days was reached 12 days earlier in the year. This reduction from 1994 also was not even and there were two notable years with episodes having high levels of particles, namely during 1996 and 2003. For both these years the number of days exceeding the standard rose to over 20 days. Concentrations at the end of 2007 however were similar to 2002 levels.

Averages based on London sites for the period from 1995 to 2000 show a downward trend from around 50 days above 50 µg m -3 to 10 days in 2002. By the end of 2004 the number of days exceeding the standard at background sites was comparable to that measured at the start of 2001, whereas inner London roadside sites had a higher number of days exceeding in 2004 than 2001 (ERG, 2006).

The datasets for the other sites represented a shorter period than that for the Greenwich 4 site. The roadside sites at Greenwich 5, Greenwich Bexley 6 and Greenwich 7 sites showed similar fluctuations to Greenwich 4, albeit with greater numbers of days exceeding due to their locations close to roads. The episodes during 2003 are also clearly seen. As with Greenwich 4 there was

ERG, King’s College London 25 LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

an increase in the number of days increasing in 2006 from 2004 / 2005 levels, although this fell back during 2007 at the Greenwich 7 and Greenwich Bexley 6 sites. The data for the Greenwich 5 sites also indicated a break in data capture during 1999 and 2000.

The results for the Greenwich 8 roadside site near the Woolwich flyover showed a reduction in the number of days exceeding, between the start of data reporting in 2004 and the end of 2007, of approximately 40 days. Despite this the results for 2007 indicated that the site continued to easily exceed the objective with consistently more than 80 days exceeding in 2007.

The data for the other sites were all short term and reflected the start of operations of the sites post 2004, as a result it is too early to discern any trend.

The rolling annual mean trends for the Greenwich sites are shown in Figure 10.

70 GR 4 GR 5 60 GR 7 GR 8 GR 9 50 GR 10 GR 13 40 GB 6

30 Concentration ug m3 ug Concentration 20

10

0 Dec-94 Dec-95 Dec-96 Dec-97 Dec-98 Dec-99 Dec-00 Dec-01 Dec-02 Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07

Figure 10 Rolling annual mean PM 10 trends for Greenwich monitoring sites (1995 to 2007)

The rolling annual mean trends for the Greenwich sites all showed similar trends for the periods that overlapped. Concentrations at the Greenwich 4 were lower due to its location at a suburban background in Eltham, whereas concentrations at the Greenwich 8 roadside site near the Woolwich flyover remained greater than the annual mean objective. The trend for this site although over a shorter period indicated that rolling mean concentrations deceased slightly, but not below the annual mean objective.

The use of trends in this way highlights that although concentrations dropped to the year 2000, there has been an increase since. Post this period concentrations peaked as a result of the pollution incidents in 2003. However levels since dropped to pre 2003 levels and did not appear to be reducing further; indeed for the Greenwich sites overall there may have been a slight increase, possibly as a result of increasing primary PM 10 emissions (ERG, 2006) rather than the predicted decrease in emissions.

26 ERG, King’s College London LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

A source apportionment of annual mean concentrations of PM 10 in London was carried out by Fuller and Green (2006b). This analysis showed increases in the concentration of primary PM 10 in London between 1999 and 2003 and that it was highly likely that these increases were due to increases in road transport emissions. It was less clear however if these increases are due to increases in tail pipe or non-tail pipe emissions.

2.6 PM 2.5 monitoring

The Council undertook the continuous measurement of PM 2.5 at its Greenwich 8, 9, 13 and Greenwich Bexley 6 and Bexley 3 sites in 2007. The Greenwich Bexley 6 site opened first in 2000. The Greenwich 9 and 12 sites opened in 2004, Greenwich 8 and 13 sites in 2006 and Bexley 3 in 2005. The Greenwich Bexley 6, Greenwich 8 and Bexley 3 sites use TEOM instruments, whereas the other three sites use FDMS instruments.

The unadjusted annual mean results for the monitoring sites are given in Table 8.

-3 Table 8 PM 2.5 annual mean results ( µg m ) at the long-term LB of Greenwich sites (2002 - 2007)

Site 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Greenwich 12 13 19.2 20.8 Greenwich 8 20.5 19.3 Greenwich 9 9.8 18 18.4 18.9 Greenwich Bexley 6 14.2 15.6 13.5 13.5 13.8 13.7 Greenwich 13 14.3 15.8 Bexley 3 11.8 12.3 12 (Note - italics indicates < 90% data capture)

It is recognised in recent reviews by WHO and the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP) that suggested exposure to PM 2.5 gives a stronger association with the observed ill-health effects of particles. It is also noted that there is evidence that the coarse fraction between (PM 10 – PM 2.5 ) has some effects on health (Defra, 2007).

As a consequence a new objective was included in the 2007 Air Quality Strategy. This is based on the health advice for PM 2.5 , which shows that there is no accepted threshold effect, i.e. there is no recognised safe level for exposure to fine particles. As a result in its strategy, the Government adopted an ‘exposure reduction’ approach for PM 2.5 to seek a more efficient way of achieving further reductions in the health effects of air pollution. This is intended to provide a driver to improve air quality everywhere in the UK rather than just in a small number of localised hotspot areas.

The exposure reduction approach is based on the principle that for a pollutant with a low or zero threshold for adverse effects, it will generally be more beneficial to public health, and potentially more cost-effective to reduce pollutant levels across the whole population of an urban area or region rather than in a small area or “hotspot”. The framework of delivering this approach contains two inseparable parts:

• Air quality objectives/limit values (often called “backstop objective” or “concentration cap”) to ensure some basic level or quality of air which all citizens should experience, embodying the “environmental justice” concept

• An objective based on reducing average exposures across the most heavily populated areas of the country (often called “percentage reduction” or “exposure reduction” objective), to generate further cost effective public health improvements over and above the basic level of protection generated by the objective above.

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While the percentage reduction objective is a relative measure of improvement (in this strategy, it is a 15 per cent reduction in average concentrations in urban background areas across the UK between 2010 and 2020), the backstop objective (or concentration cap) is designed to deliver a minimum level of protection applicable to all areas i.e. 25µg m -3 as an annual mean.

The above results for the Greenwich sites include results from both TEOM and FDMS instruments. As there is currently no agreed scaling factor for PM 2.5 , the PM 2.5 data are reported without adjustment to a gravimetric equivalent (Defra 2007).

Based on this proviso, the results for all years and sites indicate that the backstop objective was not exceeded.

2.7 SO 2 monitoring

The Council undertakes SO 2 monitoring using a continuous analyser at its Greenwich 4 suburban background site in Eltham. Details of data capture for the period 2002 to 2007 are given in Appendix 1. The results indicate that the 15-minute mean standard of 266 µg m -3 was not exceeded at the site over this period, although this standard was approached in 2004. The maximum 15-minute mean for each year of monitoring is shown in Table 9.

-3 Table 9 Maximum 15 minute mean concentrations of SO 2 monitoring (µg m ) (2002-2007)

LAQN Site 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 GR4 173.5 192.2 251 162.9 186.9 116.8 (Note - italics indicates < 90% data capture)

The 15-minute mean objective is the most stringent of the three SO 2 objectives; accordingly there were no recorded periods where the hourly and daily mean standards were exceeded.

The results confirm that the SO 2 objectives were met at the Greenwich 4 monitoring site in the Borough.

The SO 2 objectives and standards relate to short periods of high concentrations based on the impact of episodes of high pollution on human health. The relationship between annual mean concentrations and the standards however is not straightforward, but examination of annual mean concentrations over time can provide an insight to changes that are taking place. Figure 11 shows that annual mean concentrations have reduced over the past 9 years as a result of reductions in SO 2 emissions. This has arisen from the burning of gas rather than oil in industrial/ commercial and domestic settings, as well as reductions in S levels in the petrol and diesel fuels used by road vehicles.

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16

14

12 ) 3 10

8

6 Concentration (ug m Concentration

4

2

0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Figure 11 Annual mean SO 2 concentrations monitored at the Greenwich 4 site (1994 – 2007)

2.8 Ozone monitoring

The Council undertook the continuous measurement of ozone at its Greenwich 4 site in Eltham, Greenwich Bexley 6 roadside site at Falconwood, Greenwich 8 site near the Woolwich Flyover, Greenwich 9 at Westhorne Avenue and Greenwich 13 in Plumstead High Street. The Greenwich 8 and 9 sites opened in 2007. All sites are located at roadsides other than the Greenwich 4 site

The results for the period 2002 – 2007 are given in Table 10. The data capture for all years exceeded 90%; except 2004 for the Greenwich Bexley 6 site. This site opened in October of that year. Full details for the site are given in Table 16 in Appendix 1.

Table 10 Number of daily maxima exceeding 100 µg m -3 based on 8-hour running mean (2002-2007)

Objective 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 GR4 11 31 11 15 33 15 GB6 0 11 14 3 GR8 4 GR9 2 GR13 26 10

The Government’s air quality objective, not to exceed 10 periods in a calendar year, was exceeded for all years in Greenwich. The year 2003 was most notable for having a very hot dry summer conducive to the formation of ozone; hence the much higher of periods during this particular year. In 2004 the weather was less conducive to the formation of ozone as was 2005. The 2003 total

ERG, King’s College London 29 LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

was exceeded however during 2006 at Greenwich 4. In 2007 the summer was notable for being very wet and again these conditions were not conducive to the formation of ozone.

The LAQN annual mean index for ozone (which is based on an average of selected sites dependant on type and availability of data) has also shown that since 1996 through to the end of 2005 a 37% increase in levels, with further increases in 2006 (ERG, 2008). Thus this shows that concentrations of ozone have increased across London.

Conversely the roadside sites did not record any periods exceeding the objective. Lower ozone concentrations are to be expected at these sites in view of its location very close to a busy road. The sites however provide an understanding of oxidation close to polluted areas and possible future changes over time.

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2 New local developments

This section outlines those local developments that have taken place that may affect air quality. These are not for consideration now but are listed for a more thorough assessment during the next round of Review and Assessment. The guidance identifies the following developments that should be considered:

• New industrial processes included in the list of Appendix 2 of LAQM. TG 03. • New developments with an impact on air quality, especially those that will significantly change traffic flows. Only those developments with planning permission granted are included. • New landfill sites, quarries, etc with planning permission granted and nearby relevant exposure.

Table 11 New Local Developments since 2007

Development Location New Part A or B industrial processes See below New retail or mixed residential/ commercial development See below New road scheme None New mineral or landfill development None

3.1 New Part A/ B industrial processes

The Council permitted applications for dry cleaning establishments in 2007. In addition an application for a permit for a mobile crusher was received. These installations however are not considered to warrant further investigation under the LAQM regime however. (Details of the Part B installations permitted by the Council are given in Table 21). There has been no change to the Part A installations in the Borough.

3.2 Greenwich beacon status

Greenwich Council is committed to improving air quality. This has led to the Council becoming one of only four Beacon Authorities for air quality in the country. The Borough has been at the forefront of air pollution control for many years. Some programmes implemented include:

Smoke Control Area in the 1950s Research into the accumulation of lead in children in the 1980s (leading to government action to introduce lead-free petrol).

The Council achieved Beacon status 2007 for its work on Section 106 agreements. As apart of its beacon status the Council un a very successful seminar on planning and air quality for other local authorities and produced a video that can be viewed at the following website (http://www.greenwich.gov.uk/Greenwich/YourEnvironment/Pollution/AirQuality/CleanerAirGreener Greenwich.htm)

3.3 Greenwich Local Development Framework (LDF)

The Planning & Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 introduced a new development plan system. This is intended to streamline the local planning process and enable a Local Development Framework (LDF) to replace previous Unitary Development Plans (UDP).

The 2006 Greenwich Unitary Development Plan (UDP) is the key document in the current Greenwich Local Development Framework (LDF). It was adopted on 20 July 2006 and comprises a collection of planning documents that together provide the land development strategy, policies and site proposals for Greenwich. Together with the London Plan, which provides strategic policies, it forms the development plan for the Borough. The UDP sets out the Council’s vision for providing

ERG, King’s College London 31 LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

new homes, jobs, transport and local services, while also protecting the environment. The 2006 Adopted UDP will itself be replaced by mid 2011.

The Local Development Documents that will comprise the Greenwich LDF are:

• The Local Development Scheme; • Development Plan Documents; • Supplementary Planning Documents; • The Statement of Community Involvement; and • The Annual Monitoring Report.

The Local Development Scheme (LDS) is a work programme for the production of a range of new planning policy documents about the use of land in the Borough. The latest Greenwich LDS was published in March 2008; it updated the previous Greenwich LDS from 2007. The Scheme sets out the planning policy documents that the Council will produce in the three-year period from 2008 to 2011 and an indication of the LDF work programme for the three years following to 2013. This period covers completion of the Unitary Development Plan, and commencement of a new Local Development Framework to replace it.

The Development Plan Documents that form the main basis of the LDF are the:

Core (Spatial) Strategy DPD Development Control Policies DPD Site Allocations DPD Proposals Map Area Action Plans

The Development Plan Documents (DPDs), starting with the Core Strategy, are to be assessed in an Examination by an independent Inspector, appointed by the Secretary of State.

The Supplementary Planning Documents do not form part of the statutory development plan but will provide further detail on the implementation of particular policies and proposals contained in a Development Plan Document. Supplementary Planning Documents must relate to policies or proposals in a development plan document.

The Statement of Community Involvement outlines how the Council intends to involve the public and other stakeholders in the preparation, alteration and continuing review of all Local Development Documents. It will also set out the Council’s arrangements for consultation on planning applications for major development proposals. A draft was produced in September 2007 for consultation.

The role of Annual Monitoring Reports is to assess the major effects of planning policies in Local Development Documents (including the UDP), their effectiveness in achieving key national and local planning policy objectives such as housing provision, and to assess progress with the production of planning documents against milestones in the LDS. The Annual Monitoring Reports are submitted to the Secretary of State. The third AMR was submitted on time to Government Office for London in December 2007, and published online January 2008. Work on the fourth will commenced in July 2008. The key AMR finding is that the revised UDP was adopted on schedule.

3.4 Key development sites in Greenwich

The key development sites in the Borough include:

1) The Greenwich Peninsula/ Millennium Village. The peninsula area lies to the north of Greenwich and consists of a 121 hectare site, which is one of the UK's largest development sites of its type in recent years. A major landmark is the Millennium Dome, which is central to

32 ERG, King’s College London LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

regeneration of the area. As well as the 26,000-capacity arena, there are new homes, leisure, retail, and office developments. The development will also provide 24,000 jobs over the next fifteen years. 2) Woolwich regeneration which includes the DLR extension, which is due to open in 2009, and major private sector investment in Woolwich town centre, creating 46,450 square metres of new retail floor space, 1,500 new homes and over 1,000 new jobs in the next five years. These will be supplemented by a further 2,700 homes, shops and leisure areas on the Royal Arsenal, plus a rapid bus-based transit system linking Abbey Wood, Thamesmead, Woolwich, the Peninsula and Greenwich by 2010. 3) Tripcock Point/ Thamesmead, which will be a mixed-use development that will include: 2,000 new homes, live work units, offices, shops, hotel, community facilities and a new school. There is an emphasis on regenerating the area by including new public transport, environmental improvements and community facilities. 4) White Hart Triangle, the Borough's biggest industrial development, that is being transformed with the help of European funding and will, when completed, create about 2,000 new jobs. The site will provide space for various types of business on 161,900 square metres of formerly derelict land between Thamesmead and Woolwich. A new infrastructure has been developed to include a new access road and bridge, and the land has been decontaminated. 5) Thames Gateway Bridge which was provisionally given the go-ahead by the Council late in 2004 and subject to legal permissions; the bridge was expected to open in 2012. It was expected to stretch across the River Thames from Beckton in Newham to Thamesmead. In July 2007, however the Government announced they were deferring their decision on the construction of the bridge.

3.5 New developments and the use of biomass

The Revised London Plan, which is the capital's spatial strategy produced by the Mayor Of London requires greener development. Policy 4A.7 Renewable energy advices that “the Mayor will and Boroughs should in their DPDs adopt a presumption that developments will achieve a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of 20% from onsite renewable energy generation (which can include sources of decentralised renewable energy) unless it can be demonstrated that such provision is not feasible. This will support the Mayor’s Climate Change Mitigation and Energy Strategy and its objectives of increasing the proportion of energy used generated from renewable sources by:

Requiring the inclusion of renewable energy technology and design, including: biomass fuelled heating, cooling and electricity generating plant, biomass heating, combined heat, power and cooling, communal heating, cooling and power, renewable energy from waste (Policy 4A.21), photovoltaic cells, solar water heating, wind, hydrogen fuel cells, and ground-coupled heating and cooling in new developments wherever feasible

Facilitating and encouraging the use of all forms of renewable energy where appropriate, and giving consideration to the impact of new development on existing renewable energy schemes.”

The London Boroughs are assessing the impact of this policy on local air quality, particularly regarding the use of biomass. A report was produced in 2008 by London Councils to assess the potential impact of widespread wood-fuelled biomass use across London and to provide guidance for dealing with applications from developers to install biomass burners. One specific concern to Boroughs has been that although many biomass burners will meet Clean Air Act requirements, the switch to gas over the last few decades has meant from an air quality perspective, boiler emissions have been significantly lower than the Act's requirements. Therefore although biomass boilers meet Clean Air Act standards, in many circumstances they still have the potential to produce emissions that are worse than the current gas equivalent.

Greenwich Council as a result of the regeneration in its area has received many applications for biomass plant and is considering its position on these proposals.

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4 Action Plan Progress Report

4.1 Introduction

The LB of Greenwich Air Quality Action Plan was published in 2002. The Air Quality Action Plan sets out what the Council will be doing to improve air quality over the next few years. The plan focuses on measures to reduce traffic flow and vehicle emissions that are consistent with other Council wide policies, principally in relation to both transport and planning. The main aim is to reduce NO X and PM 10 emissions. Other actions include reducing emissions from buildings and industry, measures to raise public awareness of air pollution and greener travel. The Council through its Action Plan, and other policies, will also support other initiatives proposed and undertaken by other authorities to reduce emissions in the Borough.

4.2 Achievement of objectives

Greenwich Council is committed to improving air quality. This has led to the Council becoming one of only four Beacon Authorities for air quality in the country.

The Council’s Action Plan applies to the Air Quality Management Area, which covers the whole of Greenwich. This recognises that, although not everyone in the Borough will be exposed to concentrations that exceed the air quality objectives, it is the intention of the Action Plan is to reduce pollution levels, wherever possible, in pursuit of the achievement of the objectives.

4.3 Summary of key measures

This section provides a brief summary of some of the key measures included in the Action Plan and also the Council’s progress on these actions. An Action Plan Status table of the actions listed in the plan is provided in Appendix 1 (see Table 12).

4.3.1 Monitoring air quality

The Council has maintained its commitment to monitoring air quality in the Borough and reporting to other bodies, including Defra and GLA since release of its plan. As reported earlier the Council monitors air quality using 9 real-time monitoring stations, as well as with passive diffusion tubes which are located around the Borough. It is leading the use of new PM gravimetric equivalent monitoring instruments in its area. The Council is therefore a key part of the London Air Quality Network and current monitoring data and historic data for the sites can be viewed on the www.londonair.org.uk site.

4.3.2 Planning Policy and Control

The Council is using the planning system to bring air quality benefits, through imposing planning conditions and through using section 106 agreements for new developments, which are car free developments and demonstrate other air quality improvements.

The Council also supports the APPLE working group (Air Pollution Planning and the Local Environment) that is producing guidance to be used across London.

4.3.3 Traffic control and management

Actions undertaken and proposed include: reducing speed limits and the introduction of Home Zones and 20mph areas, maintaining the Lorry Ban in Trafalgar Road/ Romney Road and working with Transport for London (TfL).

£3.6m of funding was awarded to Greenwich in November 2007 to spend on local transport improvements to make the Borough safer, greener and more accessible. The Council allocated

34 ERG, King’s College London LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

funding in its Local Implementation Programme (LIP) towards highways and transport improvements, including bus priority, support for road renewal, bus priority, safer routes to schools, walking, cycling and the London Cycle Network and other improvements to support the Mayor’s Transport Strategy.

Greenwich Council continues to promote Car Free Day, now in its seventh year, in Greenwich town centre to emphasise greener and sustainable travel, with a strong focus on cycling.

4.3.4 Travel Plans in Greenwich

Major travel plan initiatives include a community bus, funded from S106 money, servicing Greenwich Blackheath and the Herbert Hospital Site, and a car club using Government grants, situated in the Greenwich CPZ area. The Council produced a School Travel Plan Toolkit for schools and gives advice and information specifically on travel plans for larger employers.

4.3.5 Greenwich fleet

The Council promotes and encourages the uptake of cleaner fuels and technologies in its fleet and in other fleets operating in Greenwich. The Council has been greening its own vehicle fleet and many vehicles now run on a bio-diesel fuel mixture, which reduces carbon dioxide emissions.

4.3.6 Low Emission Zone

The Council in its Action Plan recognised that the London-wide Low Emission Zone (LEZ) would play an important part in benefiting air quality in the Borough. The Mayor of London has now introduced the LEZ, to cut harmful emissions from the most polluting lorries, coaches and buses. It was launched in February 2008, with the aim of improving air quality across the capital. From February 2008 the LEZ applied to lorries over 12 tonnes. Since the beginning of July 2008 the LEZ also applied to lighter lorries, buses and coaches.

4.3.7 Greenwich Council actions

These are shown in Table 12.

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36 ERG, King’s College London

Table 12 Air Quality Action Status Table

No. Action Status Follow – up Action 1 Greenwich Council will continue to implement all measures On-going Agreed required of London Boroughs in the Mayor’s Air Quality Strategy 2 Greenwich Council fully supports the Low Emission Zone Study. Completed The LEZ was introduced in February 2008 by the GLA. The LEZ includes the phased implementation for different category vehicles 3 Should a Low Emission Zone for London prove viable, Greenwich On-going As above Council will work with Transport for London and the London Boroughs in implementing appropriate schemes 4 Greenwich Council will promote and encourage the uptake of On-going ULS diesel requirement on construction cleaner fuels and technologies. sites. Council vehicles currently run on ULS diesel. All Council vehicles to be Euro III compliant by 2010. 5 Greenwich Council will encourage the ‘greening’ of commercial Completed Grants ended March 2005 vehicles through the promotion of funding available from the Energy Savings Trust 6 Greenwich Council will implement the Mayor’s Transport Strategy On-going Agreed at a local level through the Local Implementation Plan. 7 Greenwich Council will work with Transport for London and The On-going Now only TfL. Anticipated that Mayor’s LEZ Highways Agency in seeking significant reductions in vehicle will assist + TfL. Anticipated that Mayor’s emissions on the A102 and the Transport for London Road LEZ which is supported by the Council will Network (TLRN) assist + Working towards demand management in Greenwich Town Centre 8 Greenwich Council will continue to work within SELTRANS to On-going A public transport accessibility programme secure improvements in public transport so as to reduce car is in progress. This has resulted in dependency. improved access to stations and bus stops using funding provided by TfL under the BSP and LIPRAF process 9 Greenwich Council will support Thames Gateway London On-going Greenwich is a member of TGLP Partnership measures that will improve air quality in and around Greenwich. LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

10 Greenwich Council promotes walking as a healthy and viable On-going Walking strategy implemented under LIP alternative to car transport. Including improved crossings/riverside footpaths/signage The programme aims to improve the walking experience by improving lighting and surfacing and therefore usage on all new developments and existing walking routes We have supported the good going campaign (now DIY Planet Repairs) to promote alternatives to single occupancy car use 11 Greenwich Council will promote cycling as a viable alternative to On-going The Council supports and participates in the the car, including the provision of appropriate routes and facilities. LCN and LCN+ programmes. Improvements to cycle parking facilities are also being made. The Council runs a cycle training programme part funded by TfL. 12 Greenwich Council will seek to reduce the number of car trips On-going The Council has a successful programme made during the school term by encouraging alternative modes of that will be complete by 2010. transport, through the Safer Routes to School Programme 13 Greenwich Council will continue to implement Home Zones and 20 On-going Successful grant for one installed Home mph areas, both as a traffic restraint to prevent ‘rat running’ and to Zone. Now only 20 mph zones. The Council put the needs of the pedestrian, mobility impaired, cyclists and has an ongoing programme of 20 mph children before those of the motorist. zones in existing residential areas. Opportunities are taken on new developments to introduce the Home Zone concept – the Millennium Village for example being pursued as best value for money. Home Zones on new schemes are being pursued 14 Greenwich Council will develop and implement a Green Transport On-going Brochure “Green Transport Plan for Plan for the Borough. Greenwich” produced in 2003 Greenwich Council Travel Plan being developed 15 Greenwich Council will work in developing and implementing On-going All major planning approvals include the Green Transport Plans for large employers in the Borough. provision of a green travel plan incorporating issues such as travel planning, car clubs and monitoring.

38 ERG, King’s College London LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

16 Greenwich Council will hold a Car Free Day each year to promote On-going Two awards received. Successful Festivals alternative forms of transport to the car. have been held annually. The 2005 festival won the event of the year category at the London Sustainable Transport Awards 2006 and the 2003 event won the TfL Travel Plan Award for 'Event of the Year', demonstrating the successful nature of the festivals.

17 Greenwich Council will continue to work with Transport for London On-going Successful implementation of bus priority and the London Boroughs in promoting and expanding the London and bus accessibility schemes continues. Bus Priority Network. 18 Greenwich Council will continue to work in partnership to promote Completed See above. bus travel as part of the London Bus Initiative 19 Greenwich Council will seek the further promotion of bus travel On-going The Council works closely with TfL on the through Bus Quality Partnerships provision of bus services 20 Greenwich Council will continue to work with Railtrack and rail On-going Lobbying e.g. includes Integrated Kent operators to secure continuing improvements of the rail service Franchise East London Line Thames Link provided to the Borough, including the development of a Metro 2000 and Crossrail. The Council supports Service. the aspirations in the TfL document T2025 21 Greenwich Council believes that the River Thames is an under On-going Pier at Woolwich (LIP) working - and the used sustainable transport resources and will continue to promote Council have facilitated the only commuter the transport of people and goods by the river. boat service on the river from Woolwich to Central London. 22 Greenwich Council is committed to the development of the On-going Tram-like low-emission hybrid bus will be Greenwich Waterfront Transit system and will continue to work with operating by 2011 Transport for London towards the ultimate development of a tram system. 23 Greenwich Council will work with Docklands Light Railway Ltd in On-going Due to open in 2009 securing Ministerial approval for the development of the DLR extension to Woolwich Arsenal Station. 24 Greenwich Council fully supports the Cross Rail Scheme and will Completed. Lobbying for station at Woolwich has lobby the Government to choose the Charlton line option to succeeded, but subject to funding of Woolwich Arsenal. Crossrail project. The Crossrail Bill was given Royal Assent and became the Crossrail Act 2008.

ERG, King’s College London 39 LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

25 Greenwich Council will seek to meet the requirements of the Road On-going The Council is liaising with TfL to look at the Traffic Reduction Act in the Borough through the variety of feasibility of introducing congestion measures discussed in the Council Local Implementation Plan. charging in Greenwich. To date traffic and travel pattern surveys have been carried out and more analysis is needed before a decision on feasibility work can be made 26 Greenwich Council will use its Parking Strategy to control parking On-going The Council’s Parking Enforcement Plan on new developments whilst also discouraging commuter parking contained in the LIP sets policies to control and other less essential trips. commuter parking, limit onsite parking on new developments thus discouraging car use. The Council has also kick started a successful car club in the West of the Borough and has investigated how this can be extended to give social inclusion benefits. Consider limiting resident parking to one per household 27 Greenwich Council will maintain the Trafalgar Road/Romney Road On-going Continuous AQ monitoring station installed 7.5 tonne Lorry Ban in order to protect Greenwich Town Centre since 1997 from air pollution and vibration. 28 Greenwich Council will continue to implement traffic restraint On-going The Council is ensuring that road space is measures to help create optimum driving conditions for the maximised for the benefit of all road users prevention of air pollution. i.e. pedestrians, cyclists, public transport freight as well as private motor vehicles. 29 Greenwich Council will continue to use traffic restraint measures to On-going An ongoing programme of restrictions is in direct heavy goods vehicles away from residential areas and onto place the main primary and secondary roads. 30 Greenwich Council will seek to develop Freight Quality On-going The Council supports the Mayor’s Freight Partnerships in line with guidance produced by the Mayor for Plan. London. 31 Greenwich Council will seek to work with Transport for London, On-going Review now 2 years old Still in force. The London Councils and the London Boroughs in reviewing the Council is participating in TfL reviews. London Night Time Lorry Ban, looking at the possibility of alleviating day time road congestion whilst avoiding night time sleep disturbance. 32 Greenwich Council will continue to protect river wharves, where On-going Current part of planning process included in viable, for the shipment of freight. the UDP 33 Greenwich Council will seek to significantly reduce traffic levels in On-going Planned long-term. The Council is Greenwich Town Centre with the aim of a part-pedestrian only examining the feasibility of demand Town Centre management.

40 ERG, King’s College London LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

34 Greenwich Council will continue to consult widely on significant On-going transport schemes and measures 35 Greenwich Council will continue to monitor transport schemes for On-going City Airport & TGB AQ stations planned their impact on air quality. 36 Greenwich Council will enforce the new powers laid down in The On-going Designation has not been sought Road Traffic (Vehicle Emissions)(Fixed Penalty)(England) Regulations 2002, in conjunction with the Vehicle Inspectorate, Association of London Government and the London Boroughs 37 Greenwich Council will continue to work with the Vehicle Completed In 1998/1999 Fleet Management worked Inspectorate in vehicle emissions testing and awareness collaboratively with the Vehicle programmes carried out in the Borough. The Council will also work Inspectorate. This could be repeated if in conjunction with the Mayor for London in implementing vehicle necessary. maintenance awareness schemes 38 Greenwich Council will work with the Vehicle Inspectorate, London Completed See 37 Councils and the London Boroughs in publicising roadside emissions testing powers. 39 Greenwich Council will enforce powers to prevent motorists from Completed Not pursued as problems with enforcement leaving their engines running unnecessarily whilst stationary role 40 Greenwich Council will continue to regularly service and maintain On-going Vehicles are subject to service schedules all fleet vehicles to a high standard that comply with Operators Licence requirements and also some manufacturers recommendations 41 Greenwich Council will replace all pre-Euro II vehicles by 2005, Completed with all Euro II heavy diesel vehicles fitted with particulate abatement technology, where possible, ensuring Euro III classification for these vehicles. 42 Greenwich Council will purchase LPG powered vehicles and Completed Not pursued at this time examine the potential for providing a LPG fuelling facility at Birchmere. 43 Greenwich Council will use a non-metallic fuel additive with Ultra Completed Implemented in 2003 Low Sulphur Diesel to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions of PM 10 and NO 2. 44 Greenwich Council will continue to clean Borough roads which will On-going help to remove dirt with the potential for re-suspension 45 Greenwich Council will continue to operate a free-collection, On-going Partial (6000) properties to extend to community composting scheme which has the potential for 70,000 with anaerobic digestion proposal. reducing the level of garden bonfires in the Borough Otherwise taken in general collection to incineration. Fee disposal at C.A. site.

ERG, King’s College London 41 LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

46 Greenwich Council will examine the viability of potential schemes Completed The Council has a successful programme of to remove older, more polluting vehicles from the road removal of abandoned vehicles and disposals of unwanted vehicles free on request. 47 Greenwich Council will continue to prevent air pollution and seek On-going UDP published in 2006 which has specific more sustainable forms of development through policies and references to air quality issues measures contained in the Unitary Development Plan. 48 Greenwich Council will continue to require ameliorating measures On-going Council achieved Beacon status 2007 for its such as Green Transport Plans and vehicle fleet improvements via work on Section 106 agreements section 106 planning agreements. 49 Greenwich Council will continue to seek financial contributions for On-going See 48 above air quality monitoring in the Borough via section 106 planning agreements, in line with the revised draft PPG 23. 50 Greenwich Council will continue to implement the Housing Energy On-going 15 year programme. Currently in eleventh Conservation Act thus improving energy efficiency in the Council’s year of the strategy. The target is to achieve housing stock. a 30% improvement in the overall energy efficiency of the housing stock. Our ten year report to DEFRA showed a 22.75% improvement and letters from GoL have accredited the Council with Good performance. 51 Greenwich Council is implementing an Energy Strategy that will On-going 6th largest non-fossil energy user in London. reduce the overall emissions of nitrogen dioxide and PM 10 65% electricity is “new” renewable energy particulates by using non-fossil fuel energy sources. 5% biodiesel fleet. PM 10 & NO 2 emissions reduction concomitant with a reduction of 19000t of CO 2 52 Greenwich Council will implement a Corporate Procurement Completed Not vigorously pursued. Strategy that will seek to reduce transport related emissions by To be re-examined. using the influence of the Council’s purchasing procedures. Since October 2006, all vehicles purchased for the Council’s fleet are Euro IV compliant 53 Greenwich Council will continue to enforce Clean Air Act legislation On-going 54 Greenwich Council will continue to support the Environment On-going Agency in ensuring that all Part A Processes in the Borough utilise the Best Available Techniques in controlling polluting emissions. 55 Greenwich Council will continue to ensure that all Part B On-going Processes in the Borough utilise the Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Cost and also meet emission limits that are tighter than guidance values, wherever possible.

42 ERG, King’s College London LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

56 Greenwich Council will continue to enforce the Statutory Nuisance On-going provisions under the Environmental Protection Act 1990, particularly where there is a risk due to emissions of dust. 57 Greenwich Council will control dust emissions from large scale On-going Now use GLA/London Councils “the control development sites by ensuring that our Protocol on Dust is of dust and emissions from construction followed and demolition” 58 Greenwich and Lewisham Councils will continue to work closely in On-going controlling dust emissions from large scale developments affecting both Boroughs 59 Greenwich Council will monitor nitrogen dioxide and PM 10 On-going NO 2 diffusion tube survey. PM 10 and NO 2 at particulate levels throughout the Borough and especially in areas nine sites of concern 60 Greenwich Council will continue to expand the automatic Completed 4 stations at end of 2002. 8 stations at end monitoring network to 7 stations by 2004 of 2004.

61 Greenwich Council continues to fully support and participate in the On-going Funding has been made available via London Air Quality Network and National Automatic Urban and Defra/Greenwich and TfL to run stations Rural Network of air quality monitoring stations until April 2009 62 Greenwich Council will work in partnership with the Greenwich On-going Primary Care Trust in sharing information, cutting inequalities and improving health

ERG, King’s College London 43 LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2008

44 ERG, King’s College London 5 Conclusion

This Air Quality and Action Plan Progress Report for 2007 fulfils the requirements of the Defra PRG 03 guidance and has updated monitoring results in the Borough and noted new relevant local developments and other initiatives.

The up to date monitoring results continue to indicate that the Government’s current air quality objectives for NO 2 and PM 10 are being exceeded widely at locations across the Borough where there is relevant public exposure. Based on the findings in this report there is no need to progress to a Detailed Assessment either to revoke its existing AQMA or determine whether any new AQMAs are required.

The purpose of the Council’s Air Quality Action Plan is to ensure that air quality is considered corporately and to seek to reduce air pollution within the Borough, in pursuit of the Government’s air quality objectives. The Council is however limited in its abilities to influence local air quality directly as outlined in its Stage 4 Further Assessment report, partly as a result of pollution arising elsewhere in London (and beyond) and also because it has limited responsibility for the main sources of emissions within the Borough. The major roads in the Borough are the responsibility of Transport for London and the Highways Agency, rather than the Council. The Action Plan does however include measures to seek to reduce traffic flow and vehicle emissions that are consistent with other Council policies.

The Council’s progress on the individual actions was given in Table 12. The Action Plan originally included 62 actions. The report confirms that 13 were completed. The remaining actions are all on going.

The Council will continue its air quality monitoring programme and prepare for the next round of review and assessment, including the next Updating and Screening Assessment in 2009. LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2007

References

Carslaw D.C and Beevers S.D, 2005. Evidence of an increasing NO 2/NOx emissions ratio from road traffic emissions. Atmospheric Environment 39, 2049-2059.

Defra, 2000. Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Defra, London. Cm 4548.

Defra, 2007. The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Volume 1. Defra, London. Cm 7169.

Defra, 2003a. Local Air Quality Management, Technical guidance LAQM.TG03. Defra, London.

Defra, 2003b. Air Quality Strategy Addendum for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Defra, London.

Fuller G. and Green D (2006). Air Quality In London 2005 and mid 2006 – Briefing. http://www.londonair.org.uk/london/asp/reportdetail.asp?ReportID=aq05_06&ReportType=Latest_Report

Fuller, G.W., and Green, D., 2006. Evidence for increasing primary PM 10 in London. Atmospheric Environment 40, 6134 - 6145.

LB of Greenwich (2002) Stage 4 Further Assessment of air quality. 2002

LB of Greenwich (2007). Local Air Quality Management – Updating and Screening Assessment October 2007

LB of Greenwich (2005) Local Air Quality Management – Air Quality Progress Report. 2005

Airborne Particles Expert Group (APEG), 1999. Source apportionment of particulate matter in the United Kingdom. Defra 1999

ERG, 2006. Air Quality in London 2004. London Air Quality Network Report 12. ERG, King’s College London 2006.

ERG, 2007. Air Quality in London 2005-6. London Air Quality Network Report 13. ERG, King’s College London 2008.

46 ERG, King’s College London LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2007

Appendix 1

Table 13 NO 2 data capture for year (%)

LAQN site Type 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Greenwich 4 S 98 97 97 84 93 96 Greenwich 5 R 99 99 99 95 76 27 Greenwich 7 R 90 88 92 96 98 Greenwich 8 R 45 96 96 99 Greenwich 9 R 11 97 81 95 Greenwich 10 R 28 98 98 99 Greenwich 12 U 41 99 89 88 Greenwich 13 R 92 98 Greenwich Bexley 6 R 98 92 100 99 97 98

Table 14 SO 2 data capture for year (%)

LAQN site Type 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006 Greenwich 4 S 95 98 99 94 93 92

Table 15 PM 10 data capture for year (%)

LAQN site Type 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Greenwich 4 S 94 99 91 78 96 77 Greenwich 5 R 95 98 99 97 99 99 Greenwich 7 R 92 92 90 98 99 99 Greenwich 8 R 47 98 98 98 Greenwich 9 R 3 77 36 Greenwich 10 R 23 97 99 94 Greenwich 12 U 36 Greenwich 13 R 87 Greenwich Bexley 6 R 94 94 99 98 95 94

Table 16 Ozone data capture rate for year (%)

LAQN site Type 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Greenwich 4 S 97 91 96 98 93 98 Greenwich Bexley 6 R 25 99 96 95 Greenwich 8 R 86 Greenwich 9 R 99 Greenwich 13 R 92 99

ERG, King’s College London 47 LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2007

Table 17 Benzene diffusion tube sites in LB of Greenwich

Code Site Type Road /Area GW29 Woolwich Road Roadside A206 / SE7 GW33 Blackheath Hill (9) Roadside A2 / SE10 GW34 Bannockburn School Roadside A206 / SE18 GW35 Greenwich Mini Town Hall Roadside A206 / SE10 GW36 Blackwall Lane Lorry Park Roadside A102 (M) / SE10 GW38 Westhorne Avenue (579) Intermediate A205 / SE9 GW39 Bexley Road (ECC) (Triplicate) Background A210 / SE9 GW41 Sidcup Road (691) Roadside A20 / SE9 GW42 Greenwich Church Street (46) Roadside A200/6 / SE10 GW43 Creek Road / McMillan St Roadside A200 / SE8 GW50 Peartree Way (Triplicate) Roadside A102 (M) / SE10 GW51 Bugsby's Way Roadside A2211 / SE10 GW54 Westhorne Avenue (579) Intermediate A205 / SE9 GW55 Crown Woods Way (Triplicate) Roadside A2 / SE9

Table 18 PM 2.5 data capture for year (%)

Site 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Greenwich 12 31 96 83 0 Greenwich 8 64 98.8 Greenwich 9 3 68 79 98.1 Greenwich Bexley 6 100 99 99 99 97 95.2 Greenwich 13 87 67.5 Bexley 3 31 100 100

48 ERG, King’s College London LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2007

-3 Table 19 2007 uncorrected annual mean NO 2 diffusion tube results for LB of Greenwich ( µg m )

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 GW23 45 44 47 44 54 GW24 35 52 56 54 57 62 GW25 36 51 52 52 52 57 GW26 44 45 46 46 48 GW27 54 55 58 57 58 GW29 43 58 57 65 67 69 GW32 31 49 52 51 48 54 GW33 30 52 60 63 62 73 GW34 33 45 51 48 50 50 GW35 46 73 82 75 89 83 GW36 32 52 56 54 55 55 GW37 22 28 28 29 27 28 GW38 33 44 35 40 38 47 GW39 mean 21.0 25.0 26.0 25.3 25.0 26.5 GW40 20 25 24 24 27 27 GW41 29 48 45 46 44 48 GW42 38 59 55 61 59 65 GW43 35 57 60 59 61 64 GW44 48 43 47 48 61 GW45 54 52 51 56 GW48 38 51 51 50 50 58 GW49 49 51 48 50 51 49 GW50 mean 33.0 50.0 59.0 67.3 73.3 72.1 GW51 34 44 45 47 47 51 GW52 33 54 48 44 48 53 GW53 28 45 45 44 46 52 GW54 42 53 54 55 55 57 GW55 mean 34.0 50.7 50.0 49.3 49.0 55.4 GW56 43 43 43 43 50 63 GW57 mean 38.0 45.0 43.3 45.0 50.4 GW58 mean 49.3 46.7 51.3 50.3 53.5 GW59 mean 43.7 45.3 47.0 GW60 mean 43.7 45.0 53.4 GW61 mean 43.8 GW101 50 48 63 63 78 80 GW102 50 52 64 64 65 75

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Table 20 NO 2 diffusion tube site locations and distance to kerb Code Site Type OS Grid Ref. TQ Kerb dist. (m) Road/Area GW23 Siebert Road Roadside 540420-177706 17.2 A102/SE3 GW24 Plumstead Common Road Roadside 543806-177951 3 SE18 GW25 Eltham Road Roadside 540099-174881 3 A20 / SE12 GW26 Footscray Road Roadside 544015-173139 0.5 A211/SE9 GW27 The Village Roadside 541645-177874 0.5 B210/SE7 GW29 Woolwich Road Roadside 541167-178512 1 A206 / SE7 GW32 Old Dover Road Roadside 540664-177235 17.1 A102/SE3 GW33 Blackheath Hill (9) Roadside 537971-176776 1.5 A2 / SE10 GW34 Bannockburn School Roadside 545490-178543 3 A206 / SE18 GW35 Greenwich Mini Town Hall Roadside 539529-178280 1.5 A206 / SE10 GW36 Blackwall Lane Lorry Park Roadside 539322-179235 30 A102/ SE10 GW37 De Lucy School, Cookhill Rd Background 546630-179557 215 A2016 / SE2 GW38 Westhorne Avenue (579) Intermediate 541885-175045 30 A205 / SE9 GW39 Bexley Road (ECC) (Triplicate) Background 543986-174660 30 A210 / SE9 GW40 Shrewsbury House Background 544065-176996 575 A207 / SE18 GW41 Sidcup Road (691) Roadside 543384-172773 3 A20 / SE9 GW42 Greenwich Church Street (46) Roadside 538329-177651 2 A200/6 / SE10 GW43 Creek Road / McMillan St Roadside 537353-177632 6 A200 / SE8 GW44 Eltham High Street (Library) Roadside 543096-174439 3.6 A210/SE9 GW45 General Gordon Place Roadside 543641-178781 5 A205/SE18 GW48 Greenwich South Street (60) Roadside 538044-176960 2.5 A2211 / SE10 GW49 Woolwich High Street (RSH) Roadside 543472-179217 1 A206 / SE18 GW50 Peartree Way (Triplicate) Roadside 540203-178367 3.5 A102/ SE10 GW51 Bugsby's Way Roadside 539730-178948 2 A2211 / SE10 GW52 Woolwich Road Roadside 542842-179108 1.5 A206 / SE18 GW53 Shooters' Hill Road Roadside 542181-176878 1.5 A207 / SE3 GW54 Westhorne Avenue (579) Roadside 541915-175039 2.5 A205 / SE9 GW55 Crown Woods Way (Triplicate) Roadside 545005-175097 1.5 A2 / SE9 GW56 Felhampton Road Roadside 543679-172598 1.5 A20 / SE9 GW57 Trafalgar Road (Triplicate) Roadside 538965-177952 7 A206 / SE10 GW58 Maidenstone Hill Roadside 538143-176710 4 A2 / SE3 GW59 Westhorne Avenue (Triplicate) Roadside 541883-175016 13 A205 / SE9 GW60 Burrage Grove AEI (Triplicate) Roadside 544086-178882 17 A206 / SE18 GW61 Millennium Village (Triplicate) Background 540175-17900 A102 / SE10 GW101 Plumstead Road (136) Roadside 544727-178884 1 A206 / SE18 GW102 Burrage Grove AEI Roadside 544075-178898 1 A206 / SE18

50 ERG, King’s College London LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2007

Table 21 Part B installations in LB Greenwich

Ref Reg. Category Name Address Postcode Status 102 Cremation of Human Eltham Crematorium Crown Woods Way, Eltham SE9 2RF Permitted Remains 110 Concrete Batching Tarmac Murphy's Wharf, Lombard Wall, SE7 7SH Permitted Charlton 112 Roadstone Coating Aggregate Industries Angerstein Wharf, Horn Lane, SE100RT Permitted (UK) Ltd Greenwich 126 Ferrous and Non- Ferrous Essex Replica Castings 108-112 Westmoor Street, Charlton SE7 8NQ Permitted Metal Processing (Basildon) Ltd 127 Vehicle Respraying WJ King (Garages) Ltd 40 Artillery Place, Woolwich SE181SF Permitted 130 Ferrous and Non- Ferrous Stone Foundries Woolwich Road, Woolwich SE7 8SL Permitted Metal Processing 138 Roadstone Coating Tarmac Riverside Wharf, Herringham Road, SE7 8SJ Permitted Charlton 140 Manufacture of Printing Apollo Colours Ltd 127 Nathan Way, West SE28 Permitted Inks Thamesmead Business Park, London 141 Concrete Batching London Concrete Angerstein Wharf, Horn Lane, SE10 Permitted Greenwich 144 Fixed Concrete Crusher Day Aggregates Murphy's Wharf, Lombard Wall, SE7 7SH Permitted Charlton 145 Concrete Batching Hanson Premix 303 Tunnel Avenue, Greenwich SE100QE Permitted 147 Fixed Concrete Crusher Murphy's (Waste) Ltd Transfer Station, Horn Lane, SE100RT Permitted Greenwich 148 Concrete Batching CEMEX Angerstein Wharf, Horn Link Way, SE100RT Permitted Greenwich 149 Mobile Concrete Crusher Toulouse Plant Hire Ltd 55-71 Norman Road, Greenwich SE109QF Application 150 Concrete Batching Euromix Concrete Ltd Brewery Wharf, Norman Road, SE109QZ Permitted Greenwich 152 Vehicle Respraying Southside Accident 123/125 Nathan Way, Thamesmead SE280AB Permitted Repair centre 153 Mobile Concrete Crusher O'Keefe Construction St. Andrew's House, 1 SE10 Permitted Greenwich) Ltd Dreadnought Street, Greenwich 0PU 201 Petrol Station Asda Petrol Station Bugsby Way, Charlton SE7 7ST Permitted 202 Petrol Station Total Fina 176 Footscray Road, New Eltham SE9 Permitted 203 Petrol Station Morrison Petrol Station Thamesmere Drive, Thamesmead SE288RE Permitted 204 Petrol Station J Sainsbury plc Messeter Place, Eltham SE9 Permitted 205 Petrol Station Star Lee Service 1 Sidcup Road, Lee SE128BL Permitted Station 206 Petrol Station Snax 24 Ltd PFS 79 Kidbrooke Park Road, SE3 Permitted Blackheath 208 Petrol Station JET Service Station 177-189 Creek Road, Deptford SE8 3OU Permitted 210 Petrol Station Trafalgar Filling Station 43-45 Trafalgar Road, Greenwich SE109TT Permitted 211 Petrol Station Hexagon Service 340 Woolwich Road, Charlton SE7 Permitted Station 213 Petrol Station Thamesmead Service 1-3 Bostall Hill, Abbey Wood SE2 0RB Permitted Station 215 Petrol Station Eltham Service Station 39-41 Eltham High Street, Eltham SE9 1DH Permitted 216 Petrol Station Shell Service Station 160-168 Plumstead Common Road, SE18 Permitted Plumstead 2UL 217 Petrol Station Lakedale Service 190-214 Plumstead High Street, SE18 1JH Permitted Station Plumstead

ERG, King’s College London 51 LB of Greenwich – AQAP Report 2007

218 Petrol Station Blackheath Service 37A Shooters Hill Road, Blackheath SE3 7HS Permitted Station 219 Petrol Station Shell Service Station 165 Shooters Hill Road, Blackheath SE3 Permitted 220 Petrol Station Shell Service Station Next to 551 Sidcup Road, Eltham SE9 3AF Permitted 221 Petrol Station Shell Service Station 728 Sidcup Road, Eltham SE9 SE9 Permitted 223 Petrol Station Shell Service Station 7-9 Tudor Parade, Well Hall Road, SE9 5SX Permitted Eltham 224 Petrol Station Clifton Service Station 59 Sidcup Road, Lee SE12 8BL Permitted 230 Petrol Station WJ King (Garages) Ltd 40 Artillery Place, Woolwich SE184AE Permitted 231 Petrol Station J Sainsbury plc Bugsby Way, Charlton SE10 Permitted 301 Dry Cleaners The Village Dry 135 Lee Road SE3 9DS Permitted Cleaners 302 Dry Cleaners Panache Dry Cleaners 192 Court Road, Eltham SE9 4EW Permitted 303 Dry Cleaners Westmount Dry 146 Westmount Road, Eltham SE9 1XA Permitted Cleaners 304 Dry Cleaners Greenwich Dry 25 Woolwich Road, Greenwich SE10 Permitted Cleaners 0RA 305 Dry Cleaners Taylor's Cleaners 68 Herbert Road, Plumstead SE18 Permitted 3SH 306 Dry Cleaners Westcombe Dry 74 Westcombe Hill SE3 7DY Permitted Cleaners 307 Dry Cleaners Morrisons Supermarket 2 Twin Tumps Way SE28 Permitted 8RD 308 Dry Cleaners Cleantech Dry Cleaners 213 Eltham High Street SE9 1TX Permitted 309 Dry Cleaners Elegance Dry Cleaners 172 Westcombe Hill SE3 7DH Permitted 310 Dry Cleaners Collins Cleaners 3 Stratheden Parade SE3 7SX Permitted 311 Dry Cleaners Well Hall Express 18 Well Hall Parade, Eltham SE9 6SP Permitted 312 Dry Cleaners Woolwich Express 59 Woolwich New Road SE18 Permitted 6ED 313 Dry Cleaners Cleaners of Eltham 10 Well hall Road, Eltham SE9 6SF Permitted 314 Dry Cleaners Tailored Press 130 Plumstead Common Road SE18 Permitted 2UL 315 Dry Cleaners Soma Dry Cleaners 237 Greenwich High Road SE10 Permitted 8NB 316 Dry Cleaners Collins Dry Cleaners 168 Trafalgar Road, Greenwich SE10 9TZ Permitted 318 Dry Cleaners Spotless Dry Cleaners 168 Shooters Hill Road SE3 8RP Permitted 319 Dry Cleaners Early Bird Dry Cleaners 139 Plumstead High Street SE18 Permitted 1SE 320 Dry Cleaners Sew Clean 252 Plumstead High Street SE18 1JN Permitted 321 Dry Cleaners Rosam Dry Cleaners 173 Trafalgar Road SE10 Permitted 9TX 322 Dry Cleaners Unique Dry Cleaners 6 Frances Street, Woolwich SE18 Permitted 5EF 323 Dry Cleaners Court Yard Dry 29 Court Yard, Eltham SE9 5PR Permitted Cleaners 324 Dry Cleaners Victory Dry Cleaners 196 Bexley Road SE9 2PH Permitted 325 Dry Cleaners Asik Dry Cleaners 88 Plumstead High Street SE18 1SL Permitted 326 Dry Cleaners Attrill's 413, Footscray Road SE9 3UL Permitted 327 Dry Cleaners Village Dry Cleaners I The Village, Charlton SE7 8UG Permitted 328 Dry Cleaners Royal Dry Cleaners 27 Lewisham Road SE13 7QS Permitted

52 ERG, King’s College London