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Comparative Study of New Environmentally Safe Refrigerant Fluids

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Comparative Study of New Environmentally Safe Refrigerant Fluids Comparative Study of New Environmentally Safe Refrigerant Fluids A thesis submitted to the University of Khartoum in Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of M.Sc in Chemical Engineering By Momin Elhadi Abdalla Mohammed B.Sc. (Honors in Chemical Engineering) (2006) University of Khartoum Supervisor Dr. Ali Abdelrahman Rabah Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering August / 2009 ﺳﻮرة اﻟﺒﻘﺮة Dedication I’m honored to dedicate this thesis to: My Dear Parents My Friends & Humanity I Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Ali Abdelrahman Rabah, for his invaluable guidance, experience, motivation and support. His advice helped me think rationally about complex problems and solve them in a correct and yet simple manner. My thanks also go to all the staff at the University Of Khartoum Department Of Chemical Engineering for their logistic supports during my study and research as a graduate student and a teaching assistant staff. Finally, I sincerely thank all my friends who have provided me with so much help to make this work possible. II TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ..........................................................................................................................I Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................... II Abstract ………............................................................................................................ VI Abstract (Arabic) ......................................................................................................................... IIII List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ IIII List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... III List of Abbreviation ……….......................................................................................................... IIII 1. INTRODUCTION………........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background...................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Refrigerants Requirements………………...………………………………………………….... 2 1.3 Research Objectives...………...................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Thesis Outline…………….......................................................................................................................................... 4 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ……..…........................................................................................ 5 2.1 Refrigerant Classification..…...................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 CFC Chlorofluorocarbons ………………………………...…………………….………7 2.1.2 HCFC HydroChlorofluorocarbons ………………………...………...………………….7 2.1.3 HFC Hydrofluorocarbons …………….……………………...………………………….7 2.1.4 FC Fluoro Carbons ………………………………...………...………………………….8 2.1.5 HC Hydro Carbon. ……………………………....…………......……………………….8 2.1.6 Natural Refrigerants. ……………………………......………......……………………….8 2.2 Thermo-physical Properties of Refrigerants ……………..…………..…….............................. 10 2.2.1 Zeotropes …………..……………..……………...…...……......……………………….12 2.2.2 Near azeotropes …………..……………..…………...……......……………………….15 2.2.3 Azeotropes …………..……………..…….……...………......………………………….12 2.3 International Efforts and Agreements(Montreal and Kyoto Protocols)………....……............. 17 2.4 Environmental Impacts of Refrigerants ………….…...................................................................17 2.4.1 Impact of Ozone Depletion Potential ……………...……......……...………………….18 2.4.2 Impact of Global Warming Potential ……………...……......……...………………….18 III 2.4.3 Mechanisms for Reducing Global Warming Impact …………..………………...…….20 2.5 Heat Pump Refrigerants……………..............................………. .............................................22 2.5.1 CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs ………..………………………………..……………...…….22 2.5.2 Blends ………..……………...…………………………………………..…………….22 2.5.3 Natural Refrigerants ………..…………..…………………………...…..…………….23 2.6 Heat Pumps old Refrigerant Replacement…............................................................................ 23 2.7 Previous and Present Work ……….……………..………….……………...……… ............... 27 3. TOOLS AND METHODS ……..... ……............................................................................... 28 3.1 The Reversed Carnot Cycle ………............................................................................................28 3.2 Heat Pumping…….. ……...…………………………….....…………… ….............................. ..32 3.3 Heat Pump Components………...……......................................................................................35 3.3.1 Compressor …………… ………..………………………………..……………...…….35 3.3.2 Condenser ………..……………...…..…………………………………..…………….38 3.3.3 Expansion Valve ………..…………..…….……………...……………..…………….40 3.3.4 Evaporator ………..……………………….……………………...……..…………….41 3.4 Simulation Models… …………….….….......................................................................................43 3.5 Environmental Comparison Models … …………….….….........................................................43 3.5.1 Global Warming Potential …………… ………..………...…..………………...…….43 3.5.2 Ozone Depletion Potential ……....…..……………………………...…..…………….43 3.5.3 Flammability …………… …………….………..………...…..……...………...…….44 3.5.4 Toxicity ……....…..…………………….…………………………….....…………….44 3.6 Thermodynamic Comparison Models…................................................................................... 53 3.6.1 Coefficient of Performance …………… ………..………...…..……..………...……..45 3.6.2 Heating capacity ……....…..…………………………………………....…………….45 3.6.3 Cooling capacity …………… …………….………..……..…..……..………...…….45 3.6.4 Vapor Pressure ……....…..…………………..………………………..…...………….46 3.6.5 Power consumption …………… ………..………………...…..…………..…...……..46 3.6.6 Evaporation Temperature ……....…..………...…..…………………..…..……….….46 3.6.7 Critical Temperature Tc …………… …………….………..…...………..……...…….46 3.6.8 Molecular Weight ……....…..…………….…………………………….…………….46 IV 3.7 Simulation Models Calculations … …………….….….............................................................46 3.8 Equations of State … …………….….…......................................................................................47 3.9 Simulation Packages … …………….….…..................................................................................48 3.9.1 Engineering Equation Solver (EES) …………… ………..………………..…...……..48 3.9.2 Reference Fluid Properties (REFPROP) ……....…..………...…...…..…..……….….50 3.10 Working Fluids ……………………………………………………………………..………53 3.11 Working Conditions ………………………………………………………………..………54 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS …………………........ …................................................ 55 4.1 Environmental Comparison Models…….………….................................................................55 4.2 Thermodynamic Comparison Models………..…..…….. ……….......……...….……..…….... 57 4.2.1 Heating Coefficient of Performance Comparison.………….………….….............. 57 4.2.2 Refrigeration Capacity Comparison…….……….…………………….……..…. .... 58 4.2.3 Vapor pressure Comparison…….……….….…………………….……...……... .... 59 4.2.4 Power Consumption Comparison. ………............................................................. 61 4.2.5 Critical Temperature Comparison.…………………………………………….……. 62 4.2.6 Molecular Weight Comparison…………………….……………………….. ...... ...66 4.3 Refrigerant Cost Comparison….………………....................................................................... 67 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS …….…………..………….................... 68 5.1 Conclusions……………………………..…..…………….…....…….. ……...…………….... 68 5.2 Recommendations for Future Work.…….…...……………….…......................................... 70 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................. 71 APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………….……………….73 V ABSTRACT Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) based refrigerants have found widespread uses in home refrigerators, heat pumps, air conditions and chemical industries such as oxygen liquification, this is primarily due to their nontoxic, nonflammable nature and their high overall thermodynamic efficiency. However, (CFCs) and (HCFCs) are character with intermediate to high ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP).As a consequence they will be banned during the next two to four decades in accordance with Kyoto and Montreal Protocols. The search for potential substitutes is in progress. Potential substitutes include pure and mixtures of hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs) which have the potential for matching thermodynamic properties of current working fluids while meeting several criteria for ODP, GWP, flammability, toxicity and production cost. This research work is intended to make comparative study between five of the potential substitutes ( R227ea ; R245fa ; R600 ; R410A binary mixture ; R407C Ternary mixture ) and three of the old refrigerants ( R12 ; R22 ; R114) that are used in heat pumps. The comparisons were based on Environmental, Safety and Thermodynamic Criterion. The software of Engineering Equation Solver (EES) and Reference Fluid Properties (REFPROP) were employed to simulate the heat pumps
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