Key Terms in Discourse Analysis Also Available from Continuum

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Key Terms in Discourse Analysis Also Available from Continuum Key Terms in Discourse Analysis Also available from Continuum Key Terms in Semiotics, Bronwen Martin and Felizitas Ringham Key Terms in Second Language Acquisition, Bill VanPatten and Alessandro G. Benati Key Terms in Linguistics, Howard Jackson Key Terms in Translation Studies, Giuseppe Palumbo Key Terms in Phonology, Nancy C. Kula and Wyn Johnson Key Terms in Semantics, M. Lynne Murphy and Anu Koskela Key Terms in Discourse Analysis, Paul Baker and Sibonile Ellece Key Terms in Stylistics, Nina Nørgaard, Beatrix Busse and Rocío Montoro Key Terms in Pragmatics, Nicholas Allott Key Terms in Systemic Functional Linguistics, Christian Matthiessen, Marvin Lam and Kazuhiro Teruya Key Terms in Syntax and Syntactic Theory, Silvia Luraghi and Claudia Parodi Key Terms in Discourse Analysis Paul Baker and Sibonile Ellece Continuum International Publishing Group The Tower Building 80 Maiden Lane 11 York Road Suite 704 London SE1 7NX New York, NY 10038 www.continuumbooks.com © Paul Baker and Sibonile Ellece 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. The Authors have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Authors of this work. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-1-8470-6320-5 (hardcover) ISBN: 978-1-8470-6321-2 (paperback) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Baker, Paul, 1972- Key terms in discourse analysis / Paul Baker and Sibonile Ellece. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84706-320-5 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-84706-321-2 (pbk.) 1. Discourse analysis. 2. Discourse analysis–Terminology. 3. Linguistics–Terminology. I. Ellece, Sibonile. II. Title. P302.B285 2010 401’.41–dc22 2010012771 Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India Printed and bound in India by Replika Press Pvt Ltd Contents Notes on Examples vi The Key Terms 1 The Key Thinkers 160 The Key Texts 186 References 203 Index 227 Notes on Examples Rather than always inventing examples to illustrate points, we have tried to take them from real life uses of language. To achieve this, we have used corpora – large collections of naturally occurring texts that have been collected and electronically transcribed for the purposes of linguistic analysis. The corpora we have used are The British National Corpus (BNC), consisting of approximately 100 million words of written (90%) and spoken (10%) British English mainly pro- duced in the early 1990s. The British English 2006 (BE06) Corpus, consisting of 1 million words of standard British English, collected from 15 written genres and published circa 2006. Where we have included examples from corpora, we have also included file reference numbers. The Key Terms absence An absence is something that could be present in language use or discourse, but is not, possibly for ideological reasons (see van Leeuwen 1996, 1997). For example, Hollway (1995: 60) notes that ‘there is no currently available way of conceptualizing women’s pleasure and active sexual desire . in heterosexual sex which is regarded as consistent with principles of women’s liberation’. Absences can be difficult for discourse analysts to identify because the text itself is unlikely to reveal what is absent, so the analyst is required to refer to additional sources. One method of identifying absence in a particular TEXT is to carry out some sort of comparison, for example, by comparing two similar texts against each other or by comparing a single text against a much large set of ‘reference texts’ via CORPUS LINGUISTICS techniques. Another technique would involve asking multiple analysts to examine the same text in order to gain a range of possible perspectives on what could have been present but is not. See also BACKGROUNDING, ERASURE, EXCLUSION, SILENCE. access Access, in relation to CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS, is concerned with who has access to certain types of discourse or roles and who gets to control the access of other people – therefore access is strongly related to POWER. Van Dijk (1996: 86) points out that in some discourse situations certain roles afford more access than others – so in education, teachers have more control over educational discourse than students, while in health settings, doctors have more control over the discourse – such as what can be discussed or the setting or timing of an interaction. Access (or lack of it) therefore plays an important role in reinforcing existing power relations. While many westernized societies 2 accounts stress concepts like ‘free speech’ or ‘equal opportunities’, at times patterns of access in those societies may not reflect these ideals. For example, Fairclough (1989: 62–68) discusses a number of ways in which access to discourse is unequally distributed across societies. Literacy plays an important role in determining access – people who have poor literacy (the vast majority who are working class in the United Kingdom) are unlikely to have access to higher education. Fairclough (1989: 65) argues that ‘the educational system reproduces . the existing social division of labour, and the existing system of class relations’. In addition, formality represents another way that access is constrained – many contexts which involve the exercise of power (such as politics, law, education, medicine or the media) tend to require people to participate in formal situations. Therefore, special knowledge and skills normally need to be acquired in order for people to gain access to those situations. Particular forms of jargon or POLITENESS strategies need to be learnt. As some people do not have access to ways of learning how to participate in these formal situ- ations, they will therefore never be able to be participants in them (see also CAPITAL). accounts Scott and Lyman (1968: 46) define accounts as the social process of how people present themselves, particularly when engaged in lapses of conven- tionality. Such people are likely to use an ‘account . a statement . to explain unanticipated or untoward behavior’. Scott and Lyman categorize excuses and justifications as types of accounts. The examination of accounts is a key aspect of DISCURSIVE PSYCHOLOGY (e.g. Potter and Wetherell 1987), which has shown that people attempt to construct cohesive accounts of their beha- viour and attitudes that may actually be contradictory when subjected to qualitative analysis. adjacency pair In CONVERSATION ANALYSIS, an adjacency pair consists of two functionally related turns, each made by a different speaker (Schegloff and Sacks 1973). The first adjective 3 turn of the pair requires a relevant response (the second turn). Pairs can take various forms, for example, invitation – acceptance (or rejection) request – acceptance (or denial) greeting – greeting assessment – agreement (or disagreement) blame – denial (or admission) question – answer The response in the second part of the turn can be categorized as preferred or dispreferred. Generally, the preferred second is the shorter, less compli- cated response, while the dispreferred second tends to be longer and requires more conversational work. In example 1 below from Atkinson and Drew (1979: 58), the second part of the adjacency pair is a preferred response, while example 2 shows a typical dispreferred second which contains a delay: ‘hehh’; a marker: ‘well’; an appreciation of the offer: ‘that’s awfully sweet of you’; a declination: ‘I don’t think I can make it this morning’; a further delay: ‘hh uhm’; and an ACCOUNT: ‘I’m running an ad . and I have to stay near the phone’. (See also TURN-TAKING.) Example 1 A: Why don’t you come up and see me some time? B: I would like to. Example 2 A: Uh, if you’d care to come and visit a little while this morning, I’ll give you a cup of coffee. B: Hehh, well, that’s awfully sweet of you. I don’t think I can make it this morning, hh uhm, I’m running an ad in the paper and uh I have to stay near the phone. adjective An adjective is a word which describes something, usually being used to give additional information about a noun or pronoun. Many adjectives can be evaluative and are thus important in discursive representation as they reveal 4 agency author stance: ‘The waiter was a portly middle-aged man, deferential but dignified’ (BNC, ASN). Leech (1966: 151) notes that adjectives tend to be extremely common in advertising discourse. Some adjectives can be gradable, happy, happier, happiest, although others are not, dead. Another distinction can be made between attributive and predicative adjectives, which can have consequences for discourse representation. An attributive adjective directly modifies a noun (the gay man), whereas predicat- ive adjectives are often used with copula (he is gay). In the former, the adjective appears as one descriptive component of a person’s IDENTITY, potentially allowing for other representations, whereas in the latter, the adjectival trait becomes foregrounded, with the referent appearing to be the sum of the adjective and nothing more. Another strategy, where adjectives are trans- formed into nouns (he’s a gay), even further represents a person as embodying a single, essential trait. agency Agency is an important aspect of the REPRESENTATION of SOCIAL ACTORS. A grammatical agent is a participant in a situation who carries out an action. Linguistic agency refers to how characters or objects are represented in relation to each other. In example 1, the policeman is the agent, while the woman is the patient. Example 1 The policeman attacked the woman. The term agent is sometimes confused with the term SUBJECT – and in some cases, an agent and a subject are the same things, as in example 1.
Recommended publications
  • Discourse Strategies of Fake News in the Anti
    LCM LINGUE CULTURE MEDIAZIONI LANGUAGES CULTURES MEDIATION 6 (2019) 1 Discursive Representations of Controversial Issues in Medicine and Health La rappresentazione discorsiva di questioni controverse in ambito medico e sanitario Edited by / A cura di Giuliana Elena Garzone, Maria Cristina Paganoni, Martin Reisigl Editorial Discursive Representations of Controversial Issues in Medicine 5 and Health Giuliana Elena Garzone, Maria Cristina Paganoni, and Martin Reisigl Discourse Strategies of Fake News in the Anti-vax Campaign 15 Stefania Maria Maci “Facts” and “Feelings” in the Discursive Construction 45 of the “Best Interests of a Child”: The Charlie Gard Case Judith Turnbull “Designer Babies” and “Playing God”: Metaphor, Genome Editing, 65 and Bioethics in Popular Science Texts Elisa Mattiello Exploring Health Literacy: Web-based Genres in Disseminating 89 Specialized Knowledge to Caregivers. The Case of Paediatric Neurological Disorders Silvia Cavalieri and Giuliana Diani Governing (Their) Bodies: A Linguistic Perspective 107 on the Deterrence vs. Education Debate within the Anti-doping Community Dermot Brendan Heaney Lingue Culture Mediazioni / Languages Cultures Mediation – 6 (2019) 1 https://www.ledonline.it/LCM-Journal/ - Online issn 2421-0293 - Print issn 2284-1881 3 Contents / Sommario An Inquiry into Discursive News Coverage, Popularization 131 and Presuppositions Concerning Military PTSD Treatment Options Roxanne Barbara Doerr Authors / Autori 153 Lingue Culture Mediazioni / Languages Cultures Mediation – 6 (2019) 1 https://www.ledonline.it/LCM-Journal/ - Online issn 2421-0293 - Print issn 2284-1881 4 Discourse Strategies of Fake News in the Anti-vax Campaign * Stefania Maci doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.7358/lcm-2019-001-maci Abstract Anti-vaccine controversial debates have been occurring for more than a century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Intersection of Sex and Social Class in the Course of Linguistic Change
    Language Variation and Change, 2 (1990), 205-254. Printed in the U.S.A. © 1991 Cambridge University Press 0954-3945/91 $5.00 + .00 The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change WILLIAM LABOV University of Pennsylvania ABSTRACT Two general principles of sexual differentiation emerge from previous socio- linguistic studies: that men use a higher frequency of nonstandard forms than women in stable situations, and that women are generally the innovators in lin- guistic change. It is not clear whether these two tendencies can be unified, or how differences between the sexes can account for the observed patterns of lin- guistic change. The extensive interaction between sex and other social factors raises the issue as to whether the curvilinear social class pattern associated with linguistic change is the product of a rejection of female-dominated changes by lower-class males. Multivariate analysis of data from the Philadelphia Project on Linguistic Change and Variation indicates that sexual differentiation is in- dependent of social class at the beginning of a change, but that interaction de- velops gradually as social awareness of the change increases. It is proposed that sexual differentiation of language is generated by two distinct processes: (1) for all social classes, the asymmetric context of language learning leads to an ini- tial acceleration of female-dominated changes and retardation of male-domi- nated changes; (2) women lead men in the rejection of linguistic changes as they are recognized by the speech community, a differentiation that is maximal for the second highest status group. SOME BASIC FINDINGS AND SOME BASIC PROBLEMS Among the clearest and most consistent results of sociolinguistic research in the speech community are the findings concerning the linguistic differenti- ation of men and women.
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Discourse Studies: History, Agenda, Theory and Methodology
    EDITED BY 00_Wodak_Meyer_3E_Prelims.indd 3 9/24/2015 11:56:08 AM 1 CRITICAL DISCOURSE STUDIES: HISTORY, AGENDA, THEORY AND METHODOLOGY RUTH WODAK AND MICHAEL MEYER CONTENTS CDS – What is it all about? 2 A brief history of ‘the Group’ 4 The common ground: discourse, critique, power and ideology 5 The notion of discourse 5 The critical impetus 6 Ideology and power – a kaleidoscopic view 8 Research agenda and challenges 12 Methodological issues: theory, methods, analysis, interpretation 13 Theoretical grounding and objectives 16 Major approaches to CDS 17 Data collection 21 Summary 21 01_Wodak_Meyer_3E_Ch_01.indd 1 9/24/2015 11:56:11 AM METHODS OF CRITICAL DISCOURSE STUDIES Keywords ideology, power, discourse, critique, methodology, levels of theory, approaches to critical discourse studies CDS – What is it all about? The manifold roots of critical discourse studies lie in rhetoric, text linguistics, anthropology, philosophy, social psychology, cognitive science, literary studies and sociolinguistics, as well as in applied linguistics and pragmatics. Teun van Dijk (2008) provides a broad overview of the field of discourse studies and iden- tifies the following developments: between the mid-1960s and the early 1970s, new, closely related disciplines emerged in the humanities and the social sciences. Despite their different disciplinary backgrounds and a great diversity of methods and objects of investigation, some parts of the new fields/para- digms/linguistic subdisciplines of semiotics, pragmatics, psycho- and sociolinguistics, ethnography of speaking, conversation analysis and discourse studies all dealt and continue to deal with discourse and have at least seven dimensions in common (see also Angermuller et al. 2014): •• An interest in the properties of ‘naturally occurring’ language use by real lan- guage users (instead of a study of abstract language systems and invented examples).
    [Show full text]
  • A Corpus-Based Critical Discourse Analysis of Pro-Eating Disorder Blogs
    Jezikoslovlje 12.2 (2011): 187-209 187 UDC 811.111'42:004.773=111 Original scientific paper Received on 15.08. 2011 Accepted for publication on 09.11. 2011 Morana Luka University of Zadar Down to the bone: A corpus-based critical discourse analysis of pro-eating disorder blogs The pro-eating-disorder community is almost exclusively an online community of individuals who claim that eating disorders are not an illness, but rather a life- style choice. This study offers an insight into the ideologies constructed in the pro-eating-disorder online discourse by using micro and macro levels of critical discourse analysis (CDA) on 19 blogs written by the self-declared members of the community. Linguistic analysis of the pro-eating-disorder discourse has been largely under-represented and this study is the first to use a corpus-linguistics ap- proach to CDA in analysing the websites’ content. The results of the analysis show that the pro-eating-disorder community constructs the ideology of eating disorders as a life-style via demedicalised reference to the illness. The study also elaborates on the construction of the negative image of “an outsider” (any person not belonging to the community) as an element of self-determination. By using the corpus linguistic technique of keyness, main topics of the discourse are identi- fied, suggesting relevant relations between the discourse of measuring and will power and the underlying pro-eating-disorder ideologies. Key words: blog; pro-eating disorder community; critical discourse analysis; demedicalisation; corpus linguistics Morana Luka: 188 A corpus-based critical discourse analysis of pro-eating disorder blogs Woe’s me, woe’s me! The earth bears grain, But I Am unfruitful, Am discarded shell, Cracked, unusable, Worthless husk.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Critical Discourse Analysis
    ISSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 1076-1084, May 2016 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0605.23 A Review on Critical Discourse Analysis Ke Liu School of Foreign Languages, NCEPU, Beijing, China Fang Guo School of Foreign Languages, NCEPU, Beijing, China Abstract—Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), a new branch of modern linguistic researches rose abroad in recent years, aims to reveal the interrelationship among language, ideology and power. During the thirty years’ development process, studies of CDA present different characteristics in different phases. So far, both in China and abroad, great achievements concerning CDA has been made. Through reviewing the multiple perspective studies of CDA at home and abroad, classical theories and analytical approaches related to CDA are elaborated, some new trends of CDA are also discussed and explained. The aim of this paper is to help scholars to get a comprehensive understanding of the development of CDA, with the ultimate purpose of promoting related academic researches. Index Terms—critical discourse analysis, review, development, new trends I. INTRODUCTION Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), a kind of discourse analysis methods, is a new branch of modern linguistic researches rose abroad in recent years. Among various studies of CDA, researchers’ focus was put not only on what language is, but also on why language presents to be such a state. In other words, CDA tries to explore the meaning of discourse and how such kind of meaning is produced by discourse. Through the surface level of language form, CDA aims to reveal the influence of the ideology on discourse, the counteractive influence of discourse on the ideology, and how the two elements derive from and serve for social structure and power relations.
    [Show full text]
  • British Muslims Caught Amidst Fogs—A Discourse Analysis of Religious Advice and Authority
    religions Article British Muslims Caught Amidst FOGs—A Discourse Analysis of Religious Advice and Authority Usman Maravia 1,* , Zhazira Bekzhanova 2 , Mansur Ali 3 and Rakan Alibri 4 1 ESRC Centre for Corpus Approaches to Social Science (CASS), Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK 2 English Language Program, Astana IT University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; [email protected] 3 Centre for the Study of Islam in the UK, School of History, Archaeology and Religion, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3EU, UK; [email protected] 4 Department of Languages and Translation, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This paper discusses the symbolic capital found within Islamic documents that were circu- lated in the UK during the COVID-19 outbreak. Specifically, the work explores “fatwas” and “other” similar documents as well as “guidance” documents (referred to as FOGs) that were disseminated in March–April 2020 on the internet and social media platforms for British Muslim consumption. We confine our materials to FOGs produced only in English. Our study takes its cue from the notion that the existence of a variety of documents created a sense of foggy ambiguity for British Muslims in matters of religious practice. From a linguistic angle, the study seeks to identify (a) the underlying reasons behind the titling of the documents; and (b) the construction of discourses in the documents. Our corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis (CA-CDA) found noticeable patterns that hold symbolic capital in the fatwa register. We also found that producers of “other” documents imitate the fatwa register in an attempt to strengthen the symbolic capital of their documents.
    [Show full text]
  • A Literature Review on Code-Switching
    1 Code-switching as a Result of Language Acquisition: A Case Study of a 1.5 Generation Child from China1 Yalun Zhou, Ph.D.2 Michael Wei, Ph.D.3 Abstract Despite individual differences, all bilinguals share the ability to act in their native language, in their second language, and to switch back and forth between the two languages they know (Van Hell, 1998). Chinese is the largest Asian American ethnic group in the United States. Their use of code-switching is an increasingly important issue in understanding their language choice and language development. This study on code-switching between a 1.5 generation Chinese child and her parents will add perspectives on the growing literature of Chinese American families, their language interaction and language development. Introduction There are several definitions for code-switching. Gumperz (1982 b) defined code-switching as “the juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to two different grammatical systems or subsystems” (p. 59). The emphasis is on the two grammatical systems of one language, although most people refer to code-switching as the mixed use of 1 This paper was presented at the 2007 Annual Conference of Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL), Seattle, Washington. 2 Yalun Zhou, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Director of Chinese Minor Program, Dept. of Communication and Media, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, [email protected] 3 Michael Wei, Ph.D., Associate Professor, TESOL Program Director, School of Education, University of Missouri-Kansas City, [email protected] 2 languages. Milroy and Muysken (1995) stated that code-switching is “the alternative use by bilinguals of two or more languages in the same conversation” (p.7).
    [Show full text]
  • The Linguistic Dimension of Terminology
    1st Athens International Conference on Translation and Interpretation Translation: Between Art and Social Science, 13 -14 October 2006 THE LINGUISTIC DIMENSION OF TERMINOLOGY: PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF TERM FORMATION Kostas Valeontis Elena Mantzari Physicist-Electronic Engineer, President of ΕLΕΤΟ1, Linguist-Researcher, Deputy Secretary General of ΕLΕΤΟ Abstract Terminology has a twofold meaning: 1. it is the discipline concerned with the principles and methods governing the study of concepts and their designations (terms, names, symbols) in any subject field, and the job of collecting, processing, and managing relevant data, and 2. the set of terms belonging to the special language of an individual subject field. In its study of concepts and their representations in special languages, terminology is multidisciplinary, since it borrows its fundamental tools and concepts from a number of disciplines (e.g. logic, ontology, linguistics, information science and other specific fields) and adapts them appropriately in order to cover particularities in its own area. The interdisciplinarity of terminology results from the multifaceted character of terminological units, as linguistic items (linguistics), as conceptual elements (logic, ontology, cognitive sciences) and as vehicles of communication in both scientific and generic language contexts. Accordingly, the theory of terminology can be identified as having three different dimensions: the cognitive, the linguistic, and the communicative dimension (Sager: 1990). The linguistic dimension of the theory of terminology can be detected mainly in the linguistic mechanisms that set the patterns for term formation and term forms. In this paper, we will focus on the presentation of general linguistic principles concerning term formation, during primary naming of an original concept in a source language and secondary term formation in a target language.
    [Show full text]
  • File: Terminology.Pdf
    Lowe I 2009, www.scientificlanguage.com/esp/terminology.pdf 1 A question of terminology ______________________________________________________________ This essay is copyright under the creative commons Attribution - Noncommercial - Share Alike 3.0 Unported licence. You are encouraged to share and copy this essay free of charge. See for details: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ A question of terminology Updated 24 November 2009 24 November 2009 A framework for analysing sub/semi-technical words is presented which reconciles the two senses of these terms. Additional practical ideas for teaching them are provided. 0. Introduction The terminology for describing the language of science is in a state of confusion. There are several words, with differing definitions. There is even confusion over exactly what should be defined and labelled. In other words, there is a problem of classification. This paper attempts to sort out some of the confusion. 1. Differing understandings of what is meant by “general” English and “specialised” English (see also www.scientificlanguage.com/esp/audience.pdf ) Table to show the different senses of ‘general’ and ‘specialised’ Popular senses Technical senses 1. a wide range of general 2. Basic English, of all interest topics of general kinds, from pronunciation, “general” English knowledge, such as sport, through vocabulary, to hobbies etc discourse patterns such as Suggested term: those used in a newspaper. general topics English Suggested terms: foundational English basic English 3. a wide range of topics 4. Advanced English, the within the speciality of the fine points, and the “specialised” English student. vocabulary and discourse Suggested term: patterns specific to the specialised topics English discipline.
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Discourse Analysis: As an Empirical and Rational Foundation
    CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS: AS AN EMPIRICAL AND RATIONAL FOUNDATION Dewi Suriany Ali, Wendy Pandapotan Sahat [email protected], [email protected] Department of English Education Lancang Kuning University Abstract Critical discourse analysis is not related to a particular linguistic school or Discourse analysis. Discourse analysis can be used as an empirical and rational foundation to analyze it. It seeks to endorse awareness of the aspect of language implementation and to argue explicitly for change on the origin of its finding. Critical discourse analysts realize that their own work is also driven by social, economic, and political issues, but they argue that this applies to all academics of work. The traditional division of social work ensures that scientists and other academics do not have to face their workplace in a scheme of better things and conditions that make their continued work possible. Critical discourse analysts at least make their position explicit and feel they do not need to apologize for the critical attitude of their work. By contrast, by contributing to the debate on issues of great importance to society, they continue the tradition of groundless debate that has been fundamental to democratic societies since antiquity, feeling that their work as scientists requires greater responsibility than giving facts to others interpret and use. KeyTerm: Critical Discourse Analysis; Discourse-Historical Approach; Feminist Poststructural Discourse Analysis; Social Semiotics; Systemic Functional Linguistics Introduction are based on Fairclough (1989) in broad, though not necessarily entirely, drawings The nature of Critical discouse on Halliday's functional systemic analysis ( henceforth; CDA ) designed to linguistics (1985). In principle language study the role of text andtalk in creating, simultaneously builds demonstrations maintain, as well as legitimating around the world, recognizes social inequality, injustice, including oppression interaction, and scrambles these in community.
    [Show full text]
  • Facilitating Terminology Translation with Target Lemma Annotations
    Facilitating Terminology Translation with Target Lemma Annotations Toms Bergmanisyz and Marcis¯ Pinnisyz yTilde / Vien¯ıbas gatve 75A, Riga, Latvia zFaculty of Computing, University of Latvia / Rain¸a bulv. 19, Riga, Latvia [email protected] Abstract has assumed that the correct morphological forms are apriori known (Hokamp and Liu, 2017; Post Most of the recent work on terminology in- and Vilar, 2018; Hasler et al., 2018; Dinu et al., tegration in machine translation has assumed 2019; Song et al., 2020; Susanto et al., 2020; Dou- that terminology translations are given already gal and Lonsdale, 2020). Thus previous work has inflected in forms that are suitable for the tar- get language sentence. In day-to-day work of approached terminology translation predominantly professional translators, however, it is seldom as a problem of making sure that the decoder’s the case as translators work with bilingual glos- output contains lexically and morphologically pre- saries where terms are given in their dictionary specified target language terms. While useful in forms; finding the right target language form some cases and some languages, such approaches is part of the translation process. We argue come short of addressing terminology translation that the requirement for apriori specified tar- into morphologically complex languages where get language forms is unrealistic and impedes the practical applicability of previous work. In each word can have many morphological surface this work, we propose to train machine trans- forms. lation systems using a source-side data aug- For terminology translation to be viable for trans- mentation method1 that annotates randomly se- lation into morphologically complex languages, lected source language words with their tar- terminology constraints have to be soft.
    [Show full text]
  • Terminology, Phraseology, and Lexicography 1. Introduction Sinclair
    Terminology, Phraseology, and Lexicography1 Patrick Hanks Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics, Charles University in Prague This paper explores two aspects of word use and word meaning in terms of Sinclair's (1991, 1998) distinction between the open-choice principle (or terminological tendency) and the idiom principle (or phraseological tendency). Technical terms such as strobilation are rare, highly domain-specific, and of little phraseological interest, although the texts in which such word occur do tend to contain interesting clusters of domain-specific terminology. At the other extreme, it is impossible to know the meaning of ordinary common words such as the verb blow without knowing the phraseological context in which the word is used. Many words have both a terminological tendency and a phraseological tendency. In some cases the two tendencies are in harmony; in other cases there is tension between them. The relationship between these two tendencies is investigated, using examples from the British National Corpus. 1. Introduction Sinclair (1991) makes a distinction between two aspects of meaning in texts, which he calls the open-choice principle and the idiom principle. In this paper, I will try to show why it is of great importance, not only for understanding meaning in text, but also for lexicography, to try to take account of both principles even-handedly and assess the balance between them when analyzing the meaning and use of a word. The open-choice principle (alternatively called the terminological tendency) is: a way of seeing language as the result of a very large number of complex choices. At each point where a unit is complete (a word or a phrase or a clause), a large range of choices opens up and the only restraint is grammaticalness.
    [Show full text]