Language Style Found in Indonesian Movies

Home , Dian Sastrowardoyo, Rudy Soedjarwo, Style (sociolinguistics)

Abstract

The research entitled “Language Style Found In Indonesia Movie” is intended to identify kinds of language style and tries to find the most dominant language style usage employed on the Five Indonesian movies. The writer use the Martin Joos Theory (1967) “the five types are Frozen style, Formal style, Consultative style, Casual style and Intimate style. The researches collects the data from Five DVD of Indonesian movies“ LaskarPelangi (The rainbow troops), HabibiedanAinun (Habibie and Ainun), Sang Pencerah (The Enlightener), Skandal (The Scandal) and Ada ApaDenganCinta” (What’s Up With Love). The writer using the noting technique by taking a note in collecting the data, the writer applies the descriptive method to describe and to analyze all the data, because the data of this research are in the form of words. It is analyzed by identifying, analyzing, and categorizing, the data. The writeralso note the frequency of the number of the kind of language style and the most dominant language style. Based on the result of the research, there are five language styles of found in Indonesian movies. They are 3.6% Frozen style, 12.5 % Formal style, 19.4% Consultative style, 6.7% Casual style, 3.8% Intimate style. Based on the percentage of the dominant language style used is Casual. The writer suggestfor students of English Department ,English teacher and lecturers, to improve their knowledge of language style For scriptwriter , to improve the Indonesian movies to be well known by language style that I have analyzed from five Indonesian movies that casual style make the movies to be more interesting for people who watches Indonesian movies to know what style used most interesting in the movies dialogue Key Words : Language style, Frozen Style, Formal Style, Consultative Style, Casual

Style, Intimate Style

1. Background of the Study

Language is one important aspect in the life of all beings. By language, people can make interaction and making communication with others and also people can transfer information to others and people can express ideas and emotions, make sense of complex and abstract thoughts, to fulfill our wants and needs, as well as to establish rules and maintain our culture. Language is a system of communication not just through language but through such means as a gestures, art, dress and music. Often times they will refer to language as a verbal behavior, which is include gestures and body movements as well as spoken word. Behaviorists often define language as a learned behavior involving a stimulus and a response.

The language offers a vast array of choices in sentence structure, phrasing, vocabulary, verb tense, and voice. Fiction writers use this variety to their advantage in crafting a thought, description, or action. Different language choices can create a huge range

3 of styles and tones for any given expression. These different styles and tones give the story its unique meaning. In most cases, a story’s way of being told is at least as significant as its content.

Linguistics is science that conducted within a field of a language. Linguistics is multidisciplinary, specialist in many disciplines bring their own expertise to the study of language. Linguistics is a property of the human mind, they have contributed many insights into such topics as how people acquire language. Linguistics is the scientific study of human language, it’s consists of phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics and sociolinguistics.

Sociolinguistics is the study of the relation between language and society. Sociolinguistics also branch of linguistics and sociology. Sociolinguistics focus on what factor of language and language’s effect on the society, including cultural norms expectation, interaction, context and the way language is used including language varieties and language style and how people use it in daily life.

Language style is defined as the choice of words used by a specific group of people when speak in a place and in one condition. Language Style is pivotal of construct in the study of sociolinguistics variation. Language style is very important for people to express their ideas, people use style depend on with whom they speak and where they speaking too. So, people can suit the style with rules well. Speaking is the delivery of language through the mouth. Speaking is happen when two or more people talk about something. They speaking by use language, certainly there are kind of language style there. There are many people watch the movies, people watch the movies in anytime. They watch the movies because the actors or the action in the movie. In other side people does not care about the way of conversation on movie, people do not understand how the actors setting conversation on movie. Movie is a series of still image which, when shown on a screen. It is a reason that the writer became interested to know about the conversation on the movies. He want analyze and find the styles of language in conversation in five Indonesian movies.

According to Martin Joos Five Clocks Times (1976:153-155) there five types of style of language as follows: Frozen style (oratorical), Formal style (deliberative), Consultative style, Casual style, Intimate style.

Based on the five styles of languages, the writer will conduct a research titled “Language Style Found in Indonesian Movies”.

Tthe objective of the study as follows: to find out types of Language styles used in the Indonesian movies Laskar Pelangi (The rainbow troops), Habibie & Ainun (Habibie and Ainun), Sang Pencerah (The Enlightener), Skandal (The Scandal) and Ada Apa Dengan Cinta (What Up with Love) and to find out which styles occur dominantly in conversation in the movies based on context.

The writer limits his analysis based on five types of Language Styles according to Martin Joos (1976). They are Frozen Style, Consultative Style, Formal Style, Casual Style and Intimate Style. He will conduct the research in the movie. The data of the research is limited on five Indonesian movies. They are Laskar Pelangi (The rainbow troops), Habibie & Ainun (Habibie and Ainun), Sang Pencerah (The Enlightener), Skandal (The Scandal) and Ada Apa Dengan Cinta (What Up with Love).

The result of the study would be useful, theoretically, to enrich the readers with sociolinguistics knowledge specifically about the five language styles., and ractically, this research can be an advantages and useful to the readers for conversation understanding.

Sociolinguistics Language is a good way for people to connect from one people to many people. By language, people can share, transfer and get the information. If there is no language there is no good communication and then people can express their ideas and emotions. According to Meyerhoff(2007: 2) “sociolinguistics is a very broad field, and it can be used to describe many different ways of studying language”. A major challenge that sociolinguistics face is that a lot of the time speakers are completely unaware of the ways in which language used in differently contexts .Language can changes, the fact that language changes is indisputable and inevitable. Sociolinguistics interested in variation and change can be drawn in straight line. In sociolinguistics, language is the means by which groups of people articulate, themselves, and delineate themselves from others.

According to Anthony (2010:16) “sociolinguistics is a developing branch of linguistics and sociology which investigates the individual and social variation of language”. Just as regional variation of language can give a lot of information about the place the speaker is from, social variation tells about the roles performed by a given speaker within one community, or country. Sociolinguistics is also a branch of sociology in that it reveals the relationship between language use and the social basis for such use. Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the latter's focus is on the language's effect on the society. Sociolinguistics is a practical, scientific discipline which researches into the language that is actually used, either by native speakers or foreigners, in order to formulate theories about language change. According to Ball (2010:12) “sociolinguistics is how speakers group themselves in socially meaningful ways”. It is exploring the relationship between speech and social status, which is of course still one of the main aims of the field. The main aim of sociolinguistics is to study language in its social and cultural context. This includes the study of language in a society or speech community, language varieties, and language functions. Sociolinguistics relates the differences observed in language use to the problems that arise from those societal aspects. It is relationship between speech and social status, which is of course still the one of the main aims of the field.

The Relation Between Language and Society

Language is not simply a means of communicating information about a subject, but it is also a very important means of establishing and maintaining relationships with other people and it is known that language plays a crucial role and a vital role in human life and also has many advantages of many various aspects of human life. In a social reflection like conversation, we can indicate a language behavior in which the function and variation of languages in establishing social relationships is reflected. The importance of these relationships has led to the growth of a relatively new sub- discipline within linguistics; Sociolinguistics. It is a broad but fair generalization to say that much of linguistics has in the past completely ignored the relationship between language and society-language is very much social phenomenon and then it is a broad field used to describe many different ways of language various. According to Coulmas (1998:1) “sociolinguistics is a term that refers to the study of the relationship between language and society and how language is used in multilingual speech communities”. Sociolinguists are interested in explaining why people speak differently in different social contexts. And the effect of social factors such as social distance, social status, age, gender, class on language varieties dialects, registers, genres, and they are concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the way they are used to convey social meanings .Sociolinguistics is concerned with describing language use as a social phenomenon and, where possible, it attempts to establish causal links between language and society, pursuing the complementary questions of what language contributes to making community possible and how communities shape their languages by using them.

Language Variation Sociolinguistics today is generally more concerned with social variation in language than with regional variation. However, people gain a sound understanding of the various procedures used in studies of social variation, we should look at least briefly at previous work in regional dialectology. That work points the way to understanding how recent investigations have proceeded as they have. Studies of social variation in language grew out of studies of regional variation. It was largely in order to widen the limits and repair the flaws that were perceived to exist in the latter that investigators turned their attention to social-class variation in language. According to Wardhaugh (2006:135) in sociolinguistics, “languages vary in many ways”. One way of characterizing certain variations is to say that speakers of a particular language sometimes speak different dialects of that language. Although I have already noted how difficult it is to define dialect, we may still find it useful to use the term in our work in sociolinguistics, and even to extend its use from studies of regional variation to those of social variation. In this way it would be possible to talk about both regional dialects and social dialects of a language. Just as a regional dialect marks off the residents of one region from those of other regions, a social dialect would be a variety associated with a specific social class or group, marking that class or group off from other classes or groups. However,

6 if this further differentiation of varieties is to be successful, it will require us to be able to find linguistic features which are associated with differences in classes or groups and, of course, to define what we mean by these latter terms. Llamas (2007:49-84) limitin social correlates, they are in different kinds as follows: 1. Social Class The core of sociolinguistics is the fact that human societies are internally differentiated whether by gender age and class.The position of the speaker in the society, measured by the level of education, parental background, profession and their effect on syntax and lexis used by the speaker. An important factor influencing the way of formulating sentences is, according to sociolinguists, the social class of the speakers. Thus, there has been a division of social classes proposed in order to make the description accurate. Two main groups of language users, mainly those performing non-manual work and those with more years of education are the ‘middle class’, while those who perform some kind of manual work are ‘working class’. The additional terms ‘lower’ and ‘upper’ are frequently used in order to subdivide the social classes. 2.Gender Gender will have made apparent, linguists have approached language and gender from a variety of perspectives. Differences in patterns of language use between men and women, such as quantity of speech, intonation patterns. Gender is conceptualized as something that is ‘done’. Gender is never static but it produced actively and interaction with others every day of our lives. Every time we speak, we have to bring off being a woman or a being a man. In distinction, being a woman or being man also been challenged. It is felt that binary such as man-woman, male-female, masculine-feminine distort and oversimplify thinking. Gender is not a matter who of two separate and homogeneous social categories. One associated with being female, the other associated being male, male and female speakers differ in many ways, but there are also many areas of overlap. The preoccupation with difference relies on an essentialist idea of a gender, that is, on the idea that male and female can be reduced to unquestioned essences. 3.Age The speaker’s age related place in society is often seen in terms of the life stage they are moving through. Although it is considerable oversimplification, the life span is commonly divided. Age perhaps the least examined and the least understood in sociolinguistics terms. Age is as a fundamental a dimension of our social and personal identities as our gender or ethnicity. Age often approached uncritically and treated as a biological fact with the speakers, and against which other facets of four identities are played out. 2.4 Language Style Language has a potentiality for making communication successfully. If there is no language its nothing, and language is very important to pay attention of variation of language and variation of styles to achieve fluent communication. Language is like uniform, a badge of

7 flag which signals one’s group membership in addition to the cognitive information it conveys. According to Eckert (2002:1)“language style is pivotal construct in the study of sociolinguistics variation”.Language style is the locus of the individual’s internalization of broader social of distribution variation. The broad conception on style as a social of distinctiveness has some precedents is sociological work. Using style in the same loose fashion, however, hardly solves anything, and goes against the usage of style by most people in relation to individual texts or individual speakers. Another thing that complicates the study of dialect is the fact that speakers can adopt different styles of speaking depending on the circumstances speakers can speak very formally or informally. According to Hornberger (2010:177) people engage in different ways of speaking has attractedmuch attention from sociolinguists in the past decades. Initially, quantitativelyoriented sociolinguists tried to map with what frequency speakersconventionally shifted styles in different social contexts, and consequentlyshowed how social hierarchies are inscribed on routine speech patterns.Style as speaking does to speech. Speech and style are then the products, or the sediment, of the preceding interaction; the interaction itself, in turn, may be seen as ‘styling or speaking-in-action’. According to Holmes (2003:116) the intersection of social and style is one of the most important findings of sociolinguistics, if a feature occurs more frequently in working- class speech, then it will occur more frequently in the informal speech of all speakers. Generally speaking, the use of non-standard forms increases the less formal the style and the lower one's social status, with men's scores higher than women's. Although each class has different average scores in each style, generally speaking all groups style-shift in the same direction in their more formal speech style, that is, in the direction of the standard language. According to Llamas (2007:95) “language style is dimension of language where individual speakers have a choice”. People do not always speak in consistently the same way. In fact people shifting the way we speak constantly as we move from one situation to another. Style is the linguistic idiosyncrasy of an individual. Style is personal. Style in social roles includes expected behavior associated with a particular status. It is more flexible than status and varies also according to the speech situation. Incompatibility of requirements imposed by roles upon individuals may result in a role strain and role conflict. According to Simpson (2004:22) “in language, style is a choicethat people everyday is shaped and defined by actions and events,thoughts and perceptions,and it is an important function of the system of languagethat it is able to account for these various goings on in the world”. This meansencoding into the grammar of the clause a mechanism for capturing what we say,think and do. As Joos does, in the center of the matrix in consultative style, it provides the norms for the other styles. Intimate and casual tend to simplify its structural features, its content, or the effort put in to its planning or execution. In consultative pronunciation is explicit, word choice is careful, sentence structure is complete. But consultative is nonetheless a conversational style, the speaker constantly watches the listener’s verbal and non-verbal

8 responses in order to decide whether too much or not enough information is being transmitted. Casual is also a conversational style. But it is not for strangers. It tends to make frequent use ephemeral words and expression which act as badges of shared information or shared assumptions (slang). Joos claims that all five styles have a stable list of conventional formulas, which presumably appear only in the style they mark. Intimate styles manifest extreme structural simplicity. It is characterized by what Joos call extraction. By saying that public information is positively abolished, he seems to claim that the information transmission function of language is absent in intimate style. This also implied by the contents of the communicative function. The participants are indeed so Intimate share much information and assumptions. In other side, formal is important, provides transition to his claims about the role. A formal text is carefully planned is advance. Different with frozen style that lack intonation, but this is a comment not on its phonology but on the lack of clear evidence of its author’s intent. In fact frozen style is defined almost exclusively in terms of its role and frozen style purposely ambiguous. Frozen style invites the reader to enter into a personal experience of creative discovery. Martin Joos (1976: 153-155) the enduring of appeal Five Clocks Timesis attributed to existence of four features of communicative competence. Intimate Casual Consultative Formal Frozen Aware - ++++ Monitored --+++ Planned + + - - - Pre-coded - - - - - Martin Joos(1976)concluded five styles of language. They are describeas follows:

Frozen Style (Oratorical Style) Frozen Style is defined as the style which is used in e very formal setting such in ceremony, palace, and church and some other occasions. This style is defined as the most elegant variety that reserved for very important or symbolic moments. In spite of fact, ordinary citizens who attend in the court, religious services, may demand frozen language because it is not an ordinary occasionand it maybe recognize used this style Example: 1) A priest read the holy bible in church ( Joshua 6:7) “Dankepadabangsaitudikatakannya: “Majulah, keleilingilahkotaitu, dan orang- orang bersenjaatharusberjalandidepantabutTuhan”. (They said to the people, “Advance, March around the city, and let the armed men pass on before Yahweh’s ark). 2) Stated in the Introduction Fundamental Constitution 1945 “Sesungguhnyakemerdekaanituialahahaksegalabangsa.Dan olehsebabitumakapenjajahandiatasduniaharusdihapuskankarenatidaksesuaidenganp

rikemanuasiaandanprikeadilan.”(Actually independence is the right for every nation and because of that the colonization in the earth has to be abolished because it does not conformwith the humanity and justice)

Formal Style (Deliberative Style) Formal style is defined as the style of language that used for important or serious situation. It is also used in addressing audience usually that is too large or permit effective interchange between speaker and hearers. Through the forms are normally and not a polished as those in oratorical style such in a typical classroom lecture is often carry out is formal style. Formal style is usually a single topic oriented and it is related to the fact, that formal writing is technical. Formal style used in school by students, teacher, lecturer, headmaster. Thus, most scholar or technical reports use this style such as those taking part should sit during the proceedings. Example: 1. Mr. : Do you want to learn this course? Jack : Yes Sir, I want to learn it. 2. Mrs. William, would you like to have a sit first before you deliver your speech? 3. If Mr. Kevin would be so kind ask to let me finish my words. 4. Well, it is rather difficult to say at this point. 5. I would like to introduce myself to you

Consultative Style Consultative style is style that which used in semiformal communication situation. It is one type of language which is required from everyday speaker. Consultative style is typically dialogue, though formal enough that words are chosen with some care like business, translation, doctor-patient conservation. The typically of consultative style speech is used between two persons. While one speaking at intervals the others give short responses, mostly drawn from a small inventory standard signals. There are basic part of the system, among them are “Yes, No, Huh, Mm, That’s right “. Example: 1. Mr. : Would you mind going to upstairs right away,please? Tom : Of course 2. I am sorry, Could you go now? 3. Excuse me, I think it’s really important for me to add about the topic that we discuss. 4. Actually, we have the same views about this problem. So, why don’t you join with us? 5. I see. You will change the project and sale it to other companies, right?

2.4.4 Casual Style

Casual style is a style that is used for the conversation is relaxed or normal situation that is appropriate to the conversation with our friends or sometimes members of a family, such as outside the classroom, when the students have a chat. Casual style is also characterized by the use of the first name or even nickname rather than a little name and last name in addressing one another. The pronunciation is rapid and often slurred, besides that use of slang. Another characterized feature is casual speech is the omissions of unstressed words, particularly at the beginning of sentence. Example: 1. Don’t get up! 2. Anybody home? 3. Hello guys, are you okay? 4. Give me some 5. Take it.

Intimate Style Intimate style is a completely private language developed within families, lovers and close friends. The intimate labels are: dear, darling, honey and even Mom, Dad, and other nicknames might use in this situation. Intimate style is also characterized by ellipsis, deletion, rapid, slurred, pronunciation, non-verbal communication and private code characterized, it is often unintelligible smallest social units. Example: 1. Denny : Hey darling, how are you? Gomez : Oh baby, kiss me! 2. Really sexy my girl. 3. Damn hot. 4. What is it, honey?

The Background of The Movies Movies also known as a film are a type of visual communication which use moving pictures and sound to tell stories or inform (help people to learn). People in every part of the world watch movies as a type of entertainment, a way to have fun. Movies are made by a screenwriter write a script, which is the story of the movie with words that actors will say. Actors and directors read scripts to find out what to say and what to do. The actors memorize the words from the script that they will say in the movie, and learn the actions that script tells them to do. The writer choose five Indonesian movies, because there many people love to watch these movies and the writer really interested to analyze the movies especially about language styles in conversation by actors in the movies. The first movie is LaskarPelangithat directed by RiriRiza, Produced by Mira Lesman, written by Salman Aristo based on Andrea Hirata. The starring in this movie is Cut

Mini, Tora Sudiro, Slamet Rahardjo, Teuku RifnuWikana, and distributed by Miles Film and Mizan Production. This movie use Indonesian language. Laskar Pelangi (the rainbow troops) movie is an Indonesian film adapted from story of Andrea Hirata. The movie follows a group of 10 schoolboys as they their two struggle with poverty and develop hopes for the future in Gantong village on the farming and tin mining island of Belitung off east coast of Sumatera.Thismovie was released in September 25, 2008. The movie set in the 170s, opens on the first day of the year at a Muhammadyah elementary school on Belitung. The school needs 10 students but is one short until near the end of the day, when a straggles fills out the ranks for their teachers, Muslimah and Harfan. Muslimah dubs the children “The Rainbow Troops’’. The Second movie is Habibie and Ainun that directed by Faozan Rizal, produced by Dhamoo Punjabi, written by Ginatri S Noer and Ifan Ismail. The starring in this movie is Reza rahardian, Bunga Citra Lestari, TioPakusadewo, RatnaRiantiarno, Mike Luccock, Vita Mariana. Distributed by Md Pictures and this movie use Indonesian language and Deutsche Sprache. Habibie & Ainun movie is an Indonesian drama film which released on 20 December 2012. The movie based on the written by Habibie, An Indonesia President about his wife, HasriAinunHabibie, in his book ,Habibie&Ainun. This story about finding one’s soul mate.A story about finding one’s first love and last love.A story about Indonesia’s third president and his wife.A story about Habibie and Ainun. Rudy Habibie, is a genius in air planes and he had a big dreams. He devoted his life to Indonesia by building an airplane in uniting Indonesia. Meanwhile, Ainun is a young and clever doctor who had a wonderful career ahead of her. In the yar 1962, two friends from the same high school before, met again in Bandung. Habibie fell in love immediately with Ainun whom according to him was as sweet as sugar. They married and moved to Germany, having a dream with the intention of it becoming a reality is never easy. To Habibie, Ainun is everything. He is the love of her life. However, all stories have ending, every dreams has limitations. The Third movie is Sang Pencerah that directed by HanungBramantyo, produced Raam Punjabi. The starring in this movie isLukmanSardi, ZaskiaAdya Mecca, SlametRaharjo, IhsanTarore, GiringGanesha. This movie use Indonesia and Javanese Language. Sang Pencerah movie is Indonesian movie directed by HanungBramantyo. This movie released in September 8, 2010. This movie tell about the different views of Islam. However, it has also been interpreted as critique of the current Muhammadyah leadership. It was seen in theatres by over 1 million people, the only Indonesian film people 2010 to do so.Bramantyo attempted make his film as historically accurate as possible. Bramantyo said that he hd intended this movie to use Dahlan’s life to examine different aspects of Islam. The forth movie is Skandal that directed by Jose Purnomo, produced by Gobind Punjabi. The starring in this movie is UliAuliani, Mario Lawalata, Mike Luccock, Gary Iskak, FerbriyanieFerdzilla and LarasMonca. This movie use Indonesian and English. Skandal moviesis Indonesian drama directed by Jose Purnomo. This movie released in March 24, 2011.

The fifth movie is Ada ApadenganCinta that directed by Rudy Soedjarwo, produced by Mira Lesmana and RiriRiza. The starring is Dian Sastrowardoyo, Nicholas Saputra and Titi Kamal. Ada apadengancinta is Indonesian film directed by Rudy Soedjarwo. The Indonesian title is a play on words, as Cinta (Indonesian for Love) is also themain character. As such, the title can be translated as “What’s up with Love?” as well as “What’s up with Cinta?” meaning the person. The film is coloured with Indonesian mainstream as well as Indonesiansidestream values, elements of classical culture and politics and real issues encountered in teen life. Cinta is a popular teenage girl living a comfortable lifestyle. She is gifted and accomplished, surrounded by a group of faithful friends, and has caring and supportive parents. The story begins with Cinta and her four best friends crying on each other’s shoulders for Alya, who was the victim of domestic abuse by her father. The secret friendship causes dramatic changes in Cinta’s behavior, resulting in problems with Cinta’s group of girlfriend. Previous Research In this previews research, There are three study that the writer taken from graduating researchlanguage style. The first research is Language Style Used In Dialogue Among The Characters In “Ever After Movie” Sociolinguistics Study. Hartono (2009) Faculty Of Letters Ahmad Dahlan University. The Research entitled Language Style Used In The Dialogue Among The Characters In Ever After Movie: Sociolinguistics Study is intended to find out the levels of formality‘s language in the Ever After Movie. The objective of this study are : a) to describe the level of formality in Ever After and b) to describe which level types frequently used in Ever After Movie. This is a descriptive qualitative research. The researcher analyzes descriptive data in a written form. The technique that is used in collecting data is noting technique. To analyze the data writer uses referential method by Sudaryanto, and contextual method by Poedjosoedarmo. The writer uses Martin Joos theory to analyze the level of formality namely;Frozen Style, Formal Style, Consultative Style, Casual Style, and Intimate Style. The result of this research shows that the writer can find levels of formality in Ever After Movie. All of the level can be found in this movie. They are Frozen Style (6.59 %), Formal Style (30.76 %), Consultative (18.68 %), Casual Style (25.27 %) and Intimate Style (14.28%). The highest frequency of level formality is formal language, because in royal society or kingdom society they usually use formal and polite language. So, the characters in Ever After Movie use formal language to make conversation among the main character that have higher position than the other characters.

Conceptual Framework

Linguistics

Phonology Syntax Sociolinguistics Semantics Pragmatic

Language style

The Movies

1. Habibie&Ainun (Habibe and Aiunun) 2. LaskarPelangi (The rainbow troops) 3. Sang Pencerah (The Enlightener) 4. Skandal (The Scandal) 5. Ada ApaDenganCinta (What’s Up with Love)

Types of Language Styles

1. Frozen style 2. Formal style Language Styles in

3. Consultative Indonesian Movies style 4. Casual style 5. Intimate style

Figure1. Language Style Found in Indonesian Movie

SimamoraMaraden(2015)

2. Research Design

This is a descriptive qualitative research. This research works through of some book and other references like article, and websites in doing this research to support this topic. Here, the writer some Indonesian movies as the object. So, this research also works using some written materials like some of books concerning the topic, some literature books, article and website. These aim to support the ideas of the topic.

According to Dey (1993) Qualitative Data deals with meanings, whereas quantitative data deals with numbers. It is possible to identify a range of procedures characteristic of qualitative analysis and capable satisfying a variety of research purposes, whether ethnographic description and explanation or policy evaluation. The relevance and applicability of any particular procedure will, of course, depend entirely on the data to be analyzed and the particular purposes and predilections individual researchers. There is no one kind of qualitative data analysis, but rather than of approaches, related to the different perspectives and purposes of researchers.

The source of data taken from scripts of Movies. And writer analyzed the style of language used in those movie. There are five styles of language used in this data, they are Frozen Style, Formal style, Consultative Style, Casual Style and Intimate Style that are used in the Indonesian movies.

There are some steps done for collecting the data as follows, watching the movies, reading the script of movies, underlying the sentences included in types of language style based on context of five Indonesian movies ( 30 contexts of one movie)

After collecting the data, the writer analyzes the data by the following steps:, classifying the data according to the types of the styles of language, tabulating the data analyzed them and making conclusion

3. The Data

The data are taken from five DVD of Indonesian movies, they are “LaskarPelangi (The rainbow troops)” directed by Riri Riza. The writer limits the data on 30 contexts of movie. The second data is “Habibie and Ainun (Habibie and Ainun)” directed by Faozan Rizal, the writer limits the data on 30 contexts of movie. The third data is “Sang Pencerah (The Enlightener)directed by Hanung Bramantio, the writer limits the data on 30 contexts of movie. The forth data is “Skandal (The Scandal)” by Jose Purnomo, the writer limits the data on 30 contexts of movie. The fifth data is“AdaApaDenganCinta (What’s Up With Love)”directed by Rudy Soedjarwo, the writer limits the data on 30 contexts of movie.

Table 4.2 List of Data

No Movie Context of Context of Sentences movie data 01. LaskarPelangi (The rainbow troops) 37 30 65 02. HabibiedanAinun (Habibie and Aiunun) 36 30 65 03. Sang Pencerah(The Enlightener) 35 30 60 04. Skandal (The Scandal) 37 30 65 05. Ada ApaDenganCinta (What’s up with 49 30 70 love?)

The data are analyzed based on Martin Joos’s theory (1967), to find out language styles as procedures of analyzing data proposed in previous chapter. The writer reading the transcription of the movies and then the writer identified every style of language found in the transcriptions according to five styles by Martin Joos, Frozen style, Formal Style, Consultative Style, Casual style and Intimate Style. The data are as follows:

Data I

The first data is transcription of LaskarPelangi movie. The data are as follows:

1. At home in the morning, the characters areIkal, Ikal’s Mother, Ikal’s Father, Ikal’s brother and sister

IbuIkal : jadikauizinantarIkal? (Would you take Ikal to school?) KakakIkal : jadi! Akuizinsetengahhari(Sure! I have a half day)

In this conversation is family context and conversation happen between mother and son (Ikal) in a busy morning at home. Mom’s Ikal has different status and Ikal’s sister, Mom’s Ikal is higher status as a parent than Ikal sisters as children. The language of the context influenced by traditional (Belitung).So,Ikal’s Mom speaks by casual style language to her son and Ikal’s brother speakscasual style language to his mom. 2. At home in the morning, the characters are Miss Muslimah and her mother

Muslimah :ma, Muss pergingajarduluyamak, assalamualaikum(Mom, I want to go to school for teaching, assalamualikum) IbuMuslimah : wa’alaikumsalam (Waalaikumsalam/ greeting in Muslim)

In this conversation is family context and conversation happen between a mother (Muslimah’s mom) and a daughter (Muslimah) in a bright morning in the school.

Muslimah as a children has low status with her mother as a parent . The language of this context influenced by language traditional (Belitung) and religious (Muslim), so Miss

Muslimah speaks by consultative stylelanguageto her mom and her mother speaks by consultative style language to her daughter.

3.At school yard in the morning, the characters are Miss Muslimah and Lintang

Muslimah : siapenamekaunak?(What is your name, son?) Lintang : akuLintangdariTanjungKelumpangbu, akunaksekolah (I am Lintang from TanjungKelumpang Miss, I want to school)

In this conversation happen between a teacher (Muslimah) andastudent (Lintang) a bright morning at school yard. Muslimah and Lintang has differen status, Muslimar is higher than Lintang of the context. The language of this context is influenced by traditional Language (Belitung) so Miss Muslimah use consultative style so Mulimah speaks by consultative style language to lintangnadLintang speaks by consultative style language to Muslimah

4. At school yard in the morning, the characters are sirHarfan and Miss Muslimah

Muslimah : assalamu’alaikum Pak Harfan(Assalamualaikum sirHarfan) Pak Harfan : wa’alaikumsalam, siape yang kaubawaituMus? (Waalaikumsalam, who is he Mus?)

In this conversation happen between a headmaster (Sir Harfan) and a teacher (Muslimahia a morning at school. Muslimah has lower status than sir Harfan’sstatus. The language of this context influenced by traditional language (Belitung) and religious (Muslim), so Muslimah speaks by formal style language to sir Harfan as a headmaster and sir Harfan speaks by consultative style language to Muslimah a teacher in the school. 5. In the room class at morning, the characters are sir Harfan, parents and students

Pak Harfan : assalamualaikumwarahmatullahiwabarakatuh (Greeting) Orangtua&murid : wa’laikumsalamwarahmatullahiwabarakatuh (Greeting)

In this conversation happen between a headmaster (sir Harfan), parents and students in a morning in class room.SirHarfan and parents, Childrens has different status of the ontext. Sir Harfan is higher and parents, childrens is lower than sir Harfan. But the context is still formal.The language of this context influenced by religious (Muslim). Before sir Harfan open the formal meeting, sir Harfan greet them by frozen style language style and then parent, students greet by frozen style language. This context influenced by language traditional or Muslim.

Data II

The second data is transcription of HabibiedanAinunmovie. The data are as follows:

1. In the roomclass,the characters are teacher andAinun

Guru : kenapa langit warnanyabiru? (Why the sky is blue?) Ainun : kemarenkan sudah dijelaskan pak(It’s already explained yesterday sir)

In this conversation happen between a teacher and a student (Ainun) in class room. The teacher and Ainunhas different status of the context. The teacher ishigherandAinun is lower status. The context is not too formal because the teacher look fun for the student, so teacher speaks consultative style language to the Ainun who’s a student and Ainunspeakconsultative style language to the teacher. 2. At office, the characters are officer and Habibie, he get a call from Indonesia

C service : permisi pak Habibie, ada telepon untuk anda,mereka bilang Ibnu Sutowo (Excuse me sir Habibie, a call for you from IbnuSutowo) Habibie : Ibnu Sutowo?(Just ask)

In this conversation happen between customer service and boss (Habibie) in the office. Habibie and customer service has different status of the context.So officer speaks by formal style language and Habibie speaks casual style language. Habibie speaks casual because it’s a hurrid moment. 3. At home, the characters are Habibie and Ainun

Ainun : akucintakamupah (I love you dad) Habibie : akujugacintakamumah(I love you too mom)

In this conversation happen between a husband (Habibie) and a wife (Ainun) at home,Habibie and Ainun has the same status of the context is a couple.They can speak what style they want use and Ainunspeaksbycasual style language to her belove husband and Habibie speaks by casual style language to his belove wife 4. In the president palace, the characters are Soeharto and Indonesians

Soeharto : sayamemutuskanuntukmenyatakanberhentidarijabatan Presiden RI terhitungsejaksayabacakenpernyataaninipada Hariini, 21 Mei, 1998 (I decided to resign from my position as Presidentof Republic Indonesia as from since I read this Statement, May 21 1998)

In this statement there is one character is only president and this is a very formal context. Thepresidentof Indonesia read a very formal speech in front of Indonesians and televions, the speech can not change though a word, Soeharto must read what was written, so Soeharto read it by frozen style language in front of publics 5. At president palace, the characters are Habibie and Ainun

Ainun : jadi bagaimana?(So, How?) Habibie : ah baik baik saja(It’s fine)

In this conversation happen between a husband (Habibie) and a wife (Ainun) in president palace. Habibie and Aiunun has the same status is a couple. The time is when they’re sitting on the sofa in lobby, they can speak what style want use because the time is relax time, so Ainun speaks by casual style language to Habibie as her belove husband and Habibie speaks bycasual style language to Ainun as his beloved wife

4.3 The Data Findings The writer analyzed five Indonesian movies and the writer found many differences dominant of language style of five Indonesian movies as follows: 1.”Laskar pelangi” movie Laskar Pelangi (the rainbow troops) movie is an Indonesian film adapted from story of Andrea Hirata. The movie follows a group of 10 students as they their two struggles with poverty and develop hopes for the future in Gantong village on the farming and tin mining island of Belitung off east coast of Sumatera. This movie was released in September 25, 2008. The movie set in the 170s, opens on the first day of the year at a Muhammadyah elementary school on Belitung. The school needs 10 students but is one short until near the end of the day, when a straggles fills out the ranks for their teachers, Muslimah and Harfan. Muslimah dubs the children “The Rainbow Troops’’. The writer find there are 2 Frozen style (2,6%), 11 Formal style (14%), 19 Consultative style (25%), 42 casual style (56%) and 1 intimate style (1,3%). So, casual style is often used inLaskarPelangi movie conversation 2.”Habibie danAinun” movie Habibie&Ainunmovie is an Indonesian drama film which released on 20 December 2012. The movie based on the written by Habibie, An Indonesia President about his wife, HasriAinunHabibie, in his book, Habibie&Ainun. This story about finding one’s soul mate.A story about finding one’s first love and last love.A story about Indonesia’s third president and his wife.A story about Habibie and Ainun. Rudy Habibieis a genius in air planes and he had a big dreams. He devoted his life to Indonesia by building an airplane in uniting Indonesia. The writer find there are 2 Frozen style (3,0 %), 7 Formal style (10,0%), 18 Consultative style (15,1 %), 39 Casual style (59,0%) and no Intimate style. So, casual style is often used in HabibiedanAinun movie conversation. 3. “Sang Pencerah” movie Sang Pencerah movie is Indonesian movie directed by HanungBramantyo. This movie released in September 8, 2010. This movie tell about the different views of Islam. However, it has also been interpreted as critique of the current Muhammadyah leadership. It was seen in theatres by over 1 million people, the only Indonesian film people 2010 to do so.

The writer find9 Frozen style (16,9%), 25 Formal style (47,1%), 18 Consultative style (33,9%), 12 Casual style (1,8 %) and no intimate style. So, Formal style is often used in Sang Pencerah movie conversation. 4. “Skandal” movie Skandal movie is Indonesian drama directed by Jose Purnomo. This movie released in March 24, 2011. Skandal movie tell about a wife (UliAliani) saturated with home life, and a husband (Mike Lucock) always busy with his job, Aron even forget the obligation to provide for the inner life. The flurry husband makes Mischa bad though Aron with his secretary. Mischa and her family, her happiness almost lost. The writer find 1 Formal style (1,3%), 11 Consultative style (14,8%) , 51 Casual style (68,9%), 11 intimate style (14,8%) and no Frozen style. So, Casual style is often used in Skandal movie conversation. 5.”Ada ApaDenganCinta” movie Ada apadengancinta is Indonesian film directed by Rudy Soedjarwo. The Indonesian title is a play on words, as Cinta (Indonesian for Love) is also the main character. This movie also tells about 7 girls who’sclosefriend when study in senior high school student.Cinta is a popular teenage girl living a comfortable lifestyle. She is gifted and accomplished, surrounded by a group of faithful friends, and has caring and supportive parents. The writer find 4 Consultative style (5,0%), 73 Casual Style (91,2%), 3 Intmate style (3,7%), no Frozen and No frozen style. So, Casual style is often used in Ada Apa dengan Cinta movie.

Table 4.3.1 The Data Percentage of Style found in “LaskarPelangi” Movie No Language Style Total Style Perentage 01 Frozen Style 2 2.6% 02 Formal Style 11 14.6% 03 Consltative Style 19 25% 04 Casual Style 42 56% 05 Intimate Style 1 1.3%

Table 4.3.2 The Data Percentage of Style found in “Habibie dan Ainun” Movie

No Language Style Total Style Percentage

01 Frozen Style 2 3,03%

02 Formal Style 7 10%

03 Consultative Style 18 15,1%

04 Casual Style 39 59%

05 Intimate Style - -

Table 4.3.3 The Data Percentage of “Sang Pencerah” Movie

No Language Style Total Style Percentage

01 Frozen Style 9 16,9%

02 Formal Style 25 47,1%

03 Consultative Style 18 33,9%

04 Casual Style 1 1,8%

05 Intimate Style - -

Table 4.3.4 The Data Percentage of “Skandal” Movie No Language Style Total Style Percentage 01 Frozen Style - -

02 Formal Style 1 1,3% 03 Consultative Style 11 14,8%

04 Casual Style 51 68,9%

05 Intimate Style 11 14,8%

Table 4.3.5 The Data Percentage of Ada Apa Dengan Cinta Movie No Language Style Total Style Percentage

01 Frozen style - -

02 Formal Style - -

03 Consultative Style 4 5%

04 Casual Style 73 91,2%

05 Intimate Style 3 3,7%

Table 4.3.6The Recapitulation of Data No Movie Frozen Formal Consultative Casual Intimate Style Style Style Style Style

01 LaskarPelangi 2,6% 14,0% 25,0% 56,0% 1,3%

02 HabibiedanAiunun 3,0% 10,0% 15,1% 59,0% -

03 SangPencerah 16,9% 47,1% 33,9% 1,8% -

04 Skandal - 1,3% 14,8% 68,9% 14,8%

05 Ada - - 5,0% 91,2% 3,7% ApaDenganCinta

22,5% 72,4% 93,8% 276,9% 19,8%

From the five Indonesian movies, LaskarPelangi, HabibiedanAinun, Sang Pencerah, Skandal and Ada ApaDenganCinta, the writer found that casual style often use in Indonesian movies.

4. Conclusions

Through considering the analysis and determining the types of Language Style from five Indonesian movies, LaskarPelangi (The rainbow troops), HabibiedanAinun (Habibie and Ainun), Sang Pencerah (The enlightener), Skandal(The Scandal) and Ada ApaDenganCinta (What’s up with Love), the conclusions are presented as follows:

1. Language style is defined as the choice of words used by specific group of people when speak in a place and in one condition. Language style is very important for people to express their ideas, and people use language style with whom they speak and where they speaking. 2. Having count of data percentage of five movies. Laskar Pelangi (The rainbow troops) movie is often use casual style in the movie dialogue because the movie is tell about ten students and good teachers. Habibie dan Ainun (Habibie and Ainun) movie is often use casual style in the movie dialogue because the movie tell about a president biography. Sang Pencerah (The Enlightener) movie is often use formal style in the movie dialogue because the movie tell about story of religion. Skandal (The Skandal) movie is often use casual style in th emovie dialgue because the movie tell about a family. Ada Apa Dengan Cinta (What’s Up With Love) movie is often use casual style in the movie dialogue because the movie tell about seven beautiful schoolgirls. 3. Having analyzed the five language styles from five Indonesian movies, the writer found the result from “LaskarPelangi (The rainbow troops)” ,”HabibiedanAinun (Habibie and Aiunun)”, “Sang Pencerah (The Enlightener)”, “Skandal (The scandal)” and “Ada ApaDenganCinta (What’s up with love)”. There are Frozen style 22,5%, Formal style 72,5%, Consultative style 93.8%, Casual style 276.6% and Intimate style 19,8% 4. Based on the percentage, Casual style is often used in Indonesian movies

At the end of the analysis, the writer would like to put forward some suggestions:

1. For students of English Department,English teacher and lecturers, to improve their knowledge of language styles 2. For scriptwriter , to improve the Indonesian movies to be well known by language style that I have analyzed from five Indonesian movies that casual style make the movies to be more interesting 3. For people who watches Indonesian movies to know what style used most interesting in the movies dialogues

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