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Papp Viktor.Pdf Doktori (PhD) értekezés A Juhdöglő-völgy Erdőrezervátum lignikol bazídiumos nagygombáinak taxonómiája és természetvédelmi helyzete PAPP VIKTOR Témavezető: Dr. Rimóczi Imre, DSc professor emeritus Budapest 2015 A doktori iskola megnevezése: Kertészettudományi Doktori Iskola tudományága: 4. Agrártudományok (4.1 Növénytermesztési és kertészeti tudományok) vezetője: Dr. Tóth Magdolna, DSc egyetemi tanár Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar, Gyümölcstermő Növények Tanszék Témavezető: Dr. Rimóczi Imre, DSc professor emeritus Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar, Növénytani Tanszék és Soroksári Botanikus Kert A doktori iskola- és a témavezető jóváhagyó aláírása: A jelölt a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Doktori Szabályzatában előírt valamennyi feltételnek eleget tett, az értekezés műhelyvitájában elhangzott észrevételeket és javaslatokat az értekezés átdolgozásakor figyelembe vette, ezért az értekezés védési eljárásra bocsátható. .................................................. .................................................. Dr. Tóth Magdolna Dr. Rimóczi Imre doktori iskola vezető témavezető 1 A Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Élettudományi Területi Doktori Tanácsának 2015. december 8-i határozatában a nyilvános vita lefolytatására az alábbi bíráló Bizottságot jelölte ki: BÍRÁLÓ BIZOTTSÁG: Elnöke: Balázs Sándor, MHAS, BCE Tagjai: Terbe István, DSc, BCE Lőkös László, PhD, MTM Bartha Dénes, DSc, NyME Opponensek: Vetter János, DSc, SZIE Lenti István, CSc, Nyíregyházi Főiskola Titkár: Balázs Gábor, PhD, BCE 2 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK 1. BEVEZETÉS ÉS CÉLKITŰZÉS ............................................................................................. 5 2. IRODALMI ÁTTEKINTÉS ..................................................................................................... 7 2.1. A LIGNIKOL BAZÍDIUMOS NAGYGOMBÁK JELLEMZÉSE .......................................................... 7 2.1.1. A lignikol bazídiumos nagygombák makromorfológiája ............................................ 8 2.1.2. A lignikol bazídiumos nagygombák mikromorfológiai bélyegei .............................. 12 2.1.3. A lignikol bazídiumos nagygombák szisztematikája ................................................. 15 2.2. LIGNIKOL BAZÍDIUMOS NAGYGOMBÁK TERMÉSZETVÉDELMI HELYZETE EURÓPÁBAN ........ 20 2.2.1. Erdőrezervátumok és természetszerű erdők, mint refúgiumok a lignikol nagygombák számára ................................................................................................................................. 22 2.2.1.1. Magyarországi erdőrezervátumokban végzett mikológiai vizsgálatok .............. 23 3. ANYAG ÉS MÓDSZER .......................................................................................................... 25 3.1. A VIZSGÁLT TERÜLET BEMUTATÁSA ................................................................................... 25 3.2. M INTAFÁK KIJELÖLÉSE ....................................................................................................... 28 3.3. A MINTAVÉTELEK IDŐPONTJAI ÉS A GYŰJTÖTT ANYAG FELDOLGOZÁSÁNAK MÓDSZEREI ........ ........................................................................................................................................... 31 3.4. A LIGNIKOL BAZÍDIUMOS NAGYGOMBAFAJOK HATÁROZÁSÁHOZ HASZNÁLT ESZKÖZÖK ......... ........................................................................................................................................... 32 3.4.1. Határozókönyvek és -kulcsok ........................................................................................ 32 3.4.2. Mikroszkopikus vizsgálatokhoz használt eszközök ......................................................... 33 3.4.3. Molekuláris vizsgálatokhoz használt eszközök és módszerek ........................................... 33 4. EREDMÉNYEK ÉS ÉRTÉKELÉSÜK ................................................................................. 35 4.1. A JUHDÖGLŐ-VÖLGY ERDŐREZERVÁTUM TERÜLETÉRŐL DOKUMENTÁLT LIGNIKOL BAZÍDIUMOS NAGYGOMBÁK BEMUTATÁSA ÉS TAXONÓMIAI ÉRTÉKELÉSE .................................. 35 4.1.1. A Pucciniomycotina osztályba tartozó lignikol nagygombák ............................................ 38 4.1.2. A Tremellomycetes alosztályba tartozó lignikol nagygombák .......................................... 39 4.1.3. A Dacrymycetes alosztályba tartozó lignikol nagygombák............................................... 39 4.1.4. Az Agaricomycetes alosztályba tartozó lignikol nagygombái ........................................... 40 4.1.4.1. Agaricales Underw. ............................................................................................... 40 4.1.4.2. Atheliales Jülich ........................................................................................................... 73 4.1.4.3. Auriculariales J. Schröt. ................................................................................................ 73 4.1.4.4. Boletales E.-J. Gilbert ........................................................................................... 74 4.1.4.5. Cantharellales Gäum. ............................................................................................ 76 4.1.4.6. Corticiales K.H. Larss. .......................................................................................... 76 4.1.4.7. Gomphales Jülich .................................................................................................. 77 4.1.4.8. Hymenochaetales Oberw. ...................................................................................... 77 4.1.4.9. Polyporales Gäum. ................................................................................................ 85 4.1.4.10. Russulales Kreisel ex P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David ................................ 114 4.2. TERMÉSZETVÉDELMI ÉRTÉKELÉS ...................................................................................... 119 4.2.1. A Juhdöglő-völgy Erdőrezervátum természetvédelmi jelentősége lignikol nagygombák szempontjából ...................................................................................................................... 119 4.2.2. Ritka, veszélyeztetett és védett lignikol nagygombák a Juhdöglő-völgy Erdőrezervátumban ............................................................................................................................................ 121 3 5. ÚJ TUDOMÁNYOS EREDMÉNYEK ................................................................................ 126 6. ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS .............................................................................................................. 130 7. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 132 MELLÉKLETEK ...................................................................................................................... 134 M1. IRODALOMJEGYZÉK ......................................................................................................... 135 M2. Á BRÁK JEGYZÉKE ............................................................................................................ 176 M3. TÁBLÁZATOK JEGYZÉKE .................................................................................................. 178 M4. A JUHDÖGLŐ-VÖLGY ERDŐREZERVÁTUM TERÜLETÉN GYŰJTÖTT LIGNIKOL NAGYGOMBÁK FAJLISTÁJA ............................................................................................................................... 179 M4.1. A Juhdöglő-völgy Erdőrezervátum területén gyűjtött lignikol bazídiumos nagygombák fajlistája alfabetikus sorrendben. ............................................................................................ 179 M4.2. A Juhdöglő-völgy Erdőrezervátum területén gyűjtött lignikol aszkuszos nagygombák fajlistája alfabetikus sorrendben ............................................................................................. 199 M5. K IJELÖLT MINTAFÁK ADATAI ........................................................................................... 201 M6. FILOGENETIKAI VIZSGÁLATOKHOZ HASZNÁLT MINTÁK ADATAI ....................................... 204 M6.1. A Juhdöglő-völgy Erdőrezervátumban gyűjtött lignikol bazídiumos nagygombák jelen dolgozatban molekuláris módszerekkel vizsgált mintáinak ITS szekvenciái .............................. 204 M6.2. A GenBank és Unite adatbázisokból letöltött és a jelen munkában ismertetett filogenetikai vizsgálathoz felhasznált ITS-szekvenciák lelőhelyi adatai, valamint herbáriumi és génbanki azonosítói ....................................................................................................................................... 208 KÖSZÖNETNYÍLVÁNÍTÁS ................................................................................................... 211 4 1. BEVEZETÉS ÉS CÉLKITŰZÉS Az emberi tevékenység hatására csökkenőben lévő, magas biodiverzitású erdei élőhelyek védelmében szükségessé vált a még természetszerű állapotukat őrző erdők megóvása. Ennek érdekében dolgozták ki az erdőrezervátum programot, amely során Európa szerte törvényi védelmet élvező erdőterületeket jelöltek ki. Az erdőrezervátumokban jellemzően a természetes ökológiai folyamatoknak köszönhetően jelentősen nagyobb mennyiségű és paramétereit tekintve (pl. átmérő, korhadási fázis, stb.) változatosabb holt faanyag halmozódik fel, mint az erdészetileg kezelt erdőkben. A holt faanyag számos olyan élőlénycsoportnak (pl. rovarok, mohák, gombák, stb.) szolgál szubsztrátumként, amelyek fontos szerepet töltenek be
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