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Universidade De Brasília Instituto De Ciências Biológicas Departamento De Botânica Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Botânica UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÂNICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA EVOLUÇÃO DE ESTRATÉGIAS DE FLORAÇÃO NA ORDEM MYRTALES THAÍS NOGALES DA COSTA VASCONCELOS BRASÍLIA AGOSTO/2013 UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA 1 INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÂNICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA EVOLUÇÃO DE ESTRATÉGIAS DE FLORAÇÃO NA ORDEM MYRTALES THAÍS NOGALES DA COSTA VASCONCELOS ORIENTADORA: Drª. CAROLYN ELINORE BARNES PROENÇA Dissertação submetida ao Departamento de Botânica, do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do titulo de Mestre em Botânica BRASÍLIA AGOSTO/2013 THAÍS NOGALES DA COSTA VASCONCELOS 2 EVOLUÇÃO DAS ESTRATÉGIAS DE FLORAÇÃO NA ORDEM MYRTALES Dissertação aprovada junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica da Universidade de Brasília como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Botânica. Banca examinadora __________________________________ Profa. Carolyn Elinore Barnes Proença Orientadora – UnB __________________________________ Prof. Marcelo Fragomeni Simon Membro titular – UnB __________________________________ Prof. Paulo Eugenio Alvez Macedo de Oliveira Membro Titular – UFU __________________________________ Profa. Rosana Tidon Membro Suplente - UnB Brasília, 05 de Agosto de 2013 3 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Vasconcelos, Thaís Nogales da Costa Evolução de Estratégias de Floração na Ordem Myrtales / Thaís Nogales da Costa Vasconcelos; Orientação de Carolyn Elinore Barnes Proença – Brasília, 2013. 139 p. Dissertação de Mestrado (M) – Universidade de Brasília/ Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, 2013. 1. Polinização 2. Sinal filogenético 3. Trade-off (palavras chave) REFERÊNCIA BIBLIOGRÁFICA VASCONCELOS, T. N. C. 2013. Evolução das Estratégias de Floração na Ordem Myrtales. Brasília: Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília. 139 p. Dissertação de Mestrado. CESSÃO DE DIREITOS NOME DO AUTOR: Thaís Nogales da Costa Vasconcelos TÍTULO DA DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO: Evolução das Estratégias de Floração na Ordem Myrtales GRAU: Mestre ANO: 2013 É concedida à Universidade de Brasília permissão para reproduzir cópias desta dissertação de mestrado e para emprestar ou vender tais cópias somente para propósitos acadêmicos e científicos. O autor reserva-se a outros direitos de publicação e nenhuma parte desta dissertação de mestrado pode ser reproduzida sem a autorização por escrito do autor. Thaís Nogales da Costa Vasconcelos Email: [email protected] 4 Agradecimentos especiais: Aos meus pais e minha irmã, Ao Marcel e a família Papa, À Carol, minha orientadora, Ao pessoal do Kew e do JBRJ, por toda a prestatividade durante a coleta de dados, À CAPES pela bolsa, ao DPP-UnB e a FAP-DF por financiarem minhas viagens de coleta de dados; Aos especialistas que contribuíram enviando e confirmando a identificação de fotos, Aos amigos e conhecidos que me deram ideias para pesquisa (mesmo sem querer), A todos os professores do IB que contribuíram na minha formação e à galera da ilustração científica, Aos professores que aceitaram participar da minha banca de defesa, Muito obrigada! 5 RESUMO A polinização é a grande responsável pelo controle da reprodução das angiospermas e um dos processos ecológicos mais importantes em ecossistemas terrestres. A polinização biótica, além de ser mais eficaz, também é responsável por uma maior taxa evolutiva em angiospermas, já que a pressão seletiva imposta por constantes mudanças na oferta de polinizadores estimula a especiação. Por ser uma interação tão importante, os pesquisadores tentam desvendar como ocorreu o surgimento da relação entre plantas e polinizadores na evolução das angiospermas. Dois tipo de padrões evolutivos são observados: espécies filogeneticamente próximas que compartilham estratégias de floração semelhantes e espécies pouco relacionadas que também compartilham de estratégias de floração semelhantes. É possível analisar como esses padrões evolutivos se comportam em um clado monofilético de plantas através de cálculos de sinal filogenético dos caracteres significativos e distâncias filogenéticas médias entre as espécies. Além disso, um outro padrão evolutivo é observado no display floral de vários grupos de plantas: um trade-off entre tamanho e número de flores por inflorescência, causado por um constraint nos recursos energéticos da floração. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estimar como eram as estratégias de floração e polinização dos primeiros representantes da ordem Myrtales e analisar padrões evolutivos nessas estratégias de floração, como contraints filogenéticos, evolução convergente e trade-off no display floral. Utilizamos, para isso, dados obtidos através da análise de exsicatas, literaturas específicas e especialistas, sobre doze características morfológicas em 99 espécies de Myrtales. Para as informações de filogenia, utilizamos dois marcadores moleculares de cloroplasto disponíveis no GenBank. Utilizando o método de reconstrução de caraceres ancestrais, estimamos que as flores das primeiras espécies de Myrtales eram generalistas e, provavelmente, adaptadas a polinização por insetos, dados parcialmente suportados pela análise de flores fósseis do período. Em seguida, utilizamos agrupamento por UPGMA para selecionar doze tipos florais em Myrtales a partir de dados morfológicos. Nossos resultados mostram que há uma forte carga filogenética na evolução desses tipos florais, demonstrado pelo alto valor de sinal filogenético de síndromes florais, e que tipos filogeneticamente próximos possuem uma probabilidade maior de adaptação entre si, assim como tipos morfologicamente mais próximos possuem uma maior probabilidade de compartilhar polinizadores similares. Por fim, nosso trabalho confirma a existência de um trade-off entre tamanho e número de flores por inflorescência no 6 display floral, demonstrando, ainda, que características florais que aparentam ter um maior custo energético no display floral também são aquelas mais evolutivamente maleáveis. Palavras chave: Evolução, polinização, sinal filogenético, constraint filogenético, trade-off. 7 ABSTRACT Pollination is the main responsible factor for Angiosperm reproduction control and one of the most important ecological processes of terrestrial ecosystems. Biotic pollination, besides being more efficient, is also responsible for a higher evolutionary rate in Angiosperms, since the selective pressure imposed by constant changes in pollinator offer stimulates speciation. As this is such an important interaction, researchers have tried to unravel how the relationship between plants and pollinators arose during Angiosperm evolution. Two different types of evolutionary patterns emerge: phylogenetically close species that share similar floral strategies and distantly related species that also share similar floral strategies. It is possible to analise how these two patterns behave in a monophyletic clade of plants through the comparison of phylogenetic signal of significant characters and average phylogenetic distance between the species. Another evolutionary pattern observed is the trade-off that occurs in several groups of plants between flower size and numbers of flowers per inflorescence, caused by a constraint of energy resources available for flowering. The objective of this study is to estimate what were the flowering strategies of the first representatives of the order Myrtales and analise evolutionary patters in its flowering strategies, such as phylogenetic contraints, convergent evolution and trade-offs in floral display. We collected data by consulting herbarium specimens, specialized literature and taxonomic experts, regarding 12 norphological characters in 99 species of Myrtales. The phylogeny was infered using two chloroplast molecular markers available in GenBank. Our results show that the flowers of the first species of Myrtales were generalists and, probably, adapted to insect pollination, this data is partially supported by the analysis of fossil flowers of the period. The next step was to use UPGMA to group species of Myrtales in 12 floral types using morphological data. Our results also showes a strong phylogenetic signal in the evolution of floral syndromes in the order Myrtales, demonstrated by the high phylogenetic signal of floral types. Finally, our work confirms the existence of trade-off between size and number of flowers per inflorescence in floral display, demonstrating that the floral characters that apparently have a higher energetic cost in the floral display also appear to be most plastic from an evolutionary point of view. Key words: Evolution, pollination, phylogenetic signal, phylogenetic constraint, trade- off. 8 9 SUMÁRIO Lista de Figuras...............................................................................................................12 Lista de Tabelas...............................................................................................................14 INTRODUÇÃO GERAL................................................................................................15 Referências Bibliográficas...............................................................................................32 CAPÍTULO I – DESVENDANDO AS ANTIGAS ESTRATÉGIAS DE FLORAÇÃO NA ORDEM MYRTALES.............................................................................................39 Introdução........................................................................................................................39 Metodologia.....................................................................................................................41
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