An Exploratory Study of Translations of the Dewey Decimal Classification System Into South African Languages
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Handout 1: the History of the English Language 1. Proto-Indo-European
Handout 1: The history of the English language Cold climate: they had a word for snow: *sneigwh- (cf. Latin nix, Greek Seminar English Historical Linguistics and Dialectology, Andrew McIntyre niphos, Gothic snaiws, Gaelic sneachta). Words for beech, birch, elm, ash, oak, apple, cherry; bee, bear, beaver, eagle. 1. Proto-Indo-European (roughly 3500-2500 BC) Original location is also deduced from subsequent spread of IE languages. Bronze age technology. They had gold, silver, copper, but not iron. 1.1. Proto-Indo-European and linguistic reconstruction They rode horses and had domesticated sheep, cattle. Cattle a sign of wealth (cf. Most languages in Europe, and others in areas stretching as far as India, are called Indo- fee/German Vieh ‘cattle’, Latin pecunia ‘money’/pecus ‘cattle’) European languages, as they descend from a language called Proto-Indo-European Agriculture: cultivated cereals *gre-no- (>grain, corn), also grinding of corn (PIE). Here ‘proto’ means that there are no surviving texts in the language and thus that *mela- (cf. mill, meal); they also seem to have had ploughs and yokes. linguists reconstructed the language by comparing similarities and systematic differences Wheels and wagons (wheel < kw(e)-kwlo < kwel ‘go around’) between the languages descended from it. Religion: priests, polytheistic with sun worship *deiw-os ‘shine’ cf. Lat. deus, Gk. The table below gives examples of historically related words in different languages which Zeus, Sanskrit deva. Patriarchal, cf. Zeus pater, Iupiter, Sanskr. dyaus pitar. show either similarities in pronunciation, or systematic differences. Example: most IE Trade/exchange:*do- yields Lat. donare ‘give’ and a Hittite word meaning ‘take’, languages have /p/ in the first two lines, suggesting that PIE originally had /p/ in these *nem- > German nehmen ‘take’ but in Gk. -
Strategies for Collecting Electronic Resources on the Qur’Anic Researches
International Journal on Quranic Research (IJQR) © 2013 Centre of Quranic Research Vol.3, No. 4, June 2013, Pp. 57-78 (CQR), University of Malaya, Malaysia STRATEGIES FOR COLLECTING ELECTRONIC RESOURCES ON THE QUR’ANIC RESEARCHES Amar Arbaoui, Yasser M. Alginahi & Mohamed Menacer ABSTRACT Electronic dissemination of digital information has benefited from recent advancements in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and dissemination of Islamic digital content in different formats has taken advantage of this rapid progress in technology. Information is available in many formats and on many different applications and devices. However, the online availability of such resources on Qur’an and its sciences is very limited. In this work, digital Qur’an resources available from authentic sources will be used to formulate strategies on how to extract, format, present and make these resources available for researchers in a centralized knowledgebase. The methodology starts with collecting these authentic electronic Islamic resources. Next, resources are classified into their main categories, sub-categories and related categories. Then, the list of metadata for each type of resource is developed. Following this, strategies for efficient dissemination for the different types of digital resources are developed; depending on the format of the files, the metadata is extracted automatically, if possible, otherwise data is entered manually into the knowledgebase. Therefore, the manual entry of data into the knowledgebase for resources having poor or lacking metadata would efficiently help researchers to easily locate the resources they are searching for. Developing these strategies for each type of format could efficiently help in the search process. From the data collected so far, the amount of data gathered shows that books contribute to the highest number of resources available in this area followed by post graduate dissertations, conference papers and journal papers respectively. -
Germanic Languages an Overview
Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42186-7 — The Cambridge Handbook of Germanic Linguistics Edited by Michael T. Putnam , B. Richard Page Excerpt More Information Germanic Languages An Overview B. Richard Page and Michael T. Putnam I.1 Introduction The Germanic languages include some of the world’s most widely spoken and thoroughly researched languages. English has become a global lan- guage that serves as a lingua franca in many parts of the world and has an estimated 1.12 billon speakers (Simons and Fennig 2018). German, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, and Norwegian have also been studied and described extensively from both diachronic and synchronic perspectives. In addition to the standard varieties of these languages, there are available descrip- tions of many nonstandard varieties as well as of regional and minority languages, such as Frisian and Low German. There are several possibilities to consider when putting together a handbook of a language family. One would be to have a chapter devoted to each language, as in Ko¨nig and Auwera (1993). This would require the choice of which languages to include and would make cross-linguistic comparisons difficult. In the alternative, one could take a thematic, comparative approach and exam- ine different aspects of the Germanic languages, such as morphology or syntax, as in Harbert (2007). We have chosen the latter approach for this handbook. The advantage of such an approach is that it gives the contri- butors in the volume an opportunity to compare and contrast the broad range of empirical phenomena found across the Germanic languages that have been documented in the literature. -
Verb-Second Intricacies: an Investigation Into Verb Positions in English
UNIVERSITY OF PRIŠTINA FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY Nenad Pejić Verb-Second Intricacies: An Investigation into Verb Positions in English Doctoral Dissertation Supervisor: dr Dragana Spasić Kosovska Mitrovica, 2011. УНИВЕРЗИТЕТ У ПРИШТИНИ ФИЛОЗОФСКИ ФАКУЛТЕТ Ненад Пејић Проблематика глагола као другог конституента: испитивање позиције глагола у енглеском језику Докторска дисертација Ментор: др Драгана Спасић Косовска Митровица, 2011. Table of Contents 1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………..…..1 1.1. The Problem ……………………………………………………………………..…..1 1.2. Generative Grammar ……………………………………………………….………..3 1.3. Germanic Languages ……………………………………………………….………..9 2. Syntactic Change ……………………………………………………………….……16 2.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………...……16 2.2. Actuation and Diffusion of Change …………………………………………..……17 2.3. The Locus of Change ………………………………………………………………21 2.4. Language Change versus Grammar Change ………………………………….……23 2.4.1. The Logical Problem of Language Change …………………………………25 2.5. The Principles and Parameters Model of Change ……………………………….…27 2.5.1. Parametric Change ……………………………………………………..……31 2.6. Mechanisms of Syntactic Change …………………………………………….……33 2.6.1 Internal Mechanisms …………………………………………………………34 2.6.1.1 Reanalysis ……………………………………………………………35 2.6.1.1 1. Grammaticalization ……………………………………..…39 2.6.1.2 Extension …………………………………………………………..…40 2.6.2 External Mechanism …………………………………………………………42 2.6.2.1 Language Contact ……………………………………………………43 2.7. Theories of Syntactic Change ………………………………………………...……44 2.7.1. Structuralist Approach ………………………………………………………45 -
Theory and Practice. Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, Pa. Graduate
DOCUMENT RESUME F 680 IR 002 925 AUTHOR Painter, Ann F., Ed. TITLE Classification: Theory and Practice. INSTITUTION Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, Pa. Graduate Schoolof Library Science. PUB DATE Oct 74 NOTE 125p. JOURNAL CIT Drexel Library Quarterly; v10 n4 Oct 74 EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$5.70 Plus Postage DESCRIPTORS *Classification; Cluster Grouping; Futures (of Society); Information Retrieval; *Library Automation; *Library Science; Library Technical Processes IDENTIFIERS Dewey Decimal Classification; Library of Congress Classification; Universal Decimal Classification ABSTRACT In response to recent trends towards automated bibliographic control, this issue of "Drexel LibraryQuarterly" discusses present day bibliographic classificationschemes and offers some insight into the future. Thisvolume contains essays which: (1) define "classification";(2) provide historical ,background; (3) examine the Dewey Decimal System, the Library of Congress Classification, and the Universal Decimal Classification;(4) discuss research and development of automated systems; and(5) make predictions for the future. (EMH) *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include manyinformal unpublished * materials not available from other sources.ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available.Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encounteredand this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopyreproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document ReproductionService -
Introduction to the History of the English Language
INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Written by László Kristó 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 4 NOTES ON PHONETIC SYMBOLS USED IN THIS BOOK ................................................. 5 1 Language change and historical linguistics ............................................................................. 6 1.1 Language history and its study ......................................................................................... 6 1.2 Internal and external history ............................................................................................. 6 1.3 The periodization of the history of languages .................................................................. 7 1.4 The chief types of linguistic change at various levels ...................................................... 8 1.4.1 Lexical change ........................................................................................................... 9 1.4.2 Semantic change ...................................................................................................... 11 1.4.3 Morphological change ............................................................................................. 11 1.4.4 Syntactic change ...................................................................................................... 12 1.4.5 Phonological change .............................................................................................. -
Universal Decimal Classification and Colon Classification: Their Mutual Impact
Annals of Library and Information Studies Vol. 62, December 2015, pp. 226-230 Universal Decimal Classification and Colon Classification: Their mutual impact Amitabha Chatterjee Retired Professor & Head, Department of Library & Information Science, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, Email: [email protected] Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), being a predecessor of Colon Classification (CC), had impacts on CC in various ways – directly as well as indirectly. But surprisingly CC too made an impact on UDC in various ways during its revision process. The paper discusses how these two classification schemes have influenced each other in different spheres. Keywords: Universal Decimal Classification; Colon Classification; Faceted Classification; Generalia Class; Indicator digit; Notation; Common isolate; Phase relation; Agglomerate Introduction Ranganathan, however, made continuous efforts over Ranganathan traced the development of several decades to remove rigidities of different kinds bibliographic classification schemes in three that the scheme was suffering from and finally it major periods, viz., Pre-Facet Period (1876-1896), became a freely faceted classification scheme. Transition-to-Facet Period (1897-1932) and Facet Evidently, UDC being a predecessor of CC, had Period (1933-1975). The main achievements of the impacts on CC – both directly as well as indirectly. Transition-to-Facet Period, according to him were: But surprisingly, CC too made an impact on UDC in (1) Venture into the work of arranging in a helpful various ways during its revision process. Mcllwaine sequence the main entries in periodicals – micro has observed that “the scheme (i.e. UDC) exerted a documents embodying micro thought as we call strong influence ….. upon the Colon Classification” them; and that “for some years Ranganathan worked on the (2) Venture into pulling out of some of the subjects UDC while he was living in Switzerland after the certain facets such as Time Facet and Space Second World War, so it was a two-way process”2. -
The Colon Classification: a Few Considerations on Its Future
Annals of Library and Information Studies Vol. 62, December 2015, pp. 231-238 The Colon Classification: A few considerations on its future K. S. Raghavan Visiting Scientist, Centre for Knowledge Analytics & Ontological Engineering (KAnOE), PES University, Bangalore, and Member-Secretary, Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science, E-mail: [email protected] The article highlights the efforts and plans of Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science for revival of CC. Presents a brief history of the Scheme and explains is features. Discusses areas needing revamping for continual revision and existence of CC. Also seeks feedback from LIS professionals on the revision of the Scheme. Keywords: Colon Classification; Isolate ideas Introduction Prolegomena was published in 1957 which was hailed Among the several seminal contributions of by Berwick Sayers as the “most precise, theoretical, Dr. S. R. Ranganathan, Colon Classification , first practical and comparative exposition of classification published in 1933, and the Prolegomena stand out. theory …. intensely original”. 1 A third edition of The origins of the Colon Classification scheme lay in Prolegomena has also been published. The Ranganathan’s dissatisfaction with the library development of CC has been based on the theory classification schemes of the times when he was a expounded in the Prolegomena . student at the University of London. Ranganathan found that the structure of Dewey Decimal Editions of CC Classification was not flexible enough for expansion During the life time of Ranganathan, CC saw six and for accommodating new developments in the editions, a rate of revision matched by no other universe of ideas / subjects. He hit upon the idea of general classification scheme except Dewey Decimal structuring subjects ‘bottom-up ’ within each Basic Classification (DDC). -
How to Cite Complete Issue More Information About This
Transinformação ISSN: 2318-0889 Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas FERREIRA, Ana Carolina; MACULAN, Benildes Coura Moreira dos Santos; NAVES, Madalena Martins Lopes Ranganathan and the faceted classification theory1 Transinformação, vol. 29, no. 3, 2017, September-December, pp. 279-295 Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas DOI: 10.1590/2318-08892017000300006 Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=384357586006 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative ORIGINAL 279 Ranganathan and the faceted classification theory1 THEORY CLASSIFICATION THE FACETED AND RANGANATHAN ORIGINAL Ranganathan e a teoria da classificação facetada Ana Carolina FERREIRA2 Benildes Coura Moreira dos Santos MACULAN2 Madalena Martins Lopes NAVES3 Abstract The present study contextualizes Ranganathan’s main theoretical contributions to the classification theory and addresses the Five Laws of Library Science. The major milestones in philosophical and bibliographic classifications are presented to show that the classification system has evolved from purely philosophical schemes, which were focused on the systematization of knowledge, into modern bibliographic classification systems. Facet analysis is considered a contribution to the classification process since it allows the use of an approach that encompasses different points of view of the same subject, as opposed to the enumerative systems. This article also discusses Ranganathan’s five fundamental categories, known as Personality, Matter, Energy, Space and Time, and points out to criticism of this form of categorization in the literature. The Spiral of Scientific Method and the Spiral Model of Development of subjects are presented; the latter is the meta-model of the former. -
Guidelines for Subject Access in National Bibliographies Draft 2011, May
IFLA CLASS Guidelines for Subject Access in National Bibliographies Draft 2011, May Guidelines for Subject Access in National Bibliographies IFLA Working Group on Guidelines for Subject Access by National Bibliographic Agencies Draft May 2011 for Worldwide Review 1 IFLA CLASS Guidelines for Subject Access in National Bibliographies Draft 2011, May Contents Preface 1. Introduction 1.1 Subject access in national bibliographies 1.2 IFLA’s Working Group on Guidelines for Subject Access by National Bibliographic Agencies 1.3 Outline of the Guidelines 2. Users of national bibliographies and subject access 2.1 Users of national bibliographies 2.2 Use of subject access in national bibliographies 2.3 Outcome of this review 3. Subject access standards and tools 3.1 Controlled and natural language indexing 3.2 Features of controlled indexing languages 3.3 Importance of standard indexing tools 3.4 Verbal indexing schemes 3.4.1 Subject heading lists 3.4.2 Thesauri 3.4.3 Pre-coordination and post-coordination 3.5 Classification schemes 3.5.1 Dewey Decimal Classification 3.5.2 Universal Decimal Classification 3.5.3 Library of Congress Classification 3.6 Automatic indexing 3.7 Other subject access tools 4. Functionality and interface of national bibliographies 4.1 Presentation of national bibliographies 4.2 General recommendations 4.3 Recommendations for online catalogue functionalities 4.4 Recommendations for online catalogue interfaces 4.5 Recommendations for query 4.6 Recommendations for other features 5. Application scenarios (indexing / access levels) 5.1 Different levels of subject access 5.2 Criteria to decide subject access levels 5.2.1 Characteristics of materials 5.2.2 Users 5.2.3 Other considerations 5.3 Decision matrix 6. -
Literature Schedule Practiced in DDC 22Nd and CC 6Th Revised Ed.: a Comparative Study
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln Spring 3-2021 Literature Schedule Practiced in DDC 22nd and CC 6th Revised ed.: A Comparative Study BINAY KRISHNA DAS Library Trainee Indian Institute of Technology - Guwahati, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac Part of the Library and Information Science Commons DAS, BINAY KRISHNA Library Trainee, "Literature Schedule Practiced in DDC 22nd and CC 6th Revised ed.: A Comparative Study" (2021). Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 5360. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/5360 1 ABSTRACT Classification in a library arranges the documents in classes based on mutual relationship between them and brings the like classes together and separates them from the unlike classes. It predominantly acts as the backbone of the library services provided in a library. In this study an attempt has been made to make an extensive study on how literature schedule is treated i.e. how class number building approach is carried out with the help of certain selected titles. An attempt has been made to delineate and outline how the literature schedule is practiced in different ways in both the classification scheme. By assigning class numbers according to both the schemes to the titles belonging to literature schedule it has been tried to outline the nature of treating the literature schedule. In order to get an insight of both the classification scheme the study is carried out. Keywords: Classification, DDC, CC, Library Classification, Class Number 1. -
Implications of Five Laws of Library Science on Dr. S. R. Ranganathan's Colon Classification: an Explorative Study*
Implications of Five Laws of Library Science on Dr. S. R. Ranganathan’s Colon Classification: An Explorative Study* Dr. S. K. Asok Kumar** Prof. B. Ramesh Babu*** Dr. P. Nageswara Rao**** Contents 1. Introduction 5. Impressions on Colon Classification from 2. Overview of Different Editions of Colon the LIS Professionals Classification (CC) 6. Colon Classification during Post - 3. Implication of Five Laws of Library Ranganathan Period Science on Colon Classification 7. Relevance of Colon Classification in the 4. Design of Depth Schedules based on contemporary world of Librarianship Colon Classification 6th edition 8. Concluding Remarks ABSTRACT There have been several milestones in the history of library classification but most of the schemes failed to meet the new challenges in the organisation of information. Dr. S. R. Ranganathan tried to revolutionise the whole thinking on classificatory approach, when he devised the Colon Classification (CC) in 1933. He developed the Colon Classification scheme with a sound theoretical background based on normative principles, Five laws of Library science, canons, etc. One important feature of CC is that, its use is not confined to information storage and retrieval alone. This paper presents an over view of different editions of the CC highlighting the salient features of the editions. Further the implication of Five Laws of Library Science has been described. The authors stressed that the features of such as greater hospitality, specificity and mixed notation has paved the way to design and develop the depth schedules on various micro level subjects and so far about 130 micro schedules have been published. The impressions by the leading LIS professionals during and after Ranganathan’s time have been highlighted.