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Parasite Diversity and Their Effects on Histological and Biochemical Components of Wallago Attu (Bloch-Schneider, 1801) and Rita Rita (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822)

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Parasite Diversity and Their Effects on Histological and Biochemical Components of Wallago Attu (Bloch-Schneider, 1801) and Rita Rita (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822) Parasite diversity and their effects on histological and biochemical components of Wallago attu (Bloch-Schneider, 1801) and Rita rita (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822) A dissertation submitted to the University of Dhaka in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Zoology (Parasitology) By SHAHELA ALAM Registration no. 56 Session: 2013-2014 (Re) Department of Zoology (Parasitology) University of Dhaka Dhaka – 1000 June 2016 TO ALMIGHTY ALLAH AND TO MY PARENTS AND TO MEMBERS OF MY FAMILY DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation submitted to the University of Dhaka for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is based on own investigation, carried out under the supervision of Professor Dr. Hamida Khanum, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, and that, this or any part of this work has not been submitted for any other degree anywhere. SHAHELA ALAM CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Parasite diversity and their effects on histological and biochemical components of Wallago attu (Bloch-Schneider, 1801) and Rita rita (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822)” submitted by Shahela Alam for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology (Parasitology), University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, embodies the record of original investigation carried out by her under my supervision. Dr. Hamida Khanum Professor Department of Zoology University of Dhaka Dhaka – 1000 Bangladesh CONTENTS Page No. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER-2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 24 CHAPTER-3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 46 CHAPTER-4: OBSERVATION AND RESULTS 4.1 The communities of parasites 58 4.2 Infestation of parasites in different months and seasons 76 4.3 Infestation of parasites in relation to sex of the fishes 98 4.4 Infestation of parasites in relation to length of the fishes 117 4.5 Infestation of parasites in relation to climatic factors 139 4.6 Infestation in relation to the food and feeding habits 151 of the host fishes CHAPTER-5: PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE PARASITES 160 CHAPTER-6: PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF THE FISHES AND VARIATION 185 DUE TO INFESTATION CHAPTER-7: GENERAL DISCUSSION 193 CHAPTER-8: SUMMARY 203 CHAPTER-9: BIBLIOGRAPHY 211 APPENDIX 245 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express my deepest humbleness to Almighty Allah for his mercy and giving me strength to complete this dissertation. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who directly or indirectly supported and contributed to this research work. First of all, I express my gratitude to my respected supervisor Professor Dr. Hamida Khanum, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka for her generous co-operation throughout the study. My investigation would never come to the end if she was not with me with her support, valuable advice, constant care and encouragement. I convey sincere thanks to Chairman Professor Dr. Md. Anwarul Islam, ex-chairman Professor Dr. M.A. Bashar and Professor Dr. Md. Moksed Ali Howlader, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka for permitting and providing the necessary facilities to continue the research work in the Parasitology Laboratory of the department. My cordial thanks to Dr. Akhtaruzzaman, Professor, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, for his co-operation during the period of my research work. I am highly indebted to Mr. Shamsuddin Ahmed, Director, Bangladesh Meteorological Department, Agargaon, Dhaka, for providing all the data of climatic factors (temperature, rainfall, humidity) regarding this particular work. I am grateful to Md. Abu Bakkar Siddique, Statistical Officer, Maternal and Child Health Divison, ICDDR’B, Mohakhali, Dhaka for providing me necessary support and cordial co- operation. I acknowledge my gratefulness to the authority of the University of Dhaka and to the Ministry of Science and Technology for giving me financial support to run and complete my research work. Words are inadequate to express my deep sense of gratitude towards my parents, brother, my husband whose kindness above and beyond the call of duty has greatly lightened the process of completion. Finally, I owe a debt of gratitude to my friends and the wonderful staffs of the Department of Zoology and other teachers, who directly or indirectly expanded their friendly hands throughout my work. ABSTRACT In the present investigation, a total of 250 W. attu and 350 R. rita were examined during January 2011 to December 2012 (both from Swarighat, Dhaka) for the investigations on parasite infestation, proximate composition and pathological effects on the hosts. A total of 11 species of parasites collected and identified from W. attu, one ecto-parasite (Argulus foliaceus) and 10 endo-parasites of which three were trematodes (Isoparorchis hypselobagri, Macrolecithus gotoi, Magnacetabulum trachuri); two nematodes (Contracaecum L3 larva, Cosmoxynemoids aguirrei); one cestode (Polyoncobothrium polypteri) and four acanthocephalas (Echinorhynchus kushiroense, Pallisentis ophiocephali, Acanthocephalus aculeatus, Pallisentis umbellatus). From R. rita, a total of 9 species of parasites recovered and identified, among them, one ecto-parasite (Lernaea cyprinacea) and 8 endo-parasites of which four trematodes (Notoporus leiognathi, Saccacoelium obesum, Sterrhurus musculus, Clinostomum piscidium); one nematode (Ascaroid larva) and three acanthocephalas (Cavisoma magnum, Corynosoma alaskense, Corynosoma strumosum). The parasite community in both W. attu and R. rita was dominated by trematodes and acanthocephalans comprising 33.31% and 47.9% of the total number of parasites from W. attu and 59.12% and 31.99% of those in R. rita. Among the total helminth parasites recovered, the most numerically dominant acanthocephalan was Pallisentis ophiocephali (14.58%) in W. attu and trematode Notoporus leiognathi (18.26%) in R. rita. The prevalence of infestation of ecto-parasite was 23.6% in W. attu (59 specimens) and mean intensity of parasite was 3.11 ± 1.47 per infested fish while in R. rita, 24.8% were infected (87 specimens) with a mean intensity of parasites was 3.34 ± 1.62. The prevalence of infestation of endo-parasites was 34.4% in W. attu (86 specimens) and mean intensity of parasites was 1.66 ± 0.24 per infested fish while in R. rita, 64.57% were infected (226 specimens) with a mean intensity of parasites was 2.64 ± 1.12. Regarding the organal distribution, most of the parasites were found to favour the intestine of the fishes, except Isoparorchis hypselobagri was harboured the swim bladder. The prevalence of infestation in W. attu was observed higher during winter season while in R. rita, the prevalence of infestation was higher in rainy season. The maximum intensity of parasites of W. attu was recorded in winter and in R. rita, that was found in summer. The effects of modifying factors such as sex, season, length, climatic factors and diet of the hosts on the abundance of parasites were also studied. Among the main food items, small fishes comprised the greatest proportion (27.2%) in W. attu, whereas, in R. rita, it was 18.3%; the crustacean food item was 17.6% in W. attu while in R. rita, it was 4.8%. W. attu and R. rita also consumed aquatic insects, mollusks as additional food. Presence of large variety of small fishes and other invertebrates in the stomach indicated their possibility as “carrier host” of these parasites in both the hosts. Juvenile Isoparorchis hypselobagri caused massive tissue damages resulting in erosions and formation of tunnels in the musculature, accumulation of moisture, connective tissue dislocation, massive melanization and mixed inflammatory responses in W. attu. The infected liver showed incipient vacuolation, accumulation of melanin macrophage centers and hemopoietic tissue degeneration. Massive pigmentation was also noted in swim bladder of W. attu due to the infection of juvenile Isoparorchis hypselobagri. The present observation on biochemical analysis presented small variation in nutrient contents between W. attu and R. rita. Protein, fat, moisture, carbohydrate and ash level were higher in non-infected W. attu and R. rita than those of infected. ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations Illustrations BFDC ----------- Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation DOS ------------ Department of shipping DoF ------------ Department of Fisheries GDP ------------ Gross Domestic Product TL ------------ Total length NOAA ---------- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ICES ---------- International Council for the Exploration of the Sea BMD ----------- Bangladesh Meteorological Department PRECIS --------- Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies IPCC ----------- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change EUS ----------- Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome AFA ----------- Acetic Formalin Alcohol AOAC ----------- Association of official agricultural chemists CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Parasitology has evolved as a distinct field of science and technology from zoological science. In general the parasitic life is highly successful because it evolved independently nearly every phylum of animals, from Protestant phyla to arthropoda and chordates, as well as in many plant groups. In the study of parasites, fishes play an important role as a host. Fishes are the most important host for maintenance of helminth parasite. Fishes not only serve as the host of different parasites but also serve as carrier of many larval parasitic forms that mature and cause serious diseases in many terrestrial vertebrates including man (Schmidt, 1970). Bangladesh has large number of rivers, bill, haors,
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