The Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES in alphabetical order

THE ADRENAL CORTEX

1563 AD Eustachius described the adrenals: De glandulis quae re• nibus incumbunt. (His Tabulae anatomicae published by Lancisi in 1714.) 1586-1588 Piccolomineus (Ferrara) and Bauhin (Bale) mentioned the suprarenal glands. 1627 Spigelius talked of the capsulae renales. 1651 Highmore suggested that the suprarenals have an absor• bent function of exudates from the large vessels. 1716 Montesquieu judged the result of the competition of the Academie des Sciences de Bordeaux: "Quel est l'usage des glands surrenales?" No award was given. 1855 Addison talked "On the constitutional and local effects of disease of the suprarenal capsules". 1856 Brown-Sequard proved in animal experiments that the adrenals are essential for the maintenance of life. 1896 Osler found orally given adrenal extract temporarily effec• tive in a case of Addison's disease. 1905 Bulloch and Sequeira described patients with adrenogenital syndrome. 1926 P. E. Smith showed that hypophysectomy caused atrophy of the adrenals, which Evans prevented by administration of pituitary extracts. 1927 Hartmann and colleagues confirmed this in adrenalecto• mized cats; so did Rogoff and Stewart in 1928.

821 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

1929-1930 Liquid extracts of cortical tissue maintained adrenalecto• mized cats indefinitely (Hartmann and Brownell; Swingle and Pfiffner). 1930 Rowntree and Greene successfully treated a patient with Addison's disease with Swingle and Pfiffner's extract. 1932 Cushing connected the "polyglandular syndrome" of pituitary basophilism, first described by him in 1912, with pituitary-adrenal hyperactivity. 1933 Loeb treated the abnormal serum electrolytes in Addison's disease with sodium chloride. 1936 The concept of stress introduced by Selye. 1937-1952 Steroid hormones of the adrenal cortex isolated, their structure determined and synthesized (Kendall, Reichstein; Wintersteiner and Pfiffner, et al.) 1942 Isolation of ACTH by Li and Sayers (see also Pituitary Tables) 1946 The general adaptation syndrome described by Selye. 1948 Hench and his colleagues discovered the anti• inflammatory effect of cortisone (Kendall's compound-E). 1949 Hench, Kendall and Slocumb described the effect of Com• pound E and of ACTH on rheumatoid arthritis. 1953-1955 Isolation and analysis of the structure of aldosterone achieved (Simpson and Tait, Wettstein and Neher, Reich• stein and van Euw). Aldosterone synthesized by Wettstein and Schmidlin. 1956 Conn described primary aldosteronism. 1958 Angiotensin suggested by Gross to control aldosterone secretion. 1966 Synthesis of /3-corticotrophin by Schwyzer and Sieber.

THE ADRENAL MEDULLA

1805 AD Cuvier defined medulla and cortex of the adrenal gland. 1856 Vulpian's staining method specific for adrenaline. 1886 Felix Fraenkel described a patient with an adrenal tumour and pressor attacks. 1892 Chromaffine cell tumour of the adrenal described by Berdez of Lausanne.

822 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

1894 Pressor substances in adrenal extract discovered by Oliver and Schaefer in London and, independently, by Szymono• wicz and Cybulski in Cracow. 1898-1904 Adrenaline isolated, its structure determined and synthe• sized (Fuerth and Abel; Takamine and Aldrich; Stolz and Dakin). 1922 Labbe, Tinel and Doumer connected paroxysmal attacks of hypertension with chromaffinomas of the adrenal. 1927 Successful removal of a phaeochromocytoma by C. H. Mayo. 1945 Discovery of noradrenaline (Holtz, Credner and Kronenberg). 1957 Vanilmandelic acid (VMA) found to be a metabolite of catecholamines (Armstrong).

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

98-138 AD Soranos described amenorrhoea and anorexia in women. ca. 155 AD Galen described an emaciated condition where a patient could not eat. 1689 Richard Morton gave the first description of anorexia nervosa. 1873 Lasegue described 'l'anorexie hysterique. 1873 Gull described anorexia nervosa and gave its name. 1874 Dejerine described "anorexie mentale". 1934 von Bergmann} claimed successful treatment with anterior 1935 Kylin pituitary gland 1937 Schur and Medvei called it pituitary insufficiency due to disturbance of "correlation". 1948 E. C. Jacobs studied the effect of starvation on sex hormones in the male. 1954 Pedoff and colleagues described hypopituitarism caused by starvation. 1962 Srebnik and Nelson observed reduced pituitary LH con• centrations in malnutrition. 1969 Dally (London) suggested a three-scale classification: Obsessional (0), hysterical (H) and mixed (M). 823 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

1973 Besser believed to have shown that the endocrine dysfunc• tion of AN originates in the hypothalamus. 1976 Beumont and his group found reduced circulating LH levels in AN and reduced response to gonadotrophin• releasing hormone. 1978 Davies and Lewis showed that male rats and guineapigs lost half of their LE receptors after dietary deprivation; their response to hCG stimulation was also reduced. Functional hypopituitarism may be explained by changes of oestrogen metabolism due to loss of body fat, resulting in excessive LE suppression. This would explain the association between menarche and body weight.

THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY (ADENOHYPOPHYSIS)

ca. 1365 BC Portrait head of Akhenaten (Pharaoh of Egypt, 18th Dynasty) shows acromegalic features.

BC Giants were repeatedly mentioned in the Old Testament. Dwarfs were regarded as misfits.

129-201 AD Galen thought that the pituitary drains the phlegm from the brain to the nasopharynx (refuted in 1660 by Schneider in Wittenberg). 1543 Vesalius described the "glandula pituitaria cerebri exci• piens". 1660 Schneider refuted Galen's theory. 1670 Lower (Oxford) confirmed Schneider's VIew ex• peri mentally. 1742 Lieutaud described the pituitary stalk ("tige"). 1760 de Haen mentioned amenorrhoea in a patient with pituit• ary tumour. 1772 Saucerotte described Sieur Mirbeck (acromegaly). 1778 Soemmering (Goetting en) called gland the "hypophysis cerebri" . 1786 John Hunter described "pigeon's milk". 1822 Alibert described a "geant scrofuleux" (acromegalic). 1838 Rathke described the formation of the pituitary gland. 824 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

1840 Mohr described a patient with Froehlich's syndrome.

1851 Niepce (France) noted enlargement of the pituitary in connection with parenchymatous goitre. 1857 Chalk described "partial dislocation of the lower jaw" from an enlarged tongue (acromegaly). 1864 Verga published the first post-mortem report in a case of acromegaly ("prosopectasy"). 1869 Lombroso described "macrosomia" (acromegaly). 1877 Brigidi published the autopsy on Ghirlenzoni, an acromegalic actor, including the histology of a pituitary tumour. 1884 Fritzsche and Klebs (Switzerland) reported on the clinical and post-mortem findings of a patient with "giantism" (acromegaly). 1886 Pierre Marie called the disease "acromegaly". 1887 Minkowski connected acromegaly with a pituitary tumour. 1892 Vassale and Sacchi showed that hypophysectomy affected water and mineral metabolism. 1892 Massalongo (Padova) attributed acromegaly to hyperfunc• tion of the pituitary. 1893 Caton and Paul (Liverpool) attempted surgical treatment of acromegaly to relieve pressure due to a tumour. 1900-1901 Benda demonstrated the connection between acromegaly and eosinophil adenoma of the anterior pituitary. 1900 Babinski (France) } 1901 Froehlich (Vienna) described dystrophia adiposo• genitalis. 1906 Cushing

1906-1907 Schloffer (Vienna) operated on a pituitary tumour by the nasal route. 1908 Paulesco (Paris and Bucarest) succeeded in removing ex• perimentally the anterior lobe of the pituitary, but with fatal results. 1909 B. Aschner showed that hypophysectomy in a growing animal caused dwarfism. 1910 Cushing and his team presented the first experimental evidence of the link between the anterior pituitary and the reproductive organs.

825 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

1911 Hirsch (Vienna) developed the endonasal surgical approach to the pituitary. 1912 B. Aschner observed atrophy of the thyroid in hypophysectomized puppies and genital hypoplasia. 1913 Glinski (Poland) described post-partum necrosis of the anterior pituitary. 1914 Simmonds described pituitary cachexia (Simmonds' dis• ease). 1915 Gaines demonstrated pituitary function in lactation. 1916 Erdheim described pituitary dwarfism ("Nanosomia pituitaria"). '1921 Evans and Long showed the effect of anterior lobe extract on the growth rate of rats. 1926 Foster and P. E. Smith found that atrophy of the thyroid and lowered BMR in hypophysectomized animals could be restored by using pituitary homoplastic implants. 1927 P. E. Smith and Engle demonstrated that gonadal activity is maintained by the anterior lobe of the pituitary. 1928 Bernhard Zondek and Aschheim isolated the gonado• trophic hormones (Prolan A and B) of the anterior pituit• ary. 1929 Putnam, Benedict and Ted produced experimental acromegaly in dogs by anterior lobe extract injection. 1929 Stricker and Grueter discovered prolactin. 1929 Aron (Strasbourg) and, independently, Loeb and Bassett described the action of TSH of the anterior pituitary. 1930 Houssay and Biasotti succeeded in removing the pancreas in the hypophysectomized dog. 1932 Cushing described pituitary basophilism. 1932 Anderson and Collip described the thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) of the anterior pituitary. 1933 Collip and his team isolated an impure "adrenotropic hormone". 1933 Riddle and colleagues identified and assayed prolactin. 1936 Evans and his group isolated the interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH). 1937 F. G. Young described the diabetogenic hormone. 826 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

1937 Lambie and Trikojus obtained purified TSH. 1939 Sheehan (Liverpool) described panhypopituitarism caused by pituitary necrosis after post-partum haemorrhage. 1940 Choh Hao Li isolated luteinizing hormone (LH). 1943 Choh Hao Li and Evans isolated pure adreno• corticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from sheep pituitaries. 1943 Sayers isolated ACTH from swine pituitaries. 1945 Choh Hao Li and Evans isolated anterior pituitary growth hormone (GH). 1948 Wilhelmi, Fishman and Russel obtained almost pure crys• talline bovine growth hormone. 1949 Choh Hao Li and Evans isolated follicle stimulating hor• mone (FSH). 1955 Knobil and Greep showed that GH extracts from monkeys were active in man and were species-specific. 1957 Raben developed a method for the extraction of human GH from the pituitaries of cadavers. 1959 Liddle and his group developed the metyrapone test for pituitary reserve. 1961 The amino acid sequence of bovine adrenocorticotropin described by Choh Hao Li, Dixon and Chung. 1963 Glick, Roth, Berson and Yallow described a radioimmu• nological assay (RIA) method for the measurement of human GH. 1965 Choh Hao Li and his group isolated beta-lipotrophin @-LPH) which is manufactured and released together with ACTH. 1966-71 Choh Hao Li described the structure of human GH and synthesized it. 1970 Mitchell and colleagues introduced the glucagon stimula• tion test to detect GH deficiency. 1971-79 Formulation of present day ideas on the mechanism of hormonal action. 1971-75 Hughes, Kosterlitz and colleagues identified the pen• tapeptides from the brain to possess potent opiate agonist activity. 1971 Pierce, Liao and colleagues determined the structure of TSH. 827 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

1973 Solomon Snyder and his grouP) d d h . Oo h ns H op kms· ) emonstrate t at OPI- Enc· S'Imon an d h'IS group ates attached. themselves . (N Y k) to receptor sItes m the ew or. d h' b'ram as t h elr . target ce 11 s Lars T ereruus an IS group ( 1 Th B . ) (Upsala) see a so e ram.

1975 Bradbury, Smyth and Snell isolated beta-endorphin and described its structure. 1978 Feldberg reported on the pharmacology of the central actions of endorphins. 1978 Wm. Jeffcoate, L. Rees, G. M. Besser and colleagues designed a RIA for human p-LPH. 1975-1979 Hyperprolactinaemia, the "galactorrhoea-amenorrhoea syndrome" described and studied. Pituitary prolactinomas recognized by various groups. Treatment with long• acting oral dopamine agonists introduced ("bromocrip• tine"). The same preparation has been used, in a different dosage, for an attempted long term medical treatment of acromegaly. Medical management of Cushing's disease has been attempted with metyrapone. New methods of microsurgery have been developed for the transphenoidal approach to small pituitary tumours, e.g. prolactinomas.

THE BRAIN

129-201 AD Galen thought that the pituitary drains the phlegm from the brain to the nasopharynx (refuted in 1660 by Schneider in Wittenberg).

1543 AD Vesalius wrote in "De fabrica ... " that waste material excreted by the brain, "a glandular organ", passes through the infundibulum into the pituitary and from there to the nasopharynx. 1637 Descartes considered the brain as the organ integrating the functions of mind and body. 1664 Willis argued that "some humour out of the ventricles of the cerebrum is carried into the pituitary gland". 1733 Morgagni } S . observed absence of the adrenal cortex in 1792 oemmermg anencephaly. 1802 Meckel 828 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

1849-1850 Bernard demonstrated that "piqure diabetique" of the floor of the posterior part of the 4th ventricle in the dog causes temporary glycosuria. Piqure a little anterior to the glycosuric centre causes polyuria. 1870 Eckhard (Giessen) observed that injury to the vermiform process of the cerebellum and to other parts of the brain may also cause polyuria.

195~ L'Hermite published "Le Cerveau et la Pensee" stressing the regulation of mental life by the hormones. 1971-1975 Hughes, Kosterlitz and colleagues identified the pen• tapeptides from the brain to posses potent opiate agonist activity.

1973 Sny d er an dhIS· group a0 h ns Hop k·)IllS. ) demonstrated thath d opIates attac e EncSlmonan.. d co 11 eagues(NewYor k ) themselves.. to re-h ceptor sItes III t e brain as their Lars Terenius and his group (Uppsala) target cells. 1975 Bradbury, Smyth and Snell isolated beta-endorphin and described its structure. 1978 Feldberg reported on the pharmacology of the central actions of endorphins. 1979 Kosterlitz believed that the discovery of the enkephalins was one of the most important in British pharmacology. 1979 Besser, Rees and their group (London) and Wen (Hong Kong) found that, during withdrawal effects of heroin addicts treated with acupuncture, the CSF met-enkephalin levels showed a clear rise. 1980 The same investigators demonstrated increased levels of J3-endorphin, but not of met-enkephalin in human CSF after acupuncture for the treatment of recurrent pain. They concluded that J3-endorphin may be released from the pituitary or from the brain. 1979 The International Health Foundation organized a work• shop on "The brain as an endocrine target organ in health and disease", held in Bordeaux.

GUT HORMONES

1902 Bayliss and Starling reported on their discovery of "secre• tin" in the duodenum. 829 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

1905-1906 Edkin described gastric secretin ("gastrin"). 1915 Keeton and Koch confirmed the specific nature of gastrin. 1935-1953 Feyrter (Danzig) described the peripheral paracrine endo• crine glands in man. 1955 Zollinger and Ellison described the Z-E syndrome. 1958 Verner-Morrison described the watery diarrhoea hypo• kalaemic achlorhydric syndrome. 1966 Gregory isolated gastrin and defined its structure. 1969 Pearse introduced the APUD concept. 1975-1980 Numerous peptides have been described, located in the islet organ, the stomach, the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon. Some pep tides are common to the brain and the gastrointestinal tract. The diagnostic methods used for their detection ar.e: RIA (blood and tissues). Immunohistochemistry Gel filtration Bioassay Electron microscopy.

THE HYPOTHALAMUS

1742 Joseph Lieutaud discovered the pituitary-portal system as the hypothalamo-hypophysial connection (in the pituitary stalk). 1860 von Luschka (Germany) described the primary capillary loops of the pituitary portal vessels. 1865 Luys (France) described the hypothalamus ("nucleus of Luys"). 1909 Karplus and Kreidl (Vienna) reported on the first ex• perimental studies on the hypothalamus. 1913 Camus and Roussy produced experimental diabetes insipi• dus (DI) in dogs by injury to the hypothalamus. 1930 Popa and Fielding described the vascular link between the pituitary and the hypothalamic region as a portal circula• tion. 1936 Selye described the stress syndrome.

830 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

1944 Berta and E. Scharrer compared the intercerebral car• diacum-allatum system of the insects with the hypo• thalamo-hypophysial system of the vertebrates. 1947 Verney postulated osmoreceptors in the anterior hypo• thalamus for the release of ADH. 1948 G. W. Harris published his paper on "Neural control of the pituitary" . 1948-1951 Harris carried out intensive experimental studies on the hypothalamic control of the pituitary. 1951 Bergmann and Scharrer described the sites of origin of the hormones of the posterior pituitary in the hypothalamic nuclei.

First reported evidence for the presence of hypothalamic releasing or inhibiting factors (hormones): 1955 CRF Saffran and Schally; Guillemin and Rosenberg 1960 LRF McCann et al.; Harris et al. 1960 PRF Meites et al. 1965-1966 Avian PRF Kragt and Meites; Nicoll. 1961-1963 PIF Talwalker, Ratner and Meites; Pasteels. 1961-1962 TRF Schreiber and Kmentova. 1963-1964 GRF Deuben and Meites. 1964 FRF Igarasei and McCann; Mittler and Meites. 1965 MIF Kastin et al. 1968 GIF Krulich and McCann. 1966 Greenwood, Landon and Stamp introduced the insulin• induced hypo glycaemia to investigate adrenal insufficiency due to hypothalamic or pituitary disease. 1969 Jacobs and Nabarro (London) found the insulin test clini• cally most useful in a large series of hypothalamic-pituitary disease. 1966 Price and Lauener used the assessment of serum and urine osmolalities in the differential diagnosis of polyuric states. 1971 James and Landon (London) reviewed the hypothalamic• pituitary-adrenal function tests. 1971 Schally, Arimura and colleagues isolated LH/FSH-RH. 1972 Luizzi and colleagues described the inhibitory effect of L-dopa on GH release in acromegalies.

831 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

1973 Brazeau, Guillemin and colleagues defined GH-RIH. 1974 Macleod and Lehmeyer studied the dopamine-mediated inhibition of prolactin secretion. 1974 Rosalyn Yalow described the heterogeneity of peptide hormones. 1975 Introduction of cytohistochemical bioassays for the measurement of polypeptide hormones. 1975 Daniel and Marjorie Prichard published the results of 25 years of studies of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. 1976 G. M. Besser summarized the theoretical and clinical application of GH-Dopamine Agonists and Antagonists. 1977 Daniel and Treip published their study of the pathology of the hypothalamus. 1977 Rees, Stuart Mason and Besser et al. described longterm treatment of acromegaly with bromocriptin. 1978 Henderson and Daniel discussed portal circulations and their relations to countercurrent systems. 1978 Dorothy Krieger (New York) reported on the factors influencing the circadian periodicity of ACTH and the corticosteroids and on 'free-running periodicity' in some of the blind.

NEURO-ENDOCRINOLOGY See also the Chronological Tables on The Brain, The Hypothalamus and The Pituitaries 1818 Gall } reported that unilateral castration causes atrophy 1835 V· t of the contralateral hemisphere of the cerebellum Imon m. t h e amma . I expenment. . 1849 Berthold in his experiment of testicular transplant impli• cated the nervous system (NS) as target organ. 1856 Maestre de San Juan (Spain) observed gonadal hypoplasia in men with agenesis of the olfactory lobes.

1914 Weidenreich 1929 Mirsalis 1940 Kanai confirmed the above observation. 1960 Gauthier 1963 E. and B. Scharrer (experimentally) 832 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

1877 Du Bois Reymond (Germany) suggested a chemical trans• mission from motor nerve-endings to striated muscle.

1905 Schiefferdecker (Bonn) described the secretion of endo• crine substances by neurons as a means of communication between neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell in muscle or gland. This was based on some ideas of Tigerstedt ("automatic" irritation by metabolic products) and on Schiefferdecker's own observations.

1908 Laignel-Lavastine discussed the connection between psychiatry and internal secretions. 1913 Camus and Roussy stressed the predominance of the hypothalamus. 1914 Dale published "The action of certain esters and ethers of acetylcholine" .

1914 T. R. Elliott conceived the idea of chemical transmission in the autonomic NS.

1915 Cannon published Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage. 1923 Starling's lecture on "The wisdom of the body".

1921-1924 Loewi (Graz, Austria) proved the theory of chemical intermediaries in nervous stimulation. 1928 Berta and Ernest Scharrer reported on the function of the hypothalamus in teleost fishes.

1929 F. H. Lewy declared that the vegetative nuclei of the CNS form with the posterior pituitary one single consecutive system.

1931 Cannon and Bacq described "sympathin", a hormone produced by sympathetic action on smooth muscle.

1933 Feldberg and Sir John Gaddum (London) produced evi• dence that acetylcholine acts in the transfer of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron in sympathetic ganglia. (]. Physiol., 80, 12p-13p, London)

1934 Cannon discussed the chemical mediation of nerve im• pulses.

1936 F. H. A. Marshall referred in his Croonian Lectures to the higher animals in whom "the internal rhythm is brought

833 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

into relation with . . . other external phenomena . in part . .. through the NS and probably through the hypothalamus upon the anterior pituitary and thence upon the testis and the ovary ... ". 1942 Feldberg and Fessard reported on the cholinergic nature of the nerves of the electric organ of the Torpedo. 1946 Roussy and Mosinger published Traite de Neuro• Endocrinologie. 1949 Hoskins introduced Wiener's idea (1948) of the (servo-) feedback mechanism into the field of endocrinology. 1951 Max Reiss discussed the application of endocrine research methods in psychiatry. 1954 Bleuler published his book Endocrine Psychiatry .. 1955 Harris discussed the relationship between endocrine activ• ity and the development of the NS. 1956 Conference at Columbia University on "Hormones, Brain Function and Behaviour" (Proceedings edited by Hoag• land). 1963 Berta and E. Scharrer summarized their work and views in their book Neuro-Endocrinology. 1968 Butler and Besser reported on pituitary-adrenal function in severe depressive illness. 1971 Harris' Dale Lecture on "Humours and Hormones". 1974 Bacq (Liege) published "Les transmissions chimiques de l'influx nerveux". 1975 Weitzman and colleagues demonstrated the relationship of sleep and sleep states to neuro-endocrine secretions and biological rhythms in man.

THE OVARIES

BC In Ancient Egypt ovariotomy was performed on humans. The Ancient Jews knew that hysterectomy in cows and sows caused fattening and prevented breeding. 700-500BC In the Old Testament (and in Ancient Rome) women were regarded unclean during the menstrual period. 384-322 BC Aristotle described ovariotomy in sows and camels for increased growth and strength.

834 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

4th cent. Be Herophilos described the ovaries ('female testicles').

1555 AD Vesalius described the "female testicles". 1561 Fallopio described the tubes, ovaries, corpus luteum, hymen, clitoris and round ligaments. 1573 Coiter discussed the corpus luteum. 1621 The term "ovarium" used by Fabricius. 1651 Harvey published De Generatione Animalium. 1667 Stensen suggested that the female testes contained ova and should be called ovaries. 1668 Malpighi coined the term "corpus luteum". 1672 de Graaf published his studies on the female reproductive organs, described the Graafian vesicles and demonstrated ovulation. 17th and 18th cent. Chinese iatro-chemists produced preparations of oestro• gens from urine. 1775 Pott recorded cessation of menstruation after removal oftwo herniated ovaries in a woman of 23. 1778 von Haller described the conversion of the follicle into the corpus luteum. He coined the term "ova Graafiana". 1786 John Hunter reported on the effect on fertility after removing one ovary In a sow. 1797 Haighton described induced ovulation in rabbits. 1814 Davidge attributed menstruation "to a peculiar condition of the ovaries". 1824 Prevost and Dumas described ovulation and the formation of corpus luteum in the bitch. 1827 von Baer discovered the human ovum. 1842 Bischoff called Graafian vesicles "Graafian follicles". 1843 Martin Barry observed the spermatozoon inside the ovum. 1876 O. Hertwig demonstrated the union of sperm and ovum. 1896 Sobotta described the formation of the corpus luteum in the mouse. 1896 Knauer (Vienna) and Halban (Vienna) proved the exilience of ovarian hormones (independently) by implanting ova• rian tissue into castrated rabbits. 1898 Prenant and Born suspected a connection between corpus luteum and pregnancy.

835 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

1900 Heape (Cambridge) published "The 'sexual season' of mammals and the relation of the 'Pro-estrum' to menstrua• tion" . 1901 Fraenkel and Cohn studied the corpus luteum. 1905 Marshall and Jolly (England) showed that ovarian extracts produced oestrus in castrated animals. 1908 Hitschmann and Ludwig Adler (Vienna) described the cyclical changes in the endometrium as a normal physio• logical process. 1917 Stockard and Papanicolau introduced the vaginal smear test for oestrus. 1923 Allen and Doisy isolated oestrin. 1926 Parkes and Bellerby extracted oestrin. 1927 Allen and Doisy described withdrawal bleeding in Macaws rhesus. 1927 Laqueur and his team discovered female hormone (men• formon) in male urine. 1928 Aschheim and B. Zondek published their pregnancy test from the female urine. 1929 Corner discovered progesterone. 1929 Marrian isolated pregnanediol. 1930 Marrian obtained crystalline oestriol. 1930 Doisy isolated crystalline oestrone from the urme of pregnant women. 1930 Collip demonstrated an anterior pituitary-like factor in the placenta. 1933 Browne obtained oestriol from the placenta. 1933 Kaufmann (Germany) used oestrogenic hormone in ovari• ectomized women. 1934 Butenandt obtained crystalline progesterone. 1936 MacCorquodale, Thayer and Doisy isolated oestradiol. 1938 Dodds and colleagues (London) described the first synthe• tic oestrogen (stilboestrol) . • THE PANCREAS

1550 Be Papyrus Ebers (discovered in 1862 AD in Thebes, Egypt) described polyuria and its treatment.

836 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

4th cent. BC The Ayur Veda of Susruta (India) described "sugarcream" urine which attracted ants. 3rd cent. BC Demetrius of Apameiz described a condition resulting in diabetes. 30 Bc-50 AD Celsus described polyuria.

131-201 AD Galen regarded diabetes as due to weakness of the kidneys (diarrhoea urinosa). The "kallikreas" (pancreas) was a protective organ guarding the great veins.

5th cent. AD Furunculosis and TB noted as complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). 7th cent. AD In China, Chen Chuan recorded "sweet urine" in DM. Li Hsuan wrote a monograph on DM. 860-932 Rhazes introduced a regime of treatment in DM. 1020 A vicenna mentioned a multitude of urine and noted the occurrence of impotence and furunculosis in DM. ca. 1530 Paracelsus regarded DM as a generalized disease. 1621-1675 Willis observed the sweetness of diabetic urine which has a honied taste. 1624-1689 Sydenham regarded DM a general disease with its main site in the blood. 1642 Wirsung (Padova) discovered the pancreatic duct in the human body, shortly after Hoffmann had discovered it in a turkey. 1614-1672 Franciscus de Ie Boe (Sylvius) suspected that a juice was discharged from the pancreas into the intestine. 1664 Regnier de Graaf published his experiments on obtaining pancreatic juice which he found similar to salivary gland secretion. 1650 Sganarelle in Moliere's Le medecin volant tasted the urine for sweetness. 1689 Morton mentioned an hereditary factor in DM. 1765 Morgagni said that DM is a disease of unknown location (morbus in sede incerta locatus). 1774 Wyatt demonstrated the presence of a substance similar to sugar in the urine as well as in the blood of diabetics. 1776 Dobson (Liverpool) published his "Experiments and observations on the urine in diabetes". He proved that the sweetness was caused by sugar which was present in the urine and in the blood (hyperglycaemia). 837 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

1788 Cawley observed that diabetes may follow injury (e.g. calculi) to the pancreas. 1797 Rollo, Surgeon-General to the British Army, described a successful meat diet in the treatment of DM. 1785-1830 Prout described diabetic coma. 1815 Chevreul proved that the sugar in DM is glucose. 1841 Trommer (Heidelberg) published his test for glucose in the unne. 1848 von Fehling described his test for sugar in the urine. 1849 Discovery of glycogen in the liver and of the "piqure diabetique" in the dog's brain by Claude Bernard. He also estimated quantitatively sugar in the blood. 1857 Petters (Berlin) isolated acetone from diabetic urine. 1869 Langerhans described the islet cells of the pancreas. 1871 Troisier described "diabete bronze". 1874 Kussmaul explained diabetic coma to be due to aceto• naemia and described "Kussmaul's respiration". 1875 Bouchardat used the fermentation test, polariscope and copper solutions to detect DM. He invented gluten bread and used it in his "traitement hygienique". 1876 Ebstein reported on the treatment of DM with sodium salicylate. 1877 Lancereaux connected two cases of DM causally with pancreatic calculi. 1886 von Mering produced experimental diabetes by means of phloridzin. 1889 von Recklinghausen named bronze diabetes "haemochro• matosis". 1890 von Mering and Minkowski produced experimental dia• betes by successful surgical removal of the pancreas of a dog. 1891 Vas sale experimentally destroyed the pancreatic acini by ligation of the excretory duct without destruction of the islet cells (which was confirmed by Ssobolew in 1902). 1892 Minkowski succeeded in obtaining temporary cure of diabetes in pancreatectomized dog by subcutaneous re• implantation of the excised organ (confirmed, indepen• dently, by Hedon in Montpellier). 1893 Laguesse suggested that the islet cells produce a hormone.

838 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

1895 von Noorden presented his diet therapy ofDM, using oats as part of the treatment. 1900-1901 Opie proved the association of DM with failure of the islets of Langerhans. 1902 Bayliss and Starling published the discovery of secretin. 1906 Bang described his method for the estimation of sugar in the blood. ca. 1906 Joslin (USA) and Naunyn (Germany) improved the treat• ment of DM and studied diabetic acidosis. 1906 Lydia de Witt (USA) ligated the duct in cats and found that the surviving islet tissue had glycolytic properties. 1909 Jean de Meyer (Brussels) suggested the name "insuline" for the hormone of the islet cells. 1913 F. M. Allen introduced prolonged fasting for the treatment ofDM. 1918 Watanabe Oapan) achieved hypoglycaemia in rabbits after injecting guanidine. 1919 Folin and Hsien Wu presented their test for blood sugar estimation. 1920 Moses Barron confirmed the experimental work of Sso• bolew. 1920 Foetal hyperinsulinism was recorded in the offspring of diabetic mothers by Dubreuil and Anderodias. 1921 Paulesco reported on "pancreine", a bloodsugar lowering extract from the pancreas of animals, in June, 1921, discovered by him between 1914 and 1916. November 1921 Banting and Best reported on the discovery of "insulin". 1922 First clinical application of insulin in the treatment of diabetes by Banting, Best, Collip, et al. 1923 Collip purified insulin. 1923 Murlin and his colleagues discovered pancreatic glucagon. 1924 Houssay and Magenta recorded that hypophysectomy increased sensitivity to insulin. 1926 Crystallization of insulin by J. J. Abel. 1926 Frank, Nothmann and Wagner introduced biguanides into the treatment of diabetes (abandoned 1940) 1927 Wilder, Allan, Power and Robertson reported the first case of hyperinsulinism due to carcinoma of the islands of the pancreas.

839 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

1929 Howland, Campbell, Maltby and Robinson removed an isletcell tumour achieving the first cure of hyperinsulinism. 1930 Ruiz and colleagues (Argentine) described the hypogly• caemic effect of certain sulphonamide derivatives. 1936 Hagedorn, Jensen and their colleagues introduced the first insulin with protamine to delay the absorption rate. 1937 F. G. Young discovered the anterior pituitary diabetogenic hormone (see also pituitary gland). 1937 Alloxan hyperglycaemia described by Jacobs. 1942 Janbon (Montpellier) noticed the hypoglycaemic action of a sulphonamide product. 1943 Dunn, Sheehan and MacLetchie discovered alloxan dia• betes. 1944 Loubatieres (Montpellier) described the mode of action of some oral hypoglycaemic agents. 1951 Hallas-M0ller and his group described the first clinical trials oflente, ultralente and semilente zinc-insulin suspen• sions. 1953 Staub and colleagues achieved isolation of glucagon and obtained it in crystalline form. 1954 McQuarrie described idopathic hypoglycaemia in infants. 1955 Franke and Fuchs (Berlin) described the hypoglycaemic effect of the sulphonylureas. 1955 Sanger (Cambridge) published the structure formula of the bovine insulin molecule. 1955 Zollinger and Ellison described islet-cell tumour of the pancreas with peptic ulceration of the jejunum. 1956 Structure of glucagon discovered by Bromer and his colleagues. 1957 G. Ungar introduced phenetyl biguanide into the treat• ment of diabetes. 1957 Berson and Miss Yallow described their radio• immunological method for the measurement of plasma insulin. 1957-1958 Re-appraisal of salicylates in the treatment of diabetes by Reid and colleagues, and Hecht and Goldner. 1961-1968 Glucagon synthesized by Wunsch and his team (Munich). 1964-1966 Insulin synthesized independently by Katsoyannis (USA), Zahn (Germany) and Niu Ching-I (China).

840 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

1966 First description of pancreatic glucagonomas by McGauran, R. H. Unger and their colleagues. 1967 Steiner and Oyer isolated pro-insulin. 1969 The three-dimensional structure of pig-insulin determined by Mrs Hodgkin. 1969 Mssrs. Boehringer introduced glibencamide for the oral treatment of diabetes. 1973 Stress-release of glucagon reported by Daniel, Bloom and colleagues. 1979 Deborah Doniach and Bottazzo reported on auto• immunity in diabetes.

THE PARATHYROIDS

1852 One of the first descriptions of the parathyroids in the rhinoceros by Sir Richard Owen (London). 1880 The parathyroids in man first described by Sandstrom (Upsala). 1891 Gley demonstrated that the parathyroids are essential for life. 1895 Independence of the parathyroids from the thyroid stated by Kohn. 1896 Vassale and Generali (Italy) showed experimentally that tetany follows removal of the parathyroids. 1904 Askanazy (Tuebingen) connected osteitis fibrosa cystica with a parathyroid adenoma found at post-mortem. 1906 Erdheim (Vienna) described hyperplasia of parathyroids in osteomalacia in man. 1909 MacCallum and V oegtlin showed that post• parathyroidectomy tetany and hypocalcaemia can be con• trolled by calcium administration. 1909 Auto- and iso-transplantation of parathyroid glands in dogs by Halsted. 1914 Erdheim described compensatory parathyroid hyperplasia in spontaneous rickets in rats (secondary hyperparathy• roidism). 1923 Hanson obtained the first really effective parathyroid ex• tract from cattle.

841 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

1925 Collip isolated parathormone and with Leitch used it in the treatment of tetany. 1926 Mandl (Vienna) achieved the first cure of primary hyper• parathyroidism (osteitis fibrosa) by surgical removal of a parathyroid adenoma. 1934-1948 Fuller Albright (Boston, Mass.) described the biochemis• try of primary hyperparathyroidism and kidney stones as one of the important diagnostic features. 1959 Isolation of parathyroid hormone and definition of its structure as a polypeptide hormone by Rasmussen and Craig. 1962 Isolation of a hormone (Calcitonin) from the parathyroids with hypocalcaemic action by Copp and his group. 1963 Hirsch found calcitonin in the mammal thyroid. 1963 Berson introduced a radio-immunological method for estimation of parathyroid hormone in serum. 1965 The hypocalcaemic factor (calcitonin) was found to be a polypeptide hormone (Tenenhouse). 1967 Immunological methods introduced for the estimation of serum calcitonin.

THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)

1794 Johann Peter Frank distinguished diabetes insipidus (DI) from diabetes mellitus (DM). 1838 Robert Willis described several forms of DI ("hydruria", "anazoturia" and "azoturia") according to the associated excretion of urea. 1877 Samuel Gee (London) observed (?) nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. 1895 Oliver and Schaefer described the bloodpressure-raising effect (vasopressor effect) of pituitary gland extract. 1901-1908 Schaefer and his team studied the action of pituitary extract on the kidneys. 1906 Dale described the oxytocic action of posterior pituitary extract. 842 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

1908 Schaefer and Herring demonstrated a diuretic principle in the posterior pituitary. "Herring bodies" discovered. 1909 Blair Bell used posterior pituitary extract in shock, uterine atony and intestinal paresis. 1910 Foges and Hofstaetter (Vienna) used pituitrin in the treat• ment of post-partum haemorrhage. 1911 Ott and Scott (Philadelphia) described the milk-ejection action of infundibulin in mammals. 1912 Alfred Eric Frank connected the posterior lobe with Dr. 1913 Herring confirmed the milk-ejection activity of the pos• terior pituitary in teleosts and amphibia. 1913 Farini (Venice) and von den Veld en (Duesseldorf) reported on the antidiuretic effect of pituitary extracts. 1913 von den Velden also reported on the treatment of a patient with DI with posterior pituitary extract. 1921 Brunn (Vienna) discovered a hydrosmotic action of pos• terior pituitary extract in the frog. 1924 Starling and Verney demonstrated the antidiuretic effect of posterior pituitary extracts on the isolated kidney. 1925 Hogben observed the avian depressor activity of posterior pituitary extract. 1928 Kamm and his team isolated vasopressin and oxytocin. 1940--1947 Heller's studies of the antidiuretic (AD) principle in numerous non-mammalian species (elasmobranch, teleost, amphibian, reptile). 1947 Verney postulated osmoreceptors in the anterior hypotha• lamus for the release of ADH. 1947 Richardson (London) confirmed Ott's and Scott's results in the goat. 1951 Bergmann and Scharrer described the site of origin of the posterior pituitary hormones in the nuclei of the hypotha• lamus. 1953 du Vigneaud and his group synthesized oxytocin. 1954 du Vigneaud and his group synthesized vasopressin. 1963 Dashe, Cramm, Crist, Habener and Solomon described the water deprivation test for the diagnosis of polyuria. 1966 Klein, Roth and Petersen described a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for arginin vasopressin (ADH).

843 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY THE TESTICLES

Pre-historic times Castration (human and animal) known. ca. 2737-1600BC The Pen Tsao (Great Herbal) recommended the use of semen of young men for treatment of sexual weakness in men. 1600 BC Important role of eunuchs in ancient China at Court and in the Civil Service. 5th cent. BC Taoism believed that the brain was the source of sperm. ca.1300--650Bc In the Old Testament the human and animal testicle had different names. In the Bible, castrates and eunuchs were known. Eunuchoids were called "Sun castrates"; (also by the Egyptians). In the Old Testament (and in Egypt) married eunuchs were known (e.g. the husband ofPotiphar). Stress, distress, disease, fatigue and starvation dimin• ished the amount of sperm according to the Bible. The Talmud used the same name for testicle and ovary. Hermaphrodites were known and described. ca. 460-400 BC Hippocrates wrote "On the Seed". He also knew that mumps can be followed by orchitis and sterility. 384-322 BC Aristotle wrote on the sperm. He said that the semen was the formative, activating agent or "soul", the female element being the passive soil to be fertilized. The right testicle produced male offspring, the left, female. He knew the effects of castration and its use in husbandry.

23-79 AD Pliny recommended eating of animal testicles to improve sexual function in men.

2nd cent. AD Aretaeus taught that it is the semen which turns youths into men.

777-837 AD Mesue the Elder prescribed testicles as an aphrodisiac and in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.

1132 AD Hsu Shu-Wei (China) used desiccated pig testicles for the treatment of spermatorrhoea, hypogonadism and impo• tence. ca. 1250 AD Albertus Magnus recommended the powdered testicles of a hog in wine for men of poor sexual power. 1626 Jean Riolan the Younger described the seminiferous tubules. 844 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

1651 Highmore described the mediastinum testis. 1668 de Graaf gave an accurate account of testicular structure and of the seminiferous tubes. He also practised ligation of the vas deferens. 1677 Leeuwenhoek and Ham discovered the spermatozoa. 17th and 18th cent. Chinese iatro-chemists produced preparations of androgens from urine. 1745-50 von Haller described the rete testis. 1771 John Hunter mentioned his testicular transplant experi• ments. 1775 de Bordeu stated that the male gonad formed an internal secretion which he regarded identical with the semen. 1780 Spallanzani carried out artificial insemination in varIOUS animals. 1786 Accurate description of the testis by J. Hunter. 1790 John Hunter suggested artificial insemination in man. 1830 Astley Cooper published his Observations on the Structure and Diseases of the Testis. 1841 Koelliker demonstrated the cellular origin of the spermato• zoa. 1849 Berthold showed that transplant of a cock's testis pre• vented atrophy of the comb after castration. 1850 Leydig described the interstitial cells (in animal testes). 1854 Koelliker demonstrated the Leydig cells in man. 1865 Schweigger-Seidl proved that the spermatozoon possessed a nucleus and cytoplasm. 1889 Brown-Sequard reported on the effect of testicular extract injections on himself. 1891 Poehl (Russia) isolated "spermin" from the testis. 1911 Pezard produced an effective testicular extract. 1920 Steinach ligated the vas deferens to rejuvenate the ageing "puberty gland". 1923 Voronoff (Algiers) reported on his rejuvenation experi• ments by means of testicular implants of monkey glands. 1927 McGee obtained an active extract of male hormone from bull testicles.

845 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

1929 Moore, Gallagher and Koch described the capon-comb test for the assay of male hormone. 1929 Funk and Harrow obtained active male hormone from male urine. 1931 Butenandt isolated androsterone in crystalline form.

1933 ~odgson Boggon (England) described true polyorchid• Ism. 1934 Ruzicka and his team synthesized androsterone. 1935 Laqueur and colleagues isolated testosterone from the testis. 1942 Klinefelter's syndrome described by Klinefelter, Reifen• stein and Albright. 1973 Lazerda and colleagues studied circadian variations of plasma testosterone in normal men. 1979 Male infertility due to auto-immunity to sperm discussed by Hendry (London). THE THYROID

1600 Be The Chinese used burnt sponge and seaweed for the treatment of goitre. 4th cent. Be The Ayur Veda (India) discussed goitre. ca. 50 Be Caesar spoke of big neck among the Gauls as one of their characteris tics. 30 Be to 50 AD Egyptian relief of Cleopatra showing goitre. 30 Be to 50 AD Celsus defined bronchocoele (a tumour of the neck) and described cystic goitre and its surgery.

30 Be to 50 AD Catullus referred to the woman's honeymoon enlargement of the neck. 30 Be to 50 AD Pliny, Vitruvius and Juvenal referred to epidemics of goitre in the Alps and mentioned burnt seaweed.

98-138 AD Soranus noted swelling of the neck after pregnancy.

130-200 AD Galen also mentioned spongia usta for treatment of goitre. He regarded the thyroid as a lubricant for the larynx.

340 AD Ko Hung (China) recommended seaweed for goitre.

625--690 AD Paul of Aegina discussed two varieties ofbronchocoele and recommended surgical treatment for one of them. ca. 650 AD Sun Ssu-Mo used combined seaweed, dried powdered mollusc shells and thyroid gland (organotherapy) for goitre.

846 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES ca. 990 AD Ali-ibn-Abbas discussed surgery of goitre. ca. 1050 AD Albucasis mentioned operation for "elephantiasis" of the throat. 1110 AD Jurjani's "Treasure of Medicine" connected exophthalmos with goitre. 12th cent. The Bamberg Surgery described removal of goitre by surgery. 1235-1311 Arnold of Villanova recommended burnt sponge and seaweed for the treatment of goitre. 1271 Marco Polo reported on goitre in the Province ofKarkan. 1330 Hu Ssu-Hui wrote that seaweed will cure goitre. ca. 1345 Guy de Chauliac considered goitre a local and hereditary disease. 1475 Wang Hei described the thyroid gland and recommended treatment for goitre by taking dried thyroid. ca. 1530 Paracelsus attributed goitre to mineral impurities in drink• ing water. He also realised the connection between cretin• ism, endemic goitre and congenital idiocy. 1543 Vesalius described the "Glandes laryngis radici adnatae". 1562 Realdus Columbus noted that women's thyroids are larger than men's. ca. 1560 J osias Simmler } described cretins in Swiss cantons. ca. 1560 Johannes Stumpf ca. 1560 Ambroise Pare regarded exophthalmic goitre as examples of aneurysm. 1563 Eustachius used the term "isthmus" for the part connect• ing the two thyroid lobes. 1602 Platter described cretinism in his native Canton. ca. 1606 Shakespeare mentioned goitre in The Tempest. 1656 Wharton's description of the thyroid. 1657 Hoefer (Vienna) discussed the cause of goitre by air, water and food. 1657 First reference to bronchocoele in English by Tomlinson. 1659 Wharton used the term "thyroid" in his" Adenographia". ca. 1730 Ruysch (Leyden) thought that produce of the thyroid poured into the veins. 1742 Heister described surgical removal of goitre.

847 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

1752 de Bordeu's observations on goitre in the Pyrenees. 1761 Morgagni described the two glands in the neck connected by an isthmus. 1769 Prosser described treatment and cure of Derby Neck with a powder of calcined sponge. 1776 von Haller grouped thyroid, thymus and spleen as glands without ducts pouring their fluid into the circulation. He also used the word struma in its modern (German) sense. 1779 Bate and later Wilmer used the "Coventry treatment" to cure bronchocoele by means of burnt sponge.

1722 de saint-yves} described patients with exophthalmos and 1800 Testa ~alpitations without realizing the connec- tIOn. 1802 Flajani 1786-1820 (published posthumously in 1825) Parry (Bath) observed and first described correctly exophthalmic goitre (Parry's disease). 1786 de Saussure described goitrous cretinism in the Alps. 1789 Malacarne reported on endemic goitre in the Aosta valley. 1792 Desault (Paris) described successful surgical removal of part of the thyroid. 1792 Fodere's "Essai sur Ie goitre et Ie cretinage" published. ca. 1800 Dupuytren (Paris) described effect of pressure of goitre on the windpipe. ca. 1800 Benjamin Smith Barton's "Memoir concerning the disease of goiter as it prevails in different parts of North Amer- lca. " . 1802 The brothers Wenzel classified cretinism. 1802 Flajani (Rome) reported on successful treatment of two patients with exophthalmic goitre (without realizing the connection). 1811 Courtois (Paris) discovered iodine in ashes of seaweed. 1812 Coates successfully ligated the superior thyroid arteries. 1819 Prout claimed (in 1834) that he first recommended iodine for the treatment of goitre at St. Thomas's Hospital. 1820 Coindet (Geneva) first used iodine in the treatment of goitre.

848 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

1822 Hedenus reported on six successful excisions of goitre since 1800. 1829 Lugol recommended the use of Lugol's solution. 1833 Boussingault (Paris) suggested iodized salt for goitre pre• vention. 1835 Graves published his account of exophthalmic goitre. 1840 von Basedow described the "Merseburg triad". 1844 Johannes Mueller called the thyroid a "bloodgland". 1848 Morris described the only instance of endemic cretinism in England, in Chiselborough (Somerset). 1849 Dalrymple's eye sign reported by White Cooper. 1850 Curling (London) described defective cerebral develop• ment due to absence of thyroid body. 1850 Chatin (France) showed that endemic goitre and cretinism could be prevented by the iodine content of plants. 1859 Rilliet (Geneva) described toxic effects of the use of iodine. 1860 Boussingault's experiment in France to use iodized salt for the prevention of goitre failed because high dosage given caused toxic effects. 1864 von Graefe described "Graefe's sign" in exophthalmic goitre. 1871 Fagge (London) described sporadic cretinism. 1873 Gull gave a classical account of myxoedema in women. 1878 Ord coined the term "myxoedema". 1880 Rehn carried out the first thyroidectomy in exophthalmic goitre. 1884-1886 Horsley confirmed Semon's postulates and sO did a com• mittee of which he was a member. 1886 Moebius postulated that exophthalmic goitre is due to hyperfunction of the thyroid. 1891 Murray reported on his successful treatment of myxoede• rna with thyroid extract. 1895-1896 Baumann (Germany) isolated "thyrojodin" (later called "iodothyrin") from the thyroid. 1896 Pendred described the association of goitre with deaf• mutism. 1896 Description of Riedel's thyroiditis.

849 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

1896 Charcot described exophthalmic goitre as "cachexia ex• ophthalmica" and stressed tremor as one of the signs. 1897-1925 Oswald's studies of the iodine content of the thyroid. 1907 Charles Mayo first used the term "hyperthyroidism". 1907 Brissaud described thyroid infantilism. 1909 Marine proved that iodine is necessary for thyroid func• tion. 1910 Kocher coined the term ''Jod-Basedow''. 1910 Marine and Lenhart prevented goitre formation in animal experiments by using iodine. 1911 Marine proposed treatment of Graves' disease with iodine. 1912 Hashimoto's disease (struma lymphomatosa) described. 1912 Gudernatsch observed the acceleration of metamorphosis in tadpoles by feeding thyroid. 1914 Kendall isolated thyroxine in crystalline form. 1915 Cannon produced exophthalmic goitre experimentally. 1917 Marine and Kimball reported on their successful revival of iodide prophylaxis of goitre in Akron, Ohio, USA. 1918 Hermann Zondek published his studies of the heart in myoedema. 1924 Plummer and Boothby reported on the pre-operative use of iodine in exophthalmic goitre. 1926 Harington determined the chemical structure of thyroxine. 1927 Harington and Barger synthesized thyroxine. 1928 Webster and Chesney observed endocrine goitre in rabbits. 1931 Naffziger introduced orbital decompression for treatment of exophthalmos. 1932 Marine described cyanide goitre.

1943 Hertz and Roberts } introduced radioactive iodine L bl d (. d d tl) for the assessment of Graves' 1943 e on In epen en y disease and, later, for its treat- ment. 1943 Astwood used thiourea and thiouracil in the medical treatment of Graves' disease. 1949 Jones, Kornfeld, McLaughlin and Anderson synthesized methimazole.

850 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

1949 Commercial synthesis of laevo-thyroxine was achieved. 1951 Lawson, Rimington and Searle synthesized carbimazole. 1953 Gross and Rosalind Pitt-Rivers isolated tri-iodothyronine from the thyroid gland and synthesized it (lio-thyronine). 1956 Roitt, Deborah Doniach et al. demonstrated auto• antibodies in Hashimoto's disease. 1956 Adams, Purves and McKenzie discovered LA TS in the serum of thyrotoxic patients. 1965 Mass neonatal screening programme was started in Switzerland for metabolic disorders. 1974 Thomas and Hart introduced retrobulbar repository corti• costeroid therapy in thyroid ophthalmopathy. 1972-1978 Screening begun for neonatal (congenital) hypothyroidism in USA, Canada, England, Japan and some other coun• tries.

851 POSTSCRIPT

Several items of information obtained during the course of produc• tion of the book are given below.

ENDOCRINE HORMONE PRODUCTION BY NON-ENDOCRINE TUMOURS (see also p. 548)

Hormones secreted by tumours of tissues other than those normally responsible for their synthesis are called 'ectopic', which term was coined by G. W. Liddle and his colleagues1, during their studies between 1962 and 1965. Their existence may indicate the neoplasm long before other manifestations. The tumour may not necessarily be malignant, such as a bronchial carcinoid. Removal of the tumour may mean disappearance of the ectopic hormone production; recur• rence may cause return of such secretion. The cause and mechanism of this phenomenon has not been finally established yet. There are, at present, nearly twenty such ectopically produced hormones known, some identical with the natural hormones in a wide variety of biological and immunological procedures. The most important is perhaps the ectopic ACTH syndrome. W. H. Brown described in 1928 a patient with Cushing's syndrome and bilateral adrenal cortical hyperplasia2; after his death an oat cell carcinoma of the bronchus was found in the post-mortem examination. Usually, p-Melanocyte-stimulating-hormone is also secreted in excess with excessive ACTH production causing the pigmentation. Apart from the oat cell carcinomas, bronchial adenomas (carcinoid tumours) and tumours of the thymus and pancreas and, rarely, others may cause the ectopic ACTH syndrome. Bronchial carcino• mas can also produce excessive vasopressin, such inappropriate secretion causing excretion of hypertonic urine (high rate of sodium excretion), in spite of hypotonic plasma and expanded extracellular fluid volume, and water retention3.

853 HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

Finally, tumours have been described which secreted two or more hormones. They were mainly oat cell carcinomas and bronchial carcinoids. References

1. Liddle, G. W., Givens, J. R., Nicholson, W. E., Island, D. P.: Cancer Res., 25, 1057; 1965 2. Brown, W. H.: Lancet, 2, 1022; 1928 3. Bartter, F. c., Schwartz, W. B.: Am. J. Med., 42, 790; 1967

THE PANCREAS AS A SINGLE ORGAN

The present trend of endocrine research points towards integration in medicine rather than towards segregation into subspecialities. The recognition of the brain as 'master gland' is just one indicator. Recently, evidence has been accumulating that the endocrine and exocrine parts of the pancreas are not independent of each other, but are, in fact, functionally related. Microsphere injections in the living rabbit's pancreas proved that blood flows from the islets to the exocrine gland 1. Insulin increased the flow of pancreatic juice and amylase release in the isolated, perfused rat pancreas2• In insulin• requiring diabetics, the plasma concentration of trypsin was found to be about one quarter of that in normal subjects3. J. R. Henderson, P. M. Daniel and P. A. Fraser (London) summed up the results of the studies on the vascular anatomy of the pancreas, on the effect of insulin and of glucagon on exocrine function, on the effect of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) as an inhibitor of the exocrine gland and, finally, the 'Halo' phenomenon around islets (which could be abolished by alloxan), in the following table: '

Islet hormone Effect on jUnction of exocrine pancreas

Insulin Increases uptake of amino acids Increases synthesis of amylase (independently from effect on amino acids) Increases cell division Is necessary for normal release of bicarbonate Glucagon Inhibits synthesis of enzymes Inhibits release of enzymes Stimulates release of bicarbonate Somatostatin Inhibits the production of pancreatic juice Pancreatic polypeptide Inhibits release of enzymes

854 POSTSCRIPT

Reftrences

1. Lipson, N., Kramlinger, K. G., Mayrand, R. R., Lender, E.Jane: Blood flow to the rabbit pancreas with special reference to the islets of Langerhans. Gastroenterology: 79, 466-73; 1980 2. Saito, A., Williams, J. A., Kanno, T.: Potentiation of cholecystokinin• induced exocrine secretion by both exogenous and endogenous insulin in isolated and perfused rat pancreata. J. Clin. Invest.: 65, 777-82; 1980. 3. Adrian, T. E., Barnes, A. J., Bloom, S.R.: Hypotrypsinaemia in diabetes mellitus. Clin Chim. Acta: 97, 213-16; 1979 4. Henderson, J. R., Daniel, P. M., Fraser, F. A.: The pancreas as a single organ: the influence of the endocrine upon the exocrine part of the gland. Gut: 22, 15~7; 1981.

HASHIMOTO, HAKARU 1881-1934

Hashimoto was born in the village of Midau, Nishi-tsuge, in the Mie prefecture in Japan, on 5th May, 1881. He was the fifth generation of medical practitioners and his grandfather was a well known physi• cian. After attending his village school and other schools for higher education, he entered the newly established medical school of Kyushu University in 1903. As a student he was reputed to be diligent and had an unassuming manner. He was also one of the founders of a student's cultural society; he was a religious Buddhist. He graduated in 1907 as one of the first medical graduates of his university. From 1908 to 1912 he worked in K yushu in the surgical department of Professor H. Miyake on his MD thesis on a hitherto unknown condition: 'Struma lymphomatosa (see Chap, 21, p. 571). He published it in Germany, which caused it to go unnoticed in Japan. Next, Hashimoto spent two years on a European tour, in Ger• many and London, but returned home at the outbreak of World War I. The death of his father made him take up practice and he became a much sought after surgeon with an interest in major abdominal surgery. He published another two papers, on erysipelas and one on penetrating wounds. He died of typhoid fever in January, 1934. He was buried in his home county. In 1937, the local Physicians' Association placed a bronze bust of him in front of the town hall of the village where he is buried.

MARRIAN, GUY FREDERIC 1904-1981

Guy Frederic Marrian was born on 3rd March, 1904 and educated at Tollington School and University College, London (England),

855 HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY where he became BSc with honours in 1925. In 1930 he proceeded to DSc and in the same year he became lecturer in the Department of Biochemistry at University College under Sir Jack Drummond. At University College, he had begun his work on oestrin, which subtance produces oestrus in animals, and in 1929 he obtained the isolation of crystalline oestriol from human pregnancy urine. His work was virtually single-handed (see p. 400), leading in a competi• tive field of German, Dutch and American research teams. He was disbelieved, but later his results were fully vindicated! In 1933, Marrian became first Associate then Professor of Bioche• mistry at the University of Toronto, where he continued work on oestrogens. In 1939, he was appointed Professor of Chemistry in relation to Medicine at the University of Edinburgh as successor to George Barger, himself of thyroxine research fame. He remained there for 20 years and at the beginning of the 1950s established, with Gaddum and Dunlop, the Medical Research Council's Endocrin• ology Research Unit in Edinburgh, which became a centre for steroid biochemists and endocrinologists. In 1959, he was appointed Director of Research of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund in London, where he remained until he retired in 1968. His profound knowledge of the sex hormones and of steroid biochemistry put the Imperial Cancer Research Laboratories into the lead of fundamental biochemical cancer research. He had a delightful personality, great charm, good sense of humour and perfect manners. At the same time, he had a clarity of thought and did not tolerate superficial or shoddy work. He himself was a superb and indefatigable bench worker, whose example was both forceful and inspiring. Marrian's hopes for the creation of a multi• disciplinary research laboratory were, eventually, fulfilled, alas for the benefit of his successors, not for himself. He was also an excellent teacher, who carried out these duties most conscientiously, even as regards courses for junior medical students. He himself was present• able, well dressed, quietly mannered, popular with colleagues and students. When young, he was a good athlete and would have become a sprinter of international standard, had he turned to sport instead of biochemistry. Marrian became a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1944, an Honorary MD Edinburgh in 1975 and was created CBE (Com• mander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire) in 1969. His name will remain in chemistry in the form of 'marrianolic acid', an oestriol derivative. The Germans marked his 70th birthday by arranging a special meeting in Berlin. The British Society of Endo• crinology organized a meeting in London in 1980, to mark the 50th anniversary of his discovery of oestriol. He died on 24th July, 1981.

856 POSTSCRIPT

NEUBURGER, MAX 1868-1955

Max Neuburger was born in Vienna in December, 1868, the son of Ferdinand. His father was a brilliant linguist, a native of Munich, who came to Vienna as a young man and settled there. Max studied medicine in Vienna at the time of Billroth, Nothnagel, Krafft• Ebing, Fuchs and Politzer. He qualified in 1893. In 1896 he became Assistant at the Poliklinik to Mortiz Benedikt, the neurologist, and remained with him until 1908. He practised as a neurologist until 1914. During the war of 1914-1918 he was in charge of several military hospitals; the end of the war marked the end of his active clinical career. Already as a student, he had published short historical-philo• sophical articles, encouraged by Theodor Puschmann, who held the chair of History of Medicine. Neuburger published his major thesis for 'Privat-Docent' in 1897, a history of experimental physiology of the brain and the spinal cord from Willis to Fleurens and Magendie. He proceeded to 'Docent' in 1898. The other Privat-Docent was his friend Robert Ritter von Taply, a military surgeon, who eventually became the Austrian equivalent of Director General Medical Ser• vices, Army. He wrote the long section on Anatomy in the famous Handbuch dey Geschichte dey Medizin. After Puschmann's death in 1899, Neuburger and Taply carried on the teaching, but Pus• ehmann's wish to found an Institute for the History of Medicine did not come to fruition, especially as his widow left a large sum of money towards the foundation of such an institute in Leipzig, which was achieved in 1905 with Sudhoff as director. Neuburger became professor extraordinary in 1904 and ordinary professor for the history of medicine in 1912. From then on his work has to be considered in two parts: (1) Writings: He became editor of the monumental Handbuch originally planned by Puschmann, jointly with Julius Pagel of Berlin. The first volume, to the Middle Ages, was published in 1902. The second and third volumes, dealing with the histories of individual subjects, appeared in 1903 and 1905. Neuburger's long introduction to the second volume marked an important contribution. His own 'History of Medicine' achieved the publication of the first volume in 1906 and of the second, to the close of the Middle Ages, in 1910. He never finished the work. He was preparing a section on the Renais• sance in 1920. An English translation was sponsored by Osler from 1910-1925. It was meant for the general reader and was very thorough, but had only a few references. Other studies concerned the biography of Herrriann Nothnagel and many contributions to the history of the Vienna medical school. In 1926 was published his

857 HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY major book on the 'vis medicatrix naturae'. Having given up clinical medicine, he found himself in poor financial straits, especially after the war ended in 1918. (2) The long drawn out struggle against great odds to establish an Institute for the History of Medicine made progress when, in 1919, he was given three rooms in the historical building of the ']osephinum', originally a training school for army surgeons. Taply, although no longer an active participant, gave 1000 books and reprints. Later the Library of the Josephinum and the magnificent collection of 1200 medical wax models were transferred to the Institute, which is still housed in the same building. Needless to say, Neuburger's own library is incorporated. On his 60th birthday a "Festschrift" was issued in his honour and his portrait medal was struck in Vienna. In 1930, Garrison published 12 of his studies in English. At the age of 70, he had to leave Vienna, after Hitler's occupation of Austria. On 26th August, 1939, he arrived in London on the last plane, with two suitcases and 5 shillings, to join the scientific staff of the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum. His wife had died in 1930, his elder son had gone to Tasmania, the younger to the United States, where he entered medical practice in Buffalo. Neuburger stayed in London throughout the war, in spite of the bombs and a major operation he had to undergo. He began to write in English, his most important contribution being a book: British Medicine and the Vienna School: Contrasts and Parallels. He carried on his studies, although now very deaf and myopic. In 1948, aged 80, he left London for Buffalo, to live with his son. In 1952, he left Buffalo, aged 83, and returned to Vienna to a cordial welcome. At the end of 1953, he fell at home and fractured his femur, which made him an invalid to the end of his life. However, he still carried on some research. Neuburger died in Vienna after a long illness on the 15th March, 1955, in his 87th year. During his lifetime, Dr. Emanuel Berghoff published a biography of Max Neuburger in Vienna. The Royal Society of Medicine of London made him an honorary Fellow on 1st December, 1943 and arranged an exhibition of his books and papers on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Walter Pagel said about Neuburger that he was the last exponent of the 'heroic' generation of medical historians: Julius Pagel (1851-1912), Karl Sudhoff (1853-1938) and Neuburger. 'Heroic' because of the stupendous achievements against heavy odds, when historical studies were frowned on and the subject was not recognized for university teaching departments or research grants. As. his , life's motto may be given 'Primum philosophare, deinde VlVere.

858 POSTSCRIPT

He left behind a flourishing Institute for the History of Medicine of the University of Vienna and his successors gave every help towards the completion of this book. Their names are mentioned in the Acknowledgments.

SAJOUS, CHARLES EUCHARISTE DE MEDICI 1852-1929

Charles Sajous (see photograph p. 792) was born at sea when his family returned from America to France. After early schooling in France, he studied medicine in California and graduated from the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia. He first specialized in diseases of the nose and throat and his early papers were on that subject. At the end of the 1880s he became Editor-in-Chief of the monumental Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences of 45 volumes between 1888-1896, followed in 1898 by Sajous Analytic Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine (60 volumes). In 1892, he suddenly devoted himself to the study of internal secretions, especially in France. This resulted in the publication of The Internal Secretions and the Principles of Medicine in 1903 (Phi• ladelphia, F. A. Davis Co.), the first book on the subject in the United States, to which he added a second volume in 1907. The work went into ten editions. He propounded some interesting theories of his own, particularly concerned with the role of the adrenal system and the body's defence (immune) mechanisms in• cluding the leukocytes, a very modern idea but not seriously accepted at the time. He became the first president of the Association for the Study of the Internal Secretions (1916-1917). At the age of almost 70 he became the first professor of endocrinology in the United States: Professor of Applied Endocrinology in the University of Pennsyl• vania Graduate School of Medicine. In the 1920s (to 1925) he was also Editor of the New York Medical Journal (1865-1925). His son Louis Theo also specialized in endo• crinology. Sajous died in the United States in 1929.

859 NAME INDEX

B indicates Biography; R indicates a reference

Abderhalden, R. 94R, 113R, 147R, 279R, Aldred, L. 21,24R 347R Aldrich, T. B. 343, 351R, 496R, 695R Abel,].]. 329, 343, 349R, 471, 493R, 500, Alexander, the Great 45, 78 511, B514-16, 539R, 540R Alexander, ofTralles 71 Abella 92 Queen Alexandra 805 Abelous,]. E. 331,349R Alfonso XVI, King of Spain 780 Abernethy, John 758 Alibert, Baron]. L. M. 309,314, 346R Abraham 30 Ali-Ibn Abbas 80,81,91,93 Abu Mansur 84 Alkemene 42 Achard 186 Allan, F. N. 605, 633R Achelis,]. D. 667, 694R Allan, J. 726 Acher, R. 482, 496R Allbutt, I. Clifford 71, 72R, 89, 94R, 475, Achilles 40 791 Adams, D. D. 574, 575, 586R Allen, B. M. 323, 348R, 386, 500 Adams,Joseph 272,273, 287R, 379, 383R, Allen, Edgar 361. 396-400. 429R, 430R, B699-701 561, B702. 727 Adams, M. 437, 494R Allen, F. M. 457 Addison, Thomas 178,225-7,230,232, Allen, F. P. 483, 496R, 233, 281R, 282R, 289, 331, 338, 339, 646, Allen, H. 41O,432R B701-2, 715, 810, 821 Allen, W. M. 362, 401, 402, 430R, 448 Adler, Ludwig 323,361, 380R, 396, 429R, Allers, G. W. 517, 540R, 688R 451, 490R AI-Mansur 80 Adrian, E. D. 747 AI-Meiamun 80 Adrian, T. E. 855R D'Almeida, M. 587R Aeschylus 47, 53R Al-Razi 80 Aesculapios 40, 56 Alston, E.]. 691R Aetios 63, 69R, 71, 72, 112,267 Amasuerus 32 Agrere, Professor 737 Amherdt, M. 586R Akhenaten 21,22,309 Anak 34 Albert, E. 728, 753 Anaxagoras 48, 130 Albertini, I. F. 780 Ancel, P. 404, 431R. 801 Albertus Magnus 97 Andersen, O. O. 586R Albinus 742 Anderson. D. C. 570, 582R, 585R Albright, Fuller 398,399, 430R, 471, Anderson, E. M. 517,541R 486-8, 497R, 498R, B524-30, 541R, 700, Anderson, R. C. 642, 688R 701, 730 Anderson, W. B. 582R Albucasim, 84, 191 Andrews, H. R. 364, 381R

861 NAME INDEX

Andrews, M. M. 695R Baber, E. Cresswell 279, 288R Anner 554 Babinski,]. F. F. 319,320, 348R, 707 Antoniades, H. N. 584R Baccius 137 Apert, L. 378 Bachstrom, T. 698R Apollo Alexikakaos 39, 40, 42, 47 Bacq, Z. M. 341, 350R, 415--17, 433R, 501 Arai, Y. 696R von Baer, Carl Ernst 122,187, 209R, 270, Araki, S. 636R 271, 286R, 304, 337, 363, 481, 495R, 529, Aran,]. A. 227,265, 281R, 286R B704-5,743 Arbuthnot 202 Baetens, D. 586R Archadathos 56 Baeumler, E. 694R Archigenes 59 Baillie, Matthew 173, 207R, 305, 346R Aretaeus, of Kappa do cia 45, 61, 68R, 82, Baker,]. R. 447 174,405, B702-3 Baker, R. K. 695R,696R Arimura, A. M. 582R, 585R, 635R, 696R Balacesco 315,463 Ariniega, Ve1es de 143 Balfour, F. M. 303, 345R Arisastos 63 Ballance, C. A. 313 Aristophanes 43 Baly, W. 230, 281R Aristotle 17,34,43,45--52, 53R, 59, 66, 75, Bamberger, Heinrich 753 89,129,185,272 Banting, Sir Frederick 387, 390, 392, 454, Armstrong, C. N. 647,681,682, 688R, 459-62,464,466-70, 493R, 531, B706, 696R, 700, 701 710,711, 769, 788 Armstrong, M. D. 554, 583R von Barde1eben, H. A. 249 Arnold, F. 214,279R Bardet, G. 377,382R Arnozan, C. L. X. 450, 481R Barfield W. E. 692R Aron, C. 300, 360, 363, 381R, 529, 626, Barger, George 424, 427, 434R, 435R, 723, 676, 748 744 d' Arsonval, J. A. 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, Barker, L. F. 736 300,301,337,338,363,386,810 Barnafi, L. 637R Artachnaeos 44 Barnes, A.]. 855R Artemis 39,41,42 Barnes, A. R. 541R,689R Arth, G. E. 691R Barnes, E. W. 587R Arundel, Earl of 749 Barnicot, N. A. 486, 497R von Arx, E. 584R Barr, M. L. 686, 697R Ascheim, Selmar 399,407,408, 430R, Barraclough, C. A. 696R 431R, 818, 819 Barron, M. 461, 468, 492R, 706 Ascher, Leon 417 Barry, C. 643, 688R Aschner, Bernhard 315,316,318,323, Barry, James 685 347R,407, 418,419,420, 433R,452,463, Barry, Martin 270, 287R, 529 479, 490R, B703--4, 711 Barthez, P. L. 150 Aschner, Bertha 645, 695R Bartholin, A. A. 65, 129 Aschoff,J. 589,631R Bartholin, Thomas 65, 121, 133, 139, 147R, Asclepiades 56, 61 175,178,205,217-20,223,399,403,414, Ascoli, G. 319,347R 676 Askanazy, Max 484, 497R Bartles, M. C. A. 668, 694R Astwood, E. B. 641,688R Bartter, F. C. 541R, 648, 652, 689R, 691R, Atche1y, D. W. 494R 854R Athanaeus 682 von Basedow, C. A. 262-5, 268, 285R, Athanasiou, R. 632R 320, 513, 700, 701, B706 Aubery, Claude 123, 124, 147R Basir, M. A. 481,495R von Augenbrugger, L. 740 Bataillon 186 Augustin, A. V. 689R Bate 189 Auramides, A. 696R Bates, R. W. 410, 432R Aurback, G. D. 498R Battey, Robert 364 Autenrieth,]. H. 214,279R Bauer,Julius xiv, xvi, 240, 377, 383R, 411, Avenzoar, of Cordoba 84 432R, 471-3, 493R, 616, 617, 653, 675, Avicenna (Ibn-Sina) 80-2, 94R, 98, 314, 687R, 691R, 695R, 700, 701, B707-8 700,701,786,812 Bauer, W. 497R Axen, O. 609, 634R Bauhin, Caspar 109, 114R, 131, 132, 147R, 821 Baba, Y. 582R 862 NAME INDEX

Baulieu, E. 568, 585R 337,339,363,368,394,676,700,701, Baumann, Eugen 256, 257, 284R, 285R B710 Baumann, E.J. 477, 494R, 514, 641, 688R Bertram, E. G. 668, 697R Bayliss, Sir Richard 582R Bertram, F. 665, 667, 693R, 694R Bayliss, Sir Wm. 4, 7, 9R, 339-42, 350R, Bertuccio, Niccolo 718 385,390, SOl, 519,604, 633R,662, 700, Besant, Annie 357,379R 701, B708-9, 800 Besser, G. M. 420, 434R, 496R, 540R, 569, Beach, A. 561 582R, 585R, 592, 619, 631R, 636R, 637R, Beadles, C. F 323, 348R 638R, 650, 655, 656, 658, 688R, 690R, Beard,John 365,366,373, 381R, 448, 449, 692R,695R 490R Best, C. H. 387,390,392,454,459,460, Beaumont, George 726 462,464,466-70, 493R, 503,531,606, Beaupre, M. 644, 689R 633RB710-11, 769, 788 Beebe, S. B. 484, 497R Bettencourt 293, 294 Begbie, James 265 Beumont, P. V.J. 618,636R Behrens, O. K. 634R Biasotti, A. 505, 539R, 606 Behring 813 Bichat, M. F. X. 191 Behrman, S. J. 587R Bickelmann, A. G. 695R Bell, Sir Charles 178, 208R Bickenbach, W. 533,542R Bell, P. H. 545,581R Bidloo, G. 135, 136, 176 Bell, William 201, 202 Biedl, Artur xiii, 8, 9R, 68R, 206R, 217, Bell, W. B. 316,347R 241, 280R, 283R, 332, 344, 349R, 351R, Bellerby, C. W. 399,430R 374,377, 382R, 385, 392,394, 418, 419, Bellinger, F. 176, 208R 598,700-2, B711-12, 732, 797 Benda, Carl 258,285,305,318, 346R, Billetter 554 347R Billig, H. E. 698R Bendixen, G. 586R Billingham, R. E. 571,585R Bendtfeldt, Elenor 667,694R Billings, J. S. 735, 736 van Beneden, Edouard 270, 287R Billroth, C. A. Th. 248, 728, 753, 760 Benedict, A. L. 456, 492R Binger, C. A. L. 267,539R Benedict, E. M. 494R Bioerck, G. 609,643R Benedict, S. R. 457, 492R Bircher, H. 294, 344R Benfey, B. G. 544,581R Birdwell, B. J. 601, 632R Bennet, Izod 726 Bischoff, F. 122,664, 693R Bennet, John Hughes 232, 282R Bishop, P. M. F. 349R, 502, 539R, 656, Benoit, J. 626 690R, 692R, B712 Bensley, R. R. 458, 492R, 493R Biskind, G. R. 636R Benson, B. 196,21OR Biskind, M. S. 636R Berblinger, W. 409,431R Bitensky, L. 583R Berdez, A. 652, 698R Black, M. M. 498R Berenson, S. A. 607,643R Blackie, G. S. 251 Bergland 163 Blatch, S. 687, 697R Bergman, P. G. 567, 585R, 632R, 810 Blatherwick, N. R. 663,693R von Bergmann, E. 616,636R Blaza, S. E. 672, 697R Bergstroem, S. 612, 635R Bledsoe, T. 691R Berkeley, Bishop George 306 Bleuler, M. 420, 434R Berkeley, T. W. N. 484,497R Blizard, William 192 Berman, L. 486, 497R Bloom, A. 575, 586R Bernal, J. D. 557 Bloom, F. 628,637R Bernal, P. 652,691R Bloom, S. R. 609, 633R, 634R, 635R, 669, Bernard, Claude 5, 7, 123,225, 281R, 336, 694R,855R 337,376,382R,389,394,399,455,458, Bloomberg, E. 497R 459,491R,508,539R, 598, 599,608,634R, Blumenbach,J. F. 743 700,701, B709-10 Bodian, David 419,433R Bernhardt, Sarah 63 de la Boe, Frans see Sylvius Bernovilli, J. 742 Boehler, Lorenz 753, 754 Bernstein, J. 811 Boehringer, Mssrs. 667, 669 Berson, S. A. 543, 556, 581R Boerhave, Herman 142, ISO, 155, 210R, Berthold, A. A. 78, 193, 198, 204, 280R, 700,701 B712-13, 740, 742 863 NAME INDEX

Boggon, R. Hodgson 112,l14R Brainerd 301 Boehelius 109 Bramwell, Sir Byrom 268, 286R, 320, Bohn,]ohann 341,350R 348R, B714-15 du Bois-Reymond, Eduard 365,415,416, Brashear, R. E. 691R 433R, 788, 810 Braun, G. A. 753 B0ler,J. 636R Brazeau, l. 582R Bond, c.]. 441,443 Brent, L. 571,585R Bonet, Theophile 172, 305, 346 Bretonneau, P. 810 Bongiovanni, A. M. 690R Brettschneider, ] ohannes 100 de Bonis, V. 349R Breuer,]oseph 337,350R Bonnet, Charles 117,182, 184, 186, 209R, Brewer, B. H. 582R 799 Brewer,]. R. 697R Bonsdorff, E. 600, 632R Briant, K. 806 Boothby, W. M. 262, 285R, 423, 426, 428, Bridges 274 434R, 435R, 641, 688R Bright, E. M. 539R de Bordeu, Theophile xvi, 134, 135, Bright, Richard 175, 207R, 228, B715 149--54, 162, 206R, 207R, 21OR, 223, 341, Brigidi, Vincenzo 305, 309 700,701, B714 Brissaud, Eduard 305, 313, 346R, 776 Borel, Pierre 127 Bristowe, J. S. 230 Borell, Ulf 535 Britton, S. W. 539R Borell, Merriley 280R, 289, 290, 296, 300, Broca, A. 307,346R 302,303,327,337, 338,342,343,344R, Brock, C. G. D. 498R,692R 350R, 363, 374, 381R, 396, 429R, 437, 440, de Broglie, Louis 796 489R Bromberg, Y. M. 819 Borelli, G. A. 130, 140, 770 Bromer, W. 608,634R Born, Gustav 366, 367, 374, 448, 733 Broster, L. R. 502 Borrows, E. T. 689R Brothwell, D. 21, 24R, 27R, 68R Borth, R. 689R Brouha 406 Boss, B. 635R Broussais, F.J. V. 56 Botalla, L. 692R Brown, Augusta 364 Botin, P. 404,431R Brown, G. L. 417 Bottazzo, G. F. 571,580, 583R, 585R, Brown, H. M. 137,148R 587R, 571, 580 Brown, J. C. 611, 635R Bottcher, H. M. xiv Brown, Louise 660 Bouchard, Charles 294 Brown, M. J. 691R Bouchardat, Apollinaire 175, 208R, 456, Brown, W. H. 853,854R 492R Brown, W. M. 697R Bougas, J. A. 584R Browne,]. S. L. 584R Bourgeoise, Louis 145 Browne, Lancelot 748 Boussingault,]. B. 254,284R Browne, Sir Thomas 739 Boveri, Theodor 275, 287R Brownell, Katherine A. 237,331, 349R, Bovin 801 476,478,494R,649,822 Bowditch, H. P. 507,508 Browning, C. H. 725 Bowers, C. W. 621,622, 636R Browning, Robert 803 Bowlby, A. A. 268, 286R Brown-Sequard, Charles Edouard 221, Bown, B. D. 477 230,231, 281R, 282R, 289--94, 296, Boyce, R. 323, 348R 299--302,325,326,337,338,341,342, Boycott, A. E. 232, 282R 344R, 345R, 363, 364, 379, 381R, 386, 394, Boyer, R. M. 584R, 637R 395,403,414,442,495,498,502,619,676, Boyle, I. T. 644, 689R 677, B715-17, 810, 821 Boyle, Robert 116,142,341,817 Broyles, E. N. 315,347R Bracegirdle, Brian 209R Brueck, A. T. 264, 268 Brachet, A. 396,429R von Bruecke, E. W. 223,740,759,790 Brachet, J. L. 222, 281R Bruengger, H. 687R Bradbury, A. F. 628,637R Brugsch, H. K. 19 Bradford, Governor 354, 437, 439 aBrunner,]. C. 142,148R Bradford, Rose 335, 708 Bryant, Louise S. 446, 490R Brain, Lord 506 Bubnow, N. A. 256,284R Bradlaugh, Charles 357,437,439

864 NAME INDEX van Buchem, F. S. P. 691R Carnot, P. 600, 632R Bucy, P. C. 481, 495R Carpenter, E. 803 Buddha 33 Carpenter, W. B. 223,225, 281R, 389, Buerlinus, Jacobus 139 429R Buffon, Comte George Louis Carr, F. H. 424 Leclerc 181-3, 208R, 209R, 705, 763, 783 Cartensen, H. 698R Bugbee, E. P. 496R, 695R Carter, R. B. 292 Buhler, V. 631R Carus, C. G. 172 Bulloch, Wm. 240,241, 283R Casonova 438 Bullough, V. 361,821 Casati, A. 74, 76R Bunbury, H. W. 310 Cassero, G. 107, 109, 114R, 133 Burdach, Ernst 207R Cassius 670 Burdach, Karl Friedrich 172, 704, 70S Castellani, Carlo 117, 146R, 208R, 209R Burdon-Sanderson, Sir J. S. 708 Castleman, B. 497R Burgos, R. 582R, 622 de Castro 121 Burke, G. W. 583R Catan, M. A. 756 Burnet, Sir F. McFarlane 571, 585R Catherine de Medici 97 Burnett, C. H. 498R Cato 55,56 Burns, A. 210R Caton, R. 322, 348R Burr, G. O. 522, 541R Catt, R. J. 587R Burr, M. K. 522,541R Catullus 55,58, 68R, 143 Burrows, George 228,281R Cauldwell, D. 684, 697R Burrows, H. 195,210R Caxton, W. 99 Burwell, C. S. 672, 695R Cawley, Thomas 175, 207R, 455, 491R Bush, P. G. G. 554, 583R Cecil, R. L. 528-30 Butcher, M. 582R Celsus 52,56,58,59,68,191,716,717 Butcher, R. W. 582R, 607, 634R Charaud, O. 585R Butenandt, A. F. J. 400,402,405, 430R, Chalmers, A. K. 441 431R, 687R, B718, 790 Chamberlen, Hugh 145 Butler, A. M. 541R Chamberlen, W. 98 Butler, P. W. P. 434R Chan, V. 631R Butler, W. R. 636R Chang, M. C. 533, 542R Byrne, Charles 305 Chap tal, J. 694R Charcot, J. M. 236, 262, 265, 266, 268, Cabanis 764 285R,296,306,320,345R, 775, 779 Caesar, C. Julius 111, 661,670,846 Chard, T. 24R Cagnoni, M. 633R Chargaff, E. C. 691R Caldani, F. 176, 208R Charles, C. 247 Caleb 34 Charles, D. 656,692R Callow, R. K. 406,413 Charles I, King of England, 125,748 Cameron, A. T. 426, 435R Charles II, King of England, 136, 142, 144, Cameron, E. C. 487, 498R 771 Campbell 109, 170 Charles IV, King of France, 709 Campbell, C. J. 586R Charles V, King of Spain, 811 Campbell,J. M. H. 267 Charles X, King of France, 786 Campbell, P. N. 571, 585R Charlesworth, C. 240 Camus, J. 377, 382R, 418-20, 433R Charleton, W. 135,176, 208R Cannon, W. B. 267,341,386,387,390, Charney, W. 691R 394,414-17, 428R, 429R, 500, 502, 504, Chatin, G. A. 252-4, 284R, 512 B507-9, 514, 516, 539R, 598, 599, 716, Chaucer, G. 94 717, 770 deChauliac, Guy 91,109, B718-19 Cardenal, L. 395 Chauvet, J. 482, 496R Carleton, B. M. 447 Cheadle, W. B. 267, 268, 286R Carlile, R. 354, 355, 379R Cheney, B. A. 487,498R Carlo, King Alberto of Sardinia 253 Cheng, Jung 89 Carlson, A. J. 362, 380R Chen-Heng, Chu 88, 89 Carman, C. T. 691R Chereau, Achille 129,214,215, 279R Carmel, P. W. 637R Cheselden, W. 174,758 Carmichael, J. 426, 435R Chesney, A. M. 284R, 641, 688R 865 NAME INDEX

Chester-Jones, I. 495R, 716, 717 Colwell, J. A. 635R Chevalier, T. W. 319,348R Compston, N. 434 Chevreul, M. E. 174, 207R, 455, 490R, Compton, K. T. 555 640,687R Comte, 1. 304, 323, 346R, 407 Chiang-kai-shek 809 Condon, Dr. 144 Chih-Thi, Tsui 86 Confucius 17, 33 Childs, B. 690R Conn, E. S. 583R Chiodini, P. G. 692R Conn,). W. 583R, 651, 690R, 822 Chiron 40 Conn, P. M. 582R de Choisy, Francois TimoIeon 685 Conrat, Lili 366 Chvostek, F. 268,484, 497R Conroy, R. T. W. 1. 596,632R Chowne, W. D. 242, 244, 283R Constantinus, Africanus 92, 93, B720 Chretien, M. 637R Cook, Sir James 727 Chrobak, R. 368, 732, 760 Cooke, W. 239 Chu, 1. 1. H. 582R Cooper, Sir Astley P. 164-7,176,177, Chuan, Chen 87 208R, 249, B720-1, 758, 759, 761 Chung, D. 581R Cooper, W. W. 265,267, 286R Chung-Ching, Chang 16 Cope, C. 1. 651,690R Chungi, D. 637R Copp, D. H. 487, 498R Churchill, E. 497R Coppage, W. S. 691R Churchill, E. D. 497R Coppen, A, A. 688, 698R Cipra, A. 514,641, 688R Corby, H. 438-41 Clare, A. W. 680, 698R Cordus, Valerius 98,100, 113R Clark, A.J. 363,390-3,417, 429R, 504, Corner, G. W. 119,269, 286R, 362, 363, 647,813 373,38OR,397-9,401,402,410,430R, Clark, Sir George 113R 448, 502, 522,523,529, 531, 541R, 542R, Clark, G. A. 664, 693R 561,677, 696R, 716, 717, B721-2, 732 Clark,). G. 365, 382R, 459 Coronia 40 Clark, T. 632R Correns, Carl 778 Clark, W. E Ie Gros 433R, 747 Corvisart, F. R. 1. 484, 496R Clarke, Sir Cyril 678, 764 Coskwitz, Prof. 742 Clarke,). 484,496R Costa, A. 633R Clauberg, C. 688R Costa-Casaretto, C. 236, 282R Clawson, T. A. 284R,688R Costello, R 511, 540R Clayton, G. W. 690R de Costre, F. 593,631R Clayton,). C. 689R Coulling, I. 635R Clement 189 Courrier, R. 397,399,403, 430R, 431R Clement VI, Pope 719 Courtauld, S. A. 726 Clement-Jones, V. 638R Courtois, B. 189, 210R Cleopatra 20 Cowden, E. A. 582R, 695R Cline, Henry 720 Cowper, William 135,140, 148, 176,483 Coates, H. 192, 210R Cox, B. 609, 634R Choen, S. 586R Coxe,). R. 208R Cohn, D. V. 582R Coy, D. M. 582R Cohn, F. 366,367 Craig, Dr. Jessie 744 Coindet,). F. 175,189,191, 210R, 255, Craig, 1. C. 487, 498R 256,284R,455,512 Cramer,). W. 388, 429R Coiter, V. 106, 118, 121, 365 Crawford, A. C. 329, 349R, 400, 515, 516, Cole, H. H. 409 539R Cole, I. E. 697R Crawford,). D. 675, 695R Cole,). R. 178, 208R Cremascoli, G. 692R Coles, H. M. T. 697R Crew, F. A. E. 404 Collin, R. 480,481, 495R Crigler,). F.,Jr. 690R Collins, Samuel 134,176,178, 268R Crile, G. W. 760 Collins, W.). 294,344R Crooke, A. C. 657, 692R Collip,). B. 393,400,408,410, 431R, Crookshank, F. G. 474 432R,464, 466,469,485-7,493R,497R, Crow, B. F. 495R 517,531, 541R, 716, 717, B719 Crowe,). 316,319, 347R Columbus, R. 107, 811 Cruikshank, W. C. 192,205, 211R, 529

866 NAME INDEX

Cruveilhier,J. 319,348R Descartes, Rene xvii, 129, 130, 141, 1471{, Cudworth, A. G. 586R 341,483,716,717, B723-4 Cullen, W. 174, 207R Desormes 189 Cullinan, E. R. 310 Deuben 627 Culpeper, N. 484 Dewez, F. O. 145 Cunliffe, W.J. 498R Dexter, R. N. 690R Cunningham, D. I. 305 Dhariwal, A. P. S. 544,581R Curling, T. B. 221,246, 280R, 283R, 358, Diane de Poitiers 97 380R Dickens, Charles 672 Cushing, H. W. xvi, 9R, 138, 313, 315-20, Dickens, F. 726 347R, 348R, 386, 407, 409, 419, 431R, 462, Dickinson, R. L. 442, 446, 454, 489R, 490R 479,480, 495R,499-501, 503, 504, Dickinson, W. H. 239 B509-11, 514, 516, 519-21, 540R, 703, Diczfalusy, E. 535, 657, 692R, 716, 717 716,717,755,760,822 Diderot, Denis 764 Cushing P. 418 Diehl, F. 777 Cushny, A. 769 van Diemerbroeck, Y sbrand 128, 139, Cuvier, F. 188, 206R, 759, 764, 822 148R Cybulski, N. 330,620,823 Dingemanse, E. 687R Dionis, P. 133,176, 208R Dionysus 39 Dakin, H. D. 424, 744 Dioskorides, P. 59,60 Daldy 233 Dirac, P. A. M. 797 Dale, Sir H. H. 316,325,327,341, 347R, Dittmar, F. 697R 349R,350R,363, 400,402, 411,413-15, Dixon, J. S. 581R 417,458,473,479, 480, 482,492R,494R, Dixon, W. E. 751 495R, 501, 502, 710, 716, 717, B722-3, Dmowski, W. P. 693R 745, 769, 770 Dobell, Clifford 767 Dally, P. 618, 636R Dobson, Jessie 192, 207R, 210R Dalrymple, J. 267 Dobson, Matthew 174,454, 491R, B724-5 Dalton, Katherina 680,681, 698R Dock, G. 263, 285R, 513, 514, 540R Dam, C. P. H. 727 Dodd 561 Dance,J. B. H. 484,496R Dodds, Sir E. C. 400, 401, 405, 408, 430R, Daniel, P. M 162, 207R, 303, 480, 481, 431R, 502, 640, 688R, B725-7 495R, 544, 581R, 634R, 669, 695R, 854, Doecke, F. 628, 637R 855R Doellinger, I. 704 Darlington, C. D. 186,209R Doerner, G. 628, 637R, 683, 696R, 697R Darwin, Charles, 241,274, 280R, 473, 705, Doerr, P. 697R 764,813,814 Doisy, E. A. 5,6, 9R, 333, 343, 361, 362, Dastre 463 396-401, 429R, 430R, 501, 687R, 702, 716, Daughaday, W. H. 584R, 632R, 655, 692R 717, B727 David 35 Dollery, C. T. 670, 691R, 695R David, K. 687R Domitian 61 Davidge, J. B. 360, 380R, 499 Doniach, Deborah 571,572,574,580, Davidson, A. G. F. 487,498R 585R, 587R, 688R Davies, T. F. 585R, 582R, 618, 636R Donzelot, E. 653, 691R Davis, R. H. 359, 688R Doorenboos, H. 691R Davy, Sir Humphrey 189, 21OR, 716, 717 Dorman, R. I. 690R Dawson, Lord, of Penn 443, 726, 805 Donovan, B. T. 620, 637R Debeljuk, L. 582R Dostoiewki, A. 304, 346R Deborah 34 Dougale, A. J. 695R Deflandre, G. 600, 632R Doumer, E. 653,691R Debroot, L.J. 631R Doyle, D. 582R Dehoux 301 Doyle, F. H. 695R, 696R Dejerine,J.J. 377, 382R, 616, 636R, 707, Draper, G. 473, 493R 765 Drash, A. 670, 695R Dechoume, Leon 345R Drebbel, C. 127 Demeter 39 Drechsel, F. 256,257, 285R, 425, 434R, 515 Demokritos 41, 48, 56, 66, 272 Drelincourt, C. 129 Desault, P. J. 163, 191 Dreschfeld, J. 305

867 NAME INDEX

Drysdalc, C. H. 437, 438 Ellis, Havelock 804 Drysdale, G. 357 Ellison, E. H. 603,633R Drysdale-Vincent, Dr. Alice 437 Elliston,). 191 Douglas, Lord Alfred 806 Embden, H. 305 Duckert, A. 689R Emerson, G. A. 541R Ducummun, P. 689R Emerson, O. H. 541R Dudley, H. W. 482,496R Emery, W. 240, 283R Duerer, Albrecht 103, 113R Emmens, C. W. 413 Dufan, M. L. 587R Emmet, T. A. 359, 380R Duflos 243 Empedocles 40,47,66 Dukes, C. D. 586R Endymion 42 Dumas,). B. A. 270, 286R, 529 Engel, G. 485, 497R Dunbar, Newall 301,345R Engel,]. 172,173,316 Duncan, J. 632R Engel, L. L. 478 Duncan, L. J. P. 586R, 587R Engle, E. T. 407,431R von Dungern, E. 276, 288R Enthymenes of Salamis 240 Dunhill, Sir Thomas 506, 642 Enzmann, F. 636R Dunnet, Mrs. Agnes 441 d'Eon, Chevalier de Beaumont 685 Dunsicth, Bridget 69R Epione 40 Dupre, Profcssor 243 Er 31,34 Dupuytren, G. 163 Erasmus, Desiderius 786 Duran 73 Erb, W. H. 484, 496R Duret, H. 303,346R Erdheim,jakob 304,319,323, 346R, 347R, Dussault,). H. 689R 348R, 407, 481, 485, 495R, 497R, 525, de Duve, C. 564, 584R, 611, 635R B730--1 Duvernoy,). 135 Eristratos 52 van Dyke, H. B. 482, 495R Ernst of Wit ties bach 786 Dykshorn, S. W. 410, 432R Esau 34 Dziadin, R. 696R Esquinol,). E. D. 170 Estes, E. H. 695R Estes, W. 371, 382R Earle, H. 192, 210R Esther 32 Ebstein, W. 668, 694R Etmueller, M. E. 174, 207R Eccles,). C. 417 von Euler, U. S. 430R, 433R, 557, 558, Ecker, A. 225, 281R, 716, 717, B727-8 583R,612, 618, 628,635R, 653, 691R Eckhard, C. 363,376, 381R, 382R Euripides 42, 47, 53R Edkins, J. S. 603, 633R Eustachi, Bartolomeo 107-9, 114R, 115, Edmunds, W. 344,351R 821 Edwards, C. R. W. 540R, 582R, 650, 690R, von Euw,]. 477,494, 689R, 822 692R Evans, B. M. 651,690R Edwards, R. C. 659, 660 Evans, H. McLean 302,315,319, 345R, Egeberg, P 586R 346R,347R, 386,397, 407-9,411,430R, Egnatius 55 431R, 500, 502, 517, B520--4, 541R, 548, Ehrhardt, A. A. 697R 562,563,584,620,677,679, 696R, 722, Ehrlich, Paul 395, 521, 570, 585R, 723 728, 729, 821 Eichenberger, E. 687R Evans,). S. 196,210R Eichwald, E.). 682, 696R Evans, R. D. 555,583R Eileithyia 42 Evelyn,John 144 Einstein, Albert 778, 796 Evered, D. 582R von Eiselsberg, Baron Anton 294, 322, Everett,). D. 503,626 344R,642, B728-30, 753, 760 Ewald, E.). R. 738 Eisenberg, H. 478 Exner, Franz 796 Eisentraut, A. M. 634R, 635R Eyquem, M. 587R Eler, C. D. 687R Ezekiel 30 Elijah 29 Elishah 29 Faber, M. 694R Ellings, H. S. 691 R Fabricius, Hieronymus 111, 112, 184, Elliot, T. R. 232, 282R, 415, 416, 486, 209R,529, 705, 748 497R, 769, 770 Fabre,). 689R

868 NAME INDEX

Fagge, C. H. 230, 246, 247, 252, 281R, Folin, O. H. o. 726, 744 283R,284R Folkers, K. 636R Fairbairn,]. S. 441,489R Folley, S. J. 502 Fairfield, Laetitia D. 441,489R Fontana, A. 634R Fairwell, T. 582R Forbes, T. R. 210R, 211R, 218, 280R Fallopio, G. 104,106, 113R, 118, 121, 144, Ford, Henry 398 529, B731, 811 Ford, W. W. SIS, 540R Falta, Wilhelm 8, 9R, 132, 155,341, 350R, van Foreest, P. 109 376, 382R, 385, B731 Forel, August 804 Fanton-Cameron 292 Forsham, P. H. 647, 688R, 689R Farquhar,]. w. 586R Forsyth, L. A. 692R Feasby, W. R. 464 Foster, G. V. 604 Fechheimer 203 Foster, Sir Michael 479, 724, 765 Fee 409 Fothergill, Dr. 724 von Fehling, H. C. 455,491R Fothergill, L. A. 638R Feldberg, W. 415-17, 433R, 501, 638R, 833 Fourman. P. 688R Feldstein, A. 631,638R Fowler, R. E. 659 von Fellenberg, T. 252, 284R, 422, 434R, Fox, E. L. 295, 345R 512 Fracastoro, G. 570, 585R Fellner, O. o. 362, 380R, 398, 448, 451-4, Fraenkel, Ernst 732 490R, 531-3, B732, 740, 742 . Fraenkel, Felix 332, 350R, 361, 652, 822 Fells, W. 368, 381R, 431R Fraenkel, Mrs. Lili 146R, 366 Fernery, P. 767 Fraenkel, Ludwig 122, 256, 364, 36£r.8, Fenger, F. 427, 435R 371,372,401,402,448,B732-3,742 Fenner, F.]. 571,585R Frank, A. E. 479, 494R, 674, 695R Fenwick, H. 294, 295, 344R, 345R Frank, E. 664, 693R Fereol, F. E. 268 Frank, Johann Peter 154,174, 207R, 376, Ferin, M. 636R 479, 674, 695R, B733-4 Fessard 415 Frank, Joseph 734 Fevold, H. L. 408,431R Frank, R. T. 362, 380R, 401, 442, 452, 620, Feyter, F. 604,633R 680, 698R Fielding, U. 163, 207R, 304, 346R, 481, Franke, H. 666,667, 694R 495R, 496R, 544, 747 Franklin, Benjamin 722 Fife of Edinburgh 190 Franklin, E. R. 695R Fihlene 267 Franklin, R. R. 586R Finch, B. E. 489R, 490R Franks, S. 692R Finck, H. 583R Frantz, A. G. 632R,633R Findlay, G. M. 231 Franz, K. 818 Finkelstein, M. 818 Franz, V. E. 606 Firor, W. M. 494R Fraser 460, 492R Fischer, P. 265,286R Fraser, F. A. 854,855R Fisher, H. A. L. 72R Frederick II, Emperor 93 Fisher,J. W. 600,601, 632R Frederick III 676 Fisher, R. A. 692R Freedman, H. H. 632R Fishman,]. B. 563, 584R Freedman, L. 693R Fitz, R. 539R Fremery, P. 767 Flajani, G. 159, 206R, 259, 260, 285R, 513 Frensberg, A. 222 Fleming, W. 270, 287R, 815 von Frerichs, F. T. 175, 208R, 297, 298, Fletcher, Walter 770 345R,457,668,782 Flexner, A. 393, 521 Freud, Sigmund 337, 350R, 420, 454, 475, Flexner, S. 521 766 Flores, A. 696R Freund,]. 579, 587R, 687R Florin-Christensen, A. 587R Freund, M. 768 Foa, P. P. 608,634R Frey, H. 225 Fodere, F. E. 170,250,251 Fried, J. 648, 689R, 691R Foesius, A. 100 Fried, W. 632R Foges, A. 219 Friedman, A. 586R Foglia, V. G. 757 Friedman, G. S. 481, 496R Foley, T. P. 689R Friedman, H. M. 637R

869 NAME INDEX

Friedman, M. H. 481, 496R, 532 Geddes, P. 677, 696R Friesen, H. 633R Gedke, C. E. 156 Frisch, R. E. 636R Gee, S.). 314,377,675,722, B736-7, 765 Fritzsche, C. F. 311-13, 347R, 728, 729, Gegenbauer, Carl 270, 286R 760 Geikie-Cobb, l. 75, 76R Froben,)ohannes 786 Geiling, E. M. K. 481, 495R, 496R, 540R Froehlich, A. 319--21, 348R, 769, 770 Gemzell, C. A. 657,692R Froelich, H. 52R Generali, F. 343, 351R, 484, 497R Frohman, L. A. 637R Geoffrey, C. J. 240, 283R Froriep, Robert, 813 George III, King of England 758 Froschauer 145 George V, King of England 726 Fuchs,E. 728,753 George, G. C. W. 636R Fuchs, K.). 666, 694R Gerall, A. A. 696R Fujii, K. 803 Geraudel, E. 653, 691R Fukushima, D. 689R Gerhardt, C. A. c.). 455, 491R Fuller,). H. 694R Geschwind,1. 1. 584R Fulton,). 146R, 147R, 348R Gheri, R. 633R Furth, E. D. 585R Ghirlenzoni 305 Gibb, Charles 441,471 Gaddum,). H. 417,833 Gibier, Paul 302 Gaertner 272, 777 Gibson, G. A. 228, 483 Gaines, W. L. 409, 431R Gibson, T. 140 Gairdner, W. 257,285R Gilbertus, Anglicus 93, 98 Galansino, G. 634R Giles, A. E. 441,489R Galante, C. 498R Gilford, Hastings 375, 376, 382R Galen 41,43,49,63-8,72,79,80,90,98, Gill,). R. 691R 103,106, 111, 115, 131, 138, 139, 151, 360, Gillray,)ames 310 413,483,529,658,B735, 743, 748, 768, Gilmore 203 786,811 Girard 400 Galilei, Galileo 767 Giraud 210R Gall, F.). 172,221,413, 432R Girault 359 Gallagher, T. F. 405. 431R Girwood 361 Galland, R. B. 634R Gish. D. T. 496R,695R Galton, Sir Francis 274, 287R, 815 Givens, J. R. 854R Gamble, D. R. 586R Gleason, T. H. 581,587R de Games, Eugenia Martinez 239 Gley, Eugene 7,8, 153,279, 288R, 296, Ganong. W. F. 544 323,343, 345R, 345R, 348R, 351R, 363, Garbut. F. A. 477. 494R 386, 390, 392,394,395, 429R, 458,459, Gardner, L. I. 690R 470, 484,492R, B737, 794, 813 Garrison, F. H. 11, 13R, 18R, 23R, 27R, Glick, T. F. 69R, 385, 393, 395, 428R, 429R 35,36,41, 52R, 68R, 94R, 113R, 130, Glinski, L. K. 325, 349R 146R, 147R, 148R, 207R, 286R, 287R, 369, Glisson, Francis 115, 131, 132, 147R, 176, 380R, 381R, 382R, 493R, 509, 539R, 728, 177,208R, 743, 791 729, B735-6, 813 Glover, F. H. 690R Garrod, Sir A. 174, 207R, 275, 276, 287R, Glynn, E. E. 240, 283R 288 Goddard 143 Garrod, O. 648,690R Godlee,SirG.). 309 Garrow,). S. 672,697R Goebel, K. 803 Gask, G. E. 511 von Goethe,). W. 172,214,234, 279R Gaskell,). F. 482, 496R, 769 Goetsch, Emil 315, 347R, 495R, 480 Gaskell, W. H. 765, 768 Gog 309 de Gassicourt, Cadet 190 Goldberg, L. 430R, 688R, 727 Gates. R. R. 803 Goldberg, M. W. 687R Gaunt, R. 240,241, 283R, 332, 356R Goldblatt, Henry 810 Gaupp, R. 433R Goldblatt, M. W. 612, 635R Gauthier, G. 414,432R Goldfein, A. 648, 689R Gautier, T. 696R Goldie, D.). 582R, 638R, 695R Gay-Lussac, L.). 189,210R Goldman, E. 285R Gaynor, L. 693R Goldman, E. E. 521

870 NAME INDEX

Goldner, G. 669, 694R Grosz, S. 75, 76R, 304, 322, 346R, 671, Goldschmidt 274, 287R 695R,809 Goldwasser, E. 632R Grote, I. W. 496R,695R Goliath 35, 74 Gruber, Dorothy 815 Goltz, F. L. 222, 223, 281R, B737-8 Grueter 409,410, 431R Gomez,joan 618,636R Grueters, A. 633R Goodfellow 203 Grumbach, M. M. 690R Goodhart,j. F. 232,282R Grundy, H. M. 583R, 647, 689R Goodman, A. D. 691R Gudernatsch,]. F. 323, 348R, 425, 426, Goodsir, j. 178, 208R 435R Goormaghtigh 600, 632R Guillemin, R. 582R, 620--4, 627, 628, 637R, Gorden, P. 582R 747 Gordon, A. S. 601,632R Guliezmi, Domenico 780 Gordon, S. 496R van Gulik, R. 16 Gorski, R. A. 696R Gull, Sir W. W. 245-8, 283R, 616, 636R, Gosselin, L. 188, 210 728, 729, B739, 754 Gottfried, H. 532 Gulliver, G. 215,222, 279R Gottschau 333 Gunnarson, R. 586R Govan, A. D.]. 498R Gunther 103 Gowers, G. W. 755 Gussenbauer, C. 753 Gowers, W. R. 472, 493R Guthrie, L. 240, 283R Goy, R. W. 696R Gutman, G. 687R de Graaf, Regnier 115, 118-25, 129, 145, Guttmacher, A. F. 448 146R, 184,368,403,529,728,729, B738 Guttman, P. H. 235, 282R Graber, R. P. 689R Guyda, D. 633R,689R von Graefe, F. W. E. A. 265,268, 286R, Guye 438 728, 729 Gwei-Dien, Lu 15, 17R, 94R Graham, Cynthia 594, 595 Grant, G. 635R Gratiolat, P. 231, 282R Haberlandt, L. 447-54, 490R, 491R, 531-3, Graunt, R. 230, 281R 728, 729, 732, B739-40 Graves, R.]. 260,261,265,269, 285R, 513, Habershon, S. O. 232,282R 728,729, B738-9,802 Hackeng, W. H. 497R Gray, R. S. 586R, 587R Hadden, D. R. 688R Greaves,john 127 Hadden, W. B. 249,313 Green, H. 489R Hadrian 61,702 Green,]. D. 746,822 Haellsten, K. G. 810 Green,]. F. 248 de Haen, Anton 658,728,729, B740--1 Green,j. H. 191,192, 210R Haeusler, H. F. 769 Greenblatt, R. B. G. 656,681, 692R, 698R Haeussler, E. A. 400, 406, 430R Greene, C. 477 Hagedorn, H. C. 663, 693R Greene, R. 680, 698R Hagerty 17 Greenfield, W. S. 247,258,285 Haighton,]. H. 188,211R Greenhow, E. H. 233, 234, 668, 694R Haire, Norman 439, 443, 805 Greenwald, I. 111, 114R, 485, 497R Halban,josef 215,361,369,371-3, 382R, Greep, R. O. 483, 495R, 496R, 500, 503, 410, 432R,449,499, 703, 728, 729, 732, 539R,636R B741-2 Gregory, R. 604 Halberg, F. 589,590,603, 631R, 633R Greig, W. R. 689R Haldane,]. S. 342, 726 Greil, A. 453 Hall, Diana Long 69R, 385, 388, 390, 393, Greslin,]. O. 692R 428R, 429R, 677, 682, 696R Greving, R. 480, 495R Hall, Marshall 341, 350R Griffith, F. 24R Hall, R. 498R, 568, 569, 582R, 585R Grigorescu 301 Hall, Ruth 802, 806 Grimelius, L 609, 634R Hallas-Meller, Knud 697R Groczynski, R. 679 von Haller, Albrecht: 7,34, 39R, 82, Ill, Grollman, A. 476-8, 494R, 517 118, 149, 154--60,184, 206R, 529, 728, 729, Gross,]. 427,428, 435R, 556, 645, 822 B742-3,764 Grossman, M. I. 546,582R Haller,]. 532, 542R

871 NAME INDEX

Halsted, W. S. 8,192, 210R, 344, 351R, Hedon, Edouard 298, 457 485,510-12,520, 760, 498R Heftman, E. 884R Haly Abbas 80 Hegel, G. F. W. xv Hamen 270 Hegar, A. 364,381,733 Hamilton, T. 197,558 Heidhain, R. P. H. 800 Hammerton, J. L. 203, 211 R Heinroth 219, 280R Hammond, W. A. 301,819 Heister, Lorenz 155, 156, 206R, 750, 751 Hampton, A. O. 541R Hekate 39 Hananiah 29 Helbig, C. E. 63 von Hann, F. 482, 496R Heliodorus 59 Hannover, A. H. 304, 346R Heller, Hans 626,627, B749-51 Hanson, A. M. 486, 497R Hellin, D. 257 Hardebeck, R. 667, 694R Hellman, B. 607, 634R Hardy, Sir W. B. 7,341 Hellman, L. 584R, 637R Harington, Sir Charles R. 256, 257, 262, von Helmholtz, H. L. F. 223, 365, 737, 285R, 422, 424-8, 434R, 435R, 478, 501, 810 584R, 718, 728, 729, B744-6 van Helmont,]. B. 128,264 Harington,John 744 Hems, B. A. 689R Harley, G. 230,359 Hench, P. S. 517,518, 540R, 541R, 646, Harley, V. 296,345 647, 689R, B752, 791 Harnden, D. G. 697R Henderson,]. R. 148R, 162, 206R, 207R, Harper, M.J. K. 586R 277,288,454,458,470,471, 491R,544, Harrington, Malcolm 639,687R 855R Harris, G. W. 65, 138,413,414, 432R, 622, Hendry, W. F. 578,582R 624,627,628,637R,650, 728, 729, B746-8 Henle, F. G. J. 216,223,225,279,343,365, Harris, S. 633R B752-3 Harrison, B. 739 Henoch, E. H. 264, 285R Harrop, G. 477, 494R Henriquez, F. M. 236 Harrower, H. R. 503 Henrot, Henri 307,309, 346R Hart, Berry 201 Henry, C. 675,695R Hart, G. H. 409 Henry II, King of France 97,786 Hart, I. R. 585R Henry III, King of France 786 Hart,]. K. 688R Henry IV, King of Castile 310, 775 Hart, P. C. 430R Henry Vlll, King of England 768 Hartman, F. A. 237,331,332, 349R, 350R, Henschel, A. F. 688R 476-8,493R,494,649,821,822 Henson, D. E. 586R Hartman, W. E. 476,493R Henut-Tawy, Queen 22 Hartmann, Max 402 Henzle, K. G. 487, 498R Harun-AI-Rashid 80 Hera 39, 42, 684 Harvey, William 43,111,112,115,121, Herakles 40, 42, 240 124-8, 146, 147R, 180, 184, 209R, 529, Heraklitos,ofEphesos 40 705,728,729, 743,B748-9, 810 Hering, H. E. 712, 801 Haryngton, Sir John 92 Hering, K. E. K. 274, 287R Hasenoehrl, F. 796 Herman, M. 586R Hashimoto, H. 571, 585R, B855-6 Hermes 39 Hatschek, B. 425 Herodotus 20, 24R, 42-4 Hatsumoto, A. 696R Herophilos 19,46,52,130,529 Hauptmann, G. 813 Herring, P. T. 305, 346R, 349R, 377, 382R, Haworth, N. 791 415,426,435R, 479,480, 495R Haydar, N. H. 689R Herrmann, Edmund 362, 380R, 397, 398, Hayes, R. M. 586R 401,449,452, 490R Hays, H. W. 240, 283R Herrmann, W. I. 656, 692R Heape, Walter 381R, 412, 432R, 561, Herschenberg, E. B. 691R 584,677,819 Herschler 203 Heawood, P. 776 Hersley, R. B. 590 Heberden, Wm. 266 Hertwig, O. 270, 287R, 529, 542R, 815, Hecht, A. 669, 694R 816 Hedenus,J. A. W. 191 Hertz, Saul 555,583,641, 688R Hedlund, T. H. 173, 207R Herzog, H. L. 691R

872 NAME INDEX

Hess, G. P. 496R Hope,]. 637R Hesse, E. 664, 693R Hopkins, F. G. 342 Hetenyi, G. 464 Hoppe-Seyler, E. F. I. 297,515 Hetzel, B. S. 669, 694R Hopwood, N. I. 689R, 690R Hewson, W. 176,208R Harley 761 Highmore, Nathaniel 109, 114R, 125-7, van Horne,J. C. 121,128 144, 147R, 148R, 772, 821 Horsley, Sir V. A. H. 249,250, 283R, Hildebrandt, F. 214,279R 292-4,305,315,347R, 750, B754-5, 760, Hill, L. E. 441 782 Hill, M. 408, 431R Hoskins, R. G. 324, 349R, 417, 420, 433R, Hill, P. 726 502,503 Hill, P. H. 633R Houghton, Captain 242 Hill, S. R. 582R, 688R Houssay, B. A. 291, 332, 350R, 420, 433R, Hilton, John 226 500, 505,539R, 606, 750, 751, B755-7 Himes, Norman L. 13R, 17, 18R, 23R, van Houten, S. 446 27R, 35, 36, 49, 50, 53R, 61, 63, 68R, 94R, Howard, C. P. 263,285R 113R, 144, 148R, 280R, 355, 379, 437, 446, Howell, W. H. 324, 346R, 349R, 416, 479, 489R, 490R, 798 480,494R Hindmarsh, T. A. 642,646,750,751 Howitz, F. 295, 345R Hine, D. C. 669,694R Hsi, Wang 86 Hinton, James 739 Hsuan, Li 87 Hintz, R. L. 584R, 692R Huang, S. W. 576, 586R Hinz, G. 683 Huang-Ti 5 Hippocrates 39-45,47,49,50, 53R, 59, 60, Huard, Pierre 18R, 27R 62-5, 69R, 80,98, 218,237,238, 360, 658, Hubble, Sir D. 614, 635R 702, 750, 751 Huber, Paul 642 Hirsch, O. 332,348R Hudgson, P. 498R Hirshfeld, Ludwig 276, 288R Hudson, R. V. 571,585R His, Wilhelm Jr. 515 Hufeland, W. C. 155, 223 His, Wilhelm Sr. 515, 540R, 761 Hughes, A. F. W. 6, 9R, 581R, 750, 751, Hisaw, F. S. 408, 431R, 565 B757-8 Hitchcock, F. A. 477,494R Hughes, J. 629, 638R, 762 Hitler, A. 703,707, 732, 797, 801, 818, 819 Hung-Ching, Tao 16 Hitschmann, F. 361, 380R, 429R Hunt, Reid 426, 427, 435R Hjort,]. 586R Hunter, A. 422 Hoagland, Hudson 421, 434R, 627 Hunter, John 90, 164, 192-206, 21OR, von Hockenegg, Julius 322, 486, 642, 728, 211R, 223, 306,337,359,399,403,409, B753-4,774 410,602,660,676,699,750,751,758,759, Hodgkin, Thomas 817 761 Hoechst Pharmaceuticals 471,667 Hunter, William 102,173,192-206,227, Hoefer, W. 170 529, B758 Hoering 377,383R Huschke, Emil 237 Hoff, D. R. 691R Hutchinson, Sir Johnathan 230, 232, 233, Hoffenberg, R. 662, 689R, 693R 28IR, 309,347R,375, 376,382R Hofmann, Caspar 749 Hutchinson, W. 313 Hofmeister, F. 768 Hutchison, R. 257, 285R, 421 Hohlweg, W.]. M. 627,628, 688R Hutquist, G. T. 609, 634R Hollander, C. S. 582R Huxley,]. 124,443,677, 696R Holmes, Oliver Wendell 233,234 Hygieia 40 Holmgren, B. 420 Hyrtl,J. 127,144,750,751, B758-9, 790 Holst, I.]. 584R Holtkamp, D. E. 656, 692R lason, A. A. 18R, 24R, 27R, 35, 36, 53R, Holton, P. 691R 68R, 72R, 94R, 113R, 148R, 206R, 207R, Homans,John 316,319, 347R, 458, 492R 251,268,269,284R,286R Home, Sir Everard 205, 207R, 359 Ibn Sina see A vicenna Home, Francis 174, 211 R Ibrahim, E. A. 636R Homer 20, 39, 40, 42, 75 Igarishi 627 Hook, E. B. 697R Illig, R. 689R Hooke, Robert 116 Imperato-McGinley,]. 696R

873 NAME INDEX

Inge, Dean 443 Joffroy 268 Inglis, J. 191, 210R, 253, 284R Johanson, AnnJ. 632R Ingram, W. R. 628 Jonathon 35 Inhapy, Queen 22 John of Gaddesden 93 Inhoffen 688R Johnson, G. S. 582R Innocent XII Pope 771 Johnson, L. P. 635R Innocent VI Pope 719 Johnson, Dr. Samuel 125, 205 Irvine, W. 197,198,204, 211R Johnston, D. B. R. 691R Irvine, W.J. 577, 586R, 587R Johnston, D. I. 634R, 695B Isaacs, A. J. 618, 636R Johnston, D. R. 13R, 18R, 23R, 27R, 53R, Iscovesco, H. 362, 389R, 397, 398, 401, 451 94R, 147R, 380R Isery, L. T. 651,690R Johnston, I. D. A. 498R Island, D. P. 854R Joliot 555 Ivers, F. 441 Joll, C. A. 642 Ivy, A. C. 635R Jolly, W. A. 344, 351R, 365, 368, 373, 382R,396,429R,777 Jackson, M. 535 Jones, Ann 631R, 650, 689R, 690R Jackson, W. P. U. 689R Jones, Arthur 644, 688R Jacob 30,34 Jones, c. H. 267, 286R Jacobi, A. 441 Jones, D. H. 690R Jacobs, Aletta 446,697R Jones, G. 804 Jacobs, E. C. 617,636R Jones, I. C. 479,564,584 Jacobs, H. S. 632R Jones, K. H. 688R Jacobs, L. S. 632R Jones, Richard 798 Jacobson, Dora 628, 637R, 747 Jones, R. E. 689R Jacobson, L. O. 601,632R Jones, R. G. 642, 688R Jacoud, F. S. 282R Jones, R. H. 570, 585R Jaeger, E. 634R deJongh, S. E. 430R,767 Jaeger, G. 815 Joplin, G. F. 498R,696R Jahan, I. 486,497R Jorgenson, C. B. 193-5, 198,200, 210R, Jailer, J. W. 648,690R 211R, 217-9, 280R, 281R, 350R Jalavista, E. 600, 632R Joseph 30 James, V. H. T. 553,583R Joshua 30 James I, King of England 127,748 Jowett, T. P. 698R James II, King of England 771 Judaeus, Isaac 83 Jamieson, G. S. 258, 285R, 425, 434R Judah 34 Janbon, M. J. 665, 694R Jungck, E. C. 692R Janney, N. W. 258,285R Jurjani 83, 94R Janssen, Zacherias 767 Justinian 71 Jarrett, R.J. 596, 632R, 695R Juvenal 62 Jaworek,J. 638R Jeffcoate, S. L. 633R Kafka, K. 448 Jeffcoate, W. J. 629, 637R, 638R, 650, Kamm, O. 482, 496R, 675, 695R 690R,695R Kanai, T. 414,432R Jen-Djieh, D. H. 16 Kanis, J. A. 696R Jendrassik, E. 285 Kanno, T. 855R Jenkins, D. 689R Kapen, S. 584R, 632R, 637R Jenner, E. 758, 787 Karim, S. M. 613,635R Jensen, B. N. 663,693R Karlson, P. 559,584R Jephunneh 34 Kaspar, F. 642 Jequier, A. M. 692R Kasparja 25 Jerne, N. 572,585R Kastin, A. J. 582R, 621, 627, 635R, 696R St. Jerome 62 Katsoyannis, P. G. 496R,695R Jersild, M. 693R Keeling 189 Jeshurun 35 Keen, A. 695R Jessenius, Johannes 109 Keene, M. 658, 697R Jesus 32,36 Keeton, R. W. 603, 633R Jivaka 25 Kehrer, F. A. 222, 281R, 364, 381R Joffe, B. I. 497R Keil, H. 237, 238, 282R

874 NAME INDEX

Keith, Arthur 21, 24R, 74, 76R, 474 von Koelliker, R. A. 187, 209R, 216, 223, Kellas, A. M. 725, 726 225, 270, 274, 281R, 286R, 287R, 337, 363, Keller, K. 200, 203, 211R, 809 365,405 Keller, S. 634R Koelsche, G. A. 517,540R Kellie, G. 484, 496R Koenig 347R Kelly, M. 237, 282R Koeppen 267 KeIser, G. A. 695R Koestl, F. 253, 284R Kendall, E. C. 386,387,422-4,427,428, Kohn, A. 351R, 396, 429R 434R, 435R, 477, 478, 494, 500, B516-18, Kohn, L. D. 344, 585R, 586R 540R, 541R, 565, 646, 647, 688R, 689R, Ko-Hung 86,189 750-2,791,822 Kolodney, R. C. 632R Kennaway, E. L. 232, 282R, 725, 727 Konishi, J. 586R Kennedy, G. C. 675, 695R Konschegg, A. 482, 496R Kennedy, T. H. 575, 586R Konturek, S.). 638R Kenny, F. M. 690R Kopelman, P. G. 633R Kepler, E.). 477,494R Kopp,). H. 176, 208R Kermer, Anton 778 Kornfield, E. C. 642, 688R Kessel, N. 680 Korpi, K. 408, 431R Key, C. A. 192,210R Korth-Schutz, S. 633R Keynes, Sir Geoffrey 147R, 148R Kosterlitz, H. W. 568, 585, 628, 638R, 750, Keys, A. 688R 751, B761-2 Killian, G. 304,346R Kovrides, I. A. 585R Kilo, C. 634R Kowarski, A. 632R Kimball, O. P. 254, 284R, 500, 514 von Kraft-Ebbing, R. 684, 697R Kimmig, J. 665 Kragt 627 King, P. H. 631R Kramer, B. 460,461,470 King, T. W. 164,165,178,222, B759 Kramlinger, K. G. 855R Kinnicutt, F. B. 476, 493R, 499 Kraus, E.). 409,431R Kircher, A. 767 Kraus, Rudolph 756 Kirkes 235 Krayer, Otto 761 Kirsch, R. E. 533, 542R Krebs, E. G. 607,634R Kitai, R. 581R, 694R Krell, L. 697R Klacel, M. 777 Kretschmer, E. 475, 493R Klebs, T. A. E. 311-13, 347R, B760 Krey, L. C. 636R Klein, A. 633R Krieger, Dorothy T. 552,553, 583R, Klein, A. H. 689R 590-2,629,631R Klein, M. 560,561, 584R Krieger, Howard 590 Klein, R. 690R Kriss,]. P. 573,586R Kelinberg, W. 632R Krol, R. 638R Kleiner,J. 461 Kromann, G. 586R Klinefelter, H. F. 488,498R Krulich 627 Klinger 254 Kuehne, W. 277,288R Kleinsorge, H. 667,694R Kuestner, O. E. 733 Kmentova 627 Kultschitzky, N. 609,610, 634R Knapp, F. C. 777 Kumar, N. 691R Knauer, Emil 215,368,369,371,373, Kummer 267 381R,449,499, 732, 741, B760 Kundrat 753 Knobil, E. 636R Kuratowska, Z. 601, 632R Knoll, P. 712 Kurland, S. 477,494R Knowlton, C. 354-7,437 Kurz, Selma 742 Knox, Robert 103, 113R Kussmaul, A. 455, 491R, 750, 751, B762, Koch, F. C. 301,405, 431R, 603, 633R 779, 783 Koch, Robert 728, 813 Kylin, E. 616,636R Kocher, A. 294, 345R Kocher, E. T. 248,249, 255, 283R, 284R, 512,641, B760-1 Labbe, E. M. 653,691R Kockott, G. 697R Laberge, C. 689R Koeben 267 Lacassagne, A. M. 555 Koehler, R. 372, 382R, 742 Laennec, R. T. H. 45

875 NAME INDEX

Laguesse, G. E. 277, 288R, 298, 328, 457-9, Legg,]. W. 260,264,265, 286R 469, 470, 492R Legnani, T. 319,347R Laidlaw,J. C. 689R Le Gros Clark, W. E. 433R Laignel-Lavastine, M. 244, 283R, 420, Leitch, D. B. 485,497R 434R Leland,]. 494R Lallemand, M. 221 Lemery, N. 143 Lamarck,j-B. P. A. de M. 377, 383R, 678, Lemli, L. 498R B763-4 Lender, E. Jane 855R Lancereaux, E. 175, 207R, 241, 283R, 311, Lenhart, C. H. 284R, 514, 540R 347R, 462, 492R, 493R, 787 Leonard, S. L. 408, 431R Landon,j. 553, 583R, 592, 631R Legniceno, Niccolo 99, 100, 113R Landott, A. M. 351 Leophanes 47 Landouzy, L. T. H. 11, 13R, B765 Lepkovsky, S. 541R Landsteiner, Karl 276, 288R Leriche, R. 653, 691R Lane, M. A. 457,492R Lerman,j. 514,689R Lane-Clayton,]. E. 361,410, 432R Lerner, L.]. 692R Lane-Petter, W. 584R Lesky, Erna 67, 68, 69R, 371 Langdon-Brown, Sir W. 293, B76~, 782 Lessa 472 Lange, F. 399, 430R Letarte, ]. 689R Lange;Johann 109, 114R Leto 42 von Langenbeck, B. R. C. 248, 752, 760 Levin, M. E. 634R Langer, Carl. 170,313,753,759 Levinson, R. E. 586R Langerhans, Paul 142,276,277, 288R, 750, Lewartowski, B. 601,633R 751 Lewaschew 458, 492R Langley,]. N. 342,722,769 Lewis, Dean 258, 285R Langlois,]. P. 331,349R Lewis,]. T. 332, 350R, 757 Lankester, Sir E. 708 Lewis, M. 618,636R Lanz, H. C. 634R Lewis, P.]. 691R Laqueur, Ernst 317,400,405,409, 430R, Lewy, F. H. 414,433R 687R, 750, 751, B766-7 Leydig, Franz 363, 380R, 403 Larendas, D. B. 236 Lhermitte,]. 421,434R Larger, L. 74. 76R Li, ChohHao 517,523,524. 541R, 545, Larsen, P. R. 689R 563,581R,628,637, 822 Lasche. E. M. 636R Libenson, L. 663, 693R Lasegue. E. C. 232. 282R Liberalis, A. 144 Lataste. F. 561, 584R Lichtenstern, Robert 801 Latham.John 174.207R Lichtwitz, L. 324, 349R Latham. P. M. 174 Liddle, G. W. 503,648-50,652, 689R, Launois, P. E. 313,347R 690R, 691R, 853, 854R Laurence, J. Z. 377. 382R Liendo-Ch, P. 631R de Laurens 121, 136 Lieutaud,]. 160,176,178, 207R, 544 Lawrence, M. 693R Lightman, S. L. 698R Lawson, A. 643, 688R Liljestrand, G. 466, 493R Lawson, W. 727 Lillie, F. R. 199, 200, 203, 211R, 274, 677-9 de Lazerda, L. 632R Linacre, T. 86, 100, B768 Lazerges. P. 694R Ling, N. 582R, 628, 637R Lea, A. S. 272, 288R von Linnaeus, C. 183,209R Leber, T. 456,491R Linnell,]. W. 506 Lebert, H. 256, 284R Liotta, A. 638R Leblond, C. P. 435R, 555, 556, 583R Lipschuetz, A. 625,819 Lebon, G. 287R Lipson, N. 855R Lederer, E. 584R Lipton, M. M. 587R Lederer, M. 584R Lisser, Hans 343,379, 383R, 500-2, 50S, Lee,]. K. 413,502,614, 632R, 635R 507,539R Lee, P. A. 690R Lissitzky, S. 585R van Leeuwenhoek, A. 116, 117, 125, 129, Lister 249, 369 146R, 180, 182, 185,270,403,750,751, Liston, R. 22 B767-8 Littre, M. P. E. 53R, 110, 237, 282R Legallois,].]. C. 216,217,223, 279R Liuzzi, A. 656, 692R

876 NAME INDEX

Livia 56 McClung, E. 677,696R Lloyd, G. E. R. 287R McCord, C. P. 483,496R Locke,john 817 McCormick, N. A. 460 Lode, A. 741 MacCorquodale, D. W. 687R Lode, H. 368 McDevitt, D. G. 688R Lodge, Sir O. 776 McGavran, M. H. 609,634R Loeb, Leo 373,449,822 McGee, 1. C. 405, 431R Loeb, R. F. 477, 494R, 528-30 McGirr, E. M. 689R Loewe, S. 397, 399, 430R MacGregor, R. R. 582R Loewi, A. 404,431R McIlroy, Prof. Anne 446 Loewi, O. 414-7,722,723,749, B768-70 McIntosh, D. 695R Lombroso, C. 253, 309, 313, B770 MacIntyre, Ian 604, 696R Long, C. N. H. 517,524, 541R MacKay, E. M. 232, 282R Long,]. A. 315, 346R, 397, 407, 430R, MacKay, 1. 1. 232, 282R 584R McKenzie, B. F. 517,540R Long, M. 1. 664, 693R MacKenzie, H. W. G. 267,295,296, 345R Loomis, H. P. 301 MacKenzie,].]. 375, 382R Lothringer, S. 304,346R MacKenzie,]. M. 585R Loubatieres, A. 665, 666, 668, 694R MacKenzie, W. 265,286R la Louette, P. 159--63 MacLagan,]. T. 739 Louis XV, King of France 714 McLaren, Anne 196, 211R, 490R Louis XVI, King of France 339 MacLaren, N. K. 576,586R Loven, C. 809,810 McLaughlin, K. C. 642, 688R Lowe, D. C. 688R McLean 697R Lower, Richard xvi, 65, 69R, 135, 137, 138, MacLeod,].]. R. 387, 393, 460, 461, 464, 140, 148R, 154,223,314,413, 750, 751, 466,468,471, 492R, 493R, 706, 710,719, B771,817 761 Lowry, P.]. 637R,638R McLeod, R. M. 585R Lucchesini, Marchese 187 McLoughlin, Lorraine 637R, 638R Luciani 762 McMillan, A. 554, 583R Lucretius 59 McNeilly, A. S. 582R, 587R, 631R, 692R Ludwig, A. 348 MacPherson,]. 294, 345R Ludwig, C. F. W. 360, SIS, 762, 809, 810 MacPherson, P. 582R,695R Lueneburg, E. 68R Mcquarrie, I. 670, 695R Lugol,j. G. A. 191 Ma,]. T. C. 698R St. Luke 31 Mach, R. S. 689R Lups, T. 303, 346R Machaon 40 von Luschka, H. 304, 346R, 480, 495R Mack, W. S. 498R Lusitanus, A. 142 Mader,I.]. 651,690R Lusitanus, Z. 142 Madison, 1. 1. 634R, 635R Lusk, G. 298, 345R, 457 Maestre, A. 414, 432R Lycurgos 41 Maffoni 253, 284R Magee, D. F. 635R MacAlister, A. 304 Magendie, F. 483, 709, 795 MacArthur, G. C. 476,493R Magnus, R. 349R, 377 McArthur,]. W. 636R Magnus, V. 36:H!, 382R, 448 McCall, M. S. 635R Magnus, W. 122 McCall Smith, A. 639R Magnus-Levy, A. 259, 285R, 426, 435R, McCallum, c.]. 586R, 587R 456, 491R, 783 MacCallum, W. G. 298, 345R,456, 485, Magog 309 497,719 Magrath, C. 305, 306 McCann, S. M. 544, 581R, 620, 622, 624, Mahoudeau, A. 74, 76R, 313 627,637R Maier, Adolf 762 MacCardle, R. C. 691R Maimonides, Moses 84 McCauley, E. A. 697R Makepiece, A. W. 533 McClintock, Martha 594, 595 Malacarne, M. V. G. 170,176 McClenahan, V. 606,633R Malcolm,]. 315,347R McCloy, james 674,695R Mall, F. F. 521,522 McCloy, R. 674, 695R Mallaisse-Lagae, F. 586R

877 NAME INDEX

Mallanaga, V. 26 Mashiter, K. 583R Mallinson, C. N. 609,634R Masius, W. 697R Malmejac 417 Mason, A. S. 648, 690R Malpighi, Marcello 63,65, 115, 118, 163, Mason, H. L. 517, 540R, 688R 187,272,365, 381R, 768, B771-4, 780 Massalongo, R. 299,313, 347R Malthus, T. R. 354, 439, 444, 445 Massari, B. 771 Maltzer, S. 461 von Massenbach, W. 533 Manasse, P. 343, 351R, 698R Massey,). C. 646,689R Mandl, Felix 486, 479R, 754, B774 Masson, P. 609,634R Iylanhattan, Baron A. 806, 807 Matovinovich,). 540R Mankowski, A. 458, 492R Matsuo, A. 5S2R Manley, Q. T. 514, 540R Mattei, R. 232, 282R Mannaberg,). 707 St. Matthew 32 Manson, A. 191,210R Maude, A. 803 Mantle, D.). 697R Mauriceau, F. 145 Manutius, A. 100 Maydell, E. 603, 633R Maphoon 241 Mayer, M. 790, 632R Maraiion, C. 227, 281R, 310, 393-5, 403, Mayer, O. 623 419, 429R, 431R, 458, 737, B774-5, 813 Mayne, E. B. 805 Marburg, Otto 7\7 Mayo, C. H. 262, 653, 691R Marchant, Sir)amr.s 441,489R Mayrand, R. R. 855R de Marchetti, Dom 121 Mead, T. H. 745 Margules, D. 672-4 Meakin,). W. 649,690R Maria Theresa 357,713 Meakins,). C. 744 Marie, Pierre 266,268, 286R, 296, 303-14, Means,). H. 255, 284R, 349R, 428, 555, 318, 346R, 707, 772, 773, B775--6 583R Marine, David xvi, 254, 255, 284R, 387, Means, W. 324 500, B511-14, 516, 539R, 54OR, 641, Meckel,). F. 156,172, 206R, 219, 237, 688R, 772, 773 280R, 282R, 414, 705, 743 Marinesco 318 Medawar, Sir P. 560, 564, 565, 585, 679 Mark, L. P. 235,310, 347R, 772, 773 Medinaveitis,). 395 St. Mark 31 Medvei, V. C. 72R, 240, 283R, 383R, 510, Marks, H. 239 540R, 616, 617, 619, 636R, 639, 642, 653, Marks, V. 608, 634R, 638R, 695R 671, 687R, 688R Marrack,). R. 570, 585R Mehuman 32 Marri, G. 634R Meier, A. H. 603, 633R Marrian, G. F. 400,402, 430R, 687R, Meier, R. 654, 691R B855--6 Meige, H. 305, 313, 346R Marsh, Sir Henry 265, 286R Meites,). 620-4,626,627, 637R Marshall, A.). 681, 696R Mendel, Gregor 273-5, 287R, 620, 772, Marshall, A. M. 765 773, B777-8 Marshall, F. H. A. 363,368, 373-5, 379, Menendez, E. B. 757 382R, 385,396, 398,400,404,412,429R, Mensinga, W. P.). 354, 379R 441,501,677, 696R, 746, B776-7, 819 Mercado 272 Marsi, L. 780 Merck 453, 646 Martial 63 von Mering,j. 297,298,328,337, 345R, Martin, C. 340, 351R 456, 460-2, 492R,515, 772, 773, 779 Martin, ). 697R Messalina 56 Martin, R. R. 474, 493R Mesue,). The elder 80 Martineau, L. 232, 282R Metchnikoff, E. 707 de Martini, A. 331,349R Metropolitanski,). H. 694R Martini, L. 496R, 544 Meyer,). 687R Martinovic,). 637R deMeyer,). 361,414,460, 492R, 769 Martius, F. W. A. 474, 493R Meyer-Steineg, T. 807 Martyn 155 Michael, R. 595 Marx, Karl xv Michalak, E. 601, 632R Mary,Queen 805 Mical 163 Mary Tudor 768 Michelangelo Buonar~tti 103, 107 Masaherta, High Priest 22 von Michel,). 315 878 NAME INDEX

Miesche,). F. 769 Mosinger, M. 418,419, 433R, 481, 495R Migeon, C.J. 632R,690R Moskovitz, P. 498R Mihalkovics, G. V. 303,346R Motulsky, A. G. 275,276, 287R, 288R, 701 Milgrom, F. 571,585R Moussu, G. 484, 497R Milhaud, G. 635R de Mowbray, R. R. 690R Mill,). S. 470 Mueller, E. E. 692R Millard, C. K. 804 von Mueller, F. 258,259, 285R Miller, C. 658, 697R Mueller, H. 265, 286R Miller, W. C. 409 Mueller,). 47,132,154,155,176,216,223, Mills, I. H. 583R 224,270,279, 28lR, 286R, 341, 365, 752, Mills,). N. 596, 632R 772, 773,B781-2, 788,813,814 Milne, M. D. 651,690R Mueller, W. 303,346R Milton, John 763 Mueller-Hess, H. G. 360, 380R Minkowski, H. 778, 779 Muenster, 114R,170 Minkowski, O. 297,298,309,314,328, Muirhead, A. L. 235, 282R, 476, 646 337,345R, 346R,347R,456,460-2,491R, Muller, W. H. 208R,274 515, B778-9, 783 Mullin, B. R. 573, 586R Minot, A. S. 664, 693R Mullins, N. C. 394,395, 429R Mirbeck, Sieur 309 Mulon 241 Mirsalis, T. 414,432R Mummenthaler, A. 155 Mitchell,). R. A. 689R Munday, M. 698R Mittler 627 Mundy,). 730 Moebius, P.). 258,259,266,428, 435R, Munger, 163 772, 773, B779-80 Munro, R. L. 586R Moeri, E. 414,432R Murlin,). R. 460,461,470,471,607 Mohammed 33 Murphy, E. A. 54lR Mohr, B. 262,264, 285R, 320, 348R Murray, George Redmayne 266, 267, Moliere,J-P. 142 286R,292-6,327,333,338,344R,345R, Molinetti, A. 133,134, 147R, 178 359,646,755,772,773, B782 von Monakow, C. 417, 433R Murray, Ian 454,462,466, 48lR Mondinus 93 Murset, G. 498R Monguio, J. 395 Musitano, C. 189, 210R de Montesquieu, C. 179, 327, 821 Mussy, G. 268 Montgomery, D. A. D. 688R Myers, C. S. 517, 540R, 688R Moody, R. O. 522 Moon, R. C. 377, 382R Nabarro,). D. N. 632R, 648, 650, 690R, Moore, C. R. 217,405, 431R, 679, 696R 692R Moore, R. A. 583R Naegeli, K. W. 778, 815 Moore, S. 74, 76R Naffziger 643 Morau, H. 561 Naftolin, F. 631R, 697R M0rch,). R. 426, 435R Nagayama, T. 349R Morgagni, G. B. 65,159,164,188, 206R, Nageire, C. 689R 208R, 215, 414, 513, 658, 697R, 772, 773, Nair, R. Y. G. 582R B780, 814 Nakabayashi, N. 586R Morgan, B. A. 638R Nakao, K. 632R Morgan, D. B. 688R Napoleon I 339,734 Morgan, T. H. 274,287R Napoleonlll 710,717 Morisette, J. 689R Nardone, G. E. 361,380R Morris, C.J. O. R. 648,690R Narses 71 Morris, C. W. 606, 633R Nasse, C. F. 273, 287R Morris, H. R. 638R Naunyn, Bernard 297,298,343, 345R, 456, Morris, P.). 586R 772, 773, 779, 782, 783 Morris, R. T. 369-72, 381R, 499, 772, 773 Navratil, E. 770 Mortimer, C. H. 582R, 692R Nedjmet, Queen 22 Mortlake, G. M. 803 Needham, Joseph 15, 17R, 85, 86, 94R, Morton, L. T. 736 180,182,195,519, B784,800 Morton, R. 130,147,298,616, 636R Needham,). T. 181, 208R, 209R, B783--4 Moschion 61, 145 Negrier 361 Moses 20,30 Negrin, Juan 394, 429R 879 NAME INDEX

Nehemiah 29 Oppenheim, H. 305, 322 Neher, R. 554, 584R, 689R, 791, 822 Orci, L. 586R Neisser, A. L. S. 359, 380R Ord, W. M. 246, 247 Nelson, D. H. 637R, 649, 690R Orestes 47 Nelson, M. M. 618, 636R Orias, Oscar 627,757 Nelson, W. D. 692R Oribasios 62, 71 Nerup,J. 586R Orloff, M.]. 328,349R Nestorius 79 Orth, D. N. 63IR, 649, 652 Nettleship, Edward 320 Orth,J. 690R,691R Neuburger, Max 153, 206R, 714, 808, Ortoloff, of Bavaria 145 B857-9 Osler, Sir William 235, 269,276, 282R, von Neusser, E. 707 350R, 736, 821 Newns, G. D. 644, 689R Oswald, A. 257, 285R, 421, 422, 434R Newsholme, Sir A. 441,489R Ott, P. 482, 496R Nicholson, W. E. 63IR,854R Otto, H. 241,667, 694R Nicolaus, Salernitanus 93 Ovidius Naso, P. 78, 78R, 684 Nicoll, G. S. 603, 627, 633R Owen, R. 198, 211R, 278, 288R Niepce, A. 325, 348R Owen, R. D. 354, 355, 357 Nieschlag, E. 586R Noah 34 Nobile, A. 691R Paal, H. 426, 435R Noble, E. C. 460, 468, 469, 493R, 710 Paean 40 Nodine,]. H. 636R Pagel, ]. 857 Noeggerath, E. 359, 380R Pagel, W. 858 Noel, G. L. 309, 346R, 633R Pal, Jacob 652, 691R Nofretari, Queen 22 Palkovits, M. 638R von Noorden, C. H. 456, 492R, 731 Palmer,]. F. 197 Nordaw, Max 243,283R Palthauf, R. 703, 712 Norris, G. W. 606, 633R Panacea 40 Norris, H. 252, 284R Pancoast, W. 660 von Notthaft, A. 258, 285R Pandian, M. R. 691 R Nothmann, M. 664, 693R Panizza 770 Nothnagel, C. W. 282,456, 492R, 707, 731 Papanicolau, G. N. 361, 380R, 397, 473 Noyes, H. D. 455, 456, 491R Papaspyros, N. S. xiv, 45, 69R, 94R, 148R, Noyes, J. H. 443, 489R 207R Nuernberg, A. 421 Paracelsus (Aurelius Theophrastus Nung, Shan 189 Bombastus von Hohenheim) 98, 113R, Nussbaum, M. 217,222, 280R, 338, 815 170, 252,284R, 703, 772, 773, B785-6, 807 Pare, Ambroise 72,90,110,112,145,238, Oberling, C. 653, 691R 267, 282R, 719, B786-7, 798 Oberndorer, S. 609, 634R Parfitt, A. M. 549, 582R Obersteiner, H. 707 Parke, L. 692R Obolensky,]. 221, 280R, 338, 475,476, Parke-Davis 482,516 493R,499,511,512,521,646 Parker, G. H. 341,350R O'Brien, C. 305, 306 Parkes, Sir A. S. xvi, 398--400, 403--10, 412, Oesterreicher 267 413,430R, 431R, 478, 502, 777,818 Ogawa, Olivia 643R, 695R Parry, C. H. 159, 160,259,513, 772, 773, Ogle,]. W. 230,239 B787 Ohno, S. 201 Parson, W. 498R Ojeda, S. R. 637R Pastan, I. H. 582R Oldberg, E. 611,635R Pasteels,]. L. 544, 581R, 627 Oldham, F. K. 481,495R Pasteur, L. 466, 479, 755 Oldham,]. 817 Pastrana, Julia 241, 242 Oliver, George 163,219,230,300,324-35, Paton, Noel 231,282R 336, 349R, 479, 480, 482, 494R, 496R, 499, Patry, F. 309 620, B784-5, 795, 823 Paul, F. T. 322 Onan 31,34 Paul of Aegina 72, 72R, 80, 111 van Ophuisen, J. H. W. 420, 433R St. Paul 804 Opie, E. L. 298,328,337, 345R, 457, 492R Paulesco, N. C. 315,316, 347R, 387, 393,

880 NAME INDEX

454,462-70,479, 493R, 620, 772, 773, Pirie, A. H. 310 B787-8 Pirke, K. M. 697R Pauli, F. P. 262,285R Pitcairn, D. 699 Paulkovics, E. 533, 542R Pitcairn, W. 699 Paulsen, C. A. 656, 692R Pitman, H. 239 Paulsen, J. 474 Pitt-Rivers, R. 421-5,427,428, 434R, Pavlov, l. P. 341, 350R, 604 435R,478,540, 556,645 Pavy, F. W. 456,492R Pitts, R. F. 486,497R Pawan, G. L. S. 648, 690R Place, Francis 354, 355, 444, 490R Pawlik, W. 638R Planck, Max 797 Payne, N. N. 698R Plato 43, 45, 46, 49, 272 Pearce, R. G. 492R Platt, Professor 776 Pearse, A. G. E. 604, 609, 633R, 634R, 635 Platter, Felix 109, 114R, 167, 772, 773, Pechet, M. M. 648, 689R, 691R B789 Pechkranz, S. 320, 348R Playfair,J. H. C. 585R Pencharz, R. I. 408,431R Pliny 55, 56, 58, 65, 75, 99, 110, 240, 360, Pende, N. 8, B788 B789 Pendred, V. 267,286R Plummer, H. S. 262, 285R, 423, 426, 434R, Pentecost, B. L. 670, 695R 435R, 513, 540R, 641, 688R Pepe, F. A. 583R Plutarch 63 Pepys, Samuel 144 Plzak, L. 632R Peremeshko 480, 495R Podalirios 40 Perez, A. 775 Polak, J. M. 634R, 635R Pericles 42, 43 Polani, P. 686 Perkins,]. P. 634R Polik, H. 634R Perlman, P. L. 691R Poll, H. 219,280R Perloff, W. H. 618 Pollard, J. 679 Persephone 39 Polley, H. F. 517,540,541, 689R Peter III, of Aragon 189, 812 Polo, Marco 15, 18R, 85 Petersen, K. 663, 693R Pool, F. L. 383R Peterson, B. 607,634R Popa, G. T. 163, 207R, 304, 346R, 481, Peterson, R. E. 696R 495R, 496R, 544, 746, 747 Petit, J. L. 173, 207R Popp,J. 633R Petrarch 719 Popper, Karl 417 von Pettenkofer,]. 734 Popys, Sir L. 701 Petters, W. 455, 491R Pordage, S. 138, 148R Pezard 204 Porter, R. R. 163, 586R Pfiffner,].]. 476, 494R, 517, 646, 689R, Potiphar 32 822 Pott, P. 360, 380R, 499, 699, 758 Pflueger, E. F. W. 222,338,361,365,371, Pottenger, F. 503 613, B788-9 Potter, Beatrix 185 Pharez 34 Potvin, R. 431R Phenekos, C. 582R Poulsen,]. E. 586R Phidias 43 Pouplard, A. 587R Philip the Fair 189 Power, M. H. 605, 633R Philipp, E. E. 693R Powers, S. R. 691R Phineas 34 Pozza, G. 634R Phoenix, C. H. 696R Pozzi, G. l. 133, 176, 178, 208R Piccolomineus, A. 109, 114R, 821 Prader, A. 498R Pick, E. P. 749 Pratt,]. P. 382R Pickering, G. W. 752 Pratt, O. E. 634R, 695R Piliero, S.]. 632R Praxagoras 52 Pilkington, T. R. E. 633R Preger, L. 498R Pimstone, P. L. 636R Prenant, A. 366,373,374, 381R, 448, 449, Pincus, G. 448, 532-4, 542R, 627 490R Pindar 42 Preuss,]ulius 32,35,36,49-51, 53R, 69R Pinel, P. 170 Prevost,]. L. 253, 254, 270, 284R, 286R, Pinero, H. G. 756 529 Pines, l. L. 480, 495R Price, Dorothy 628,679, 696R

881 NAME INDEX

Prionneau 376 Refetoff, S. 631R Prior, Dr. 816 Regley, L'abbe 180 Pritchard, M. M. L. 303,480,481, 485R Rehn, L. 258, 285R Prochaska, G. 213, 279R, 341, B790 Rei, The Lady 22 Pronove, P. 691R Reichlin, S. 417,433R Prosser, T. 189,21OR Reichstein, Tadeus 477,478, 494R, 517, Prout, Wm. 175,191, 210R, 376, 382R, 455 688R,689R, 752, 767,B790-3, 822 Prunty, F. G. 237, 239 Reid, A. 140 Puah 30 Reid,]. 669, 695R Puech, A. 364, 381R Reifenstein, E. C. 486, 488, 498R Purnell, D. C. 694R Reinhard, F. 20 Purves, H. D. 574, 586R Reinke, F. 405, 431R Puschmann, T. 807,808 Reiss, Max 421, 434R, 712 Pusey, W. M. 444, 489R Reiss, R. S. 689R Pythagoras 41, 45 Reissmann, K. R. 600, 632R Remak, R. 278 Querido, A. 509, 539R, Rennie 460, 492R de Quervain, F. 254, 284R, 512 Renold, A. E. 689R Ressler, C. 496R Raab, W. 382R Retzius, M. G. 794 Raacke,). D. 520,524, 541R Reverdin, A. 248, 283R Rabelais, F. 98 Reverdin,). L. 248, 761 Raben, M. S. 654, 691R Reynold,). R. 234, 235 Race, R. R. 211R Reynolds,]. B. 444 Rachel 29, 30 Rhazes (AI Razi) 80 Racovitza 47 Rhode, A. 135 Radcliffe, ] ohn 173 Rhone-Poulenc 665 Rafael, ofUrbino 103 Ribera 243 Rahere 56 Richerand 154,206R Raith, L. 583R Richet, Ch. 509, 539R Raiti, S. 644, 689R Richter, C. P. 590 Ramazzini, B. 154 Riddle, Oscar 197, 211R, 410, 411, 432R, Rambaud, G. C. 302 529,531,563,602,677,792,793,826 Ramon Y Cajal, S. 480, 495, 774 Ridley, H. 140,483 Ranby,]ohn 135 Riedel, B. M. K. L. 268, 286R Randall, S. S. 425, 745 Rieger 683R Rannsley, K. 688R Rillet, F. 191, 21OR, 255, 284R, 512, 541R Rao, R. 693R 620 von Rapp, W. 249 Rimington, C. 643, 688R Rasmussen, E. 486, 498R Ringer, S. 782 Ratcliffe,). G. 582R,695R Riolan, The Elder 133, 147R Rath, C. E. 632R Riolan, Jean the Younger 121, 125, 133, Rathke, M. H. 303, 346R, 480, 495R 140, 749 Ratner 627 Rittell, W. 582R Ratter, Sally). 637R Rivelli 361 Rauber, A. A. 815 Rivier,]. 582R Ravazzola, M. 586R Robbins,]. 425,434R Ray, A. W. 692R Roberts, A. 555, 583R, 688R Rayner, P. F. O. 172 Roberts, C. W. 496R Raynalde, T. 798 Robertson, H. E. 60S, 633R de Reaumur, R. A. F. 799 Robertson,]. D. 726 Rebecca 34 Robertson,]. M. 444 Recant, L. 634R Robin, C. P. 374,382R von Recklinhausen, F. D. 175, 207R, 267, Robin, E. D. 695R 311, 456,485, 492R, 497R Robinson, G. A. 582R, 607, 634R Redding, T. W. 582R Robinson, R. 405, 688R, 727 Redfield, A. C. 492R Robinson, V. 405,431R Rees, L. H. 583R, 637R, 638R, 650, 690R, Rock, John 532 695R Rodriguez, C. 689R 882 NAME INDEX

Roe, H. V. 806 Rufener, C. 586R Roegel, F. 594 Ruffer, M. A. 22, 24R, 63, 69R Roentgen, W. C. 359 Rufus of Ephesus 71,80, 163, B793 Roesel 185 Ruiz, C. L. 663, 665, 693R Roeslin, E. 145,798 Rush, B. 722 Roger of Palermo 93, 189 Rushig, H. 368, 381R, 431R Rogerius Salemitanus 111 Russell, Bertrand xv Rogoff, J. M. 240, 283R, 332, 350R, 394, Russell,J. A. 563,584R 476,493R,514,821 Russell, M. 594 Rogowitsch, N. 323,348 Ruttgers,]. 354, 446, 490R Rohde, W. 697R Ruysch, F. 7, 115, 135, 154 Roitt, I. M. 571,585R Ruzicka, L. 405, 431R, 687R, 718, 790 Roizin, L. 417,433R Ryan, W.]. 399,430R von Rokitansky, C. 316 Ryhage, R. 635R Rolfink, W. 128 Ryle, A. P. 581R, 694R Rolleston, Sir Humphrey D. xiii,S, 13R, Ryle, john 726 113R, 130, 135, 141, 146R, 147R, 148R, 206R, 207R, 208R, 217, 230, 235, 237, 258, Sabo, E. F. 648,689R 263, 277, 279R, 283R, 285R, 286R, 303-6, Sacchi, E. 158,316, 347R 311, 345R, 347R, 394, 405, 430R, 492R, Saenger, Max 773 B791-3 Saffran,Murray 544, 581R,622,627, 636R Rollo,john 175, 208R, 455, 491R Sahyun, M. 664, 693R Romano, S. 633R Saint-Hilaire, E. G. 155, 206R, 220, 280R, Romberg, M. H. 668 814 Romeis, B. 426, 435R, 481, 495R Saint-Yves, C. 159,262,706 Rondelet, G. 298, 345R Saito, A. 855R Root, C. A. 471,692R Sajous, C. E. de M. 9, B859 de Rose, J. 696R Saladin 84 Rose, j. C. 632R Salmon, P. R. 609, 634R Rose, N. R. 586R Salmon, W. D. 655, 692R Rosen, S. H. 514,540R Salter, W. T. 425,434R Rosenback, O. 268 Samaan, N. A. 670, 695R Rosenberg, E. 627, 690R Samols, E. 608, 634R Rosenbloom, J. 362, 380R, 442 Sampson, H. 239, 240 Rosenkilde, N. 695R Samuel 35 Rosenmueller,j. C. 375,382R Samuels, L. T. 688R Rossi, P. 187 Samuelson, B. 635R RothbaUer, A. B. 637R Sanctorius 130, 141 Rothen, A. 495R Sand, K. 625, 637R, 819 Rothwell, Nancy J. 695R Sandison, A. T. 21, 24R, 27R, 68R Rouillier, C. A. 540R Sandler, Iris 183, 185, 186, 209R Roussy, G. 377, 382R, 418-20, 433R, 481, Sandstrom, I. V. 278, 288R, 343, 458, 484, 495R,775 737, B792-4 Rowan, W. 198 Sanger, F. 581R, 667, 694R Rowe, L. W. 496R, 695R Sanger, M. 445, 490R, 534, 804 Rowlands, I. 413 Sanger, R. 211 R, 545 Rowlandson, T. 310 Santorini, G. D. 303, 346R, 780 Rownstein, M. J. B. 638R Sarrett, L. H. 646, 689R, 691 R Rownuee, L. G. 236, 515, 540R, 822 Sassin,]. P. 632R Roy, C. S. 791 Sattler, E. 266,286R Roy, P. 313,347R Saturn 40 Rubens, P. P. 137 Saucerotte, N. 306,309, 346R Rubin, A. A. 695R Saussure, H. B. 170 Rubin, I. C. 45, 360, 380R Sawyer, C. H. 696R Rubin, S. 95R Sayers, Dorothy L. 686 Rubinstein, H. 742 Sayers, G. 517,524, 541R, 822 Rudolphi, K. A. 781 Schaap,]. 694R Rueff,j. 145 Schade, S. D. 625, 637R, 669, 695R Ruemke, P. 579, 586R, 587R Schadt, D. C. 694R 883 NAME INI

Schally, A. V. 544, 581R, 582R, 585R, 620, Semon, Sir Felix 249,283R 621,627, 635R, 636R, 638R, 696R, 747 Senac,].-B. 176,208R Scharrer, B. 414,417,419,420, 432R, Sequeira,). H. 242,241, 282R, 283R, 821 433R,597, 628,632R Serrano 293, 294 Scharrer, E. 414,417,419,420, 432R, Sertoli, E. 403 433R, 434R, 482, 496R, 597, 628, 632R Setchell, B. P. 146R Schauta, F. 362, 369, 452, 703, 732 Severino, M. A. 135 Schenk,). T. 176,208R Severus, EmperorCaius). V. M. 310 Schering 718 Sganarelle 142 Schiefferdecker 416,432R Shai, F. 695R Schiff, M. 248,249, 283R, 293, 314, 337, Shakespeare, William 137,670,803 347,455,491R, 755, 761, B795-6 Shanahan, M. F. 587R Schindler, o. 689R Shanks, R. G. 689R Schlichtkrull 663, 693R Shapiro, S. L. 693R Schloffer, H. 322, 348R Sharpey, Wm. 784, 795 Schmidlin 554, 822 Sharpey-Schaefer, Sir E. A. 6, 7, 230, 290, Schmidt, R. 707 300, 305,324-34,336--40, 342,343,346R, Schmiedeberg,]. E. O. 515,769 347R,350R,363,373,374, 377,379, 382R, Schneeberg, N. G. 636R 385,387,388,390,396,460,479,480, Schneider, C. V. 65, 69R, 138, 413 492R, 494R, 499, 501, 613, 620, 677, 741, Schoeller 400 776, 777, 778, 792, 793, B795, 800, 812, Schoenemann, A. 304, 346R 823 Schoenwetter, H. P. 214, 237, 297R Shattock, S. G. 403, 431R Schotte 235 Sheldon,). H. 618,619, 636R Schreiber 627 Shemaikin, A. I. 638R Schroeder, R. 361 Shenkin, H. H. 637R Schroedinger, E. 339, 350R, 613, 635R, Shenkman, L. 582R B796--7 Shennung 15 Schroetter von Kristelli, L. 707 Sherrington, Sir C. S. 342, 570 Schuleman, W. 521 Shi-Chen, Li 87 Schulster, D. 585R Shimeah 35 Schultze, P. 230, 281R, 814 Shipley, A. M. 691R Schur,Max 616,617,619,635R Shippen, W.]r. 722 Schuster, E. 482,496R Shirrah 30 Schwann, T. 223 Shore, T. W. 304 Schwartz, T. B. 399 Short, R. V. 112, 114R, 122, 129, 148R, Schwartz, W. B. 854R 200,201, 211R, 274, 490R, 536, 538, 542R, von Schweidler, E. 796 677 Schweiger-Seidel, F. 270, 287R Schumacker, H. H. 147R, 179, 208R Schwimmer, W. B. 587R Shuster, S. 498R Scommegna, A. 693R Shu-Wei, Hsu 88 Scott, E. L. 460,469, 492R, 493R Shyrock, R. A. 722 Scott,]. C. 482,496R Sibley, S. W. 230, 235 Scott, Katherine]. 522,523, 541R Sicker, H. O. 695R Scott, Sir Walter 670 von Siebold, C. T. 242, 283 Searle, C. E. 643, 689R Sigerist, H. W. 807 Searle, G. D. Ltd. 532 Silber, R. H. 691R Seftel, H. C. 497R Silva, L. L. 663, 693R Segal, D. 628,637R Silverman, S. H. 690R Segal, S.). 692R Silverstrini, F. 692R Seidell, A. 427,435R Silvius,). 104, 123,811 Seipel, C. M. 704, 794 Simmer, H. H. 122,138,139, 146R, 148R, Seitz, L. 703 361,364,369,371-3,380R,381R,382R, Sekeris, C. E. 584R 413,447,452,454,490R,491R,732,8oo Seligmann, C. G. 21,24R Simmler, J. 109 Seltman, C. W. 52R Simmonds, M. 324, 348R, 349R, 407 Selye, H. 410, 432R, 486, 497R, 598, 599, Simmonet 406 617,624, 632R, 637R, 712, 792, B797-8, Simon, John 52, 53R, 175, 178 822 Simonsen, D. G. 427,435R

884 NAME INDEX

Simpson,). Y. 219, 280R Speidel, C. C. 417, 433R, 482, 496R Simpson, M. E. 409, 431R, 517, 523, 524, Spence, A. W. 514,649,650, 688R, 689R, 541F 690R Simpson, S. A. 554, 582R, 583R, 647, Sprague, G. R. 690R 689R, 791, 822 Spiegelberg, O. 365 Simpson, Mrs. S. A. 727 Spigelius, A. 109, 821 Sims,). M. 357-9,361, 380R, 499, 712 Spurzheim, J. C. 221 Sims, K. 635R Squibb & Son 424 Singer, C. 146R,722 Srebnik, H. H. 618, 636R Singer, F. R. 696R Ssobelew, L. W. 298, 337, 343, 345R, Sinn, L. G. 634R 351R, 457, 461 Sipple,). H. 654, 691R Ssu-Hui, Hu 86 Sisson, W. R. 315, 347R Stadelmann, E. 455,456, 491R, 783 Sjoerdsma, A. 691R Stahl, F. 697R Sjovall, ). 635R Stanbury, J. B. 256, 284R Skoda,J. 707,770 Starling, ErnestH. 7,254,339,340,341,342, Slater, J. D. H. 698R 343, 350R, 361, 368, 380R, 385, 386, 387, Slimser, C. R. 682, 696R 388, 389, 390, 393R, 399, 420, 429R, 432R, Slocum, C. H. 517, 540R, 541 R, 689R, 460,461,462,501,509,604, 613,633R, 822 662,677,708,709,722,769,792,793, Slotta, K. H. 368, 381R, 402, 431R B799-801,813 van Slyke, D. D. 424,744 Starling, S. 632R Smith, D. C. 637R Staub, A. 608, 634R Smith, D. W. 498R Stebbins, P. C. 587R Smith, Edwin 20 Steele, E.]. 379, 678,679, 697R Smith, G. Elliot 22, 24R Steele, S. J. 692R Smith, H. L. 541R,689R Steiger, M. 477, 494R, 688R Smith, Homer 751 Stein, M. 449, 490R Smith, I. P. 347R Steinach, E. 220,221, 280R, 338, 342, Smith, John 7 350R, 351, 395,404, 414,431R,449, 502, Smith, L. F. 581R,694R 677, 696R, 740, B801 Smith, P. E. 315,320,323, 347R, 348R, Steinbach, H. L. 498R 386,407-9,411, 431R, 432R, 500, Steiner, A. L. 654, 691R B518-19, 522, 523, 541R, 562, 818, 821 Steinheim, S. L. 484, 496R Smith, P. H. 498R Stellwag von Carlon, C. 267 Smith, R. N. 642, 646, 688R, 689R Stenkvist, B. 609, 634R Smith, T. W. 638R Stensen, Niels 112,121,127-9,140, 148R, Snell, A. M. 474, 494R 483 Snell, C. R. 637R Stephan us 115 Snider, M. E. 498R Steptoe, Patrick 659, 660 Soberg, M. 586R Sternberg, Max 310,313,318, 347R Sobotta, R. H.). 365,366, 381R, 448, 490R Stevenson, I. 386, 508 von Soemmering, S. T. 172,414,792,793 Stewart, G. N. 230,240, 281R, 283R, 332, Soffer, L.]. 649,690R 350R, 394, 476, 493R, 821 Socrates 43, 59 Stewart, I. 680, 698R Soley 555 Stewart, J. J. S. 201, 203, 498R Solomon, D. H. 586R Stewart, R. D. H. 575, 586R Solomon, I. L. 498R Stilling, H. 232, 282R Sonnenschein, C. 697R Stock, M. J. 695R Sophocles 42 Stockard, C. R. 361, 380R, 397, 417, 433R, Soranos 43--5, 51, 61, 62, 66, 145, 358, 473,493R B798 Stockham, A. 444, 489R Sorrentino, S. 193,21OR Stoeckel, W. 733 Soule, J. 443 von Stoerck, A. 740 Southwell, R. 143 Stoerk, H. C. 691R Souza-Leite,]. D. 30&-8, 313, 346R Stohlman, F.Jr. 601,632R Spallanzani, L. 118,179,180,182-8, 209R, Stokes, W. 266, 286R, 513, 738, 792, 793, 270,403,660,743,783, B798-9 B802 Spaulding, C. A. 698R Stolz, F. 6,343, 351R

885 NAME INDEX

Stone, H. M. 445, 490R Talwar, G. P. 579,580, 587R, 691R Stone, J. C. 633R Tamari, I. 819 Stopes, Henry 802 Tambach, R. 257,285R Stopes, Marie 49, 353, 438, 443, 446, 489R, Tamburini, A. T. 258,285R B802-7 Tandler,]. 75, 76R, 78R, 200, 203, 211R, StoPles-Roe, H. V. 806 304,322,346R, 348R, 671, 695, B808-9 Stopes-Roe, M. 804 Tangl 811 Story,]. B. 320,348R Tanner,]. M. 655, 692R Strabo 46, 53R Tarquini, B. 633R Strauss, E. B. 733 Taruffi 313 Stricker, P. 409,410, 431R, 711 Tasler, J. 638R Stricker, S. 711 Tatum, A. L. 257, 285R Struempell, E. A. G. G. 779 Taubmann, G. 664,693R Stumme, E. 323, 348R, 407 Tawei, Ch'ang 16 Stumpf, J. 109, 170 Taylor, l. E. 232,282R Sturge, Mary 755 Taylor, N. B. 492R Sturges, G. 442, 443, 446 Taylor, R. M. 694R Sturla, E. 696R Taylor, S. 646, 688R Startevant, A. H. 274, 287R Taylor, S. A. 689R Suda, T. 638R Teasdale, G. M. 583R,695R Sudhoff, K. F. J. 52, 93, 95R, 101, B807-8 Tee!, H. M. 409,431R Sudmundsson, T. V. 498R T eiresias 684 Suessmilch, P. 154 Tello, F. 480,495R Suetonius 63, 68R Temin, H. 679 Suh, H. K. 633R Temkin, O. 69R Suner, A. l. 394 Temple, T. E. 690R Sun Ssu-Mo 17,86,189 Teng, C. S. 573,586R Surridge, D. H. C. 689R T ertullian 52 Susanna, V. 349R Testa, A. 159,259 Susman, W. 511,540R Thales 40 Sutherland, E. W. 564, 582R, 584R, 607, Thamar 29,31,34 620, 634R, 635R Thayer, S. A. 687R Sutherland, H. 855 Thayer, W. S. 235, 400, 430R, 499 Sutherland,]. 680,698R Theodoric 718 Sutton, H. G. 739 Theophrastos ofEphesos 59 Sutton, W. S. 275,287R Thorn, W. 481,495R Swammerdam, Jan 115, 116, 124, 184, 185, Thomas, Briony J. 695R 529, 738 Thomas, I. D. 688R Swan,]. M. 496R St. Thomas, Aquinas 99 Swanzy, H. R. 306 Thompson, Dorothy B. 44, 53R van Swieten, G. L. B. 357, 713, 740 Thompson, F. D. 323,349R Swift, Dean 197 Thompson, G. E. 587R Swinburne, Algernon Charles 803 Thompson,].]. 746 Swingle, W. W. 476, 494R, 822 Thompson, R. L. 794 Swyer, C. I. M. 535 Thompson, St. Clair 658, 697R Sydenham, T. 142 Thompson, W. O. 506 Sylvius (Frans dela Boe) 134, 140, 141, Thomson, D. L. 410, 432R, 517, 541R 236,237,738 Thomson,]. A. 582R, 677, 689R, 695R, Szymonowicz, L. 330,331, 349R, 620, 823 696R Thor, P. 638R Tadeisnik, S. 637R Thorn, G. W. 476--8, 494R, 583R, 647, 649, Tait, J. F. 554, 583R, 647, 689R, 791,822 690R, 688, 689R Tait, L. 512,540R Thorne, M. G. 690R Taka Hara,J. 585R Thorner, M. O. 633R, 655, 692R Takaku, T. 632R Thorson, A. 609, 634R Takamine,J. 6,343, 351R Thukydides 43 Takeda, Y. 573 Tiberius 775 Talesnik 627 Tichomiroff, A. 220, 280 Talmage, R. V. 486,497R Tietze-Conrat, E. 18R, 63, 69R, 74 886 NAME INDEX

Tigerstedt, R. A. A. 416,567, 585R, 600, Urban V, Pope 719 632R, B809-1O Usadel, K. H. 586R Tillaux, P. J. 658, 697R Ustay, K. A. 587R Tillinger, G. 657, 692R Ustiin, Z. 688R Timaeos 45 Tine!, J. 653, 691R Tischler, M. 689R VaiIlard, Louis 456, 491R Tise!ius, Professor 466 Vale, W. 582R,635R Tissot, S. A. 734 de Valera, Eamon 797 Titus 56 Valescus de Taranta 90,91, 189 Tizard,J. P. M. 314, 347R Vallisnieri, Antonio 798 Todd 74 Valsalva, A. M. 135,237,780 Tolksdorf, S. 691R Vaquez, L. H. 653,691R Tomlin, Susan 638R, 650, 690R Varcot, G. 291,301,376 Toply, R. V. 857 Varrier 359 Torup, S. C. F. 367 Vassale, G. 316,343, 347R, 351R, 484, 497 Trajan 61 Vaitukaitis, J. L. 587R Trail, R. T. 443 Vaughan, H. 586R Trauner 383R Vaughan, N.]. A. 698R Treip, C. S. 581R Veit,]. 703 Trelawney, Elizabeth 771 Velch, G. 178 Trembley, Abraham 799 Veler, C. D. 400 Trentin, J.]. 636R Velthuysen, Lambert 360 Trevorrow, V. 425 Vercelloni, J. 158, 206R Trincavella, V. 141 Verga, A. 305,309,313, 346R Troisier, M. 456, 492R Verzar, F. B811 Trommer, C. A. 455,491R Vesalius, A. 52,65,103-6,112,114,121, Trotula 92 131,365,731,792,793,810, B811 Trousseau, Armand 226,229,232,262, Vesey, W. T. 7 265, 266, 268, 269, 281R, 282R, 286R, 484, Vesling,J. 123 496R, 513, 738, B810-11 Vespasian 56 Truelove, E. 357 Vetter, A. R. 734 Truszkowski, R. 477, 494R Victoria, Queen 715 von Tschermak, E. 778 Vieillard, C. B. 636 Tschirsch 256 Vicq d'Azyr, F. 759 Tucker 472 Vieussans, Raymond 140, 173, 207R, 305, Tuffier, M. T. 371, 382R 346R Tunbridge, W. M. G. 582R du Vigneaud, V. 482, 496R, 675, 695R Turner, B. B. 515, 540R Vijayan, E. 637R Turner, C. W. 636R Villanova, Arnold of 90,91,189,190, B812 Turner, D. 144 Villeneuve 301, 364 Turner, H. H. 488, 498R Vimont,J. 413,414, 432R Turner,J. M. W. 738 Vincent, Swale 324,331-4, 349R, 351R, Tutankhamun, Pharaoh 23 363,379,385,387-94, 429R, 459, 475, SOl, Tuthmosis IV, Pharaoh 22 504,505,647,677,725, B812-13 Tyler, A. 586R da Vinci, Leonardo 102, 103 Tyler, E. T. 586R Vinil, A. V. 636R Tyler,]. M. 634R Virchow 215,220,222,270, 279R, 288R, Tynearson, E. H. 477,494R 338, 668, 792, 793, B813-14 Tzetzes 43 Vitruvius 110 Voegtlin, C. 484,485, 497R Udenfried, S. 691R Vogel, F. 275,276, 287R, 288R Uedel, A. 694R Voght, E. 361 Ulpianus 111 Vogt, M. 417,628,747 Underhill, F. D. 663,693R Voight, H.]. 697R Underwood, L. E. 584R, 692R de Voltaire, F. M. A. 783 Ungar, G. 664, 693R Voronoff, Serge 342, 351R, 395, 404, 429R, Unger, F. 777 502, 776 Unger, R. H. 607, 634R, 635R de Vries, H. M. 274, 287R, 778 887 NAME INDEX

Vulpian, E. F. A. 215,231, 279R, 282R, Wheeler, T. D. 331,332, 349R, 475 822 Whipple, A. O. 606, 634R Vyazov, O. 586R White, A. 517,524, 541R White, N. 633R Wade, N. 620,621,623, 636R, 637R White, W. H. 296, 323, 328, 333, 345, Wagner, A. 664,693R 348R Wagner, L. 728 White, W. P. 582R Wagner, R. 218,280R Whitehouse, R. H. W. 655,692R Wakeling, A. E. 585R Whitman, Professor 531 Wakley, T. 354,444 Wickings, E.]. 586R Waldeyer-Hart, H. W. G. 365,381R Widal, G. F. 707 Walker, G. 648,690R Wien, Max 796 Wallach, S. 695R,696R Wiener, N. 420,433R Walsh, D. A. 634R Wiesel,]. 241,283R Walus, K. 638R Wiggins, R. C. 698R Wardle, W. R. 7 Wilde, F. A. 353, 354, 379R Warin, A. P. 609,634R Wilder,]. 634R Warren, S. 458,492R Wilder, R. M. 605, 606, 633R Wass,J. A. H. 655,656, 692R Wilder, R. N. 477,494R Watanabe, C. K. 663, 664, 693R Wiles, P. 410,432R Waterhouse, W. D. 292,344R Wilhelmi, A. E. 563, 584R Watkins,]. N. xvii Wilkins, L. 507,531,648, 690R de Watt, J. 786 Wilks, Bart., Sir Samuel 226,227,230,234, Watts, G. 695R 235,263, 281R, 309, B816--17 Wauchope, G. M. 633R William 1lI of Orange, King 136, 176 Webb, Sidney 441 Williams, E. D. 498R,634R Webb-Johnson, Lord A. 726 Williams, I. 688R Weber, F. P. 793 Williams,]. A. 855R Webster, B. P. 284R, 641, 688R Williams, L. 392, 429R Wegelin,K. 512 Williams, R. H. 675, 695R Weichselbaum, A. 730 Williams, W. W. 500,514, 539R Weidenreich, F. 414,432R Williamson, O. 631,638R Weightman, D. 582R Williamson, R. J. 668, 694R Weinhold, C. A. 354 Willis, R. 376, 382R Weinstein, G. L. 533 Willis, Thomas xvi, 115, 135, 137-9, 141, Weisman,A. F. L. 270,287R, 764, B814-16 143, 148R, 154, 174,314, 376,413, 483, Weissmann 678 658, 697R, 724, 771, 792, 793, B817 Weitzman, E. D. 584R, 632R, 636R, 637R, Willison, R. G. 689R 689R Willmer, B. 189, 210R Welburn, A. B. 634R Wilson, E. B. 379,383R Welch, W. H. 511,520 Wilson, G. M. 642, 688R Weldon, V. V. 690R Wilson, L. 579,587R Wells, C. 68R, 72, 76R Winand, R. 585R, 586R Welsch, I. 633R Windaus, A. 718 Welsh, D. A. 344, 351R, 794 Winning, G. 689R Wen, H. L. 638R Winter, C. A. 691R Wendler, N. L. 647,689R Wintersteiner, O. P. 402,517,646, 689R, Wenzel, C. 171 822 Wenzel,]. 171,172,174 Wirsung,J. G. 123,124,727 Wepfer,].]. 305,346R Wirtinger, W. 707, 796 Wermer, Paul 556,610, 635R Wiseman, R. 136 Westphal, U. 402 Witebsk, E. 571, 585R Wettstein, A. 402,554, 689R, 791, 822 Withof, I. P. L. 210R van der Weyden, Roger 136 Witschli, E. 565, 584R Whaley, R. D. 695R de Witt, Lydia 469 Wharton, Thomas 121, 129, 130, 131, 132, Wittelsbach, Ernst of 786 134,140,142, 147R, 175, 178, 194,483, Woelfler, A. 279,288R 772, 792, 793, B816 Wolff, C. 145 Wheeler, H. L. 257, 285R, 425, 434R Wolff, C. F. 272,743

888 NAME INDEX

Wolff, F. 670, 695R Zacchaeus 35 Wonder, D. H. 408,431R Zachman, M. 351R,498R Wong, Ming 27R Zambrano, D. 581R Wood,E.]. 283R Zanderm R. 414, 432R Wood, N. 296 Zanichelli, G. 780 Woodhouse, N.]. Y. 498R, 676, 696R Zarah 34 Woodrow,]. C. 586R Zavadovsky, B. M. 425,426, 435R Woodstrup, I. 663, 693R Zavadovsky, E. V. 425,426, 435R Woolley, P. G. 240, 283R Zawadski, A. 777 Wren, Sir C. 138 Zenon 62 Wrenshall, G. A. xiv, 464 Zeus, 40, 42, 684 Wright, Dr. H. 443 von Ziemssen 762 Wright, S. 812 Zeitlin,]. I. 524, 541 R Wright,]. A. 201,294, 345R Zipporah 30 Wuensch, E. 608, 634R Zollinger, R. M. 603,633R Wundt, W. 724 Zondek, Bernhard 399,400,402,406-9, van Wyck,].]. 584R, 691R, 692R 430R, 431R, 432R, 792, 793, B818-19 Wynder, E. 633R Zondek, Hermann xvi, 252, 284R, 342, 350R, 404, 409, 411, 431R, 671, 695R, Yalow, R. S. 543,556,563, 581R, 584R, B819--20 607, 621, 634R Zorzi, A. A. 187 Yarrell, W. 220, 280R Zuckerkandl. E. 703, 808 Yeakel, E. H. 637R Zuckerman, Lord xvi, 160, 207R, 401, 405, Yeo, P. P. B. 573,586R 406 Young, F. G. 195,225,226, 281R, 297, Zuelzer. G. L. 457,470, 492R 303, 345R, 502 Zwemer, R. L. 477, 494R Young, W. C. 696R Zwick, A. 634R Yule, Henry 241

889 SUBJECT INDEX

abortefacients 60, 62 aero-trophoneurosis 311 Hippocrates' rejection 62 acupuncture 4, 16 abortion 17,51,81 electro-, in pain 630 abstinence in marriage 442 and endorphins and enkephalins 829 acetylcholine 415, 833 Addison's disease see also bronzed disease achondroplasia, dwarves in Egypt 20-2 Addison's paper rejected 235 acquired characteristics 678 amenorrhoea 577 acromegaly 303-14 auto-immunity 576, 577 aetiology 306, 307 inChile 236 in ancient Egypt 21,23 collections of patients 233-5 autobiography of a doctor, and comments by Wilks 233, 234 post-mortem 310,311 cortin in crisis 476 biblical 35 cortisol in crisis 647 diagnosis from descriptions, Pierre diagnosed retrospectively 227 Marie 309,310 early descriptions 227-30 eosinophil, pituitary tumour 306 electrolytes 477 hypertrophy of hands, feet and face 307 pigmentation 331 Marie's disease 308 treatment Norse settlers 74 advances 646--8 operation on 322 attempts 235, 475 pituitary enlargement 309 DCA pellets 477,478 pituitary tumour 318 Addison's keloid 701,702 radiological sella and hand Addison Lecture 502 enlargement 305 Addison's treatise 227-30 sculptures 31, 311 adenopituicytes 481 sella turcica 305,308,310,312 Aderlass-Kalender (1462) 100 signs 311 adrenal cortex sterility 74 Addison's disease 477 synonyms 313 in anencephaly 828 thesis by Pierre Marie 306, 307 chronology of discovery 821, 822 thesis by Souza-Leite 307 cortical extract in Addison's disease 477 thirst 306, 307 adrenal cortical extracts 475, 476 thymus 311,312 cortin 476 treatment 656 cost of 477 urine production 306, 309 crystalline 477,478

891 SUBJECT INDEX adrenal cortical extracts (conI.) Albright, Fuller 399,524-9 effect in Addisonian crisis 477 'do's and do nots' 525-7 epinephrine 476 honours 527 adrenalectom y parkinsonism 525 in pregnancy, effects of sex steroids 240, sense of humour and antics 529, 530 241 studies 527,528 adrenal hyperplasia, congenital (CAH) 241, Albright's syndrome 529 648,649 alchemy adrenaline 6, 230 Chinese sources 85 discovery by Vulpian 216 and pharmacology 84 adrenal medulla, chronology 822, 823 alcoholism, cushingoid symptoms 172, 631 adrenals aldosterone 647 'adrenals' preferable 237 isolation and synthesis 554, 647 adreno-cortical hypertrophy 232, 237 suppression test 651 antitoxin 230, 231 aldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) 554,650, cavity 237 651 compensatory hypertrophy 232 Alexandrian school 52 cortex, medulla distinction 237 alkaptonuria 275, 276 emotional role 386 AI-Mansur Hospital (Cairo) 84 essential to life 230, 231, 330 amenorrhoea 33, 44, 238 excretory duct 135 and anorexia nervosa 66 fetal 133, 152 and masculine appearance 61 medullary secretions 386 amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea 536 multiple staining with FeCI3 215,216, and Hippocrates 658 231 and pituitary tumour 658 terminology 237 American Goitre Association 506 transplants 395 Transactions of 506 tumour 332 The Americans 499-539 venous blood 216 approach to research 500 see also suprarenals AMP, cyclic adrenal tumours, cortical 648, 649; see also and hormone action 546, 567 Cushing's syndrome second messenger 607,608 adrenal tumours, medullary see amphimixis 270 phaeochromocytoma anaesthesia, hindu 25 adrenocortical hyperplasia 157 Analyse Medicinale Du Sang 149 adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Anathomia of Mundi nus 93 blind persons, rhythm 591 anatomic injection 115 circadian changes 552, 553, 590, 599, anatomists 626 Aquapendente 111 control of release 614,615 artists 102, 103 episodic secretion 552 Columbus 107 excess 510 Duerer 103 and feedback 553, 597 Eustachius 107, 108 isolation and purification 517, 523 Fallopio 104, 106 nykt-hemeral rhythm 597 Knox's comments 103 and obesity 673 Leonardo da Vinci 102, 103 releasing factor 553 Michaelangelo 103 and rheumatoid arthritis 517 Morgagni, pathological 159 and sleep-wake cycle 592 Rafael 103 and stress 597, 599, 626 Vesalius 103--5 structure 553 anatomy adreno-genital syndrome 406 Anathomia of Mundinius 93 early case-histories 238-44 Anatomicae Praelectiones 109 early necropsy 239 De Humani Corporis Fabrica 109 caused by adreno-cortical hyperplasia 237 De Re Anatomica Libri XV 107 historical accounts 34 discoveries ofEustachius 106--8 history of 232 Galen 64 rarer in boys 240 Manuall ofthe Anatomy or Dissection ofthe Akron experiment 500 Body, Gibson 140

892 SUBJECT INDEX

Recherches Anatomiques sur la Position des salicy lates 668, 669 glandes 150 sulphonamide derivatives 663, 667 Tabulae Anatomicae, Casserius 107 sulphonureas 667 Tabulae Anatomicae, Eustachius 107, 108 sulphonylurea, structure and action 667 androgens synthalins 664, 665 active substances in female urine 406 thiodiazol derivatives 665 capon-comb test 405 VK57 665, 666 implants of pellets 405 anti-diuretic principle 479, 480, 482 androsterone Antidotarium (Salerno) 93 crystalline isolation 405 Antidotarium Florentinum 100 prolonged injection into mandrill 406 antigens 559 synthesis 402 genetic controls of response 578,579 aneurysm antigonadotrophic principles 413 caused by syphilis 112 aphrodisiacs 59 discovery 64 APUD cell series 604-9 angiotensins 601, 602 derivation of name 604 mechanism of action 567 arabic medicine 79-85 animals Greek basis 79 early use 123 nestorian heretics 79, 80 useof 559 Arabs anorexia nervosa 298,616-19 arithmetic and chemistry 79 chronological table 823, 824 caliphate in Baghdad 80-5 deficient secretion of pituitary Aristotle 45--51 hormones 617,618 and fertility control 49-51 descriptions view on reproduction 48, 49 Galen 66, 823 works 46 Gull 616 arteriometer, invention 327 Soranos, sex associated 66, 823 artificial insemination 118 hypothalamic dysfunction 617-19 AID 660 symptoms 616,617 AIH 660 antagonistic factor 408 ethical and legal problems 661 anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) papal encyclical against 359 antagonistic and synergistic factors 408 by Sims 359 atrophy 324 by Spallanzani 187, 188 chronological table 824-8 suggested by J. Hunter 205 control 480 Ascheim-Zondek pregnancy test 400, 407 and genital hypoplasia 407 Association for the Study ofInternal gonadotrophins 408, 409 Secretions 501 insufficiency 616, 617 First Forty Years 501, 507 intraperitoneal injections 407 Lawson Wilkins' Presidential address, lactogenic hormone 409 1957 507 male, ICSH 408 autacoids 7 post-partum necrosis 325 auto-antibodies in Hashimoto's disease 571, properties of hormones 562, 563 574 septic puerperal infarction 324 auto immunity 571 and sex gland function 406, 407 in Addison's disease 576 transplants and precocious sexual criteria 571, 572 development in mice 407 in diabetes mellitus 571, 575, 576 anthrax, malignant; 'persian fire' 81 and HLA type 577 anthropophagi 11 in male infertility 571, 577-80 ritual theophagy 11 thyroid 571-4 antibodies 556 A yur Vedic medicine 25--7 anti-sperm in female 577-80 tolerance 570 Babinski-Froehlich-Cushing's use of tagged 558 syndrome 319,320 anti-diabetic substances, oral 663-70 Baghdad caliphate beta-cytotrophic effects 668 Ali-Ibn Abbas 81 biguanids 664 AI-Razi 80, 81 guanidins 663, 664 hospitals 84, 85

893 SUBJECT INDEX

Baghdad caliphate (cont.) named Addison's disease 232 Ibn Sinna 81-3 bronzed skin, The Poet at the Breakfast physicians 80-5 Table 223, 224 Barr bodies 686 Buddhism 25 Bartter's syndrome, secondary burning of Galen and Avicenna's works, hyperaldosteronism 652 Paracelsus 98 von Basedow's disease 266 By a Physician, the Fruits ofPhilosophy 356 and criticism 264 Byzantine medicine 71,72 basilisk 676 compilers 72 basophil adenomas 510-11 and Greek medicine 71 Battey's operation 364 names for goitre 72 Bible Jewish medicine 29-36 cachexia 519 surgery 30 strumipriva 249 bioassays 523, 543 CAH see adrenal hyperplasia, congenital biographies 514-36,699-820,855-9 calcitonin 487, 548 biological clock 590 in Paget's disease 676 birth control salmon 676 abstinence in marriage 442 thyroid origin 675 Medical Aspects ofBirth Control 444 cannibalism as organotherapy 11 Medical Views on Birth Control 441 W. B. Cannon's studies 507-9 National Birth Control Association and digestion 508 (Britain) 443 homeostasis 508, 509 National Birth Control League (USA) 445 and hunger 508 reliable methods and poverty 445 Canon Avicennae 81-3 safe and effective means 440 mania for classification 82 The State and Birth Control 441 capon-comb test 405 Birth Control - Medical Advice 441 carbimazole 643 blindness, circadian rhythms 553 carcinoids blood, constitution in arteries and veins 216 cause of signs 610 blood groups, ABO 276 clinical 610 (animal) blood transfusion 270 origin and alternative Blutdruesen (blood glands) 8, 155,223 name - argentaffinoma 610 sclerosis 376 castration Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and in animals (spaying) 8, 33, 195 Rage 386 and atrophy 364 Book ofChanges, China 531 biblical 32 botium 111 and cerebellum, unilateral effect 221 Bradlaugh-Besant trial 357 China 15,83 brain domestication of animals 78 chronological tables 828, 829 female 33 integrating organ 130 humans 8, 374 mastergland 544 and nervous reflexes 214 sex centres in rat hypothalamus 683 pituitary enlargement 304, 322 third ventricle 161 'remote sympathies' 194 breast Skopzes 33 cancer and menopause 538 slaves 50, 77 diseases of 167 technique in sows 363 hydatid disease 167 see also eunuchs relation to womb 214,215 Die Castration der Frauer 364 Brockman Bodies 460 Catalyst Club 405 bromocriptine 548,616 catecholamines 415 acromegaly treatment 656 blockade 653, 654 hyperprolactinaemia-hypogonadism epinephrine response to ~-type 653 syndrome 659 norepinephrine response to a-type 653 bronchocele 57, 72, 156; see also goitre cerebellum herniation from windpipe 136, 137 control of gonad function and sexual types 251 behaviour 221 bronzed disease 226 unilateral castration effects 221,413

894 SUBJECT INDEX

chalone 7 coitus interruptus 83, 99, 356 chemical messengers 340; see hormones biblical 31 Chemical Transmission ofNerve Impulses 341, CoIlip, J. B., training and career 531 413 competition in research, assessment 620-4 autonomic nervous system 416 conception catecholamines 415 essentials to 358 du Bois Reymond 415 favourable time 62 early history and acetylcholine 415 side-effects of control of 534, 535 electro-chemical events at synapses 416 condom 353,441 Les Transmissions Chimiques de l'Influx origin and history 144 Nerveux 415 congenital adrenal hyperplasia, secretion by neurons 416 treatment 648, 649 Vagustoff 416 Conn's syndrome, treatment 650, 651 childbirth 42; see also pregnancy Constitution, The Power of(J. Hunter) 473, Chinese, ancient 15-17 474 coroners 16 The Constitutional Factor 472 drug use 16 and disease 472,473 Chinese, middle ages 85-9 constitution and selection 474 dangerous elixirs 85 contraception description of thyroid 86 condemnation 62 hormone preparations 89,400 Contraceptive Advice Station 445 placenta and fertility improvement 88 Control ofConception 446 seaweed and goitre treatment 86 corpus luteum role 533 three forms of diabetes 87 Haberlandt's failure of hormonal in thyroid organotherapy 86 humans 453 urinary therapy 88, 89 handbills 355 cholecystokinin, isolation and Have as many children as you want 440 properties 611 hormonal 449-51,454 chorionic gonadotrophin 408 Illustration and Proofi of the Principle of chromatography 556 Population 354, 355 chroma to electrophoresis 559 mediaeval England 93, 94 column partition 558 Medical Aspects of, Committee 441 paper 558 medical implications 2, 443 chromosomes nineteenth century 353-7 determinants in linear series 271 the Oneida community 443, 444 disorders 488 'Pill' and Pincus 532, 533 reduction division 270 The Practice ofContmaption 445 chronobiology laboratory, University of Practitioner special issue 439 Minnesota 590 Social Problems ofMedicine 444 Chvostek's sign 484 temporary sterilization, indications 453 circadian clock 553, 596 Theory, History and Practice (Stopes) 443 circadian rhythm 552,553,555,580,581, contraceptives 616, 625 chemical 447,448 and age 591 hormonal 448-50 corticosteroids at birth 553 prolonged lactation 448 DNA activity 590 requirements for ideal 447 in insects 597 VOLPAR preparations 447 variations in TSH, thyroid hormones and white poplar and mule kidney 60 prolactin 592, 593 see also oral contraceptives, condom circumcision contraceptive techniques 12 Egyptians 30 Aetios 63 Jews analysis 439 climacteric ancient Egypt 23 Maranon's theory 403 A vicenna 82, 83 ovarian hormone role 403 beeswax 438 Clinical Notes on Uterine Surgery 357, 358 cabbage 62, 83 clomiphene 566, 568 Casanova's golden ball 438 and anovulatory infertility 656, 657 clinical study (US) 442, 443 citrate, synthesis 656 condom 144, 353

895 SUBJECT INDEX contraceptive techniques (cont.) Cushing, H. W. de Materia Medica 60 address to Association for the Study of diaphragm 354, 446 Internal Secretions (1921) 503, 504 goat bladder 63 St Bartholomew's Hospital, London 511 Gynaecology of Sora nos 61,62 Cushing-Babinski-Froehlich's hindus 26 syndrome 319 hot baths 81 Cushing's disease 510 infibulation 354 alcohol-induced 631 intrauterine device 536 circadian periodicity 591 Jews and Bible 31,32 Greek statue 44 opposition of Church 99 treatment 649, 650 poisons 532, 533 cytochemical bioassays 552 primitive people 12 Rhazes 80 Dakin's solution 424 rhythm method 51 Sir Henry Dale Lecture 502 rubber cervical cap 353, 354 depression, Addison and 702 salt 81 desoxycorticosterone (substance Q) 477, Soranos 61 478 sponge 354, 355 side-effects 478 The Control ofFertility 532 dexamethasone 566,652 Corner, G. W., scientist and historian 529 and Zeitgeber 591 corpus luteum 111 diabetes insipidus 3, 376 Born's theory offunction 366 anti-diuretic principle 674 descriptions clinical aspects 174 Fallopius 106 defined by Frank 154,174 first 365 definition 674 de Graaf 118,119,121,122 and destruction of pituitary, posterior Harvey 121, 122 lobe 479, 481 Malpighi 119,365 forms 376 false and true 374 nasal spray 675 follicle rupture 365 nephrogenic 314,377,675 Ludwig Fraenkel and Vilhelm treatment advances 674, 675 Magnus 122 diabetes mellitus and menstrual bleeding 371-3 Aetios'description 63 ovulation suppression 366, 373, 449 ancient China 16 pregnancy, functions 401 Aretaeus'description 61,702 serial study in mice 365, 366 autoimmunity 571, 575, 576 temporary suprarenal cortex 241 Avicenna 82 theories 365 Benedicts'tests 457 corticosteroid periodicity 592, 593 boils and carbuncles 174 corticotrophin release system 599 Celsus 57 cortisol China, middle ages 86 in Addisonian crisis 637 coma 175, 456 in depression 420 detection by chemistry and synthesis 647 polaroscopy 175 cortisone (compound E, F) 518,646 Dobson's experiments 174, 454 acetate 647 and excesses 142 cost of publishing in 1830 166 experimental phloridzin 297,298,456 cost of modern research 623 Fehling's test 455, 456 C-peptide 562 furunculosis and tuberculosis 142 craniopharyngiomas 319 Galen 68 cretinism 109,169-71,221,245,701 Gerhardt's test 455 description 200, 644, 645 and heredity 298, 299 de Generatione Stulforum 98 hindu's sweet urine 26,27 endemic in Chiselborough 252 hyaline degeneration of islet cells 457 goitre connection and Paracelsus 252 insulin resistance 569 origin of word 170,251 juvenile 575 treatment of hormone deprivation 644 Kussmaul's respiration 455 Crises Hypertensives 652 lipaemia 129 896 SUBJECT INDEX

lymphocyte toxicity 576 dwarfs milestones to 459-62 ancient Egypt 22 multifactorial disorder 575, 576 Asia and Africa 75 obesity 672 biblical 36 origin of name 61 China 15,16 /3-oxybutyric acid 456 cretinous in Rome 63 pancreas, pathology 175 treatment with HGH 654-5 pancreatic calculi 175 dynoestrol 401 pancreatic extracts 328 dysfunction 8 Pary's modified Fehling's test 457 dysmenorrhoea and ovarian transplants 370 Paracelsus' studies 98 dysmenorrhoea and sterility 359 polyuria and polydipsia 314 dyspituitarism 8 post-infection 576 dysthyroidism 8 prolonged fasting 457 dystropia adiposo-genitalis 320, 321 respiratory quotient 460, 466 Rhazes'description 80 ecdysone 597 sadness and grief 141,142 insect hormone for moulting 599 sugar tests 174 Ebstein's disease 668 sweet serum 174, 454, 455 ectopic ACTH syndrome 650, 853 sweet urine 26,87, 141 ectopic hormone secretion 548, 853-4 'thin' diabetic 462 The Eggs ofMammals 533 treatment Egyptians 19-23 advances 662-74 Ebers papyrus 19 pancreatic extract 296, 297, 328 influence on Greek medicine 22 restricted meat diet 175, 455 medical knowledge 20 undernourishment and lime water 141 electricity and vital principles 213 type I 575, 576 The Elements ofSocial Science 357 diabetic coma 175,456 elephantiasis of the throat 84 diaphragm see contraceptive techniques embryology 515 diazo oxide 670 Aristotle 46 diet 92 chick 111,118 Baghdad caliphate 83, 84 de Formatione Ovi et Pu/li 111 China, in diabetes 87 de Formatione Pulli in Ovo 118 in diabetes 455, 457 de Formato Foetu 111 Graeco-Roman 57 de Ovo Incubado 118 diethylstilboestrol synthesis 640 Exercitationes de Generatione On the DiffUsion ofa New Specialty 393,395 animalium 125-7 dihydroxyphenylalanine see DOP A embryotomy 31 di-iodothyrosine 258, 421 endocrine disorders 549 'Dioptrique' 130 in prehistoric times 12 discoveries (Wilks) 234 treatment in ancient times 518 dissection, first public 90 endocrine evolution 564, 565 diuretic principle, posterior pituitary 377 endocrine function DonJuan personality 394 abnormal 5 dopamine ancient culture, abnormal 63-5 and growth hormone secretion in normal endocrine hazards man and acromegaly 569 male infertility and mercury and lead 639 and prolactin secretion 551 male infertility and overheating 639 Drosophila 274 oestrogen dust 639 draught in clinical endocrinology 379 synthesis of diethylstilboestrol 640 drugs endocrine obesity 670 and Abu Mansur 84, 85 endocrine orchestra 4,411,614 Celsus 57 conductor 4 introduced by Paiacelsus 99 lecture by Hubble 614 drug withdrawal syndrome 630 Endocrine Organs in Health and Disease xiii ductless glands 7, 216 endocrine research von Haller 154, 155 criticisms 560, 561 search for ducts 135 expansion of 549 vascular or bloodglands 223-5 techniques 557-62 897 SUBJECT INDEX

endocrine research (cont.) various degrees 77 in USA and Britain 500 Evans, H. M. 520--4 Endocrine Society 501-7 co-workers 522 Society for E. (Britain) 502 and team research 523, 524 Endocrinology, publication 502, 505 training 520, 521 50th anniversary issue 506 Every Woman's Book or What is Love 355 endocrine therapy: experimental basis excellence, centres of of 391 in Britain 500, 501 endocrinology different approach in America 500 birth 339 excretion and secretion 152, 153 classes of people interested 390, 391 exocrine gland 7 classical period 394 exophthalmic goitre Crisis in the Field of 388, 394 descriptions definition 5 Basedow 262, 263 definition of Fuller Albright 399 Flajani 262, 263 Department of Medical, Maranon 395 Graves 261,262 Doisy's four stages 6 Parry 259, 260 Edward Schaefer 338, 396 eponyms 268, 269 etymology 7 mistaken for aneurysm 72, 267 histories of xiii, xiv, 6 named by Dock 268, 269 endorphins 507,628 exophthalmos 258, 259 opiate receptor binding 628 cause of endocrine 572, 573 potency 629 description 159, 160 enkephalin peptides 629 goitre association 83 distribution 673 Maya statuette 73, 74 and pain 629 mistaken for aneurysm 112, 267 rapid destruction 629, 630 Peruvian jug 73 enteroglucagon 611, 612 progesterone treatment 643 epidemics in the 16th century 97 significance of 264, 265 epididymis, descriptions 126, 375 two-prong theory 573 epilepsy extracorporeal fertilization pituitary in 174 description and technique 659, 660 remedies 58, 59 history 659 epinephrine 515 success 660 epoch 235,236,331 independent discoverers 329, 330 Fallopian tubes 'epiphysis cerebri' 140 blockage 659, 660 epitheliokoerperchen 343 description 106, 107 erythrogenin 601 Family Planning Association (Britain) 443 erythropoietin 600, 601 fat and hypoxia 601 brown 671 ethics in medicine and castration 8 artificial insemination 359, 660 white 671 experimental animals 559 fecundability 537 extracorporeal fertilization 661 feedback mechanisms Hippocrates 43 control of gonadal and hypophysial pre-determination of sex 661, 662 hormones 597 eugenics 274 gonad protection 412 and Haberlandt 453 fertility Laboratory in London 274 Catherine de Medici 97,98 Spartan 41 rites 11,12 eunuchoids 32,407,657 tests by Greek midwives 45 eunuchs (castrates) 8 see also infertility, sterility baldness 43 fertilization Byzantine generals 71 early studies 126, 127 in China 88 external 183 in civil service in China 15 extracorporeal 659--62 described by Willis 139 Flajani's disease (Morbo di) 159 used by Roman women 62, 63, 77 9-a-fluorohydrocortisone 566, 648 898 SUBJECT INDEX

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 408, genetics 523 in Hippocratic writings 272 and infertility 657 immortality of germ plasm 270 follicle stimulating hormone-releasing inbreeding 272 hormone (FSH-RH) 551,615 Law of Filial Regression 274 free martins 678 La w of Ancestral Inheritance 274 bovine 199 laws of heredity and statistics 274 cellular theory 202, 203 mendelism 273 common placental circulation 200 psycho-physical theory 274 gonads of 200-2 reduction division 270 Hammerton's thesis 203 Sutton-Boveri hypothesis 275 Lillie's theory 199, 200 geological descriptions of A vicenna 82 origin of word 199 geschlechtskraft 220 and testicular feminization 202, 203 giants and giantism 158, 318 Froehlich-Babinski-Cushing and acromegaly 312,313 syndrome 262 associated personality changes 74 biblical 34, 35 endemic in Sogn, Norway 35 galactorrhoea, male 34, 658 Greek 44 Galen 63-8 Greenland 35, 74 animal spirit 65 rearing experiments 306 anorexIa nervosa 68 rock tracings in Sweden 74 blood flow 65 types 75 and diabetes 68 glands discoveries 64 Adenographia 130 dissection manual 64 characteristics 152 drug use 64 classification 135 and ductless glands 64, 65 Glandulae Excretrices 131, 132 and foetation 67 secretory function 131 founder of experimental physiology 63 specific taste 152 four temperaments 64 without ducts 154 and hormone research 67, 68 glibenclamid (HB419) 669 impregnated female dissection 67 glucagon influence until 17th century 63 continued secretion stimulates ovariectomy effects 68 gluconeogenesis 564 ovaries 66 -like immunoreactivity 611 pituitary gland 65 purification 607 pneuma 64 sugar mobilization from a-cells 461,470, polypharmacy 64 471,607 prescriptions 64 synthesis and isolation 608 pulse 64 glucagonomas semen role 67, 68 in apudomas of the pancreas 609 testicles for sperm storage 66 autopsy findings 608, 609 thymus 66 hyperglucagonaemia 608 thyroid in de Voce 64, 65 goitre works burnt 98 abolition in Switzerland 254, 255 gastric inhibitory peptide 611 Aetios' description 63 gastrin Albucasis' operation 84 first description 603 in Alps 110, 111, 701 isolation and structure 604 ancient China 20, 21 in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome 605 ancient Egypt 20, 21 gastro-intestinal polypeptides 605, 611 aneurysm 72 general adaptation syndrome 598 botium 111 genes 274 burnt sponge 189 direct action on effector organ 472 cagots, capots, canas 170 immune response 572 Ce!sus books 57,58 indirect action through endocrine and Chinese prescription 86 nervous system 473 Cleopatra 20, 21 the Lancet and 275 compression of trachea 163

899 SUBJECT INDEX goitre (cont.) Graeco-Roman period contagious 136 (156Bc-576AD) 55-68 and cretinism 247,248 Aescula pios cult 56 and deaf mutism 267 Aetios' medical encyclopaedia 63 Derbyshire neck 109 Celsus' books 56, 57 distribution 157 Dioscorides' De Materia Medica 60 ease of prevention 254, 255 Galen 63-8 endemic 90,109,111,170 gladiator blood therapy 59 exophthalmic, recognition 159 gynaecology of Soranos 61 experimental, toxic 267 itinerant Greek physicians 56 frequency in women 151 Lucretius' De Natura Rerum 59 hindus and 26 Pliny 58,59 Hippocrates and snow water 45, 59 sanitary engineering 56 honeymoon neck enlargement 58 Graves'disease 192, 257, 258, 573 iodine treatment 189, 253, 254 cause of goitre 568 and Graves' disease 257 described by Graves 260, 261 and loss of periods 160 iodine treatment 255 mountain regions 86 nitrogen catabolism 258, 259 as ornament 157 thyroid cause 266 Paracelsus 98 Greek medicine 39-52 pazzi 170 Aristotle 45-51,272 in pictorial art 136, 137 before Hippocrates 39-42 Pliny and water impurities 58, 59 Hippocrates 42-5, 271 Pyrenees 151 practitioners 40 seaweed treatment 15, 65, 86, 90, 91, veterinary 42 189 growth hormone in Shakespeare's Tempest 137 anabolic effects 564 studies by Marine 254,255,512,513 disorders 655 surgery 191, 192 and dopamine 569 surgical removal 91, 248 molecular weight and species 563 terms 111 properties and effects 563 water quality 137 release episodic 551 see also bronchocele synthesis of crystalline 563 goitrogens 255,514 treatment with HGH 654, 655 gonadal hypoplasia and olfactory lobe guanidins 663-5 agenesis 414 biguanid toxicity 665 gonadotrophins metformin 664 in bull testicle 406 phenformin 664 episodic release 593 synthalin 664, 665 luteinizing hormone sleep release and guinea-worm 82 puberty 594 gum acacia 23 seasonal variations 593 gut hormones sexually undifferentiated 409 cell types 604 gonads chronological table 829, 830 adrenal connection 222 see also hormones atrophy of testicle in stags 220 guttur tumidum 72 cerebellum role 221 gynaecomastia 488, 552, 640 connection with brain 222 occupational 640 effects of removal 337 nervous control 221 haemochromatosis 229 and secondary sexual characteristics 213, haemodynamometer 326 215,219 haemophilia, Nasse's law 273 sympathetic mechanism 222, 223 haemopoietin 600 gonococcus, discovery 359 harmozones 7 gonorrhoea, latent in females 359 Hashimoto's disease 571, 855 gorgonin 257,425 health gout 701 Committee ofMaternal Health ofNew York diathetic disease 98 City 442 Greek observations 43 definition 441 900 SUBJECT INDEX

sexual activity 442 protein binding 559 height, determined by GH 655 pulsatile release 551,591,616 heredity 272-6 receptors and disease 546 properties of disease 272, 273 release 4 role and environment 473 secretion 340 hermaphrodites structures 562-6 biblical 33 therapeutics of 388, 389 de Foeminis ex Suppressione Mensium see also individual hormones Barbatis 139 hospitals, Arabs 84 description of Bartholin 139 human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) hermaphroditism, case 219 ectopic 580 Herophilos, Alexandrian School 52 production in pregnancy 580 hibernation 599 De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem and naloxone 673 (1543) 103, 104 Hindus 25--7 Humours and Hormones 413 anaesthetics, Cannabis sativa 25 Hunter, John, experimental work 192-205 A yur Vedic medicine 25 hydrocephalus, internal 239 Susruta 25 hyperparathyroidism, stages 486, 487 Hippocrates 42-5 hyperpituitarism 258,317 adreno-genital syndrome 237,238 hyperprolactinaemia-hypogonadism amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea 658 syndrome 657 birthplace and family 43 and bromocriptine 616 illnesses of women 51 hyperthyroidism 258 methods 43 cardio-vascular ataxia 268 hirsutes 238-44 diagnostic test 480 causes 241 signs 267, 268 in mental patients 243, 244 synonyms and eponyms 263, 264 History as an Art xv use of term 262 histocompatability gene complex 276 hypoadrenalism 503 and auto-immunity 577 hypoglycaemia homeostasis 588, 589, 599 foetal hyperinsulinism 606 achievement, understanding 599 glucagon deficiency 607 mineral and bone 547 idiopathic in childhood 670 homosexuality oral agents 666-70 ancient Greece 78 result of multifactorial conditions 606 experimental and androgen spontaneous 606 treatment 683 in stress 625 oestrogen feedback in LH secretion hypogonadism in 683 Kallman's syndrome 657 Sparta 78 see also eunuchoids hormetic 7 hypophysectomy hormone replacement therapy 5 and atrophy of adrenal cortex 319 hormones and atrophy of thyroid 323 antagonists 546 experimental 315,316,463 antigenic 589 and ovulation in rabbit 409 chemical messengers 340 periodicity ofCRF after 591 definition Smith's method in rats 518,519 Starling 389 hypophysis cerebri 318, 319 Swale Vincent 389 address by Cushing 317 Zondek 342 hypopituitarism and genital hypoplasia 407 first isolation 343 hypothalamic releasing factors 551,613-15, first use of word 7 624 gut 603-12 first reports 626, 627 Hormones, Brain Functions and Behaviour 421 list 627 kidney 600-2 hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis 614 mechanism of action 545--7,567-70 circadian rhythm 553 mode of action on target cell 545, 546 hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis, ovarian and sterility 360 rhythmic variations 593 peptide, mode of action 545, 546 hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis 614

901 SUBJECT INDEX hypothalamus 4 naming 457,460 chronological tables 830-2 new varieties 663 histology 480 Paulesco 462-8 Hohlweg effect 628 pro-insulin 546 predominance 419,420 purification 468, 469 regulatory mechanisms 61~16, 624-31 E. L. Scott 460 secretory droplets in fish 419 story of 454-70 hypothyroidism structure 667 congenital, screening 644 intermenstrual bleeding cured by Jesus 31 following radio-iodine 642 internal secretion 5, 135 treatment 644-6 address by Schaefer 333-6, 387 anticipation of concept 215,216, 223 iatro-chemists (Chinese) 89 applicable to every organ 336 iatro-chemical school in Europe 141 de Bordeu's role 134, 149--54 iatro-mathematical school 130 Doisy's criteria 333 immunopathology 547,548 forecast by Willis 139, 225 immunophysiology 570-81 forerunners 178, 21~16 impotence 58, 59,78 Internal Secretion and the Ductless Ovid's poem 78 Glands 391,392 sterility 358 Maranon 394, 395 treatment originator 134 Chinese 89 research funds 343 Jews 33 secretion interne, Bernard 336 Hindus 26 International Endocrine Congress, 1934 xiv Imrad xvii Copenhagen, 1960 xiv inborn errors of metabolism 275 intersexuality 681 infertility in birds, Aristotle 676 ancient Egypt 20, 23 Tutankhamun 23 gonadotrophin hormone deficiency 657 interstitial cell stimulating hormone 408 Greeks 50,51 intrauterine device, 18-carat gold 537 Hindus 26 iodine Jews 30,31 discovery 189--92 male 639 goitre prophylaxis 254, 255 male and autoimmunity 571,577-80 iodization of water 253 medical treatment 657 iodothyrin 256 menstrual cycle 357-63 Jod Basedow 255, 256 mule 678 MRC recommendations 253 Scythians 50, 51 in plants 252, 253 infusoria, confused with sperm 181-3 preoperative use 513 inheritance of acquired characteristics refuted value 253 Lamarck 377, 378 salt, culinary 191 Steele 379, 678, 679 in sponge 190 Inkretion 9 thyroid constituent 256, 421 Inkretory glands 9 thyroid distribution 257 insomnia, arabic treatment 85 and thyroid function 255 insulin 398 thyroiditis 256 Banting and Best 464-9 thyroiodine 256 Barron's paper, pancreatic lithiasis 461 tincture 190 binding 559 toxicity 191, 255 C-peptide and 562 islet cells of the pancreas cell binding sites 562 a and ~ cells 457 chains 562 a cells and glucagon 461,470,471 codfish 460 ~ cells secretory 458, 562 crystalline 515 Brockman Bodies 460 experiments 458, 459 converted acinous cells 458 Kleiner and Maltzer's experiments 461 D cells 458 MacLeod and Starling 461,462 degradation 457 mechanism of action 547 discovery 276 Murlin's technique 470, 471 exocrine tissue in cod 460

902 SUBJECT INDEX

foetal 277 endorphin precursor 629 naming 277 liver, glycogen storage in 463 numbers 458 London Thyroid Club 506 predisposition to damage 605, 606 long-acting thyroid stimulator 549, 572 isletin in Graves' disease 574, 575 isolation work 622 -protector 572, 575 isotopes synthesis 574, 575 and endocrine function 555 luteinizing hormone (LH) 408, 523 and endocrine condition treatment 556 pulses 594 and starvation 618 Japanese medicine, ancient 17 luteinizing hormone-releasing jet-lag 592 hormone 551,615 Jews 29-36, 85 isolation race 621 in Baghdad caliphate 85 in Kallman's syndrome 657 Jod Basedow see iodine pulsatile release 616 Journal ofClinical Endocrinology 505, 506 release 624 renamed 505 synthetic 657 Journal ofEndocrinology 502 lymphocytes and self-unresponse 572

Kallman's syndrome 657 macrobiotica in ancient China 85 treatment 657 macrophages 572 karezza, male continence 443, 444 Malthusian League 357, 437 karzinoide 609, 610 disbanded 433 Kendall, E. c., contributors 516--18 medical branch 438 kidney hormones 600-2; see also individual mammary gland and placental hormone hormones action 361, 362 Klinefelter's syndrome 488 mannweib 215 Koeperbau und Character 475 Marine, D. 511-14 konarion 140 collaborators 514 contributions 514 labour, Harvey and 146 method of work 512 lactation marriage, definition of (in Britain) 684 hypophysectomy and 410 Materia Medica, Willis 81 male 640 Mayas oestrone and progesterone 410 statuette with exophthalmos 73 prolonged 23, 448, 537, 538 surgery 73 short duration 537, 538 mechanism of hormonal action 545-7, theories 410 567-70 lactogenic hormone see prolactin anti-androgens and anti-oestrogens 568 Lataste's observations (vaginal clomiphene and tamoxifen 568 epithelium) 561 complex, humoral and nervous Laurence-Moon-Biedl-Bardet actions 567 syndrome 377,378 renin 567 Law ofPopulation 357 role of receptors 545-7,568-70 laxierkalender (1457) 100 mediaeval medicine 79-94 legal problems Arabic 79-85 in artificial insemination 660 Chinese 85-9 in extracorporeal fertilization 661 Western barrenness 89-94 of predetermination of sex 661 'medullo-surrenalome hypertensive' 652 lesbian women melanocyte-stimulating hormone 626, 627 increase in plasma testosterone 683 melatonin 483 and virilism 683 menarche, biblical 33 leucocyte migration inhibition test 575 in developed countries 537-8 Liddle's syndrome 651 mendelism 273,274 Life ofSir William Osler 511 and human characteristics 276 Life, What is (Schroedinger) 339 Menformon 400 lipaemia 129 menopause lipomatosis 672 early and breast cancer 538 j3-lipoprotein 626, 628 nervous reflexes 214 903 SUBJECT INDEX menopause (cont.) 'nanisme type senile' 376 premature 370 Nasse's Law 273 menstrual cycle National Committee on Maternal baboons 371 Health 442 calender connection 360 National Council of Public Morals 438, 440 cease after ovariectomy 360 Neiching 15-16 detoxication 360 Nelson's syndrome, prevention 650 fermenting force 360 neo-malthusianism 444 monkey 398, 702 nerves:pipes carrying fluids 194 and ovarian transplants 370 'Nestor ofThyroidology' 255,511 and ovulation 360, 361 N estorian heretics 79 reflexes 222,371 neuro-endocrinology 339,417,418 regulation 361 anencephaly 414 synchrony 594 chronological tables 832-4 synonyms 360 gonadal hypoplasia 414 vaginal histology 361 higher centre control 412 menstruation neuronal secretions 415, 416 considered unclean 33 phases of opinion 419,420 loss in goitre 160 Pioneers in Neuroendocrinology 626 mental symptoms in endocrine progress 558 disorders 420, 434R reproduction, internal rhythm 413 Merseburg triad 262, 265 secretory droplets 419 metanephrine 653, 654 spinal cord secretory cel1~ in skate 417 methimazole 642, 643 Traite de Neuro-Endocrinologie 418, 419 metyrapone 650 neuro-hypnosis see pituitary mice 20 neuro-secretions 413, 419· microscope Richard Lower 65 and chick embryology 127 New York Pasteur Institute 302 early history 116 Nobel Prize de Graaf recommends Leeuwenhoek 125 Banting and MacLeod 466, 469 inventor 127 Burnet and Medawar 571 Leeuwenhoek's contribution 116-18 von Euler 558, 653 Malpighi's observations 118 Guillemin and Schally 620-4 and sterility 359 Houssay 505 the microscopists 116-27 Kendall, Hench and Reichstein 517 midwives, printed textbook 145 RoughJourney to a Nobel Prize 620 milieu interior 508 Temin 679 miracles 29 noradrenaline, sympathetic transmitter 653 misy 49,51 norepinephrine and insulin 625 Moral Physiology 355, 356 motilin 611 obesity 670-4 Muellerian duct, discovery 223, 270 alimentary 672 muliercula 215 in ancient Egypt 21 multiple endocrine neoplasia 609,610 biblical 36 MEN type I 610 brown fat (experiments) 671 MEN type II 654 cerebro-pituitary 671 myxoedema diabetes 88 ancient Egypt 20, 21 enkephalins and endorphins 673 cause 258 endocrine 670 coma 646 eunuchoids and castrates 672 descriptions 246, 247 experiments on obese mice 673, 674 myocardium 645 fat mobilizing hormone 671 naming 221,246 and fertility 50 organotherapy 293 metabolic studies 672 pituitary in 323 pituitary ACTH levels in 673 skin in myxoedema 246 storage offood 673 and thyroidectomy 249, 250 due to violence 671 treatment of myxoedema coma 646 water-salt obesity 671 treatment of myxoedema by tissue obstetric chair transplant 294 904 SUBJECT INDEX

ancient Egypt 19 Eierstock und Ei 365 Jews and the Bible 29, 30 extirpation of one, effect 195-7 Harvey 146 extracts injected 364 obstetrics, Greece 45 female testicles 128 occupational endocrinology 639 and follicular scars correspondence to employment of post-menopausal periods 361 women 640 function and spinal cord 222 oestrogen suppression and sperm Galen 66 counts 640 Graafian follicle 118 oestradiol 401, 565 Graafian vesicle 121, 122 oestrin 396-401,565 Harvey and role 121 crystalline 400 Herophilus 19,52 isolation 396, 400 nervous system guidance 215 oestrus-like effects from liquor ovariotom y and contraception 19 folliculi 397 results of ovariectomy 222, 360 in pregnancy 400 secondary female characteristics 215 pregnancy tests 399, 400 transplantation 368-73, 449 pregnant mares urine 400 Vesalius 105 testes of stallions 400 women without lack periods 361 oestriol 565 ovariotomy 46 in pregnant women's urine 401 ovulation oestrogen 565 location on humans 371 antifertility 452 multiple 657 hazards 639 primitive communities 537 synthetic 401 rabbit 366 oestrone 401, 565 ovum oestrus cycle attempts to stimulate growth 186 guinea pig 397 chromosomes, half set 270 and oestrogen, progesterone in discovery of mammalian 187, 188, 529 castrates 402, 403 fertilized in doe 127, 128 and ovariectomy 364 induced ovulation 188 rat 397 movements 205, 206 olive oil 49 phantom grasshopper 223 'Oneida Community Experiment' 443--4 segmentation of frogs 270 opotherapy 11 sperm union 270 orbital decompression 661-3 unicellular 27 orbital irradiation 644 /3-oxybutyric acid in diabetic coma 456 organ extracts 300-2, 333 oxytocin 65,479 orgasm, function of female 152 analysis and synthesis 482 Oribasios, Medical Collection 62 osteitis fibrosa cystic a 484, 485 Paget's disease 675, 676 osteomalacia 486, 487 pain 386 osteoporosis 570 chronic and acupuncture 630 ovarian extracts 362-8 Pale's syndrome 610 lipid solvents 362 pancreas effects on women 364 China 87 ovarian transplants 368 chronological tables 836-41 prevention of uterine atrophy 373,374 description Tuffier's transplants 371 de Graaf 122,123 Tuttle Morris' experiments 369-71 Langerhans 276-7 ovariectomy 222, 360 Pare 113 breast cancer 369 in diabetes 175 removal of ovaries 360, 361 dual function 4 ovaries feeding of raw 328 atrophy and bird plumage 219,220 function 113, 134 chronological tables 83~ as a single organ 854-5 discovery offollicles 105, 128 structure and salivary gland 134 dual function 366 see also islet cells eaten boiled by de Graaf 122 pancreatectomy 142

905 SUBJECT INDEX pancreatectomy (cont.) pars intermedia see pituitary experimental 297 pars nervosa see pituitary secretion stimulation 340 pars tuberalis see pituitary pancreatic duct De passionibus mulierum 92 cannulation 123 paternity 13 discovery 123 Pendred's syndrome 267 ligature, effects 456 The Pentacle ofRejuvenescence 291 pancreatic extracts 296, 297, 328 pergonal 657 pancreatic juice pernicious anaemia, Addison's anaemia 227 function 142 perspiration, insensible of the body 130 de Graaf 122, 123 phaeochromocytoma pancreatic polypeptide catecholamine blockade 654 antibodies 577 Crises Hypertensives 652 pancreine 462 detection 554, 653 pangenesis theory first report 332, 333 ancient Greeks 4fr-8, 271 Gejaesskrisen 652 Aristotle's criticism 48 treatment advances 652-4 parakrine glands 604 pharmacopoeia parathormone ('parathyrin') 485 Boyle's 142, 143 antibodies 569 Brettschneider 100 isolation 487 dried human bones 143 extraction 485 Egypt 20 four main actions 485, 486 european 143 main function in man and mammals 485, first 98 486 Foesius 100 pre-prohormone 550 Goddard's drops 143 prohormone 550 Madrid Textbook 143 purified 487 and organotherapy 143 role of vitamin D 486 Paracelsus 99 secretion inhibition and magnesium 550 and printing 100 structure and molecular weight 550 Thottske manuscript 100, 101 suppressed by vitamin D 550 Pharmacorum Conficiendorum Ratio 98 parathyroidectomy pheromones calcium loss 484 male 595 experimental, effects 344, 484 and menstrual synchrony 595 para th yroids Philosophie Zoologique 377, 379 accessory tissue 344 phloridzin 450 chronological tables 841, 842 phthisis 64 descriptions miner's recognized by Paracelsus 98 Gley 279, 343 phthoria 62 rhinoceros 279 physic gardens 98 Sandstrom 278, 279 physical basis of personality 473,474 extract and tetany relief 484 physiology guanidine detoxication 231 Descartes' textbook 129 hyperplasia 483 new 339,387 metabolic bone disease 486 old 339 pseudohypoparathyroidism 487 of reproduction 373 pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism 487 Pickwickian syndrome 672 removal and tetany 344, 484 pigeon's milk 410 transplants 485 bioassay 197 parathyroid tumours J. Hunter and 197 hyperplasia and osteomalacia 485 the pill (Pincus) 448 hyperplasia and spontaneous rickets 485 Age ofthe Pill 536-9 and osteitis fibrosa cystica 484 effect on third world 536, 537 primary, secondary and tertiary results of US trials 535 hyperparathyroidism 486, 487 side-effects 534, 535 removal of adenoma 486 tricycle pill 538 parhormones 8 three types used 535 Parry's disease 159 UK trials 535

906 SUBJECT INDEX

pill-galactorrhoea-amenorrhoea pressure symptoms 173 syndrome 536 sixth sense of Theosophists 130 pineal body size in pregnancy 304, 323 blood supply 483 specific growth stimulating description by Wharton 134 substance 316 'epiphysis cerebri' 140 stalk role 161-3 extract and gonadotrophins 483 structure and function 140,161, 162 function, Willis 140, 141 and tadpole metamorphosis 323 innervation 483 theories offunction 172, 173 konarion 140 thyroid axis 417 lymphatic, Ridley and Cowper 140, 141, thyrodectomy changes 323 483 treatment 654-9 melatonin synthesis 483 tumour 305,319 names for 140 acromegaly 305 'penis cerebri' 140 removal 305 photoreception 483 surgery 320 pinealocytes in mammals 483 surgical mortality 322 and precocious puberty 483 surgical routes 322 seat of soul 129 pituitary extracts secretory organ 483 evaluation and stockpiling 413 seventh sense 130 pituitary-portal vein system 161 specific factor 483 placenta 'virga cerebri' 140 anastomoses 203, 204 pituita 138 burnt, taken as contraceptive 17 The Pituitary Body and its Disorders 510 eaten and fertility 17 pituitary gland 4 extract, use in China 88 anatomy 303 mammary gland hormone 361 anterior, powder feed 314,315 prolans 408 l'appendice sus-sphenoidal 172 Plimmoth Plantation 356 Babinski-Froehlich-Cushing pneuma 66,67 syndrome 319 police, medical 174 basophilism 510,511 polydipsia de Bordeu 150, 151 description by Gee 314,377 blood supply 303, 304 in diabetes mellitus 313,314,702 and caucasian characteristics 75 polyglandular syndrome 510 circulation 163 polyuria disease in alcoholics 174 description by Gee 314 diseases 304-10 in diabetes mellitus 314 embryology 303 experimental 376 enlargement polyorchidism and virility 112 after castration 304, 322 population in cretins 417 control in ancient Greece 49 in myxoedema 323 portal circulations and counter-current post-mortem 305 systems 162 function 304, 305 posterior pituitary van Diemerbroecls: 139, 140 adenopituiticytes 481 Galen 65, 115 anterior brain extremity 481 lobes 545 antidiuretic extract 479, 480, 482 Vesalius 65, 104-6 chronological tables 842, 843 genital effects 316, 317 colloid origin 480, 481 glandula pituitam cerebri excipiellS 65, 104-6 destruction and diabetes insipidus 482 histology and cell types 304 and diabetes insipidus 479, 482 in hydrocephalus 173 function unknown 189,479 in pregnancy 407 Herring bodies 480,481 infantilism 654, 655 hormone routes 481 intermediate lobe 478-80 infundibular body 303 microadenomas 511 innervation 480 pars anterior 511 nerve origins 480 pars nervosa 303 opossum 419

907 SUBJECT INDEX posterior pituitary (cont.) prolactinoma 659 origin othormones 419 prolan 408 oxytocin 480 prolonged lactation 448 portal circulation 481 propranolol 643, 653 rich in cystine 480 prospect asia 305 source of pressor 480 prostaglandins stalk, reunion of severed 481 discovery 548, 610 post-mortem, first report 90 effects 612, 613 precocious puberty 155-7,240 inhibition by NSAID 610 infant Hercules type 158, 240 isolation 610 pineal 483 renomedullary 601 prednisone 566 prostitution 31,81 preformation theory 126, 180 Egyptian origins 19 pregnancy proteohormones, antigenic properties 543 maintenance 401 pseudo-Cushing's syndrome 631 role of midwives 145 psychiatry pituitary 407 endocrine psychosyndrome 421 testing time for endocrine system 473 Endokrinologische Psychiatrie 420 thyroid enlargement 512 psycho-endocrine society 421 tubal 145 Psychopathia sexualis 684 pregnancy diagnosis dress-fetishism 684 in Egyptian papyri 19 psycho-somatic medicine 508 prehistoric communities, endocrine puberty 536-7 disorders 73-5 puberty gland 404 premenstrual syndrome 680,681 pulsatile release of hormones 591 progesterone and 681 pulse rare in prostitutes and dancers 681 Galen's essays 64 present trends and outlook 543-687,854 Hippocrates 43 'princeps doctorum' 81 'pulsilogium' 130 'principle of the treble safeguard' 473 pygmies 75 printing effects of invention 99 quotations xv-xvi Venice, centre of Greek 99, 100 progeria 375 radioimmunoassays (RIA) 543 progesterone 401-3,410 principle 556, 557 during pregnancy 403 suitability 557 isolation 368, 402 TSH 645 in pill 532, 533 uses 556 structure 402 radioiodine (1281, 1311, 1251) 555, 556, 641 progestin 402 radiolabelling of hormones 545 prohormones 546 receptors 545-7 proinsulin 546 acetylcholine in myasthenia gravis 568, prolactin 569 actions 410 concentration 547, 548, 568 bioassay 197 and disease 568-70 chorionic somatomammotrophin 563 hormone complexes and RNA factors affecting secretion 603 synthesis 545,547 and fat deposition 603 insulin 576 fish pituitary 410 opioid peptide 568 functions 602 sites 568, 570 and growth 563 Recherches Anatomiques 150-4 -inhibiting factor 544, 569 attacking Boerhave's doctrines 150 males 602 Recherches sur les Maladies Chroniques 149 and migration 603 reflex action 213 preparation 197,410 secretion of pancreatic juice 340, 341 release, pulsatile 595 Regimen Sanitas Salemitanum 92 secretion and dopamine 659 register of newly diagnosed diabetic structure 563, 564 children 576 versatilin 603 rejuvenation operation 404, 405 908 SUBJECT INDEX releasing factors 544, 545 sex chromosomes 677 Renaissance, medicine during 97-113 action ofY-chromosome 681, 682 renin 600 H-Y antigen 682 mechanism of action 567 surveys in prisons and mental reproductive endocrinology 396, 437 hospitals 686 rheumatoid arthritis 517, 518 variety 686 rhythm and endocrine secretion XYY males 686 terminology 589, 590 sex determination 274, 661, 677, 681 Riddle, Oscar 529, 531 ancient China 16 avian physiologist 531 Galen 66 identification of prolactin 531 Greeks 46,47 Rosa Anglica Practica Medicina 93 offspring 661,662 round ligaments 106 uroscopy 84 sex hormones and starvation 617 safe period 357,441 sex reversal 203 Salerno, School of 91-3 reports from China 88 goitre treatment 91 sexual activity salicylates female and ovarian rhythm 561 action on ACTH 669 maintenance essential in marriage 442 anti-diabetic substances 668, 669 sexual behaviour and the sex salt, iodized 254 chromosomes 676---87 Schaefer's meeting with Oliver 325-7 sexual behaviour and the sex hormones Schmidt's syndrome 646 Biology, sex hormones and sexism in the Schneider's membrane 138 1920s 677 'Schwachsinn, Ober den brain, sexual differentiation 682 physiologischen' 266 Brown-Sequard's experiments 676, 677 screening and chromosomes 677 methods 644, 645 embryos bisexual 677 neonatal hypothyroidism 644 and fertility of mule 678 Quebec Screening Network for Metabolic genetic mechanism 678 Diseases 645 homosexuality and hormones 683 results 644 hormones closely related 679 Seabright-Bantam syndrome 487 intersexuality in birds 676 seaweed marriage and 684 goitre treatment 15, 65, 90, 91, 93 masculinization and androgens 683 and iodine discovery 189 and pituitary endocrine feedback 678 tincture 86 sex centres in brain 683 use in China 86 and sex chromosomes 677,686 secretin 7, 340, 341, 458 and sex differences, cause 677 regulation of production 604 sexual spectrum 681 secretion Teiresias 684 de Bordeu 152, 153 transsexuals 684 'externe and interne', Bernard 225 transvestites 684 tissue types 389, 390 and variable sex characteristics 677 De Secretis Mulierum 97 sexual development and intellectual semen maturity 537 Aretaeus 405 sexuality, ambivalence 406 De natura seminis hominis 92 sexual spectrum 681 role of, Galen 66--68 sexual problems, treatment in mediaeval tonic effect, de Bordeu 150 England 93 seminal ducts, description 125 Siamese twins, independent serosities (de Bordeu) 150 menstruation 220 serotherapy 302 signs in hyperthyroidism 267,268 serotonin Simmond's disease 324 brain/gut hormone 630,631 Glinski's description 325 identification 630 functional 618 released from duodenum 630 sixteenth century seventeenth century 115-46 medicine 97-113 sex characteristics 677 ovary recognition 112

909 SUBJECT INDEX

Skopzes 33, 304, 348R sterility P. E. Smith's contributions 518, 519 arsenic treatment 81 somatic selection and adaptive and impotence 358 evolution 678,679 microscope and diagnosis 359 somatomammotrophin 563 observations on 358 somatomedins thyroid deficiency in female 359 growth hormone dependent factor in see also infertility serum 564 sterilization stimulates cartilage and adipose tissue 655 attacks on Haberlandt 452, 453 somatostatin 'Feminin', oestrogenic material 451 antibodies 577 hormonal, Haberlandt 449-53 and insulin release 575 oestrogen 451 isolation race 621 watery ovarian extracts 452 Soranos ofEphesos steroid hormones gynaecology and obstetrics 61,62 derivation 565 soul, seat of 130 19-nor 566 sow-gelder 363 nucleus 565 spaying see castration secretion 566 sperm three groups 565 act at distance 184 stilboestrol 401 and adjuvant 579 stress 617 agglutinins 578, 579 definition 598 anti-sperm antibodies after physiology and pathology 598 vasectomy 579 stress hormones 608 anti-sperm antibodies in prostitutes 580 and circadian rhythms 625 auto- and iso-antigens 674 struma 57, 137, see also goitre Aristotle's view 50 struma lymphomatosa 571, 000 brain, source 17 subincision 12 cell division and karyokinesis 270 suprarenals 821 see also adrenals chromosome half set 270 Academie of Bordeaux prize 179 description by Leeuwenhoek 116 active principle of medulla 329, 330 external impregnation 183 Addisonian epoch 331 fertilization, essential for 185, 270 blood diverticulae 134 fertilization and fluid portion 185 bronzing and disease 226 and infertility 578, 579 capsulae suprarenales 125 infusoria 183 chromophil tissue removal 332 injections 290 cortex 332 longevity 118 cortical epoch 331 nuclear union with ovum 270 discovery 108 nucleus 270 early mention 109 propagation of spermatic animals 185 epinephrine period 331 salamanders 185 extirpation 332 search in ovum after copulation 184 as foetal kidneys 133 shape and mobility 182, 183 function 135, 178, 179 size error 116, 117 function, early ideas 134, 135 Spallanzani and fertilization 179, 180, glandulae adplexum 125 182,183,185,270 glandulae reductrices 132 union with ovum 270 glandulae renales 132 viviparous female, sperm in 183 glycerine extract 326, 327 spinal cord, section and fertilization 222 insufficiency 179,702 spleen, Paulesco's thesis 462 internal secretion 225, 226 sponge, burnt and goitre treatment 91,93, interrenal tissue removal in fish 331 189, 190 medulla destruction 392 stags, unilateral atrophy of antlers 220 physiological action of extract 325 stallion (oestrone content of testicles and secondary carcinoma 228 urine) 400, 406 secondary tuberculosis 228 starvation and sex hormones in male 617, synonyms 133 618 surgery steatopegia 672 arabic 84

910 SUBJECT INDEX

barbers 90 structure and disease 166 brain 510 undescended 169 dangerous treatment 90 vas deferens ligation effects 404 goitre 84,90,91,157,158,191,192 testicular extracts greek 40 androgens and androsterone 405 inferiority, A vicenna 82, 83 aphrodisiac 80 Rome 57 Brown-Sequard's auto experiments 290, thyroid 641,642 291,299,300,403 Susruta 25 capon-comb test 405 sympathy elixir of youth 292 'syndrome thalamique' 377 extract of bull testicle 405 blood as mediator 218 preparation 301 'de sympathia et antipathia rerum' 570 testosterone 405 gonads and sex characteristics 194 tests of adrenal function 552, 553 spaying and castration effects 195 medulla 443 universal 193 VMA in urine 554 synergistic factors 408 tests of hypothalamus and pituitary 551 systematists 154 tests of gonads' function 552 tests of hormonal function 549-52 tachyphylaxia 324 tests of parathyroid function 549,550 Talmud and Jewish medicine 29-36 tests of pituitary function 551 tamoxifen 568 tests of thyroid function 549 taoism and sex life 17 tetany teams, psychology of 619-24 Chvostek's sign 484 techniques of endocrine research 'laryngismus stridulus' 484 biochemistry and biophysics 557 parathyroidectomy 344 chromatography 556, 558 Trousseau's sign 484 critical assessment 560 theelin 399 microanalysis 558 The Therapeutics ojHormones 388 protein synthesis inhibitors 546 thermometer (clinical) 130 tagged antibodies 545, 559 thiocyanates 641 X-ray crystallography 557 thymus 52, 66, 154 testicles 363, 403 Astley Cooper 17~ atrophy cavity 133, 175 effect on cerebellum 221 death 176 effects in stags 220 fat and hibernating gland 178 and spermatic nerve 221,338 foetal role 176, 177 chronological tables 844-6 glandulae nutriciae 132 compensatory hypertrophy 196 history 175 early interest 77 hypertrophy and infant death 110 edible dormouse 124 lymphatic gland 136 female function 119 reservoir 166 feminization 202, 203 theories of function 175-8 freemartin 201 thyroid-binding globulin 566 hydatid 166, 188 thyroid gland interstitial gland 404 absence 246 malignant disease 166, 167 atrophy, foetal 250 malignant scirrhus 166 autoimmunity 572 mediastinum 168 basal metabolism and desiccated powdered 88, 97 thyroid 426 secondary sexual characteristics 213 canals 151 seminal ducts 125 C-cells 487 seminiferous tubules 125 chemical investigation 256 Sertoli cells 403, 404 chemistry and physiology 257, 442 sex determination 46 chronological tables 846-51 sexual behaviour 198 circadian rhythm 592, 593 size differences 198 description stallions and oestrin 400 Casserius 107 structure 124, 145 King 164, 165

911 SUBJECT INDEX

thyroid gland (cont.) transvestites 33 Vesalius 104, 105 famous 684, 685 Wharton 131 treatment advances duct 135 ACTH analogues 652 ductless 154, 155 adrenal medulla 652-4 excessive function 257, 258 adrenals 646-54 fluid into duct 164 f3-adrenergic blockers 643, 654 function assessment 259 anovulatory infertility 656 glandula laryngea 109 bromocriptine 659 green parrots 219 clomiphene 656 iodine 257 compound E 646 iodothyrin 256 congenital adrenocortical isthmus 109, 159 hyperplasia 648, 649 lubricator 109 congenital hypoplasia screening 644 and myxoedema 246, 247 Conn's syndrome 650,651 organotherapy 86 considerations 640 pyramidal lobe 163 cortical insufficiency 646-8 receptacle for worms 154, 158 corticosteroid analogues 652 seasonal variation of iodine 427 cortisol 647 size in women 107 cortisone acetate 647 storage 566 cretins 644 theories of disease 269 Cushing's disease and metyrapone 649, thyroproteins 256 650 tri-iodothyronine discovery 427 Cushing's syndrome 649, 650 underfunction 245, 246, 250 diabetes insipidus 674, 679 thyroidectomy 248 diabetes mellitus 662-74 dangers of 248, 249 growth hormone disorders 655, 656 effects of 336, 337 hyperprolactinaemia 657, 658 experimental 165,249, 487 hyperthyroidism 641-4 pituitary effects 323 hypo glycaemia 670 subtotal, numbers done 641,642 hypo gonadotrophic-hypogonadism 657, thyroiditis, Hashimoto's 571, 574 658 thyroid organotherapy 292-5 hypopituitary infertility 657 China 86 hypothyroidism 644-6 thyrotoxicosis, ancient portrayal 73 and infertility 656-62 thyrotrophine 549 and extracorporeal fertilization 659-62 circadian rhythm 592 insulin-zinc 662 thyroxine oral antidiabetic agents 663-70 assay 425 orbital decompression 644 axolotl metamorphosis 425, 426 orbital irradiation 644 bioassay 425 Paget's disease 675, 676 commercial synthesis 645 phaeochromocytomas 652-4 cost of production 424 pituitary 654-9 latency 423 pituitary infantilism 654, 655 specific dynamic action 423, 424 progressive exophthalmos 643 structure 422, 423, 566 protamine-zinc 662 thyrindole crystals 422,423,516 radioiodine 556, 641 totemism 11 systemic corticosteroids 643 tracheocele 156; see also goitre thyroid 641-6 transplant experiments thyroxine synthesis 645 cock's spur 195-7 tri-iodothyronine 645, 646 cock's testes 194-7,204-6,217,218 tri-iodothyronine John Hunter 193 discovery 427,428,556 Hunter, evidence of an eyewitness 197 more acid-soluble than thyroxine 428 ovarian 368--71 oral 645 and vital principle of Hunter 196 structure 566 of parathyroids in dogs 485 thyroid suppression 573 transsexuals 33 trophoneurosis 311 definition 684, 685 Trousseau's sign 484

912