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The Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

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The Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES in alphabetical order THE ADRENAL CORTEX 1563 AD Eustachius described the adrenals: De glandulis quae re­ nibus incumbunt. (His Tabulae anatomicae published by Lancisi in 1714.) 1586-1588 Piccolomineus (Ferrara) and Bauhin (Bale) mentioned the suprarenal glands. 1627 Spigelius talked of the capsulae renales. 1651 Highmore suggested that the suprarenals have an absor­ bent function of exudates from the large vessels. 1716 Montesquieu judged the result of the competition of the Academie des Sciences de Bordeaux: "Quel est l'usage des glands surrenales?" No award was given. 1855 Addison talked "On the constitutional and local effects of disease of the suprarenal capsules". 1856 Brown-Sequard proved in animal experiments that the adrenals are essential for the maintenance of life. 1896 Osler found orally given adrenal extract temporarily effec­ tive in a case of Addison's disease. 1905 Bulloch and Sequeira described patients with adrenogenital syndrome. 1926 P. E. Smith showed that hypophysectomy caused atrophy of the adrenals, which Evans prevented by administration of pituitary extracts. 1927 Hartmann and colleagues confirmed this in adrenalecto­ mized cats; so did Rogoff and Stewart in 1928. 821 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY 1929-1930 Liquid extracts of cortical tissue maintained adrenalecto­ mized cats indefinitely (Hartmann and Brownell; Swingle and Pfiffner). 1930 Rowntree and Greene successfully treated a patient with Addison's disease with Swingle and Pfiffner's extract. 1932 Cushing connected the "polyglandular syndrome" of pituitary basophilism, first described by him in 1912, with pituitary-adrenal hyperactivity. 1933 Loeb treated the abnormal serum electrolytes in Addison's disease with sodium chloride. 1936 The concept of stress introduced by Selye. 1937-1952 Steroid hormones of the adrenal cortex isolated, their structure determined and synthesized (Kendall, Reichstein; Wintersteiner and Pfiffner, et al.) 1942 Isolation of ACTH by Li and Sayers (see also Pituitary Tables) 1946 The general adaptation syndrome described by Selye. 1948 Hench and his colleagues discovered the anti­ inflammatory effect of cortisone (Kendall's compound-E). 1949 Hench, Kendall and Slocumb described the effect of Com­ pound E and of ACTH on rheumatoid arthritis. 1953-1955 Isolation and analysis of the structure of aldosterone achieved (Simpson and Tait, Wettstein and Neher, Reich­ stein and van Euw). Aldosterone synthesized by Wettstein and Schmidlin. 1956 Conn described primary aldosteronism. 1958 Angiotensin suggested by Gross to control aldosterone secretion. 1966 Synthesis of /3-corticotrophin by Schwyzer and Sieber. THE ADRENAL MEDULLA 1805 AD Cuvier defined medulla and cortex of the adrenal gland. 1856 Vulpian's staining method specific for adrenaline. 1886 Felix Fraenkel described a patient with an adrenal tumour and pressor attacks. 1892 Chromaffine cell tumour of the adrenal described by Berdez of Lausanne. 822 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES 1894 Pressor substances in adrenal extract discovered by Oliver and Schaefer in London and, independently, by Szymono­ wicz and Cybulski in Cracow. 1898-1904 Adrenaline isolated, its structure determined and synthe­ sized (Fuerth and Abel; Takamine and Aldrich; Stolz and Dakin). 1922 Labbe, Tinel and Doumer connected paroxysmal attacks of hypertension with chromaffinomas of the adrenal. 1927 Successful removal of a phaeochromocytoma by C. H. Mayo. 1945 Discovery of noradrenaline (Holtz, Credner and Kronenberg). 1957 Vanilmandelic acid (VMA) found to be a metabolite of catecholamines (Armstrong). ANOREXIA NERVOSA 98-138 AD Soranos described amenorrhoea and anorexia in women. ca. 155 AD Galen described an emaciated condition where a patient could not eat. 1689 Richard Morton gave the first description of anorexia nervosa. 1873 Lasegue described 'l'anorexie hysterique. 1873 Gull described anorexia nervosa and gave its name. 1874 Dejerine described "anorexie mentale". 1934 von Bergmann} claimed successful treatment with anterior 1935 Kylin pituitary gland 1937 Schur and Medvei called it pituitary insufficiency due to disturbance of "correlation". 1948 E. C. Jacobs studied the effect of starvation on sex hormones in the male. 1954 Pedoff and colleagues described hypopituitarism caused by starvation. 1962 Srebnik and Nelson observed reduced pituitary LH con­ centrations in malnutrition. 1969 Dally (London) suggested a three-scale classification: Obsessional (0), hysterical (H) and mixed (M). 823 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY 1973 Besser believed to have shown that the endocrine dysfunc­ tion of AN originates in the hypothalamus. 1976 Beumont and his group found reduced circulating LH levels in AN and reduced response to gonadotrophin­ releasing hormone. 1978 Davies and Lewis showed that male rats and guineapigs lost half of their LE receptors after dietary deprivation; their response to hCG stimulation was also reduced. Functional hypopituitarism may be explained by changes of oestrogen metabolism due to loss of body fat, resulting in excessive LE suppression. This would explain the association between menarche and body weight. THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY (ADENOHYPOPHYSIS) ca. 1365 BC Portrait head of Akhenaten (Pharaoh of Egypt, 18th Dynasty) shows acromegalic features. BC Giants were repeatedly mentioned in the Old Testament. Dwarfs were regarded as misfits. 129-201 AD Galen thought that the pituitary drains the phlegm from the brain to the nasopharynx (refuted in 1660 by Schneider in Wittenberg). 1543 Vesalius described the "glandula pituitaria cerebri exci­ piens". 1660 Schneider refuted Galen's theory. 1670 Lower (Oxford) confirmed Schneider's VIew ex­ peri mentally. 1742 Lieutaud described the pituitary stalk ("tige"). 1760 de Haen mentioned amenorrhoea in a patient with pituit­ ary tumour. 1772 Saucerotte described Sieur Mirbeck (acromegaly). 1778 Soemmering (Goetting en) called gland the "hypophysis cerebri" . 1786 John Hunter described "pigeon's milk". 1822 Alibert described a "geant scrofuleux" (acromegalic). 1838 Rathke described the formation of the pituitary gland. 824 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES 1840 Mohr described a patient with Froehlich's syndrome. 1851 Niepce (France) noted enlargement of the pituitary in connection with parenchymatous goitre. 1857 Chalk described "partial dislocation of the lower jaw" from an enlarged tongue (acromegaly). 1864 Verga published the first post-mortem report in a case of acromegaly ("prosopectasy"). 1869 Lombroso described "macrosomia" (acromegaly). 1877 Brigidi published the autopsy on Ghirlenzoni, an acromegalic actor, including the histology of a pituitary tumour. 1884 Fritzsche and Klebs (Switzerland) reported on the clinical and post-mortem findings of a patient with "giantism" (acromegaly). 1886 Pierre Marie called the disease "acromegaly". 1887 Minkowski connected acromegaly with a pituitary tumour. 1892 Vassale and Sacchi showed that hypophysectomy affected water and mineral metabolism. 1892 Massalongo (Padova) attributed acromegaly to hyperfunc­ tion of the pituitary. 1893 Caton and Paul (Liverpool) attempted surgical treatment of acromegaly to relieve pressure due to a tumour. 1900-1901 Benda demonstrated the connection between acromegaly and eosinophil adenoma of the anterior pituitary. 1900 Babinski (France) } 1901 Froehlich (Vienna) described dystrophia adiposo­ genitalis. 1906 Cushing 1906-1907 Schloffer (Vienna) operated on a pituitary tumour by the nasal route. 1908 Paulesco (Paris and Bucarest) succeeded in removing ex­ perimentally the anterior lobe of the pituitary, but with fatal results. 1909 B. Aschner showed that hypophysectomy in a growing animal caused dwarfism. 1910 Cushing and his team presented the first experimental evidence of the link between the anterior pituitary and the reproductive organs. 825 A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY 1911 Hirsch (Vienna) developed the endonasal surgical approach to the pituitary. 1912 B. Aschner observed atrophy of the thyroid in hypophysectomized puppies and genital hypoplasia. 1913 Glinski (Poland) described post-partum necrosis of the anterior pituitary. 1914 Simmonds described pituitary cachexia (Simmonds' dis­ ease). 1915 Gaines demonstrated pituitary function in lactation. 1916 Erdheim described pituitary dwarfism ("Nanosomia pituitaria"). '1921 Evans and Long showed the effect of anterior lobe extract on the growth rate of rats. 1926 Foster and P. E. Smith found that atrophy of the thyroid and lowered BMR in hypophysectomized animals could be restored by using pituitary homoplastic implants. 1927 P. E. Smith and Engle demonstrated that gonadal activity is maintained by the anterior lobe of the pituitary. 1928 Bernhard Zondek and Aschheim isolated the gonado­ trophic hormones (Prolan A and B) of the anterior pituit­ ary. 1929 Putnam, Benedict and Ted produced experimental acromegaly in dogs by anterior lobe extract injection. 1929 Stricker and Grueter discovered prolactin. 1929 Aron (Strasbourg) and, independently, Loeb and Bassett described the action of TSH of the anterior pituitary. 1930 Houssay and Biasotti succeeded in removing the pancreas in the hypophysectomized dog. 1932 Cushing described pituitary basophilism. 1932 Anderson and Collip described the thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) of the anterior pituitary. 1933 Collip and his team isolated an impure "adrenotropic hormone". 1933 Riddle and colleagues identified and assayed prolactin. 1936 Evans and his group isolated the interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH). 1937 F. G. Young described the diabetogenic hormone. 826 CHRONOLOGICAL
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