Major Endocrine Glands of the Body Pineal Gland Pituitary Gland

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Major Endocrine Glands of the Body Pineal Gland Pituitary Gland

Pituitary and Thyroid Hormones 1 Topics for today: • Anterior pituitary hormones • Posterior pituitary hormones • Portal system & releasing factors • Structure of thyroid gland • Action of thyroid hormones 2 Major endocrine glands of the body pineal gland pituitary gland parathyroid glands thyroid gland adrenal glands thymus gland pancreas ovaries (female) testes (male) 3 1 Hydrophilic hormone action mechanism cytoplasm Extracellular fluid second messenger hormone Multiple effects in the cell membrane receptor 4 Example: Action of Epinephrine 5 Pituitary/hypothalamus axis ...interaction of nervous system & endocrine system 6 2 Pituitary secretions neurosecretory cells anterior pituitary in hypothalamus - TSH - ACTH - growth hormone posterior pituitary - FSH - oxytocin - luteining hormone - antidiuretic hormone - prolactin 7 Pituitary secretions neurosecretory cells anterior pituitary in hypothalamus - TSH - ACTH - growth hormone posterior pituitary - FSH - oxytocin - luteining hormone - antidiuretic hormone - prolactin 8 Physiologic effects of hormones from the anterior pituitary • TSH - stimulates release of hormones from thyroid • ACTH - stimulates release of hormones from adrenal cortex • growth hormone - stimulate growth of somatic tissues • FSH - stimulates gamete formation and follicle development • luteining hormone - affects corpus luteum & Leydig cells • prolactin - stimulates development of mammary ductules 9 3 Physiologic effects of hormones from the posterior pituitary •ADH - increases reabsorption of water from kidney tubules • oxytocin - stimulate uterine contraction& milk let-down 10 Origins of anterior/posterior pituitary...effects on control* hypothalamus anterior pituitary Rathke’s pouch posterior pituitary buccal cavity *Posterior pituitary derives from neural tissue but anterior pituitary is of endodermal origin - control 11 of hormone release from the two lobes is different. Hypothalamus control of posterior pituitary Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus send impulses that control hormone secretion from the posterior pituitary Hormones released from the posterior pituitary are synthesized in hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. 12 4 Hypothalamus control of anterior pituitary Hypothalamus secretes releasing factors which control anterior pituitary Releasing factors from hypothalamus: CRF TSHRF STRF FSHRF LHRF PIF 13 Thyroid gland anterior view 14 Posterior view of thyroid gland 15 5 Thyroid microanatomy site of formation and storage of thyroxin (thyroid hormone) releases calcitonin16 Thyroid gland hormones & effects • lipid mobilization & oxidation I I • increased glucose uptake HO O CH2CHCOOH • increased glycogen synthesis • increased protein synthesis I I NH2 Thyroxine • increased cardiac output (amino acid deriv) • elevated body temperature • increased bone growth • promotes neural development calcitonin (a peptide) • decreased plasma calcium level • increased calcium deposition in bone matrix • reduced Ca absorption in GI tract 17 • increased Ca excretion in urine Topic for Monday: Pancreatic and Adrenal Hormones 18 6.

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Distribution of Immunoreactive ,&Neo
0270-6474/84/0405-1248$02.00/O The Journal of Neuroscience Copyright 0 Society for Neuroscience Vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 1248-1252 Printed in U.S.A. May 1984 DISTRIBUTION OF IMMUNOREACTIVE ,&NEO-ENDORPHIN IN DISCRETE AREAS OF THE RAT BRAIN AND PITUITARY GLAND: COMPARISON WITH a-NEO-ENDORPHIN NADAV ZAMIR,’ MIKLOS PALKOVITS, AND MICHAEL J. BROWNSTEIN Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20205 Received August 5, 1983; Revised December 2, 1983; Accepted December 2, 1983 Abstract The distribution of immunoreactive (ir)-P-neo-endorphin in 101 miscrodissected rat brain and spinal cord regions as well as in the neurointermediate lobe of pituitary gland was determined using a highly specific radioimmunoassay. The highest concentration of P-neo-endorphin in brain was found in the median eminence (341.4 fmol/mg of protein). High concentrations of ir-/3-neo- endorphin (>250 fmol/mg of protein) were found in 11 nuclei, including dorsomedial nucleus, substantia nigra, parabrachial nuclei, periaqueductal gray matter, anterior hypothalamic nucleus, and lateral preoptic areas. Moderate concentrations of the peptide (between 100 and 250 fmol/mg of protein) were found in 66 brain nuclei such as the amygdaloid and septal nuclei, most of the diencephalic structures (not including the hypothalamus), and the majority of the medulla oblongata nuclei and others. Low concentrations of ir-P-neo-endorphin (Cl00 fmol/mg of protein) were found in 21 nuclei, e.g., cortical structures (frontal., cingulate, piriform, parietal, entorhinal, occipital), olfactory tubercle, and cerebellum (nuclei and cortex). The olfactory bulb has the lowest /3-neo- endorphin concentration (21.3 fmol/mg of protein).
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The Bright Pituitary Gland-A Normal MR Appearance in Infancy
The Bright Pituitary Gland-A Normal MR Appearance in Infancy Samuel M. Wolpert' Signal intensities of the pituitary gland were measured on T1 -weighted sagittal MR Mark Osborne2 images of 25 patients younger than 20 years old. We found that the signal intensities in Mary Anderson' the eight patients who were 8 weeks old or younger were higher (shorter T1) than those Val M. Runge2 in the 17 older patients. We also noted a difference in the signal intensities across the pituitary gland, the signal being higher in the posterior part of the gland than in the anterior part. We attribute the high signal intensities to the rapid intrauterine pituitary growth, so that at term pituitary protein synthetic activity is at a maximum. Possibly, an increase in the bound fraction of the water molecules of the gland may also be present in the neonatal pituitary as compared with the older gland, but this remains to be proved. The higher signal in the posterior pituitary gland may be due to lipid in the pituicyte cells of the posterior pituitary gland. The signal intensity of the contents of the sella turcica on T1-weighted MR images is not always uniform and homogeneous., Often , a high-intensity crescent shaped structure is seen oriented along the posterior-inferior margin of the sella turcica. Some believe this to be fat in the sella turcica but behind the gland [1]. Others think that the high intensity is derived from the posterior pituitary itself [2 , 3]. There are no published observations about the MR appearance of the pituitary gland in infants and children .
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Shh/Gli Signaling in Anterior Pituitary
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1-Anatomy of the Pituitary Gland
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Hypothalamus - Wikipedia
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Hypothalamushypothalamus -- Pituitarypituitary -- Adrenaladrenal Glandsglands
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University of Nebraska Medical Center DigitalCommons@UNMC MD Theses Special Collections 5-1-1934 Relation of the anterior pituitary to ovarian function Clyde S. Martin University of Nebraska Medical Center This manuscript is historical in nature and may not reflect current medical research and practice. Search PubMed for current research. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses Part of the Medical Education Commons Recommended Citation Martin, Clyde S., "Relation of the anterior pituitary to ovarian function" (1934). MD Theses. 621. https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses/621 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Collections at DigitalCommons@UNMC. It has been accepted for inclusion in MD Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNMC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. e .,.,.~, THE RELATION OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY TO OVARIAN FUNCTION BY CLYDE S. MARTIN SE!HOR THESIS UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE APRIL I934 THE RELATIOM OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY TO OV ARIAJ.T FUNCTION !n ~be last ten years especially, there has been demonstrated and proved, a definite relationship between the pituitary and the sex glands. This is of importance to every clinician, and gynecologist. In order to understand these various phenomena produced by the internal secretion of the pituitary, it is advisable to give here a brief discussion of the anatomical structure, with slight reference to histology. ANATOMY A~TD HI~TOLOGY The pituitary body is situated in the cranium a.t the base of the brain, surrounded by a bony encasement the sella turcica.
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Chapter 20: Endocrine System
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031809.M1-Cns.Hypoth
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031609.Phitchcock.Di
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