Identifizierung Der Antimykobakteriellen Substanzen in Den Wurzeln Von Echinops Kebericho

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Identifizierung Der Antimykobakteriellen Substanzen in Den Wurzeln Von Echinops Kebericho Stephanie Kuras Identifizierung der antimykobakteriellen Substanzen in den Wurzeln von Echinops kebericho Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Magistra der Pharmazie an der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Karl- Franzens- Universität Graz Betreuung: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. rer. nat. Franz Bucar Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Bereich Pharmakognosie Graz, Mai 2014 Danksagung Zuerst möchte ich Herrn Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. rer. nat. Franz Bucar danken, der es mir ermöglichte in dem Bereich der Pharmakognosie zu arbeiten, für die Bereitstellung des Arbeitsplatzes sowie für die stets nette und kompetente Betreuung. Besonders danke ich Frau Ing. Elvira Knauder, die mir jederzeit mit Ratschlägen und Hilfestellungen zur Seite stand, welche mir das Laborleben um einiges erleichterten. Dank gebührt auch Herrn Dr. rer. nat. Abraham Wube für die Bereitstellung des Pflanzenmaterials und Herrn Dr. Olaf Kunert für die Durchführung der NMR- Messungen. Ein großes Dankeschön geht auch an Frau Mag. Sandra Prasch für die Einführung ins antimykobakterielle Arbeiten und die freundliche Hilfsbereitschaft, die sie mir ständig entgegenbrachte. Bedanken möchte ich mich natürlich auch bei meiner Familie und meinen Freunden für die moralische Unterstützung, die Motivation und den Zuspruch. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung und Problemstellung .................................................................................................. 1 2 Theoretische Grundlagen ............................................................................................................ 2 2.1 Tuberkulose ......................................................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 Epidemiologie ............................................................................................................. 2 2.1.2 Übertragbarkeit ............................................................................................................ 4 2.1.3 Pathogenese ................................................................................................................. 5 2.1.4 Immunologie und Resistenzentwicklung .................................................................... 6 2.1.4.1 Multi Drug Resistance bei TB ............................................................................. 7 2.1.5 Diagnostik ................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.6 Therapie ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.6.1 Therapieschema ................................................................................................. 10 2.1.7 Prävention .................................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Mykobakterien .................................................................................................................. 12 2.2.1 Eigenschaften ............................................................................................................ 12 2.2.2 Mycobacterium tuberculosis- Komplex .................................................................... 13 2.2.3 Mycobacterium smegmatis ........................................................................................ 14 2.3 Echinops kebericho Mesfin ............................................................................................... 14 2.3.1 Familie der Asteraceae/Compositae .......................................................................... 14 2.3.2 Echinops L. (Kugeldisteln) ........................................................................................ 16 2.3.2.1 Inhaltsstoffe ....................................................................................................... 17 2.3.2.2 Pharmakologische Wirkung ............................................................................... 18 2.3.2.3 Antimikrobielle Wirkung ................................................................................... 19 2.3.2.3.1 Antimykobakterielle Wirkung .................................................................... 19 2.3.3 Echinopsis keberichi radix ........................................................................................ 20 2.3.3.1 Verbreitung ........................................................................................................ 20 2.3.3.2 Taxonomie ......................................................................................................... 21 2.3.3.3 Traditionelle Verwendung .................................................................................. 22 2.3.3.4 Inhaltsstoffe ....................................................................................................... 22 2.3.3.5 Wirkung ............................................................................................................. 23 3 Materialien und Methoden ........................................................................................................ 23 3.1 Pflanzenmaterial ................................................................................................................ 23 I 3.2 Extraktion des Pflanzenmaterials ...................................................................................... 24 3.3 Dünnschichtchromatographie (DC) .................................................................................. 24 3.3.1 Analytische Dünnschichtchromatographie ................................................................ 24 3.3.2 Präparative Dünnschichtchromatographie ................................................................ 25 3.4 Säulenchromatographie (SC) ............................................................................................ 26 3.5 Hochleistungsflüssigchromatographie (HPLC) ................................................................ 28 3.5.1 Analytische Hochleistungsflüssigchromatographie .................................................. 28 3.5.2 Präparative Hochleistungsflüssigchromatographie ................................................... 30 3.6 Massenspektrometrie (MS) ............................................................................................... 31 3.6.1 GC- MS- Analyse ...................................................................................................... 32 3.6.2 LC- MS- Analyse ....................................................................................................... 33 3.7 Kernresonanzspektroskopie (NMR) .................................................................................. 35 3.8 Antimykobakerielle Testung ............................................................................................ 36 3.8.1 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration- Assay (MIC- Assay) ....................................... 36 3.8.1.1 Durchführung des MIC-Assays ......................................................................... 36 3.8.1.2 Auswertung des MIC- Assays ............................................................................ 40 4 Experimenteller Teil mit Ergebnissen ....................................................................................... 41 4.1 Extraktion von Echinops kebericho .................................................................................. 41 4.2 Aufarbeitung des Hexan-Extraktes ................................................................................... 41 4.2.1 Antimykobakterielle Testung des Hexan- Extraktes ................................................. 41 4.2.2 Grobfraktionierung mittels Säulenchromatographie ................................................. 41 4.2.3 Antimykobakterieller Testung der Sammelfraktionen ............................................... 43 4.2.3.1 Testergebnisse .................................................................................................... 43 4.3 Aufarbeitung der einzelnen Fraktionen ............................................................................. 44 4.3.1 Fraktionierung mittels Säulenchromatographie ....................................................... 44 4.3.1.1 EK_SF8 und EK_SF9 ........................................................................................ 44 4.3.1.2 EK_SF8_SF3 ..................................................................................................... 47 4.3.1.3 EK_SF4 ............................................................................................................. 47 4.3.2 Antimykobakterielle Testung ..................................................................................... 49 4.3.2.1 Testergebnisse .................................................................................................... 49 4.4 Isolierung der Reinsubstanzen aus den Fraktionen ........................................................... 50 4.4.1 Präparative HPLC ...................................................................................................... 50 4.4.1.1 EK_SF4_F10 ..................................................................................................... 51 4.4.1.2 EK_SF8_SF3 (F15- 22) ..................................................................................... 52 II 4.4.2 Präparative Dünnschichtchromatographie ................................................................ 53 4.4.2.1 EK_SF8_SF4 ..................................................................................................... 53
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