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Tritium Inventory

Tritium Inventory

Appendix C

Appendix C Inventory

In this appendix several estimates using different The combined atmospheric releases of tritium from assumptions are made of the total tritium inventory in the F and H separations areas at Savannah River through weapons and available for weapons The first, which is the year 1983 are presented in column 2 of Table C 1 and referred to as the "steady-state estimate," assumes that Figure C 1 These are routine releases, mainly from tri- there was no change in the tritium inventory during the tium processing in the 200-H area An examination of late 1970s In other words, the amount produced equal- these data indicates that the tritium releases during 1965- led the amount lost through during 70 and 1974-81 wererelatively low, and there were few if this period The tritium in the U S stockpile is produced any dedicated tritium production runs during these at the Savannah River Plant The second inventory esti- years Also, the tritium releases per megawatt-day of pro- mate made assumes that the routine atmospheric releases duction during these periods are comparable, suggesting of tritium from the tritium recovery operations at SRP are that the tritium release fraction from the separations area proportional to the amount of tritium processed [i e ,pro- has remained relatively constant over the lifetime of the duced) facility-at least through 1981 In an attempt to place upper and lower hounds on It is assumed that in the years 1960-63 a single reac- the tritium inventory estimate two additional estimates tor was dedicated to tritium production and there was no are also made using tritium release data from SRP incidental production of tritium in control rods, as occurred later on Using the average thermal output for Steady-State Estimate SRP reactors [see Table 3 21, the tritium production in The tritium production rate from FY 1977-FY 1980 this period was 7 92 Â 2 53 kg annually Theuncertainty is estimated to have averaged 2 2 Â 0 7 kg per year 1 DOE is derived from including the possibility of tritium pro- statements2 indicate that this was designed to offset duction in control rods, at a rate of 0 DO08 g/Mwd of ther- losses due to radioactive decay Thus a determination of mal output Based on these assumptions, the annual the steady state tritium inventory in that period is found tritium production is estimated in Column 3 of Table C 1 by setting the production rate equal to the rate of radioac- The total tritium production [uncorrected for radioactive tive decay 3 Setting the production rate P - 2 2 Â 0 7 kg decay) through 1984 is about 179 kg Tritium has a half- per year yields a steady state tritium inventory I = 40 Â life of 12 33 years; consequently, 5 5 percent of the 13 kg The tritium production rate in FY 1981 is esti- existing inventory is lost each year through radioactive mated to have been 2 6 kg and in FY 1982-84 averaged decay As shown in the table, this quantity would have 10 6 kg per year (see Savannah River Production, Chapter decayed by the end of 1984 to 79 Â 25 kg Three) Thus, allowing for radioactive decay, the tritium As seen from Table C 1this method predicts that all inventory at the end of FY 1984 based on the steady state reactors were dedicated to tritium production in 1958- assumption is estimated to be 63 Â 20 kg that is, an estimated 25 7 kg of tritium was produced in 1958 compared to a maximum production of 26 2 kg, Estimates Based on Atmospheric based on a thermal production of 2 1 million Releases of Tritium Mwd The SRP production reactors have been producing tritium in quantity since 1956 A second estimate of tri- Bounding Estimates tium production at SRP is made by analyzing the tritium In an attempt to bound the estimates of tritium pro- losses from the terget processing facility (the duction a low estimate is made by assuming that there 200-H separations area) Tritium is recovered from Li-A1 were no dedicated tritium runs prior to PY 1982 Here it targets by heating the irradiated targets to high tempera- is assumed that the production rate per reactor has tures to drive out the tritium gas remained at a constant of 0 002 c/Mwd through 1981,

1 Tills is arrounfcihio from ahnu, "ma1 rates of mrtriiirtion in cnnrrni mds 10 001 dMwdl indin blankets and dkharg~abt~td~kmdw& yn'duuliun o&atio~s t There is a mnstant sunnlu ;of tnliuml nnidiimd fornunlcar w~annnsin the. ittoricoile dl 3 Setting - = f U = 0 wheie P in therale olproduction I is thn imvm dl h-o'7y31 tats a4 T, torsbe un line find available to inert steady slate tritium makrup needs Duaue C hinlie~~ilioacliveriacay constant T,,,, istheradio[u:tiv~hajf-1iIe = 12 33 years Sewell ASDP in HASC PY 1981 DOE p 133 for trttimn Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I1 179 Appendix C

Table C 1 Tritium Release and Estimated Tritium Production at SRP

Estimates of Tritium Prnductmn and lwentorv Riutine Reluse Constant Release to Frmim from F and H Annual Annual Annual Calendar Separations Areas Production Inventory Production Inventory Production -Year (103 curies10 Ikgl (kg1 (kg) (kg1 Ikgl 1955 20 0 2 0 2 1 00 10 0 50 1956 4 9 4 9 2 45 3 3 7 35 1957 17 1 6 7 15 51 1958 41 2 104 £ 35 1959 48 0 15 5 1015 IS60 52 6 20 7 10 94 1961 57 0 25 8 11 2s 1962 62 0 30 6 11 11 1963 86 6 35 0 11 02 1964 73 9 39 4 12 la 1965 73 3 41 4 2 13 1966 72 6 43 4 2 20 1967 72 1 46 1 2 60 1968 72 7 48 4 4 95 1969 71 E 49 1 3 50 1970 70 6 49 4 3 00 1971 70 9 49 4 2 65 1972 73 0 50 1 10 21 1973 72 4 51 1 3 77 1974 70 6 52 0 3 62 1975 6B 3 51 9 2 82 1976 66 0 53 0 4 05 1977 64 5 52 6 2 62 1976 63 1 53 1 2 42 1979 61 7 51 6 2 38 1980 60 5 51 6 2 90 1981 59 8 51 4 2 76 1982 67 0 59 1 I079 1983 73 2 85 8 I021 1984 79 2 72 2 10.21 Total Production 20%6

Sources: C Ashley C C Zider Releases of Radioactivity ac the Saw& Riser Plane National Research Counci Washington, 0 C 1SB1 Fig 7 D 2 washin- Rant 1354 through 1978 DPSPU 75-25-1 Fabniarv 1980 D 102 For 1979 ished by 180,000 curies Releasesfor 1 081-83fmm Savsrriah Rwerplmt Techni. the total etwphenc rel~wefrom E I Duoont Envirmencal Monitoring in the cat Rep~rtsDPSP 82-3.1 DPBP B3.1-1 and OPSP 84-1-1 cfced in letter from Vicinity of the SauannanRiw Plant AnnualReport fop 1979 DPSPUQO-31-1 was icChaout, DOE Savannah RiverOoaratims Office co Thomas 6 Cochrs" 13 diminished by 160 wocuries ~ppmxmatelythieaveragereieasefromreactorsand september 1984 the 400.~laboratory for years 1377 aid 1978 For 1980 the total etmos~henc b ~xc-bdesaccidencet releases: 470000 curies released 2 Mew 1974; 162 DOG relaase astimated from Rsdinnctiuc Waste Management at tha Savannah Uiv~r curies released 31 December 1975

with one half of the tritium produced in control rods, and  24 kg This surely underestimates the actual produc- the other half producd in blankets and dischargeable tion since dedicated tritium production runs very likely targets inside driver assemblies The total production were made in the to meet thermonuclear program under this assumption would be 139  46 kg through needs Also, it is known that there have been other tri- 1984 Decayed to the end of 1984, this would be about 72

180 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II Appendix C

tium campaigns prior to 1980 One is reported to have tium is assumed to have been produced in blankets and occurred in 1972 and another probably occurred in 1963- dischargeable targets in those reactors dedicated to plu- 64,when routine atmospheric releases peaked tonium production As seen by the last two columns in A high estimate of tritium production is found by Table C 1, these assumptions give a total production first estimating, the number of reactors dedicated to tri- through 1984 of 209  70 kg, and 90  30 kg decayed to tium production from the quantity of tritium released the end of 1984 annually, and then calculating tritium production from the combined annual thermal output of the Savannah Summary River reactors [from Table 3 2) Based upon the calculations in this appendix and Here, it lias been assumed that no reactors were dedi- assuming no significant quantities of tritium produced cated to tritium ~roductiondurinp. the periods of Iniv tri- since 195fi were hiirneri, releas~d.nr sold, the best esti- tium release (1955, 1965-71,and1973-81); one reactor mate of the tritiuminventory at the end of FY 1984 lies in was dedicated to tritium production during 1959-64, the range of 70 to SO kg, with an uncertainty of  25 kg 1972,and 1982-84;two reactors in 1956; three in 1957, Taking into account the loss of 5 5 percent of the inven- and five in 1958 In all years 0 001 g of tritium is assumed tory each year this inventory is the result of the cumula- to have been produced per megawatt-day in control rods the production between FY 1955-84of some 175 kg of Also, in later years, 1968-84,an additional 0 001 g of tri- tritium, with an uncertainty  60 kg

Calendar Year

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II 181

Appendix

Appendix D Inventory of Highly Enriched Allocated for

The highly in the nuclear weap- trate purchases (Table D 1, columns 8 and 91 The ons stockpile, including uranium currently available for difference between uranium requirements and purchases new weapons, was produced in the gaseous diffusion provides the inventory of uranium concentrate at the end plants prior to mid-1964 ' "Weapon grade" uranium of FY 1964 3 Table D 1 indicates that there was an appar- metal, commonly referred to as oralloy,Z contains about ent stockpile of about 46,800 V;0, at the end of FY 93 5 percent U-235 Based on materials balance consider- 1964 4 But as will be seen, most of this was used to ations, the quantity of U-235 available for weapons is the production reactors and additional quantities were in limited by AEC purchases of uranium concentrate (U30gl process between 1943 and the end of FY 1964 [see Table D 1,col- umn 9,and Figure 3 4) and by the separative work pro- Uranium in Process duction of the enrichment complex during this period The uranium in process at the gaseous diffusion [Table D 1, column 2 and Figure 3 5) plants at the end of FY 1964 is estimated to be no more Most of the uranium enriched prior to FY 1965 was than 10 percent of the annual separative work produc- for warheads If all the separative work performed by the tion, equivalent to 7 5 MT of oralloy product.5 and per- enrichment complex prior to FY 1965 had gone into the haps as much as several thousand MT equivalent of production of oralloy, about 751 MT would have been feed 8 In addition, a four month working produced (see Table D 1, column 6) From this amount it inventory of enriched UF,, equivalent to 5 16 million is necessary to subtract the equivalent oralloy production SWU or 25 MT of nralloy product is assumed to have that did not end up in the warheads and the inventory been on hand at the diffusion plants at the end of FY allocated for warheads The dominant corrections are 1964 ' uranium in process and in working inventory at the Production Reactor Fuel enrichment plants at the end of FY 1964, uranium used At Hanford, the amount of U-235 allocated to the as fuel through 1964 in US production reactors, naval production reactors through FY 1964 consisted of the U- propulsion reactors, and central station electric power 235 consumed during that period plus the U-235 tied up reactors, and uranium used in weapons tests Smaller in various stages of the fuel cycle amounts of uranium were used through FY 1964 in US Through FY 1964 eight Hanford graphite reactors research and test reactors and were exported for civilian accumulated 41 million Mwd of operation, producing an reactors and under military agreements with the United estimated 35 MT of plutonium (see Table 3 3) The Han- Kingdom and ford production reactors were originally fueled with nat- A check on uranium feed requirements as derived ural uranium passed once through The plutonium was from the reported separative work production is pro- recovered from the irradiated fuel, but the uranium, con- vided by the annual and cumulative uranium concen- taining perhaps 85 percent of the original U-235, was dis-

" ~ ~~ ~~F~~~~~~~~~~~- ~~ ~fitesiat which ii&thnplant was piaci~~~~tandb~II is not expcc~iirf to berest~rbedby i)0b prior la FT lass Since this ii thn nnlv facility for this uuryuse DOE 1AECI ha$ ...... 2 Oralloy vms the code fund used lor U 235 or hiehlvcnriched nraniiim mela1 duriw lhe Mdnhaltao Prokt Thn name derives InniiOak Rid- Allov dxki~cinucntnrynf vannu*ai~ay~'7.% :k.ng;r. ..r.?urv :% .r. .mii##nq !n ¥hl~lunl ; li. Pic. .?a> ni~ciili~:~:GAO RcpJrt ti. trlz I "oar b?oo~ooH~u.?4to!38#~ C%mu" "11.ni~'d'K-l.i Pm.i.ble':r-d::of tni-f\tnmk-Fnrwnmfni!;;io:. {.Caw. .$ Ihll ,. PItltttriPl '..3ti-0wil'~l;l.lii 2UMdv WW u 58 nivudui.fdin::AE SriritniMrr-

~- end 01 FY 1966 W~SIQW~IIIWIL eui&m&iror ~,.tmpoosmscd 4 ta the takulations for Tabh D 1 it is assumed that lulls accumulated ainr ~944mm stripped in theywrsFY 1956and FY1957 whnn Ihc tailsassays droppedtemporarily to 0 163 sad 01spercent respectively This action would have been taken shortly alter mplrtinn of IhePadmahuaseousdiffusion plant tomcrease tl~feeilreawveatatim of ifidly lmreaamg separative woik production At Faduuahconslructimnof 4 plants p- 31 C-33 C-33 and C-37)uix-urred duriq FY 1951-1855 Padticah was lu pc~cesswat urntilies of dnplrtcd uranium from ,he "Imt.lom of the Oak Ridge r-ancarig; Iiichard G 1952 and 1950 respectively From I952 to 1958 thc at &?"ford was Hcwleit and Francis Duncan A Histnvofthr AlumicEneisy Commission mined ham the atorag~tanks and ihr I! Plain was used for ~~dioacllverecovery CKLIA 11: Atomic Shhld 11947 19921 US AEL Report No WASH-3215 1972 p 554 reS Wasle M&lmwmedOueratium, HanfMd Rr-ven-atinn ERDA~lS3flDi~mhcr 1275 pp 111.10 to 11 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II 183 Appendix D

Table D 1 Uranium Enrichment Activities FY 1944-FY 1964 Production of HEU Equivalent

Tailst Enrichmenf Assay HEU Equivalent" Production -Percent Praduction Feed:! Requirements Uraniume Purchases Thousand Short Tons Thousand Short Tons MSWU MTU UaO, uaO, Annual Cumulative Annual Cumulative Curnulatiwe Annual Cumnlatlw 4 81 4 81 0 07 0 07 0 529 0 50 5 31 0 529 0 468 0 515 0 506 0 495 0 506 0 447 0 438 0 366 0 278 0 I63 0 199 0 297 0 339 0 337 0 343 0 341 0313 0 285

a James H Hill and JDCW Parks Ur&Enncfvrwnl:in the UnMStetss COW- PIF = Cxf - a,Ul+ - The number of =para& w~rkunitslSWU1 is S = IVIxtl- 7503267, Eneroy Fteseamh arKiOevelopment,Administration 5 March 1375 Fin- VbelIF - NbiJ -VII(,HF where VbJ - 11 -=In KI -xl/xl ,,-, " ,? d A ripping in FY 195B.1957 FV 1956: strip tails from FY 1945-FY 1953 PeCLiirma 13 72 MSWU VS DrOaurtro 35 5 MT HEU; FY 1857: Strip Lsas from FY 1953-FY 1955 requiring 9 SB MSWU aid producing 33 2 MT HEU e See Table 3 15

carded In the early 1950% the AEC began recovering the operate the reactors to the end of FY 1964 Out of this, uranium from the fresh and stored processing waste, and about 49 MT of U-235 were consumed in the eight reac- the fuel cycle was closed 8 In order to maintain the reac- tors, and an additional 39 MT of U-235 ended up as tivity of the plants, it became necessary to slightly enrich enrichment tailings A further two-year fuel supply the fresh It is estimated to have taken approxi- would have tied up an additional 7800 MT of natural ura- mately two years to recycle the spent uranium fuel-that nium (10,000short tons U30, containing about 55 MT of is, two years to irradiate, cool, process, recover, and U-2351, since the Hanford reactors produced about 3 MT refabricate the uranium fuel of plutonium per year, requiringsome 1300 MTfreshfuel Assuming the Hanford reactors used natural ura- (9 2 MT U-235) for each metric of plutonium nium feed and the uranium recovered from spent fuel The five Savannah River reactors accu- was re-enriched to normal assay (0 711 percent U-235) mulated 24 5 million Mwd of operation through FY with enrichment tails assay of 0 32 percent U-235,10 1964, producing an estimated 23 7 MT of plutonium some 12,000 MTU of natural uranium feed (16,000short equivalent, including an estimated 90 kg of tritium (6 5 tons U.0, containing 88 MT tJ-235) were required to MT Pu equivalent) 11 The Savannah River reactors used

9 I UrnAlunm. ShirM p fi2 10 TIMopwatlng enrichment taUa assay ul (lie eur~chiueiiluuniplex has been reduced from about O 523 pi-rmnt iivthc 1940s ta U 2 uezdcurrenlly (TableD 11 From TableD1 the -w ails way for r~ i9t4-ff laaa was o 32 prmt whfch was alee the spvmgo value lurthe years fY IWO-VY 1961 184 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II Appendix D

HEU driver fuel in dedicated tritium runs They used nat- Navy had procured 180 reactor cores and performed less ural uranium or LEU fuel when producing plutonium than ten refuelings until 1968 when HEU driver fuel was introduced An estimated 185 naval reactor cores were processed Some 5600 MT of natural uranium feed (7300 short at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant by the end of FY tons U308containing 40 MT U-235) are estimated to have 1984" and approximdtely 8940 kg HEU containing 6974 been required for operating the reactors during pluto- kg U-235 was recovered '4 Hence the average naval core nium production to the end of FY 1964, allowing for processed through FY 1964 yielded 48 kg HEU contain- enrichment of the recovered uranium in the gaseous dif- ing 38 kg U-235 The corresponding average fresh core is fusion plants Of this. 22 MT of U-235 in natural or LEU estimated to have contained about 90 kg HEU (97 3 per- fuel were consumed by the reactors, and an additional 18 cent U-2351" Through the end of 1964, the fresh naval MT of U-235 ended up as enrichment tailings Allocation cores that were irradiated, discharged, and processed of a two-year fuel supply for each reactor would tie up an contained an estimated 70 kg HEU (97 3 percent U-235), additional 1660 MT of natural uranium (2200 short tons on the average, assuming that only 40 percent of the orig- U30ncontaining about 11 8 MT U-2351, since in the SRP inal U-235 was destroyed 16 heavy water reactors some 830 MT of (5 9 MT U-235) nat- These data suggest that through FY 1964 some 13 ural uranium feed is required for each metric ton of plu- MT of HEU (97 3 percent U-235) was required for fresh tonium produced naval reactor fuel and less than 0 4 MT of U-235 was The production of 90 kg of tritium through FY 1964 recovered from spent fuel would have consumed 6 6 MT of U-235 in HEU driver fuel Assuming a fuel cycle inventory in the reactors and Domestic Power Reactor Program in fresh and spent fuel of five HEU driver charges (8MT Prior to 1967 the Atomic Energy Act provided for U-235) the total HEU committed to the tritium pioduc- Presidential determination as to the quantities of special tion at SRP through N 1964 contained about 16 6 MT U- nuclear materials that were to be available for distribu- 235 It is assumed here that no HEU recovered by the tion to licensed users within the United States and to Idaho Chemical Processing Plant was used for driver nations having agreements for cooperation with the charges prior to FY 1965 United States The N-reactor began operating at Hanford on 31 In 1954 the AEC undertook several actions designed December 1963 The reactor requires about 800 MT of to accelerate the development of civilian power reactors, slightly enriched uranium (approximately 1 percent U- including initiating construction of the Shippingport 235) per year when operating in the weapon-grade pluto- Atomic Power Station This 68 Mwe pressurized water nium production mode (6 percent Pu-240) It is assumed reactor achieved criticality in December 1957, becoming that by the end of FY 1964 some two years supply of fuel the first large-scale civilian plant built in was committed, requiring about 1500 short tons U30a the United States 37 Also, in 1954, the AEC began devel- feed opment of several prototype reactors including boiling In sum, an estimated 18 MT of HEU (17 MT U-235) water, fast breeder, and an experimental sodium graphite and some 41,000 short tons UgO, were tied up in produc- reactor 18 Only four of these small experimental civilian tion reactor fuel requirements power projects went online between 1956 and 1964 19 Early in 1955 the AEC launched the Power Demon- Naval Reactors stration Reactor Program designed to encourage private By the end of 1964, there were sixty-two nuclear investment in larger scale nuclear power plants Under powered naval vessels (fifty-eight submarines and four the first two rounds, six power plants were undertaken surface ships), driven by seventy-two naval reactors In and came on line between 1960 and 1965 20 This was fol- addition there were six land-based naval prototype reac- lowed by the AEC's announcement in 1957 of a third tors Through the end of FY 1964, it is estimated that the round aimed at advanced reactor technologies Four pro-

iahanbmariiie the ~~iitalned10 kg of Hull: John Sliiip~on.The Indepen dent Nm.-!cur Slots: Flu- United Shhs Britain axid the Mitimfy Aloni (New York: St Martin sPrets 19831 p 2BI 7 AWMw,. UVBRuore replaced Shippingport s FWl

Nuclear Weapons Databmk, Volume II 185 Appendix D

Table D 2 Amount of Highly Enriched Uranium 090%) Supplied to Experimental Power Reactors through Fiscal Year 1964

Yearly U-235 Total U-235 Enrichment Requirement Requirement Reactor" IMWtl Startup Shutdown nbl lkgly~l (kg1 Reprocessor EWER 11 001 - 30" Stored at SRP3 HWCTR (611 - 5Oà Stored at SRPC VBWB 133; - 35d IIIMELd SRE (201 - 150~ Stored at SRPf - 753 INEL Bh 32' ? BORAX 1.2,3,5 - 501 INEL%ut some storad there EBR-1 I1 41 - 1501 k INEL HRE-I 111 11. 5 ¥ HRE-2 151 WPRE 1 (21 1956 1957 93 LAPRE 2 ID I959 T-^9 93 - 41 ? EOCR (401 terminated in 1962 93 - 65" INEl TOTAL 675

. Theinabbrenatednames of themtarsarelisted m DOE NuclearFiamEOTaBuilt: Being BLUX Or Planned TIC-BEOD-R arfiwl 8 OtHy the second cored the EBWR (inserted in early 1960~1contained HEU; M T Simnad FuelEhCExperience in Nuclear Fbwer Reactore An AEC Monograph. Gordon and Branch Science Publishers 1971, p 345 About: 37 kilograms of " EBWRspentf~ielIenr~ched to92 percenrin ur-anium.2351 amstored atSRPDOE g Three cocas wars fabricated for the OMRE reactor; JCAE FY 1965 AEC Each Spent Fuel and Radioaccive Waste Inventories Projections and Characteristics omtared about: 35 kg of U-235 M T Simnad, Fuel Bemt p 437 RW-0006 September- 1984 h This k a rough admate assuming that for each MWt; one kg of U-235 I~PBOUF-BCI b Trie core contained 27 kiloyams of uranium-235 in driver elements: R R Bm each year Research, Tiffining, Test and Production REaccor Directory, American Nuclear Society 1993 p 777 Two cores mere ussdin this reactor, JCAE FY 1OSSAEC P 908 c About 32 kwrams of urariium-235 in spent HWCTR spen~fuelis stored at EHP: ---""C -"-enan. .. c,,o,. d I - tcoed~:~t->?rea:torVtasmoo-'iedinlY;LtiiloiÈierri:iaJpflnçr U ' 5 ninac FJP, Elew: a 341: r ;ne eanv lY?L^ ECOU 33 KQ 01 ~-23":as w:1 tor JBi'ln 52- ¥ nt _ at Ine dahO i %t~Cti'r gl~~.iiyAEC A.,uof .9w ti. Ccnyeaa 1904 5 51

Source: David Albhghh private communicatm jects in the 15 to 60 Mwe range were undertaken and Research and Test Reactors came on line between 1962 and 1964 21 Through 1964 there were nine AEC-owned civilian, In addition to the AEC and cooperative development and ten AEC-licensed, research and test reactors with programs, seven privately funded reactor projects came rated power levels greater than five Mw,[see Tables D 5 on line between 1957 and 1966 22 and D 6) All of these reactors operated using HEU The The fuel, furnished by the AEC for all of these reac- fuel requirement through FY 1964 for these together with tors through FY 1964 is estimated in Tables D 2, D 3, and the smallerreactors [l to 5 Mw,) is estimated in the tables D 4 to have required about 3 MT of U-235 contained in to be 2 8 MT of U-235, equivalent to 3 MT of HEU (93 5 HEU (greater than 90 percent U-2351 plus lower enriched percent U-235) uranium requiring about 4000 short tons U,O8 feed and There were eight other safety research and test reac- 1 7 million kg SWU These fuel requirements are equiva- tors prior to 1965, operating either under transient power lent to 12 6 MT HEU (93 5 percent U-235) plus 2000 short conditions or at power levels betow one Mwi The fuel tons U.,OÃ 23 requirements for all of these were too small to have con-

IBWR, iz MW, 4flto BB Mw.; iin2-76 wired i9831: ~~~~~~allfcitos~uperheatneat tz; 15Mwt; 196.1-671 Table D 3 Amount of Highly Enriched Uranium 090% U-2351 Supplied to Civilian Power Reactors Through Fiscal Year 1964

Uranlum-235 Requirement Total U-235 Power Shut Enrichment Through 1964 Requin- Reactor 1MWtI lW Ikgl metlkgl Reprocessor Shippingport 236 1957 1992 92 6BO" I 020a INELW Indian Point 1 615 1962 1980 93 I I DOb 1100 West Valleyc Elk River 58 1962 1368 93 344'1 344" Italy, but large amount scored at SRPI Pathfinder 190 1963 1967 93 50- I OOd INELe Peach Bottom 115 1966 1974 93 -220' -440' Stored at INELa TOTAL 2.330 3.000

Not all of CheHEU fueffrom the PBthfrrnterreactorhes been reprncessed About 60 kg ofslighUyrradiatedfucl iscurrently Btaredafc INEL. DOE Spent Fuet RW-0006

fabricated by me end of FY 64; operating ism of u s Nuclear Power- Reac- Appendixd. JCAE FY1970AEC Part2 p 1551 At the end of 19B3 Peach Boccom spent fuel containing about 330 kg of HEU of which about 220 kg is U-235 ;&stored at INEL,OUE Spent Fuel c almost allof the spent HEU fuelwas reprocessed at west valley in 1358: G ~och- One core wasiris&rteflintothe Elk Rn'er'reacEorandaiTOCherwaS beinafabricstad" lin eta1 , Westvalley: Remtofthe AEC Bulletinof dieAcomicScientfstsUan- March 1964. JCAE. FY 1965 AEC p 751 Each core eonthmied 172 kg of U-23% vary 1B7Q}: tabk2 Mf T Bmnad FuelElement, a 373 d TÂ¥fabricated for the Pathtinderreactor although thesecond corn was Actheendof 1993about; 1SOkgof83percentenricheduraniumspentfu6\fromtk nec fsbricatad mila few years after FY 1954: JCAE FY 1965 AEC JCAE FY Elk River reactor were stored at 5RP: DOESpent Fuel In the 1970s a small amount 1367 AEC Each core contained 50 ka of U-23% M T Simnad Fuel Element PP of ~lkRiverfwl was i-eprocesssed atck 11RECfet:ihcyin lwly; 5 Cmet a1 Italim 405-6 Experience with Pilot Reprocessing Planes IAEA-CM-361304 Ma* 1977

source: David Albngfrt private communiwn.

tributed significantly to the estimate of oralloy produc- containing 80 kg U-235 were returned to the United tion made here States 26 Rocket Propulsion Reactors Consumption in Nuclear Weapons Tests" Under , a joint NASA-AEC program to The United States conducted 374 nuclear tests develop a reactor for space travel, through 1964 plus three joint U S -UKtests (see Appen- there were seven nuclear rocket reactor experiments con- dix B) These tests correspond to about 1 4 percent of the ducted between 1960 and 1965 These reactors had current nuclear weapons stockpile of about 26,000war- power levels ranging between 100 Mwt and 1070 Mwi heads Thus the total HEU expended in tests conducted The combined Dower of all seven was 4820 Mw. Two prior to the end of 1964 was about 10 MT (about 20 kg additional experiments were conducted after 1965 (1400 HEU per ) Mw,(1967)and 4200 Mw, (1968)) DOK nltimately r&v- ered 2 819 MT U235 at the ICPP Iron1 fuel used in Proi- Weapon Grade Uranium Inventory in 1964 5% act Rover 24 The inventory of weapon grade uranium (93 U- 235) at the end of FY 1964, when oralloy production Exports for Foreign Civilian Reactors ceased, can now be estimated by subtracting the uranium Through 1964 the United States exported 1 9 MT ot used in other activities from the purchases before FY HEU to foreign research reactora, containing 16 MT of U- 1965 According to Table D 7 a stockpile of some 657 MT 235 2s During this same period only 97 kg of uranium (93 5 percent U-235)was available for weapons at the

Nuclear Weapons Databank. Volume II 187 Appendix D

Table D 4 LEU-Fueled Power Reactors: Domestic Separative Work Requirements ISWUI Through Fiscal Year 1964

Fmel Charge!' Enrichment' Cores Total Feed ReactoP 1kg Uranium! 1w Produced (kg SWUI Indian Pt 1 20.000 3 4 1 79.960 158 Yankee-Rows 20.800 3 4 2 166,320 328 20.800 4 0 588 Big Rock PC 11.700 3 2 259 Dresden 1 51.500 2 0 442 Humbofrit Bay 13.840 2 6 78 13,840 2 2 34 La Crosse a.600 3 63 73 Bonus Boiler 2.810 2 4 15 Superheater 1,790 3 25 13 Hallam 29,200 3 6 245 2g.200 4 9 342 Fiqua 6.550 19 26 Carolina-Virginia Tube Reactor 3.280 1 75 24 Pathfinder Baiter 6,560 2 a 32 EBR-2 350 49 0 88 Fermi 2.000 25 6 258 EBWR 5.600 1 44 16 EVESR 2,200" 5 4' 58 EBOR 1BOS 62 51 26 EGCR 9.86Oh 2 55h 56 1.270 5 7 26 3,000 2 8 19 3,000 52 37 VBWR 800 3 0 6 NS Savannah f ? '? TOTAL 1,706,385 3,247

end of FY 1964 of the Savannah River production reactors, fuelneeds for This estimate, 657 MT, is judged to have an error of research and test reactors, uranium exports to Britain and about 10 percent and should be taken as an upper limit France for military purposes, and nuclear tests on oralloy production It is consistent with a previous Presently highly enriched uranium metal is pro- report that "more than half a million kilograms [500 MT] vided from the current DOE inventory at the Y-12 plant of weapon-grade uranium were produced in the United for nuclear weapons components and for fuels for the States since 1945 ''2a Savannah River production reactors, and DOE research and test reactors It is assumed this has been the practice Removals 1964-90 ever since the AEC placed its Enriched Uranium Conver- Since FY 1964, the inventory of HEU available for sion Facility (for conversion of UFÃto UF4) on standby in weapons has been further reduced by fuel requirements early FY 1965 and will continue until 1988-90when the facility is scheduled to be reactivated

20 )oh" McPhce.Tf>cCiirveof (NewYutk: Fdrrar SU~u~~6Girnux19741 p z,

188 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II Appendix D

Table D 5 Amount of HEU 090%) Required in DOE Civilian Research and Test Reactors [>I MWtl

U-235 Total U-235 Yearly U-235 Requirement Requirement Enrichment Requirement Through 1964 Through 1984 Beaatw* IMWl Startup Shutdown IW Ikglyrla (kg1 Ikgl Reprocess*r ATR C25OII25bl 1967 - 93 175 OC - 3900d INEL HFIFU1001 1985 - 140 0" SRP HFBR I401 40 Of SRP and INELB (80) 59 0 SUP and INEL9 ORR 1301 18 0 SRP and INELh own 18) 5 4 INEL BMRR 131 0 2 ? 0 5 SRP and INEL 0 2 SRP and INEL ETR I1751 180 oi INEL MTR I401 40 Of INEL ALRR 151 5 Of SRP CP-5 151 5 Of Some at SRP SER 151 5 Of INEL Retired Reactors INEL and SRP" I1 to 5 Mwtl TOTAL

J E Mates ArgmNatimal Laboratory Subject: RERTR Prograrnfleachrr Sum- mrr-mrtadinto U-2361 theannual need for fresh U.235 for HF1R is about 140 kgof m+Septsnitier 1 BBP 22 September 1082 U-235 b The ATR only ran ac 250 Mm in 1967 ln 1969 H ranat about 220 MWt andaftsr f This 1s a roughestimateof the amount of U235required yearly based on assuming that the power was reduced gradually to about 120 or 130 Mnt by 1875 [INEL chat one kilocram or uranium-235 is needed each year per MWc for the HFBP personal communication. May 19841 [Matos ERTR Prog-am1 c Each year the Am requires about 150 to 175 new fuel elements, cacti containing g Due ma ban on sriipmenta of spentfuel through New Yorkdty no fuel was ship@ 1 075 kg of uz35 UNEL.personal oommunicacion May 19B41 If the average off-site from 1376 until 1965 The spent fual from this reactor is beng sent to power of the ATR is 125 MWt about 1 3 to 1 5 kg U-335is required per MWt per INEL Once the current hacktng~f50~flt fwd is sentto INEL iC Mil probably be sane year to SBP Previous co 1976 or 1977 the soem fualwes most likely sent hr SRP d Using the information in footnotes b and c and assuming a linear decrease in power h Startingin 1932 ORRapentfuel was sentta lNEL fo~repi-00essIngDuring 1395 dP from 196Buntil1975 theATR hasrequiredabout3900kgof U235 throughlSB4 1986 shipmeni.s to SRP should resume F~~ 1978 tilrough 1981 DRR sent

The SRP reactors, as noted "oreviouslv. were con- percent in the targets Consequently, verted to HEU driver fuel for plutonium production in highly enriched driver fuel contributes some 31 million 1968 No dedicated tritium runs occurred between 1965 Mwd of operation between FY 1965 and FY 1990, con- and 1972 From FY 1969 through FY 1984 the SRP pm- suming an estimated 38 MT U-235 (41 MT weapon-grade duction reactors operated 25 5 million Mwd; an addi- HEU equivalent) tional 13 5 million Mwd are projected to accumulate An additional 19 MT U-235 (20 MT weapon grade between FY 1985 and FY 1990 Of the total 39 million HEU equivalent) are probably tied up in the fuel cycle (in Mwd, an estimated 7 million Mwd is generated in reac- and out of reactor inventories) However, this must be tors dedicated to tritium production and "high flux" reduced by 8 MT, the amount of U-235 assumed to be in operation and the remaining 32 million Mwd is in reac- the fuel cycle pipeline in FY 1964 29 tors producing plutonium, where the power distribution A considerable portion of the HEU needed to fuel the is about 75 percent in the highly enriched drivers and 25 SRP production reactors since FY 1964 has come from

29 adune-year pipeline ~nswreactorcharaecoolainsup to1 e~~of(1235 and ieZB.\fITuf HEUwasschedttledforn:coveiyinFY 1980:HASC FY 198ODOE p 752 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I1 189 Appendix D

Table D 6 Amount of HEU 1<90%) Required in NRC tor AEO-Licensed Reactors Ç MWtl

U.235 Tam1 U-235 Yearly U-235 Requirement Requirement Enrinhment Requirmnent Through 1961 Through 1984 Reactor* (MWW Start-up Shutdown MI [kgtyrla lkgl (kg1 Repmoeeso+ NBSR 1201 1967 93 I3 0 - SUP MURR 151 1966 93 9 oc - 1101 1974 93 I90 - MITR 151 1958 93 5 4 38 SUP or INEL UCNR 151 1961 93 5 4 22 SRP GTRR I51 1964 93 19 2 SRP? FNR (21 1957 93 3 3 26 SRP RINSC VS 1964 93 2 5 3 SRP UVAR 12J 1960 93 13 7 SRP ULR (1 I 1974 93 0 2 - not aonlicable NASA-TR (601 1963 93 30 0" BO WTR [601 1959 93 - BOB GETS 1301 1958 93 30 Oh 210 1501 1966 93 soar - BAWTR 161 I964 93 6 Oh 6 0 Retired Reactors 50 INEL! and SRP (1 to 5 Mwtl - TOTAL 504

SnP ano.".LLarMl me enf~cnrnentor the-ecor?*ea iiLi~iAiioi.aiHeoort tocmo-ess o'CKAc=m¥cL-vi' Lc*^missionfor me years 1904 lYt5 ana'yC/ anam* ~cmde~.,,-, .o vw Amm? ~rtei-i~,P.S+.W~ Jait,ar&Ccinber Id36 den-a-y AnnWReport ap at. After 1BG7 itis assumed that half of the U-235 w =cow en-d at SRP and half at INEL Annual Repopt Ctonq-ofC^AtomicEnvoy Comirvasian far 1384 p 81 Rough estimate based on assiimng 1 kg U-235 par per MWt [Maws RERTR program Some of the spent fuel from the IRL reactoc was reprocessed at INEL Wnnual Rep& up dt 1964 19661

Source: David Albright private communication uranium recovered from naval [and research) reactor The United States has supplied approximately 9 [or spent fuel, primarily in Idaho Through FY 1984 28 8 MT 5) MT3" of HEU to the fur submarine of uranium containing 22 8 MT U-235 were recovered at reactors and weapons under the USIUK Defense Agree- ICPP, and perhaps as much as 25 MT U-235 (27 MT ment signed in 1958 If the HEU was supplied in metal weapon grade HEU equivalent) will be recovered form it would have come from pre-1964 production HEU through 1987 Anadditional 4 MT HEU will be recovered stocks If it was supplied as UF6, it could have been from at SRP from research reactor fuel This suggests that pos- HEU enriched after 1964 in addition, the United States sibly a total of some 21 MT of U-235 will be withdrawn committed itself in May 1959 to supply France with up to from the HEU inventory to meet SRP reactor driver fuel 0 44 MT of enriched uranium "for use in the develop- requirements between FY 1965 and FY 1990 ment and operation of a land-based prototype submarine About 15 to 20 MT of uranium from the HEU stock- nuclear propulsion plant "31 Up to 0 3 MT was to be pile will be needed to supply domestic and foreign enriched to 90 percent in the U-235,with the research and test reactors between FY 1965 and FY 1990 remainder enriched up to 20 percent 32 [see Table D 7) Finally, some additional 370 nuclear tests (includ-

32 VS Depdrtmeni rf Slatememorandum lo the American Embassy Paris 7 May 1959

190 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II Appendix 0

Table D 7 Estimate of U.S. Stockpile of Weapon-Grade Uranium (19841

HEU 035"

FV 1365-90 SRP Driver Fuel Consumed in Reactors -41 0 Additional Fuel Cycle Inventory -12 0 U235 Recovered at ICPP & SRP 27.0 SRP Subtotal -36 0

Domestic and Foreign Research and Test Reactors -150to-200 Weapons Tests -10 0 Exports Under Military Agreements -0.4 to -9.4 Subtotal (FY 1965-90) -51 4 to -65 4

Awilable for Weapons 592 to 605

ing 14 joint U S /UKtests) were announced during the able for weapons at the end of N 1984 at about 600 MT 1965 through FY 1984 period, requiring an estimated 10 This 600 MT estimate is an upper limit on the HEU MT of HEU inventory available for weapons There are surely addi- In sum, the additional drawdowns of the HEU stock- tional inventories and drawdowns which have not been pile through FY 1990 total some 51 to 65 MT weapon- taken into account The authors believe a better estimate grade HEU (93 5 percent U-235) equivalent, as indicated of the HEU inventory reserved for weapons is 500 MT in Table D 7, leaving the estimated HEU inventory avail-

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I1 IS1

Glossary of Terms Glossary of Terms

Actinides The series of heavy radioactive weapon systems, including metallic elements of increasing country of origin and location, from actinium weapon and payload identifica- 189) through hahnium (105) tion, and event type Advanced Gas High speed, high-efficiency gas ATMX The designation assigned to a Centrifuge [AN) centrifuge for enriching uranium special railcar used to transport hexafluoride nuclear weapons Only series 500 and 600 ATMX cars are uu- Advanced Isotope Processes under development for clear weapons transporting rail- Separation (AIS) enriching uranium, including cars Molecular Laser Isotope Separa- tion (MLIS], Atomic Vapor Laser Atomic An device whose ener- [AVLIS], the gy comes from the fissioning of Separation Process uranium or plutonium A fission (PSP], and the Advanced Gas bomb, as distinguised from a hy- Centrifuge [AGC] drogen bomb Airburst The explosion of a nuclear weap- Atomic demolition Nuclear device designed to be on in the air at height greater munition [ADM] detonated on or below the sur- than the maximum radius of the face, or under water, to block, de- fireball ny, and/or canalize enemy A positively charged particle, forces made up of two and two , emitted by certain Atomic number The number of protons in an radioactive nuclei The nucleus of He-4 Atomic weight The of an atom expressed Anti-submarine Methods of warfare utilizing spe- in units [amu), usu- warfare [ASW] cialized sensors, data processing ally relative to carbon-12, which techniques, weapons platforms, is defined to have a mass of 12 and weapons intended to search amu Approximately, the sum of for, identify, and destroy subma- the number of neutrons and pro- lines tons in the nucleus Anti-ballistic A defense missile used to inter- missile [ABM] cept and destroy an attacking A missile that follows a ballistic strategic ballistic missile trajectory, relying only on gravi- ty and aerodynamic drag when Aqueous phase In extraction, the water- its thrust is terminated containing layer, as differentiat- ed from the organic phase Ballistic missile A defensive system designed to Arming As applied to weapons and am- defense (BMD) destroy incoming ballistic mis- munition, the changing from a siles or their warheads Usually safe condition to a state of readi- conceived as structured in sever- ness for initiation al different lavers that attack mis- siles in any of their trajectory Arms control The process of limiting or reduc- phases: boost phase, post-boost ing arms to lessen the risk of con- phase, midcourse phase, and ter- flict and to reduce the conse- minal [or reentry) phase quences of a conflict should it occur Element with atomic number 4 Arms control The collection, processing, and and atomic weights between 6 agreement reporting of data indicating test- and 11 Used in nuclear weapons verification ing or employment of proscribed as a reflector and a neu- tron source 194 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I1 Glossary of Terms

Beta particle An or positron emitted tion, design, or material used in by an atomic nucleus during ra- the manufacture or utilization of dioactive decay a , nuclear explo- sive device, or nuclear weapon Blanket A layer of assemblies containing test assembly , such as uranium- 238 or -232, surrounding Control rods Rods of neutron absorbing mate- the core of a , for rial that are inserted into the core the purpose of absorbing escap- of a nuclear reactor to control its ing neutrons operation Blast The pressure pulse (shock wave) in air initiated by the expansion Conversion ratio The ratio of the number of of the hot gases produced by an of new fissile materials produced explosion in a reactor to the number of at- oms of con- Blast yield That portion of the total energy sumed This ratio is usually less of a that is than unity manifested as a blast {or shock) wave Crater The , depression, or cavity formed in the surface of the earth Boosted fission A nuclear weapon in which neu- by a surface or underground ex- weapon trons produced by thermonucle- plosion Crater formation can oc- ar reactions serve to enhance the cur by vaporization of the surface fission process The thermonu- material, by the scouring effect of clear energy represents only a air blast, by throwout of dis- small fraction of the total explo- turbed material, or by subsi- sion energy dence In general, changes from The precentage of fuel atoms fis- one process to the next occur sioned during operation of a nu- with increasing depth of burst clear reactor Also, the energy The oppomnt crater is the de- uroducecl bv a nuclear reactor, pression which is seen after the usually expressed as Mwd per burst; it is smaller than the true MT of fuel crater, which is covered with a layer of loose earth, rock, etcet- Byproduct material Any radioactive material (except era In a deep underground burst special ) yielded when there is no rupture of the in or made radioactive by expo- surface, the resulting cavity (a sure to the incident to sealed pocked of smoke and gas) the production or utilization of is called a comoufiet A series of reactions in fission- Critical facility A research facility that contains able material in which neutrons nuclear material and can sustain that are the product of fission re- a chain reaction but produces no actions induce subsequent fis- power and requires no cooling sions Its core is designed for great flex- ibility and uses fuel that can be Cladding The material forming the outer layer of a element repositioned and varied to inves- May be aluminum, steel, or Zir- tigate different reactor concepts calloy, an alloy of zirconium and core configurations Command disable A system incorporating com- The least mass of fissionable ma- system mand and control features that terial that will allow a self-sus- destroys a weapon's ability to taining nuclear chain reactor achieve a significant nuclear yield The critical mass depends on the type of fissionable isotope, its Component Any operational, experimental, chemical form, geometrical ai- or research-related part, subsec- rangement, and density Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I1 195 Glossary of Terms

Critical nuclear Thnt TOP SECRET Restricted A isotope (atomic weapons design Data or SECRET Restricted Data weight 2) with one and information revealing the theory of operation one neutron in the nucleus Rep- (CNWDI) or design of the components of a resented by letter D or by H-2 thermonuclear or implosion- Used as a thermonuclear fuel type fission bomb, warhead, constituent and as a neutron demolition munition, or test de- moderator (in the form of heavy vice Specially excluded is infor- water) in nuclear reactors mation concerning arming, fuz ing, and firing systems; limited Disablement The rendering of a nuclear weap- life components; and, total con- on incapable of achieving a nu- tained quantity of fissionable, fu- clear yield for some specified pe- sionable. and high explosive ma- riod of time Not included in terials by type Among these disablement are the prevention excluded items are the wmpo- of the recovery of active nuclear nents which Service personnel material and preventing the ob- set, maintain, operate, test or re- tainment of classified design in- place formation A low-flying, air-breathing, guid- ed missile that, like an aircraft, Electromagnetic A sharp pulse of radio-frequency relies on propulsion to balance pulse [EMF') (long wavelength) electromag- drag and aerodynamic lift to bal- netic radiation produced when a ance gravity nuclear explosion occurs in an unsymmetrical environment, es- Cryogenic Relating to the production of pecially at or near the earth's sur- very low temperatures face or at high altitudes It is caused by Compton-recoil elec- (Ci) A unit of radioactivity: the activi- trons and by photoelectrons The ty of a quantity of any radioactive intense electric and magnetic nuclide undergoing 37 thousand fields can damage unprotected million disintegrations per sec- electrical and electronic equip- ond ment over a large area

Custody 1 As defined in the AEGDOD A unit of energy 22 5 billion tril- Stockpile Agreement, custody is lion electron-volts equal one kil- the responsibility for the control owatt-hour of transfer and movement of, and access to, weapons and compo- Enhanced radiation A nuclear explosive device nents Custody also includes the weapon designed to maximize nuclear ra- maintenance of accountability diation effects and reduce blast for weapons and components and thermal effects 2 As used within the individual Military Services, custody is the Increasing the concentration of guardianship and safekeeping of one isotope of an element rela- nuclear weapons and their com- tive to the other For ex- ponents and of source and spe- ample, uranium-235 relative to cial nuclear material Custody uranium-238 or plutonium-239 relative to plutonium-240 may 01 may not include account- ability Feed material A nuclear material introduced at the start of a process or operation Depleted uranium Uranium having a concentration (e g ,uranium hexafluoride [UFg) of U-235 smaller than found in as the feed to an enrichment pro- nature (0 711 percent) cess or uranium metal as the feed to a fuel fabrication process) Detonator A device containing a sensitive Fertile isotope An isotope that is converted into explosive intended to produce a a fissile isotope, either directly or detonation wave for detonating a after a brief decay process, by ab- high explosive element sorbing a neutron For example, 196 Nuclear Weapor is Databook, Volume II Glossary of Terms

fertile U-238 captures a neutron monly known as atomic bomb to form U-239, which subse- quently decays to fissile Pu-239 Fission yield The amount of energy released by fission in a thermonuclear [fu- Fireball The luminous sphere of hot gases sion] explosion as distinct from produced by a nuclear explo- that released by fusion sion Formerly Restricted Information removed from the Firing system The system of components in a Data (FRD) Restricted Data category upon a nuclear weapon that converts (if joint determination by the De- necessary), stores, and releases pertinent of Energy [or antece- electrical energy to detonate the dent agencies) and Department weapon when commanded by of Defense that such information the fuzing system relates primarily to the military Fissile material An isotope that readily fissions utilization of atomic weapons after absorbing a slow neutron, and that such information can be emitting 2 to 3 neutrons Fissile adequately safeguarded as classi- materials are U-235, U-233, Pu- fied defense information [Sec- 239. and Pu-241 tion 142d, Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended ] Fission The splitting of the nucleus of a heavy atom following absorption Fuel cycle The set of chemical and physical of a neutron into two lighter nu- operations needed to prepare nu- clei, accompanied by the release clear material for use in reactors of neutrons, X-rays, gamma rays, and to dispose of or recycle the and kinetic energy of the fission material after its removal from products the reactor Fissionable material A material that will undergo nu- Fuel element A rod, tube, or other form into clear fission Includes fissile ma- which nuclear fuel is fabricated terials, but also isotopes such as for use in a reactor U-238 that are fissioned only by fast neutrons Fuel fabrication A facility where the nuclear ma- plant terial (e g, enriched or natural Fission products The product nuclei resulting uranium) is fabricated into fuel from the fission of a heavy nncle- elements for a reactor us (e g , uranium-235 or plutoni- um-239) These are distin- Fuel processing A plant where irradiated fuel ele- guished from the direct fission plant ments are dissolved, waste mate- products or fission fragments rials removed, and reusable ma- that are formed by the actual terials are recovered splitting of the heavy-element nucleus The fission fragments Fusion The process in which two light are radioactive and decay into nuclei atoms, especially , combine to form a daughter products The complex mixture of fission products thus heavier nucleus with the release formed contains about 200 dif- of a substantial amount of ener- gy Extremely high temperatures, ferent isotopes of over thirty ele- ments resulting in highly energetic, fast-moving nuclei, are required Fission weapon A nuclear wftrhead whose mate- to initiate fusion reactions rial is uranium or plutonium that is brought to a critical mass Fusion weapon Nuclear warhead containing fu- under pressure from a chemical sion materials (e g , deuterium explosive detonation to create an and tritium) that are brought to explosion that produces blast, critical density and temperature thermal radiation, and nuclear conditions by use of a primary radiation The complete fission fission reaction (thermonuclear) of one pound of fissionable mate- in order to initiate and sustain a rial would have a yield equiva- rapid fusion process, which in lent to 8000 tons of TNT Com- turn creates an explosion that Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I1 197 Glossary of Terms

produces blast, thermal radia- urn, with atomic numbers of 90 tion, and nuclear radiation Com- and above monly known as hydrogen bomb or Heavy water Water containing significantly more than the natural proportion (1 part in 6500) of deuterium at- Fuze A union of one or more subas- oms [as DaO) to ordinary hydro- semblies or major components gen atoms [as HgO] that, when combined with other major assemblies as required Heavy water reactor A nuclear reactor that uses heavy [such as bomb, power supply, water as moderator and/or cool- etc ), is capable either in itself or ant in conjunction with a firing set of controlling the electrical or Element [symbol He) with atom- mechanical arming and firing of ic number 2 and atomic weights a weapon between 3 and 8 Highly enriched Uranium that is enriched in U- Fuzing system The system of components in a uranium [HEU] 235 to above 20 percent, usually nuclear weapon that determines 90 percent or greater the time and place to detonate the weapon High-level waste The highly radioactive waste WWI containing fission products that is discharged from a nuclear fuel High-energy electromagnetic ra- processing plant diation emitted by nuclei during nuclear reactions or radioactive Homogenous core A reactor core composed of only decay one type of fuel assembly Igloo An earth-covered structure of Gaseous diffusion An isotope separation process concrete and/or steel designed used for enriching uranium in for the storage of ammunition uranium-235 based on the fact and that the lighter isotopes of a gas diffuse through a porous barrier Implosion weapon A weapon in which a quantity of at a greater rate than the heavier fissionable material, less than a isotopes critical mass at ordinary pres- sure, has its volume suddenly re- Gas centrifuge A rotating cylinder that can be duced by compression [a step ac- used for enrichment of uranium complished hy using chemical hexafiuoride gas The heavier explosives) so that it becomes uranium isotope U-238 tends to supercritical, producing a nucle- concentrate at the walls of the ro- ar explosion tating centrifuge, leaving urani- Inertial confinement A concept for attaining the densi- um enriched in U-235 near the fusion (ICF] ty and temperature condition center that will produce by use of lasers or particle beams Gun-type weapon A device in which two or more to compress and heat small pel- pieces of fissionable material, lets of fusion fuel The energy re- each less than a critical mass, are leased is in the form of fast neu- brought together very rapidly so trons, X-rays, charged particles, as to form a supercritical mass and debris that can explode as the result of a rapidly expanding fission chain Initial operational The date when the first combat capability [IOC] missile unit is equipped and trained, and logistic support es- Half-life The time in which one half of a tablished to permit performance quantity of identical radioactive of combat missions in the field atoms decays An initial operational capability date is associated with each new Heavy metal The fuel materials, including missile system as a target date for uranium., plutonium and thori- delivery of combat equipment, 198 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II Glossary of Terms

repair parts, maintenance equip- Joint test ossembly, rebuild ment, and publications, plus Weapons randomly selected supply of trained personnel from War Reserve stockpile in which the nuclear explosive Intercontinental A land-based rocket-propelled package is removed and instru- ballistic missile vehicle capable of delivering a mentation substituted prior to (ICBM) warhead over intercontinental evaluation distances Once rocket propul- sion is terminated an ICBM trav- Joint test The instrumented package sub- els on a ballistic trajectory subassembly (JTS) stituted for the nuclear explosive package Intermediate-range A ballistic missile, with a range ballistic missile capability from about 1500 to Kiloton [Kt] The energy of a nuclear ex- [IRBM) 3000 nautical miles plositon that is equivalent to the explosion of 1000 tons of trini- Ion exchange Chemical methods of recovering trotoluene [TNT) high explosive products or removing impurities from solutions involvingthe ex- A device that produces a coher- change of between the solu- ent, intense, and collimated tion and an insoluble resin Used beam of electromagnetic radia- in uranium milling to recover tion of well-determined wave- uranium from acid leach liquors length, through a physical pro- and in fuel processing for final cess known as stimulated product decontamination and emission the separation of certain fission products from high level waste Laser isotope An enrichment process in which For the separation of metals, ion separation (US) desired isotopes are separated by exchange is preferable over sol- differentially exciting a vapor or vent extraction for small quanti- gas with a finely tuned laser ties or low concentrations Used to separate U-235 from U- 238 and Pu-240 and Pu-244 from Irradiation Exposure to neutrons in a nucle- Pu-239 ar reactor More generally, expo- sure to any source of radiation Light-water reactor A nuclear reactor that uses ordi- nary water as moderator and Isotopes Atoms of the same chemical ele- coolant ment having different numbers of neutrons in their nucleus An Liquid-metal fast A nuclear reactor that uses a liq- isotope is specified by its atomic uid metal (e g , sodium) for cool- number and a symbol denoting ing, operates with high-energy the (e g , U- [fast) neutrons, and produces 235 for uranium with 235 neu- more fissionable material than it trons and protons) consumes

Joint test assembly Warheads and employed Lithium Element with atomic number 3 ()TA) in test projects JTAs are non-nu- and atomic weight between 5 clear test configurations with ap- and 9 As thermonuclear fuel propriate instrumentation in- constituent, it is usually com- stalled pounded with deuterium Joint test ossembly, pre-build In- Low-enriched Uranium enriched in U-235 to strumented warheads on bombs uranium less than 20 percent, usually 2 to assembled alongside war reserve 4 percent weapons The nuclear explosive package is excluded, with instru- Mean free path The average path distance a par- mentation substituted that will ticle (neutron or ) travels allow subsystem evaluation at a before undergoing a specified re- later time during weapon evalua- action (with a nucleus or elec tion tron] in matter Nuclear Weapons Databonk, Volume I1 199 Glossary of Terms

Megaton (Mt) A measure of the explosive yield dies out and the reactor is "sub- of a nuclear weapon equivalent critical"; fork greater than unity to one million tons of trinitrotol- the reaction grows and is "super- uene (TNT] high explosive critical " Equal approximately to one National Security A category of information classi- thousand million calories or 4 2 Information fied under Executive Order thousand million million 12356, "National Security Infor- mation " Megawatt thermal A measure of the rate of heat pro- (Mwtl duction (power output) in a nu- Natural uranium Uranium as found in nature, con- clear reactor equal to one million taining about 0 711 percent of U- watts 235.99 3 percent of U-238,and a trace of U-234 A measure of thermal energy pro- A measure of the intensity of duction in a nuclear reactor One equal to the Mwd is equal to 86 4 thousand product of neutron density and million joules velocity Expressed as the number of neutrons per square Military Those characteristics of equip- centimeter per second characteristics ment upon which depend its ability to perform desired mili- A high-voltage tube tary functions Military charac- used in contemporary nuclear teristics include physical and weapons to furnish neutrons at a operational characteristics but precise instant to begin fission not technical characteristics reactions in fissile cores Nuclear component A part of a nuclear weapon that "Mod" designator Modifications made to the major contains fissionable or fusion- number assembly design of a weapon sys- able material tem Mod-0 is the first version of a weapon design, with subse- Nuclear device or fission and fu- quent modifications of the weap- sion materials, together with the on design numbered consecu- arming, fuzing, firing, chemical tively explosive, canister, and diagnos- tic measurement equipment, that have not reached the develop- Moderator A material [e g , water, heavy water, or graphite) in the core of ment status of an operational a nuclear reactor that slows neu- weapon tains by elasticcollision, thus in- Nuclear radiation Particle and electromagnetic ra- creasing their chance of absorp- diation emitted from atomic nu- tion by a fissile nucleus clei in various nuclear processes Metric Ton (MT) 1000 kilograms, or 2205 pounds The important nuclear radia- tions, from the weapons effects Multiple Multiple reentry vehicles carried standpoint, are alpha and independently by a ballistic missile, each of particles, gamma rays, and neu- targetable reentry which can be directed to a sepa- trons X-rays are not nuclear ra- vehicle (MIRV) rate and arbitrarily located tar- diations since they do not origi- get nate in atomic nuclei A quantity that describes the de- Multiplication Nuclear reactor A device in which a controlled, Factor [k) gree to which a chain reacting self-sustaining system can sustain operation k can he maintained with provi- is equal to the ratio of the sions for cooling to remove gen- number of neutrons in a given erated heat Types include pow- generation to the number in the er reactors, research and test preceding generation When k is reactors, and production mac- equal to unity, the fission chain tors reaction is self-sustaining and the reactor is "critical": fork less Nuclear waste The radioactive by-products than unity, the chain reaction formed by fission and other nu- Glossary of Terms

clear processes in a reactor Sep- Pipeline Refers to the quantity of an item arated from spent fuel in a pro- required in the supply system to cessing plant maintain an uninterrupted re- placement flow Nuclear weapon A device that releases nuclear energy in an explosive matter as Pit The components of a warhead lo- the result of nuclear reactions in- cated within the inner boundary volving the fission or fusion of of the high explosive assembly atomic nuclei, or both but not including safing materi- als Nuclear weapons Effects associated with the ex- effects plosion of a nuclear weapon, in- Plutonium A heavy, man-made, radioactive cluding blast, heat, X-rays, metallic element (symbol Pu] prompt nuclear radiation, and The most important isotopes are electromagnetic pulse Pu-238 and Pu-239

Nuclear winter Global effects of nuclear war re- Plutonium-239 A fissile isotope produced by sulting in the lowering of land in uranium-238 surface temperatures to near It is used in the core of nuclear freezing or below due to the weapons spread of massive amounts of smoke from fires and dust through the atmosphere screen- Plutonium-240 An isotope of plutonium, pro- ing out the sun's energy duced in reactors by neutron capture in Pu-239 Because of its One-point A detonation of high explosive high rate of spontaneous fission, its presence increases the chance detonation which is initiated at a single of preinitiation and affects the point This type of detonation design and operation of nuclear may be intentionally initiated in explosive devices certain self-destruct systems

One-point safe The probability that the detona- The initiation of the fission chain tion of the high explosive of a nu- reaction in the active material of clear weapon by initiation at any a nuclear weapon at any time one point has a chance of no earlier than at which either the greater than one in a million of designed or the maximum com- producing a nuclear yield in ex- pression or degree of assembly is cess of £s TNT equiva- attained lent It is a term to describe the degree of safety in a nuclear Primary The fission trigger or first stage of weapon a multistage thermonuclear weapon or device Oralloy Abbreviation for Oak Ridge Al- loy Highly enriched uranium Production The conversion of raw materials metal, typically 93 5 percent U- into products and/or compo- 235, used in nuclear weapons nents through a series of manu- facturing processes It includes Organic phase In solvent extraction processes functions of production engi- (e g ,PUREX) for fuel processing, neering, controlling, quality as- the solvent (organic) containing surance, and the determination layer, as. differentiated from the of resources requirements aqueous phase Permissive action A device included in or attached Production reactor A nuclear reactor that is lint (PAL) to a nuclear weapon system to designed primarily for the pro- preclude aiming and/or launch- duction of plutonium, tritium, ing until the insertion of a pre- and other isotopes by neutron ir- scribed discrete code or combi- radiation of selected target mate- nation rials Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II 201 Glossary of Terms

PUREX Abbreviation for Plutonium sion products and from each U[R]anium E[X]traction A sol- other vent extraction process common- ly used in fuel processing that in- Research and The phases through which R&D dividually separates the development (R&D] effort passes in its evolution from uranium, neptunium, and pluto- phases initial inception to mature tech- nium from theaccompanyingfis- nology are: (1) basic research, (2) sion nroducts contained in the ir- applied research, (3) exploratory radiated fuel development, (4) advanced de- velopment, and (5) engineering Quality assurance A continuing program of test and development (QC) evaluation to determine whether weapons materiel is of satisfacto- Research reactor A nuclear reactor that is ry quality, to determine the de- designed primarily for training gree of conformance to design in- and research tent, and to determine the status Resonance capture An inelastic nuclear collision of functional stockpile readiness that occurs because of the strong through the use of periodic in- tendency for a nucleus to capture spection reports and other incident particles or of checks electromagnetic radiation having particular (resonant) Radioactivity The spontaneous disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus re- Restricted Data (RDI All data [information] concern- sulting in the emission of either ing: (a) design, manufacture, or alpha or beta particles, gamma utilization of atomic weapons; rays, or neutrons [b) the production of special nu- clear material; or (c) the use of Reactor core The central portion of a nuclear special nuclear material in the reactor containing the fuel ele- production of energy, but shall ments not include data declassified or removed from the restricted data Reclama A request to duly constituted au- thority to reconsider its decision category pursuant to Section 142 or its proposed action of the Atomic Energy Act (Sec- tion llw, Atomic Energy Act of Recycle The reuse of unburned uranium 1954, as amended ) and plutonium in fresh fuel after Safing As applied to weapons and am- separation from fission products munition, the changing from a in spent fuel at a reprocessing state of readiness for initiation to plant a safe condition Reentry vehicle [RV) That portion of a ballistic missile Salt cake The damp solid formed when the which carries the nuclear war- liquid fraction of the high-level head It is called a reentry vehi- waste is removed through theuse cle because it reenters the earth's of an evaporation crystallizer atmosphere in the terminal por- tion of the missile trajectory Scrap Rejected nuclear material re- moved from the process stream Reflector A layer of material immediately Often requires separation from surrounding a reactor core which contaminants or chemical treat- scatters back or deflects into the ment to return the material to a core many neutrons that would state acceptable for subsequent otherwise escape Also, in nucle- processing ar warheads Common reflector materials are graphite, berylli- Separative work A measure of the effort required um, and natural uranium in an enrichment plant or unit to separate uranium of a given U- Reprocessing The chemical treatment of spent 235 content into two fractions, reactor fuel to separate the pluto- one having a higher percentage nium and uranium from the fis- and one having a lower percent-

SOB Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II Glossary of Terms

age of U-235 The unit of separa- related physical environments tive work is the kilogram separa- involved in the delivery of a nu- tive work unit [kg SWU] clear weapon from the stockpile to the target It may also define Solvent extraction Chemical methods of recovering the logistical flow involved in metals based on their preferen- moving nuclear weapons to and tial solubility in immis- from the stockpile for quality as- cible in water Used in uranium surance testing, modification milling to separate uranium from and retrofit, and the recycling of leach liquor and in fuel process- limited life components ing to separate plutonium and uranium from fission products Strategic forces Nuclear weapons and delivery systems designed for nuclear at- Source material As defined under the Atomic En- tack against strategic targets or ergy Act, ores containing urani- for active defense agains such an um or thorium attack Bombers, missile sys- tems, and strategic interceptors Special isotope DOE facility using the atomic va- Commonly refers to offensive separation [SIS) por laser isotope separation (AV- weapons in the United States plant LIS] process [or molecular laser and that can deliv- isotope separation (MLIS) pro- er a nuclear strike on each other cess) to enrich plutonium in the or a third party isotope Pu-239 Stripping In uranium enrichment, the pro- Special nuclear As defined under the Atomic En- cess of enriching the tails of an material [SNMl ergy Act, plutonium, uranium- enrichment plant or previous en- 233, and uranium enriched in richment stage In the PUREX the isotope U-233 or the isotope solvent extraction process, the U-235 SNM does not include transfer of product from the or- source material such as natural ganic phase back into the aque- uranium or thorium ous phase Spent fuel Fuel elements that have been re- Subcritical An assembly containing an in- moved from the reactor because sufficient quantity of fissile fuel they contain too little fissile ma- to sustain a fission reaction terial and too high a concentra- tion of radioactive fission prod- Submarine- A ballistic missile carried in and ucts They are highly launched ballistic capable of being launched from a radioactive missile (SLBM) submarine

Stimulated emission Physical process by which an ex- Tactical nuclear Nuclear capable devices as- cited molecule is induced by in- weapons signed to support the conduct of cident radiation to emit radiation battles and deployed close to at an identical frequency and in likely areas of military engage- phase with the incident radia- ment tion Stockpile Nuclear storage Also, the total Tails The depleted stream of an en- number of nuclear weapons richment plant or stage after the which a nation maintains in stor- enriched product is removed age at all locations and potential- Expressed as percent of U-235 ly available for deployment content Also, applies to the de- pleted stream from uranium Stockpile to target 1 The order of events involved milling sequence in removing a nuclear weapon from storage, and assembling, Tamper A heavy, dense material sur- testing, transporting, and deliv- rounding the fissionable material ering it on the target 2 A docu- in an atomic weapon, for the pur- ment that defines the logistical pose of holding the supercritical and employment concepts and assembly together longer by its

Nuclear Weapons Dataho~k.Volume II 203 Glossary of Terms

inertia, and also for the purpose A fissile isotope bred by neutron of reflecting neutrons, thus in- capture in thorium-232 It is sim- creasing the fission rate of the ac- ilar in weapons use to Pu-239 tive material The only naturally occurring fis- sile isotope Natural uranium has Target Material irradiated with neu- trons in a production reactor in 0 7 percent of U-235 Reactors order to produce plutonium-239, use natural or enriched uranium as fuel Weapons use uranium tritium, uranium-236, plutoni- um-238, or other desired iso- enriched to about 93 5 percent U- topes 235 Uranium-238 A fertile isotope from wich Pu- Thermal neutrons Low-energy, low-speed neutrons 239 can be bred It comprises in thermal equilibrium with 99 3 percent of natural uranium their surroundings Frequently, neutrons with speed of 2200 m/s Uranium A volatile compound of uranium hexafluoride and fluorine that is a white crys- Thermal reactor A reactor in which the fission talline solid at room temperature chain reaction is sustained by and atmospheric pressure but va- low-energy (thermal) neutrons porizes upon heating, at 56 6 de- which have been moderated to frees C Feedstock in gaseous dif- thermal energy in order to in- fusion, gas centrifuge, and other crease reaction probabilities enrichment processes Uranium milling The process by which uranium Thennonudeal A nuclear weapon (also referred ore containing only a very small weapon to as hydrogen weapon) in which percentage of uranium oxide the main contribution to the ex- (UaOa]is converted into material plosive energy results from fu- containing a high percentage (80 sion of light nuclei, such as deu- percent) of U30a, often referred terium and tritium The high to as yellowcake temperatures required for such fusion reactions are obtained by Uranium ore U30a,often referred to as yellow- means of an initial fission explo- concentrate cake sion Vitrification The solidification process in which high level waste is melted A naturally uccurring isotope with a frit to form a glass from which the fissile isotope U- 233 can be bred by neutron cap- Warhead That part of a missile, projectile, ture torpedo, rocket, or other muni- tion which contains either the Transuranic (TRU) Elements with atomic number nuclear or the thermonuclear elements greater than uranium (atomic system, high explosive system, number 92) They include neptu- chemical or biological agents, or nium, plutonium, , inert materials, intended to in- and flict damage War reserve Nuclear weapons materiel stock- Tritium An isotope of hydrogen, with an (nuclear) piled in the custody of the De- atomic number 1, atomic weight partment of Energy or transferred of 3, and a nucleus composed of to the custody of the Department one proton and two neutrons of Defense and intended for em- Tritium decays by , ployment in the event of war with a half-life of 12 3 years It can he produced by Uthium-6 Weapons grade (or Nuclear material considered bombardment in nuclear reactors weapon-grade) most suitable for a nuclear weap- or in the fusion fuel of thennonu- on Uranium enriched to about clear weapons Represented by T 93% U-235 [Oralloy] or plutoni- or H-3 um with greater than about 93%

2U4 Nuclear Weaoons Databook, Volume II Glossary of Terms

Pu-239 Weapons can be fabricated from lower grade ma- terial Wooden bomb A concept which pictures a weapon as being completely reli- able and having an infinite shelf life while at the same time re- quiring no special handling, stor- age, or surveillance X-rays Intermediate energy electromag- netic radiation, typically emitted during atomic transitions, hav- ing wavelength shorter than 10 billionths of a meter Differenti- ated from more energetic and shorter wavelength gamma rays, which originate in the nucleus X-ray laser A laser producing a beam of co- herent x-rays A device driven by a nuclear explosion to produce a burst of coherent X-ray radiation before the device is vaporized by the fireball Yellowcake The product of the uranium mill- ing process, containing about 80 percent UjO8 Loosely, UjOa it- self Yield The energy released in a nuclear explosion, expressed usually as the number of tons of TNT re- leasing the same amount of ener- gy The total yield is manifested as nuclear radiation, thermal ra- diation, and blast energy, the ac- tual distribution being depend- ent upon the medium in which the explosion occurs, the type of weapon, and the time after deto- nation Yield-to-weight ratio The ratio of the yield to the mass of a nuclear warhead Expressed as Kt per kg or Mt per kg Yield-to-volume The ratio of the yield to the vol- ratio ume of a nuclear warhead

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II 206 Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms

A ASD Aeronautical Systems Division AASM Advanced Air-Surface Missile ASDP Assistant Secretary for Defense System Programs AAU Argonne Associated Universities ASN [R,E & S) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Engineering, and Sys- ABM Anti-Ballistic Missile t ems) Atomic Demolition Munition ADM ASROC Anti-Submarine R(OC]ket Atomic Energy Commission AEC ASTD (AE) Assistant to the Secretary of De- AF Air Force fense (Atomic Energy) AFB Air Force Base ASW Anti-Submarine Warfare AFGL Air Force Geophysics Laboratory ATB Advanced Technology Bomber ["Stealth") AFS Air Force Station ATE-I Advanced Toroidal Facility-1 AESC Air Force Systems Command AVLIS Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Sep- AFRRI Armed Forces Radiobiology Re- aration search Institute Aviation Week and Space Tech- AFWL Air Force Weapons Laboratory nology (magazine) AGC Advanced Gas Centrifuge AIS Advanced Isotope Separation I3 A1 Aluminum B Bomb ALO Albuquerque Operations Office BCSR Boeing Computer Services, Rich- Am Americium land, Inc AMAC Aircraft Monitor and Control Be Beryllium AMC Army Materiel Command Be0 Beryllium Oxide AMCCOM Army armament Munitions and BMD Ballistic Missile Defense Chemical C[O]rnmand BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory AMU Atomic Mass Unit BOAR Bureau of Ordnance Atomic ANCA Army Nuclear and Chemical Rocket Agency BPET Breeder Processing Engineering ANL Argonne National Laboratory Test Ar Argon BWIP Basalt Waste Isolation Project ARES Advanced Research BMP Simu- BWR lator ARHCO Atlantic Richfield Hanford c C[OImpany CARL Comparative Animal Research ARSTAF A;R]my S[TAF]f Laboratory

BOG Nuclear Weaoons Databook Volume I1 Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms

CCD Counter[C]urrent Decantation DNA Defense Nuclear Agency Cf Californium DOD Department of Defense CFMO Central Scrap Management Of- DOE Department of Energy fice DPS Decision Package Sets Californium Multiplia CFX DRAAG Design Review And Acceptance CG Consolidated Guidance Group CGN Nuclear powered cruiser DRP Defense Review Panel ci Curie DSARC Defense Systems Acquisition Re- view Council Cm Curium DSCS Defense Satellite Commnnica- CND Campaign for Nuclear Disarma- tions System ment D-T Deuterium-Tritium CNO Chief of Naval Operations DU Depleted Uranium coz Carbon Dioxide DWPF Defense Waste Processing Facili- COE Chief Of Engineers ty CPDF Centrifuge Plant Demonstration Facility E CSA Chief of Staff of the Army EBR Experimental Breeder Reactor CUP Cascade Upgrade Program EBT-I3 Elmo -B CVN Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier ECF Expended Core Facility CY Calendar Year EG&G (Formerly) Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Inc D EMP Electro[M]agnetic Pulse D Deuterium EMPSAC EMP Simulator for Aircraft D20 Deuterium Oxide ("heavy ENICO Exxon Nuclear Idaho C[Olmpany water"] EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal DARCOM Army Material Development EPA Environmental Protection And Readiness C[OM]mand Agency DARPA Defense Advanced Research Pro- jects Agency ER Enhanced Radiation DCNO Deputy Chief of Naval Opera- ERAB Energy Research Advisory Board tions ERDA Energy Research and Develop- DCP Development Concept Paper ment Administration DCSLOG Deputy Chief of Staff for ESD Electronic Systems Division L[OG]istics ETR Eastern Test Range DCSOPS Deputy Chief of Staff for Opera- eV Electron Volt tions and Plans: or in the Air Force Deputy Chief of Staff, Op- EWD Energy and Water Development erations, Plans and Readiness EWDA Energy and Water Development DCSRDA Deputy Chief of Staff, Research, Appropriation Subcommittee Development, and Acquisition F DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement F Fuel-grade; or Fluorine DG Defense Guidance FBM Fleet Ballistic Missile

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II 207 Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms

FCDNA Field Command Defense Nuclear HEHF Hanford Environmental Health Agency Foundation FEIS Final Environmental Impact mu Highly Enriched Uranium Statement HLOS Horizontal Line Of Sight FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency HLW High Level Waste FFTF Fast Flux Test Facility HP Horse[P]ower HPD Horizontal Polarized Dipole FMEF Fuels and Materials Examination Facility HQ Head[Qjuarters FMPC Feed Materials Production HQMC HeadIQjuarters, Marine Corps Center HSTC House Science and Technology FPU First Production Unit Committee FRD Formerly Restricted Data HTGR High Temberature Gas Reactor FTE Full-Time Equivalents HTRE Heat Transfer Reactor Experi- ment FY Fiscal Year HUMINT H[UM]an I[NT]elligence G HWR Heavy Water Reactor s Gram GAO General Accounting Office I GCEP Gas Centrifuge Enrichment Plant ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missile GDP Gaseous Diffusion Plant ICPP Idaho Chemical Processing Plant GE General Electric Company ID Inside Diameter IFPF GLCM Ground-Launched Cruise Mis- Idaho Fuels Processing Facility sile (Now ICPP) IG Inspector General GOCO Government Owned-Contractor Operated IHE Insensitive High Explosive GS Dual-Temperature Water-Hydro- INC Insertable Nuclear Component gen Sulfide Exchange INEL Idaho National Engineering Lab- GSA General Services Administration oratory INFCE International H Evaluation H Hydrogen IOC Initial Operational Capability H20 Hydrogen Oxide ("Water") IPNS Intense Pulsed HAG House Appropriations Commit- IRBM Intermediate-Range Ballistic tee (see Chapter One, footnote 8) Missile HASC House Armed Services Commit- ISPM International Solar Polar Mission tee [see Chapter One, footnote 91 ISX-B Impurity Studies Experiment-B HEAP High Explosive Application Fa- cility J He Helium JMEG Joint Atomic Information Ex- HE High Explosive change Group HEDL Hanford Engineering Develop- JAJ J A Jones Construction Service ment Laboratory Company

20s Nuclear Wea~onsDatabook Volume 11 Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms

JCAE Joint Committeeon Atomic Ener- LMFBR Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reac- gY tor JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff LOADS Low Altitude Defense System JEC Joint Economic Committee LSI Large Scale Integrated JLRSA Joint Long-Range Strategic Ap- LWBR Light Water Breeder Reactor praisal JNACC Joint Nuclear Accident Coordi- M nating Center M Meter; million (lo6) IFAM Joint Program Assessment Mem- MC Military Characteristics orandum MED Manhattan Engineer District ISAM Joint Strategic Assessment Mem- orandum MENS Mission Element Needs State- ment JSCP Joint Strategic Capability Plan MeV Million Electron Volts JSPD Joint Strategic Planning Docu- ment MFTF-B Fusion Test Facility-B Major Impact Report JSPS Joint Strategic Planning System MIR MIRV Multiple Independently target- FTA Joint Test Assembly able Reentry Vehicle WAMS Joint Ta[CJtic[A]lMissile System Mk Mark K MLC Military Liaison Committee K Kilo- (1000) MUS Molecular Laser Isotope Separa- tion KEH Kaiser Engineers Hanford Com- MM Minute[M]an pany Kg Kilogram MMP Materials Management Plan KJ Kilo[J]oule MRS Monitored Retrieval Storage KMR Kwajalein Missile Range MSWU Million Separative Work Units Kt Kilotons Mt Megaton Kwh Kilowatt-hour MT Metric Ton MTU Metric Ton Uranium L Mw Megawatt LAMPF Los Alamos Meson Fa- Mwd Megawatt-day cility (Now Clinton P Anderson Meson Physics Facility) Mwe Megawatt [electric) LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory Mw, Megawatt [thermal) LBL Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory N LCTF Large Coil Test Facility N Neutron Li Lithium NASAP Nonproliferation Alternative Lithco Lithium Corporation of America Systems Assessment Program us Laser Isotope Separation NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- tion LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory NAVMAT N[AV]al M[AT]eriel LLW Low Level Waste NBC Nuclear Biological and Chemical

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II 209 Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms

NDB Nuclear Depth Bomb OD Outside Diameter NDEW Nuclear-Driven Directed Energy ODCSOPS Office of the Deputy Chief of Weapons Staff for Operation[S] and Plans NDRC National Defense Research OJCS Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Council OMA Office of Military Application Non[D]eshctive Testing NDT OMB Office of Management and NW (Oak Ridge) National Environ- Budget mental Research Park ONEST Overseas Nuclear Emergency NFS Nuclear Fuel Services Search Team nm Nanometer [lo-Âmeter) ORAL) Oak Ridge Associated Universi- ties NMC Naval Material Command ORGDC Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion NMMSS Nuclear Materials Management Complex and Safeguard[S] ORGDP Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion NNPP Naval Nuclear Propulsion Pro- Plant gram ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory NP Neptunium OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense NPR New Production Reactor OSRD Office of Scientific Research and NR Nuclear powered Research sub- Development marine OUSDRE Office of the Under Secretary of NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission Defense for Research and Engi- NRDC Natural Resources Defense neering Council, Inc Naval Research laboratory NRL P NSC National Security Council PAL Permissive Action Link NSDD National Security Decision Di- PBFA Particle Beam Fusion Accelera- rective tor NSDM National Security Decision PD Presidential Directive Memorandum PDM Program Decision Memorandum. NTRS National Reactor Testing Station (Now INEL] PFM Process Facility Modification NTS PHOTINT P[HO]tographic I[NT]elligence NUMEC Nuclear Materials Equipment PNL Pacific Northwest Laboratory Corporation POG Program Officers Group Nevada Operations Office Nvo PPBS Planning, Programming, and NWCF New Waste Calcining Facility Budgeting System NWDG Nuclear Weapons Development PSP Plasma Separation Process Guidance PSR Proton Storage Kin NWEF Naval Weapons Evaluation Fa- cility Pu Plutonium NWSM Nuclear Weapons Stockpile PuLIS Plutonium Laser Isotope Separa- Memorandum tion PUREX Plutonium U[Rlanium 0 E[X]traction 0 PWR Pressurized Water Reactor 210 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II ~~~~~p - -

Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms

R sow Stand[O]ff Weapon R Republican SR Savannah River R&D Research and Development SRAM Short-Range Attack Missile RBOF Receiving Basin for Offsite Fuel SRL Savannah River Laboratory RD&T Research, Development and SRO Savannah River Operations of- Testing fice RDT&E Research, Development, Testing SRP Savannah River Plant and Evaluation SSBN Nuclear-powered ballistic mis- REEC Reynolds Electrical and Engi- sile submarine neering Company SSN Nuclear-powered attack subma- RHO Rockwell Hanford Operations rine RMI Reactive Metals, Inc STL Simulation Technology Labora- tory URR Reduced-Residual-Radioactivity STS Stockpile-to-Target Sequence RTG Thermoelectric Generator SUBROC S[UB]marine R[OC]ket RV Reentry Vehicle swu Separative Work Unit s T s Second T Tritium; Tera- (1012) SAC Strategic Air Command; or Sen- TAN Test Area North ate Appropriations Committee (see Chapter One, footnote 91 TASM Tactical Air-to-Surface Missile, or Tomahawk Anti-Ship Missile SADM Special Atomic Demolition Mu- nition TBP Tri[Biutyl Phosphate TFTR Fusion Test Reactor SAF Secure Automated Fabrication TRADOC T[RA]ning And D[O]ctrine Com- SAGA Studies, Analysis and Gaming mand Agency TREAT Transient Reactor Test Facility SAMTO Space And Missile Test Organi- zation TRU T[R]ans[U]ranic waste SASC Senate Armed Services Commit- TTR Tonopah Test Range tee (see Chapter One, footnote 9) Tw Terawatt (10" watts) SECDEF SEU Slightly Enriched Uranium u u Uranium SICBM Small ICBM UCCND Union Carbide Corporation, Nu- SIGINT clear Division SIS Special Isotope Separation m4 Uranium tetra[F]luoride SLBM Submarine-Launched Ballistic Uranium hexa[F]luoride Missile UFfi Uranium Dioxide SNL Sandia National Laboratories uo2 Uranium Trioxide SIMLA Sandia National Laboratories at uo3 Albuquerque u308 Uranium Oxide ("yellowcake") SNLL Sandia National Laboratories at UK United Kingdom Livermore UNH Uranyl Nitrate Hexahydrate, SNM Special Nuclear Material UO2(NO3)a 6H20 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II 211 Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms

UNI United Nuclear Industries, Inc WCF Waste Calcining Facility us United States WEC Westinghouse Electric Corpora- tion USACDA United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency WHO Westinghouse Hanford Compa- USDfP) Under Secretary of Defense, Poli- "Y CY WIPP Waste Isolation Pilot Plant USDRE Under Secretary of Defense for WPPSS Washington Public Power Sup- Research and Engineering ply System USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Repub- WSCR Weapon Design and Cost Report lics WTR Western Test Range v Y VLA Vertical-Launch ASROC Yr Year VLSI Very Large Scale Integrated VPD Vertical Polarized Dipole z ZPPR Zero Power Plutonium Reactor w ZPR Zero Power Reactor w Warhead, or Weapon-grade

212 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume It

Index Index

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 54,56,113 Short-ranee missiles. I5 Acid-leach process, 123 warheadsused by, 5 Advanced gas centrifuge (AGC), 130.132 Army Armament Munitions and Chemical Command Advanced Research EMF Simulator (ARES), 52 (AMCCOM], 112 Advanced Technology Bomber [ATB), 111 Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Aerodynamic processes, uranium enrichment, 125 Ground, MD, 113 Helikon. 135 Army Material Command [AMC),112-13 Jet nozzle, 134-35 Army Missile Command, Kedstone Arsenal, Huntsville. AL, Aeronautical Systems Division [ASD), 110-11 113

AESOPS-- ~ simulalo~.~ 53 Army Nuclear and Chemical Agency [ANCA), 33.35.112 AWL. Los Angclm li

214 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II Index

Communication and control systems, 21 Conant, James B , 101n Congress See House of Representatives; Senate Concressional lnint Committee on Atomic Enercv.-*. 13 Benjamin, Milton R , 76;l Consolidated Guidance (CG), 103 Benjamin, R W ,6211, 88n, 9011 Contractors operating nuclear weapons facilities, 35, 146-50 Bcrnstein, Barton J , 16n CORPORAI. short-range missile, 15 Bertrandite ore, source of beryllium. 92 Countercurrent decantation (ED)circuit, 123-24 Bertsch, Kenneth A , 5n Cressel, Operolion, 171 Beryl, 92 Crossroads.. Oneration.. 42. 44. 151 Beryllium, 38 Crosstie, Operation, 167-68 Described, 91 Cryogenic equipment. 58 Inventories, 92 Processing and mamifachire of, 38,4~,91 Bethe, Hans, 1611, mil Dana Plant, Newport, IN, heavy water production, 88 Bcttis Atomic Power Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA, 71.119 David W Taylor Nuval Ships Research and Development. , 42,43 Cenler, Carderock, MD, 54. 114 Bismuth phosphate process, 70, 139 Decisionmaking structure, nuclear warheads Bodash. Lawrence. 26n Cungressional, 119-20 BOMARC surface-to-air missile, 19 Documents relating to, lUM4 Bomber gap, 19 DOD, 107-15 Boskma. Peter. 134n DOE. 115-19 Bowe, Hartley, IOln National Security Council, 106 Bowen. Lee, 1611. 6On. 9011.183n Office of Management and Budget, 1U6 Bowline, Operation, 168 Office of Science and Technology Policy, 106 Bravo shot, 16, 42, 6011 Predecessor organisations, 100-02 Brickedde. F G ,8611 State Department, 106 Broad, William J . 24% 30n Defense Guidance (DG), 103 Broider, Herbert P , 26n Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) Brookhaven Nallonal 1,aboratoly (BNL), Long Island, NY, 31, Nuclear weapons decisionmaking responsibilities. 109-10 32.146 Weapons effects simulation, 51-52, 54 Brown. Anthony Cave, 26n Weapons offects tests, 44, 46 Brush Beryllium Company, 91-92 clti Hoffman, Fcdcric, 1611 Budget Department of Defense (DOD] Atomic Energy Defense Activities, WSa,21 Agreement with AEC for atomic weapons development Warhead "production and modification, 1986. 12 and oroduction. "i Dundy. ~>Crory,lfin ~x~enditureson nuclear delivery systems, 2 nureau ot Ordnance Alumic Rocket .'IKl+RI, 15 Nuclear warhead responsibilities, 2, 3-4 niirlincton.- IA. barhead as-iemt-ilv olant. IJ. 19 Nuclear weapons acquisition decisionmaking. 107; Buster-Jangle, operation, 152 Assistant to the Seaetary of Defense (ASTD), 108- U9; Defense Nuclear Agency, 10!>-1CI; Joint Chiefs of Cabot Corporation, 92 Staff, 109; Military Liaison Committee, 109; Office of isotope separator, 81, 125 the Secretary of Defense (OSD], 107-08 Campbell, Bob, 4111 Nuclear weapons decisionmaking documents, 1U244 Canada, heavy water production, 90,142 Nuclear Weapons Effects Program, 52 CANDU, 78,142 Nuclear weapons requirements, 13 Carter administration Organization for nuclear weapons responsibilities, 114, Creation of DOE. 104 115: Assistant Secretarv Defensc Proeram". fASDPI. Nuclear weapons program, 20.21 115-16; Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy NWSMs, 21, 92, 104 (ASNE), 118-19; Deputy Assistant Secretary for CASINO facility. White Oaks. MD. 53 Intelligence, 118; Deputy Assistant Secretary for Castle, Operation, 16, 6011, 154 Nuclear Materials, 116-17; Deputy Assistant Category D PAL, 41 Secretary for Securilv Affairs, 117; Operations Caudle, Ralph E ,7411 Offices.~, $19 Chnrioteer, Operation. 175-7fi Test sites, 12 Chemex process, 134 Warhead laboratories, 26, 32-33 CHEVALINE. 55 See also Air Force; Army; Marine Corps; Navy Clii<:ngo Piti; (CP-1).5'1. 135 Department of DefenseKlepartment of Energy, joint nuclear Chief of Naval Uperalions ICNO). 113 warhead pianning procedures, 102 Clarksville Center gaseous diffusion plant, TN, 19 Agreements, 104-06 Clinton Pile (1 Mw), 59, 135 Documents, 102-04 Cochran, Thomas B ,4011, 58n, 7.511 Studies, 32 Cohen. Samuel T,23 Department of Energy (DOE) . 13 Atomic Energy Defense Activities budget, 21

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II 215 Index

Budget, FY86, for nuclear warhead production and Elxen, Boelie, 134n modifications, 12 Emery, Operation, 169 Civilian breeder reactor research mid dcvelopn'ent Emulovment. nuclear warhead ~roductino p?of;r.'im, 75, 76 AEC, 13.14 Goiitract.i with rnmnri'ilinns for COCO fiiciliiic*;,14li DOE total facilities, 197G65, 38, 41) Defense Prooram." .. 75. 92 Nuclear materials facilities. 93 Expenditures on nuclear delivery systems, 2 EMP Radiation Environment Simulator for Ships (EMPRESS), Five-!rear plan for warhead production, 20 52.53 Fusion R&D program, 77 - EMP Simulator for Aircraft [EMPSAC), 52-53 Nuclear warhead responsibilities, 34 Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA], 2, Nuclear weapons decisionmaking documents, 1024 102 Operating production reactors for plutonium and tritium. Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, 101 58 . 16, 26.42 Research and test reactors. 72 Enhanced radiation IERI weauons, 21. 23, 86 Kesearch for NUEW. 24 Enriched Uriioium cunvcrsi&i Facility. 78n.7'Jn. 84-85. 188 Spent fuel prutcssing. 71 Envirunmcnhl et'fccts. nuclcur dctuniition testing, 52 Studies un extentlini' N-Rcuctur lift'-tiinc. 59 EXCAUBLIR x-rav liisrr device 23 Uranium enrichment plants, 64-85 Expenditures, nuclear warhead, 2,3,13 Uranium inventories, 84 Experimental breeder reactor [EBR], 5911 Warhead production facilities: for components, 37-38; Experimental Gas Cooled Reactor (EGCR), l85n laboratories, 26-32 Experimental Organic Cooled Reactor (EOCR], 185n Department of Energy Organization Act, 102 Explosive ordnance disposal (EOD), Indian Head, MD, 115 Deputy Assistant Secretary for Intelligence, DOE, 118 Deputy Assistant Secretary for Military Applications, DOE, Facility Restoration program, nuclear materials production, ilfi A- 93 Deputy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Materials, DOE, 116- FALCON air-to-air missile, 19 17-~ Fast Flux Test Facility (FFW,Hanfoid Reservation Deputy Assistant Secretary for Security Affairs. DOE, 117 Depository for fuel-grade plutonium, 86 Denutv Chief of Staff for Loeistics rDCSLOG1. Armv. 112 Fuel for. 76.97 ~eputyChief of Staff, operations, Plans and~eadhess warhead, 14, 42 (DCSOPS], Air Force. 110, 111, 112 FB-111 bomber. 31.34 Deuutv Chief of Staff. Research. Develoument, and Fwd Materials Production Center fFMPC1. Fernaid, OH. 37. Acquisition (DCSRUA), Air ~orce:110, 112 69.93.125 Deputy Chiefs of Naval Operations [DCNOs), I13 Fermi, Ecrico, 59, lO1n Design Review and Acceptance Group (DRAAG), Air Force, Farnald. OH

iin.- - ~~ 112 . --- Feed Materials Production Center, 37, 69, 93,125 Deuterium [Dl, 5, 58, 136 Uranium processing- facility, 13 Combined with lithium, 91 Ferrel, John E , 91n Described, 86 Fieldhouse, Richard, lOOn For fission weapons, 16 First Production Unit [FPU], warhead life cycle, 12, 105 For fusion reactors. 142 Fissile materials, 15, 138 Thermonuclear fuel, 18 Concern over shortage of, 20 Deuterium-tritium (D-T) mixture, 16 Corrosion, 47-48, 50 Development Concept Paper (DCP], DOE, 105 See also Fissionable materials Diamond Sculls shot. 54 Fissionable materials. 58. 136 See also Fissile mutbrials Dominic I, Operation, 16D-62 Fission warheads. 16. 26. M Dominic n. Ooemtion. 162-64 Five Year Drfcnsf Proeram tFYDP1. 103 DOVE, ER concept, 23 Fleet Ballistic Missile submarine, 18 Dry rooms, for lithium4 deuteride production, 91 Flintlock, Operation, 165-66 Dual-Temperature Water-Hydrogen Sulfide Exchange Process, Foote Chemical Company, fixton, PA, 91 1^ 7. Formerly Restricted Data (FRD), 101 ~u~ridai,Lee A,loin Foster, John S , Jr , 20n Dugway Proving Ground, UT,58 France Dukes, E D ,6211, 88n.900 Chemical enrichment technology, 134 Duncan, Francis, 4n, 16n, 27n, 70n, 18311, 16411 Production reactors, 135 DuPont de Nemows, E I & Co ,88n.147 US exports of uranium to, 183, 190 Dynamic Isotope Power System program, 119 Frook, John, 41n Fuel cycles, 58 Eaele Picher Industries, 91n Basic stens. In. 67 Eastern Test Range (ETR), FL. 12. 55 Hanford, 70 Eisenhower, Dwight Il , 3.17. 23 Naval. 68.70-74 Elcnlrnmngnetic PIIISP 'RUP), 23 Savannah River, 67-70 Effects ~irnulalion,52 53 Fuel processing, 70 Elwlrnnic Systems Division [ESD), 111 Acid Thorax method, 140

216 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II Index

Bismuth phosphate method, 139 See nlso Savannah River Plant PUREX method, 138,139-40 Heavy water reactor (HWR). 58.95 Redox method, 139 Hewlett. Richard G .4n, 16n.26n. 27n, 70n,82n, loon, 183n, Steps in, 141 l84n Fulcrum, Operation, 171 High explosive (HE) warhead components, 40 J-usileer, Operation, 174-75 High-level waste (HLW), 70 Fusion materials. 5 See also Deuterium; Lithium; Tritium Highly enriched uranium (HEU), 5,31 reactors, 77, 142 Demand for, 78-79 Fusion weapons See Thermonuclear weapons Exports, 72-73,187 Gas centrifuges for, 82 Gas centriiuae process, 130-31 Inventories, 70, 74, 83-84, 86, 187; reduced by fuel Gas diffusion process. 128-30 requirements, 188-91 Gaseous diffusion ulants IGUt'sl. 13 Processine-. operations. ammdvnamic. 134-35; AVUS, 131- Output. 1% 82 32; uiipi~-ity,124; ciis~yde,'126-28; ttieinied~ Power consiln~ption,12tt enril llment. 1:i't; 605 centrit'u~e,l.lO-:31; gasPous "ll~-ini~iniFnrirhnient Complex." Sfi diffusion. 128-30; materials balance. 125; MLIS, General Electric Company. 71, 118, 139. 148 133-34; plasma separation, 133Ñ34 separation General Services Administration, lithium hydroxide stock. 91 factor, 126; separation work, 126, 183; stage, 126, GENIE air-to-air rocket. 19. 41 128 Geupliysics. rescdrch and odvimncd dcvclopmunt In, 111 Production, 36, 58, 82, 85 Gilbert, F C , 7511, 7611,9011, 9611 Purification, 94 Girdler-Sulfite IGS1 urocess, 140-41. 142 Recovery, 67,69, 71 Glennon, T Keith,95n Reouired for SRP reactor oneratioos. 69 Glennon Report, 95 Sources, 72-73 Glines, Carl. 410 SWU measure for, 82. 65 Gold, 92 Transportation, 41.69 Government owned-contractor operated (GOCO) complex Uses, 36; by naval reactor, 71; for nuclear tests, 187, 191 Activities, 5 Weapons-grade, 63-86, 187-91 Corporations providing support, 146-50 High Productivity Cores, 94 DOE contracts for operations with, 146 High temperature gas reactor [HTGR], 95 Facilities, 12 Hill, James H , 82n Land arm, 5 , 14,15, 26 "Gravel Gertie" warhead assembly cell, 40-41 Hirschfelder, Joseph 0 , 26n Green, Harold P , lOln Hadel, Donald Paul, 23n,76n,95n, 9611, 187n Greenhouse.. Onerotion.. 16.152 Hoenie. Milton M ,4011. 5811. 18311 Grenadier, Operation. 175 ~ogerkn,John F, 78n,88n, 90n Grommet. Operation. 169-70 HONEST IOHN short-range missile, 15, 111, 113 Gruves. licslii.1 hl . 1311. 14n. 2611. IIK) Hortizontal line of sieht fHLOSI DIDO.46 Guam, 2 Horizontal ~nlnr~zi-d-nipolnIHP~I;: 52 Guardian, Operation, 172-73 1lo11~eof Rftprfts~ntativev ~uorooriationsCommittee. 120 Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory [HEDL], WA. ~kedServices omm mitt&, 20,120 31 Human Intelligence (HUMINT). 118 B. D. and F-Reactom. 59.135 Huron King shot, 55 N-Reactor: operations history. 59, 60,til; puwer outpu:. Hydrogen bomb, 13,15, 27 titi; production history, 0!~;urani~im for, 70, 184 Plutonium oroductinn. 2. 30; fuel-grade. 65, 66, 76: weap&rade, 75.76, 93 - Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICI'P), 31 Projected termination of, 24 Rrstoration program lor. 71.93 Prooosed SIS oiant at, 24 1lrani111nurocesslnr. 37, 67, 69. 71 Uranium recover%' from snent fuel. 69. 185 l'riiium 31i -* . .A-. - ... See nlso PIIRFX plant Idaho ~ationalEngineering Laboratory (INEL), 31, 69,93 Hardtack I, Onemtion, 157-58 Initial operational capability (IOC), DOE, 105 Hardtack II, ernli lion, 159 Insertable nuclear components (INC), 24 Harry Diamond Laboratories (HDL), Adelphi, MD, 53, 113 Integrated Production Complex, DOE, 38, 40 Hawkins, David, 26n Intelligence operations, 19,118 Heap-leaching process, 124Ñ2 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile fICBMI. 17.18. 55 Heavy water, 58. 86 Intermediate Ranee all is tic ~issile,18 Exports and imports, 90 Isotopes For fusion yield warheads, 90 Non-fissile. 96 Isotope separation process for concentrating, 86 Separation processes, 88, 125 Production. 89,90,141-43 See also Laser Isotope Separation; Special Isotope Production reactors, 88 Separation Sales and inventories, 89, 90 Ivy, Operation, 16, 153

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II 217 Index

Ticha. lohn 1. 76n Limited Test Ban Treaty, 42, 51 Johnson, ~hdonB , 19,7611 Lithium (Lil, 5.90 Joint Chiefs of Staff (ICS1,2, 102 Lithium-6.35, 59 Functions, 109 Nuclear weapon application, 90 Publication of Joint Program Assessment Memorandum. Processes for enrichine.-. 90 103 Special enrichment facilities for separating, 58 Joint Cornmiltee on Atomic Ener~y(JCAE), 101 Lithium-6 deuteride, 90-91 Joint [DOD/DOE] Atomic Information Exchange Group. 116 Lithium-7, 90 Joint Program Assessment Memorandum (]PAM), 103 Lithium Corporation of America (Lithco),NC, 91 Joint Strategic Planning Document [ISPD), 102 Lithium hydroxide, 91 joint Strategic Planning System [JSPS], 102 Little, R D , 15n Joint Tactical Missile System (JTACMS),112, 113 warhead. 14. B6n Joint Test Aseemhly, 41 LITTLE JOHN short-range surface-to-sudnce missile, 49 Jones. Vincent C , 26n Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), NM, 5,13, 77n JUPITER missile, 18 AVLIS process, 132 Enhanced Radiation weapons development, 23 Kalkstein, Marvin 1 , 7411 Establishment, 26 Kansas City Plant, MO, manufacture of non-nuclear Exploration of advanced weapon concepts, 30 components, 5.13, 40, 41 MLIS process. 96 Kcnnedv administration. reduction in nuclear warhead Nuclear materials production activities, 37 p&duction, 19 ' Organization, 26-27 Ken-McCk Corporation, 76, 91 Plutonium facility, 76 Khrushchev. Nildta. 78n Warhead design and testing, 26, 50 King shot, 16 Low-level waste (LLW], 70 Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuaueroue, NM, 32. 33, 52, 111 L-Reactor, 94 Kistiakowsky. George B , 23n LX-09, 50. 51 Klaproth, H M , 76 LX-10. 50. 51 KMS Fusion. Inc , 32. 148 Knebel, Fletcher, 2611 Macafce, I M ,60n. 6711, 71n Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, Schenectady, NY, 71, 118 MacDonald, Charles B , 26n Knopf, Jeffrey W, 5n McMahon, Brien, loo K-Reactor, 94 MeNamara. Robert S . lit Krass, Allan S , 134n ~&hce,john, 188; ' Krypton. 72 Magnetic Fusion Engineering Act of 1980, 77 Kunetka, James W, 26n Major Impact Report [MIR], DOE, 105 Kwajalein Missile Range (KMR), , 55 Mandrel, Operation. 168-69 Manhattan Enaineer District IMEDI. 2. 12. 13, 35 Labordturies. nut2war weapons, 5, 12, 13, 26Ñ3 See ulso History, IDO-01 Lawrence Livnrnlur~Ndliulldl Ldburatury; Los .klanlos Source of uranium ore for, 79 National Ldbordlmv: Saudia National Laboratory Uranium enrichment development, 81, 82 Lamarsh, John R , 5811 Uranium material production for, 37, 59 LANCE missile, 23. 55. Ill, 113 See Manhattan Engineer District Lapp, Ralph E ,20n, 101n Mansfield, Mike, 20n Laser Isotope Separation (US) technology, 95-96, 125 Marc Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, CA, 71 Lasers Marine Corps, 5, 113 See also Navy Turnable dye, 132 Mark, Carson, 16n X-ray, 23-24, 30 MARK 111 warh~nd,14. 15 Latchkey, Operation, 166-67 MARK IV warhead. If, Lawrence, Ernest 0 ,27, 81 MARK 5 warhead. 15 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBJ.,),31 MARK 7 warhead, 15 Lawrence Livermure National Laboratory (LLNL], CA, 5, 13 MARK 9 atomic artillery shell, 15 AVLIS process. B6-97 Mark 15 fuel assembly program, 94 Defense program, 27-28 Materials Management Plan [MMP), DOE, 104 Directors. 27.31 Medina Center. TX. 19 Enhanced Radiation weapons development, 23 Medium Atomic Demolition Munition (MADMJ, 49 Establishment, 27 Meigs, Montgomery Cunningham, 26n Exploration of advanced weapon concepts. 30 Meinhardt, John L , fifin Nuclear materials production activities, 37 Mike shot. 16 Organization, 29-30 Military bases, atomic weapon considerntion in acquisition of Warhead design and tests, 4B-52 foreign, 2n Weapons programs, 29 Military characteristics fMCl, 32, 105. 113, 120 X-ray laser development, 23-24 ~ilitaryLiaison ~ommktee~[hf~~),DOD and AEC, 13,103, Levi, Hans Wolfgang, 12211 105 Lilicnthal, David E , l0ln Composition, 101

218 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II Index

Functions, 109 Warheads, 5 Organixation, 119 Neill, J S , 60n Military test ranges, 55-56 Nellis Air Force Base, NV, 111 Miller. B~ons . loon See Enhanced radiation weapons ~iller;judith, 220,2411, 30n Neutrons MINUTEMAN ICBMs Capture, 59 MIRV tests. 20 Flux, 137 Tests and evaluation, launches, 55, 56 Production, 59, 138 MINUTEMAN 1.18,49 In reactor operations, l3fi-38 MINUTEMAN 11.18.49.110 Nevada Test Site (NTS1. 12.29.42 MINUTEMAN 111. 20.26.29,41,110 Missile testing, 55-56 MK-12 reentry vehicle. 20 Mercury facility, 44 MK-17 reentry vehicle, 20 Types of tests. 4446 Molecular Laser Isoto~eScuaration (MUS1, 96-97. 133 W47 test, 48 Morland, Howard, 91i New Brunswick Laboratory. 31 Mound Facility, Miamisburg, OH, manufacture of 11011- Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. VA. 71 nuclear warhead components, 5, 13,40 New Production Reactor [NPR),lor ?iutoniurn or Iriliiim. 24.

Multiple Independently Targeted Reentry Vehicle (MlRV], 95- ~ 19-20 New Production Reactor Concept and Site Selection Panel. 95 Murphy, G M , 86n Nibtick, Operation, 164 Mutual Defense Agreement of 1958, 76, 96 NIKE-EIERCULES surface-to-air missile, 19, 111, 113 MX missiles. 21. 56, 110, 111 Nougat, operation, 15940 N-Reactor See Hanford Reservation , 14, 15, 26 , 15 National Defense Research Council (NDRC), 100 Nuclear Driven Directed Energy Wcapons (NDEW], 24 National Defense Stockoile. 92 Nuclear fuel See Deuterium; Oralloy; Plutonium; Tritium; National Intelligence Eiitimatw pkanelb. 118 Uranium Nationdl Securiiv Act of 19-17. 13. 106 Nuclear Fuel Service (NFS], TN, 71,118 National security Council. 102.103.104 Nuclear materials Decisions on nuclear weapons acquisition, 106 Facility restoration. 93 On nuclear materials cavdcitv, 20 Inventories, 58, 74, 75 Production, 5; budget for, 93; concern over capacity for, Facilities for refueling, 71 20: efforts to insure future. 24, 92-93; facilities for, Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Facility, 115 Naval ~uclearPropulsion ~ro&an),67,116 From retired weapons, 58 Function, 70 Nuclear Powered Ballistic Missile Submarine (SSBN), 18-19 Fuel cycle, 70-74 Nuclear reactors, 58 Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego. CA. 114 Civilian power, 185-66, 187 Naval reactors. 67 Enrichment, 67-69 Builders, 71 Research and test. 70-71, 72. 18687 Eluiched uranium for, 83 Rocket propulsion, 187 Fuel, 71 See also Naval reactors; Production reactors Inventory, 185 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 72, 101 Rmearch, 71-72 Nuclear tests. 41 Spent fuel from, 71-72 Atmospheric, 42 Naval Research Laboratory, D C , 32 Cost. 46 Naval Space and Warfare Systems Command, 33, 114-15 HEU used in, 187,191 Naval Surface Weapons Center, Dahlgren, VA, 114 Ioint United Kingdom-United States, 187. 191 Naval Surface Weapons Center. White Oak, MD, 53 Number, 42,187,191 Naval Undersea Warfare Engineering Station. Keyport, WA, By purpose, 142 114-15 By type, 178 Naval Underwater Systems Center. Newport, RI, 115 Underwater, 42, 43 Naval Weapons Center. Lake. C.4, 56. 115 Weapons effects, 46, 47, 51-54 Naval Weaoons Evaluation Facility INWEH. 33. 113 Weapons related. 44-46.48.49 Navy X-ray laser device in, 23-24 Anti-submarine depth bomb, 15 By year, 178 EMP simuldtors. 52 Yield, 42.43, 178 JUPITER program, 18 Nuclear test sites, 177 MIRVine of submarine fleet, 20 Bikini Atoll, 42, 43 Enewetak Atoll, 16, 26, 42 Nuclear fleet. 70-71 Nevada Test Site. 12,42 Nuclear weauons amuisition resuonsibilities. 113-15 , 44 Research laboratories. 5 , 44

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II 219 Tonopah Test Range. 12,31 Enriched Uranium Conversion Facilitv. 7811. 79n. 84-85 White Sands Missile Range, 12 Lithium deuteride production, 90 . 44 Lithium Enrichment Facility, 90, 91 Nuclear warheads Manufacture of uranium co&noncnts. 5 Agencies involved in, 2 Nuclear materials production, 38,40,41 Aircraft-delivered. 15 Nuclear materials production missions, 36 Air defense, 19 Uranium enrichment Droeram.. .. 13. 81-82.84-85 Component production, 38; contractors, 39; facilities for, 5, OSBri+!ii.Robert A , Ir , lBin 13, 38, 40; non-nuclear, 40; nuclear. 38. 40 Olfice of Defense Waste snfl Byproduct:; ?^anagement, DOE, Documents relating to, 100, lft2-04 117 Early history, 13-15 0ff:ce of Management and Budget [OMBI, 96.104 Efforts lo improve safety of, 24 Office of Military Applications (O.U.4). DOE. 38. 116. 117 Final assembly, 40-41 Office of Ndvd Material, prujd uifices. 114 Maintaining and modifying, 41 Officeof Scifiicu and 'I'eclinulugv IOSTP). 97 Phases in life cycle of, 12. 13, 29, 32-33 Offireof Si;irntifi<;Rrsvtrcli unl Drvclopiiieut IOSRD), 1UO Predecessor organizations for, '100-02 Otiice of Sri~elarvof the lkfm-.e (OSFl). lo/ Production, 5, 6Ñ11 106; assembly-line, 15-16; capacity Office of Special weapons ~evelopment,35 for, 12; employment on, 13, 14; expenditures on 2, 3, Office of Uranium Enrichment and Assessment. 104 4, 13; full-scale, 1985-90. 22, 23; non-nuclear O'Keefe, Bernard J , 14n materials, 40; peak, 1950s and , 19; Reagan Ontario Hydro, Canada, 78, 90 goals for. 22 Oppenheimer. J Robert, loin Production facilities for, 12. 13; contractor-manufacture Oralloy relationships, 39; current, 37, 38; employment, 13, Defined, 7811 14, 38, 40; former government-owned, 38 Inventory, 5, 78, 80, 83-84,183,187-91 "Pure radiation" tactical, 23 Plans for resuming production, 24, 79, 85 Reliability evaluation, 41 Projected production, 84 Retirement, 5, 6-11, 41, 105; disassembly fur, 41 Owens, Gwin, 16n Research and development for, 22.23,104-05 Smaller volume. 19 Pacific hlisbile Test Ceiiltr, Puint Mugu, CA. 56 Storage, 41 Piiuific Nurttivvusl Lilburillury (PNL:. R:clil,ui

Niirlpar Wrapon h.mnlnvmenf+. Policv. l0fi Permissive Action Links (PALS), 24 Nuclear weapons PERSHING la, 41, 56,111, 113 Effects simulation, 51-54 PERSHINGII, 21, 55, 56,111, 113 Executive branch responsibility for, 13 PERSHING, , 31 Research on effects on humans, 52 Pethof. Benjamin. 92n Services rivalry over, 16 Stockpiles, 18.92 Nuclear Weanons Develowment Guidance fNWDGl. 102. 104 Nllclmr Weapons Effects Program, ?i2 pike, sunnier T, Win Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Memorandum (NWSMI Pincus, Walter, 1411, 2311, 43 ~cauisitioiwolicv. . document. 106 Pinellas Plant, FL. 5,40.41 Carter and Reagan administration, 104 Plasma Separation Process (PSP], 94-95, 125, 133-34 Dedicated to tritium uroduction, 60. 77 Plumbob, Operation, 156-57 Described. 103 Plutonium. 3, 35 Function, 13 Categories, 135-36 Proposed warhead production levels, 21, 92 Enrichment processes, 95-97 ~equirementsfor nuclear weapons materials, 58n Equivalence, 136 Nuclear Weapon Test Program, 106 Fuel-grade: blending process for supergrade plutonium and, 93; conversion to weapon-grade, 67, 77; Oak Ridoe National Laboratm fORNL1. 31. 77 inventory, 74; production, 66, 67; in R&D facilities, Oak ~idgegaseous diffusion plant, 36,82 .?fi - Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant High Productivity Cores, 94 ond din^ of deuterium and lithium-6, 90 Inventories, 5; fuel-grade, 74, 75-76; reactor-gradc, 75-76; Cessation of deuterium production, 5 weapon-grade, 74,75 Deuterium gas processing, 90 Laser isotope separation, 132

220 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II Post-World War 11 needs. 13 REDSTONE missile, 17 Production, 5, 19: hy-products from, 69-70; plans to Reduced-residual-radioactivity weapon (m,30 improve efficiency of, 24; plants for, 36; rates, 59, Redwing, Operation, 155-56 See also Production reactors Reentry vehicles IRVs1.19-20 Reactor-grade, 75-76 ~e~ister,Mahlon E .kin Required reserve of, 92 Required Operational Capabilities, 32 Superpade, 66,67,93 ~esearch Transportation, 4 Facilities for nuclea~warhead, 5, 12, 31 Weapon-grade: classified inventories, 74; conversion Reactor, 71-72, 186-87 process to increase, 93; for non-defense R&D, 76; Weapons effects, 52 production, 63,66, 67 Resonance capture, 138 Plutonium oxide, 70 Restricted Dala. 101. 146 Polaris program, 18 Rickover, Hyman, 185n Al, 18, l9,47 Rock Island Arsenal. 13 A2. 19.47 , Golden, CO A3,19 Beryllium components production, 97 Polmar, Norman, 7Un Nuclear materials nroduction. 38 Portsmouth, OH. gaseous diffusion plant. 13,36,82 Plutonium pmcessin~,5, 13, 38 Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. Kittery. ME, 71 Rome Air Development Center, GriffissAir Force Base. NY, POSEIDON missile system, 20.41, 55, 113 54 Power Demonstration Reactor Program, 185 Romeo shot, 16, 6011 Power plants, nuclear, 7811, 18546 Rosengren, lack W,47n Prados. lohn. 190 Rosenthal, Alan, lOln Proetoiian, operation, 173-74 Roser, Herman E ,62n,64n,94n Pressurized water reactor (PWR), 95 Rover, Project, nuclear propulsion reactor development, 187 Production reactors Dual-purpose N-, 58,65 Safe Secure Railcars, 41,42 Fundamentals, 137-38 Safe Secure Trailers. 41. 42 Graphite-moderated water-cooled, 58, 59, 64, 65, 163 Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), 5, 13 Heavy-water-moderated, 58. 184Ñ8 Described, 31 History of operations, 59-60,61 Organization, 33 New, 24,95 Sandstone. Oneration. 15. 151 Operations, 13637 Savannah .River ~aboratory(SRL), 31 Rates of production, 62 Savannah Kiver Operations Office (SRO). 119 U-235 allocated to, 183, 194 Savdiuiah Kiver I'laitt ISWl.. ,. 31.. 93 Program Decision Memoranda (TOMS], 103 Building of. 13 Program Objective Memorandum [POM], 103 Development of Plasma Separation Process, 94-95 Project 56, nuclear test, 155 Innage: 62 , nuclear test, 156 Fuel cycle, 67 Project 58, nuclear test, 157 Heavy Water Plant, 88, 90, 142, 143 Project 58A, nuclear test, 157 Nuclear materials oroduction. 60. 63 Project Officers Groups (FOGS),DOD/DOE, 32, 105 Plutonium and uranium recovery, 36 PUREX [Plutonium-URanium-Extraction)plant, 65, 66 t'lutun~u~~~production. 5. 24, 36. 60. 67. 75 Fuel processed by, 70, 138, 13940 Pnxl~~cttui~historv. 60-62 Plutonium and uranium recovery, 70 Proposed I.-~eactorfor, 94 Process Facility Modification at, 96,97 Radioactive wastes, 70 Reactivation of, 93 Reactors, 94, 135, 188; estimated production, 62,63; history, 60,61,62; use of HEW driven fuel, 184-85, Quicksilver, Operation, 172 169-90 Tritium production, 5. 67, 77, 179, 180 Rabi, lsador I, lOln Tritium recovery, 40,41, 69 Radar Target Backscatter Facility Division, Holloman Air Savannah River Tritium Facility. 69 Force Base, NM, 56 Sawyer-Kjellpen process, 92 Radars. 19 Scheer. Robert. 2411. 300 space-based system, 119 Radioactive wastes, 70 Ranger, Operation, 44, 152 Searle, fames P , 91n Reactive Metals, Inc , 37 Secretary of Defense (SECDEF), 107,108, 109,110 Reagan administration Senate Enhanced radiation weavons. nroduction. . . 21. . 92 Appropriations Committee, 120 Five-part strategic weapons modernization program, 21.92 Armed Services Committee, 20,120 NWSMs, 22-23, 92,104 Sewell, Duane C , 179n Rearden, Steven L , 2u, 13n Shaw, Linda S ,5n Redox process, 70,139 Sherwin, Martin J , 26n

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II 221 Index

Shipaingport Atomic Power Station, 185 Strauss, Lewis L, 1Oln Short-Range Missile ISKAM). 15, 29. 55. 56. 110 Submarine-launched ballistic missile [SLBMI, 18, 19, 55. 56

- ~~~ ~~ Siniills l~ltclliuni~cISICINTI. .. 118 SUBROC anti-submarine~ rocket.~ ~, 113 SM-2 missile.56 ' Sullivan. Walter. 78n Small ICBM (SICTM]. 55,110,111 Sulphuric-acid leaching, 123. 124 Smit, Will A, 134n SUPER RXCALIBUR x-rav laser device. 23 Smith, Alice Kimball, 26n Surface-to-air missiles, 19, 111. 113 Smith. Cyril S , Win Swordfish shot, 43 Smith, J A , 6011, 6211.94n SWU measure. 82.85.126 Smith. Jeffrey, 2411, 30n SCTSZ,Ferenc, 14n,26n, 41n Smith, Ralph Carlisle, 26n Smyth, Henry DeWolf, 26n TALOS surface-to-air missile. 19 Sohle, Ronald L . 46n Targeting, 19 Soviet Union. 19. 20 Teapot, Operation, 154-55 Production reactor, 135 Taller. Edward. 16. 23. 27 Proposed cessation of plutonium production, 78n TcIli'i-Uliim iipproiich to thcrmu~iuLk'iirdevices, 16 Space TEMPS sirnult~nr,53 Development of nuclear propulsion rocket for travel in, TERRIER surface-to-air missile 19, 49, 113 187 Thermal effects, simulation of "~clearwea~ons,52, 54 Generation of for, 70 Thermonuclear materials. 58 See also Deuterium; Lithium-6; Radars based in, 119 Tritium Snare and Missile 'Test Omanization iSAMTOI. 111 Thermonuclear weapons, 3, 15, iff, 26 ~pecialIsotope ~eparation[~l~],24,95-97 ' Third generation weapons, 23-24 Planned Hanford plant for, 132-33 THOR missile, 18 Snecial nuclear materials ISNM1.. 92.. 102 Threshold Test Ban Treaty, 42 S~KIN'Ian:#-ba'.listic missile. 23. 56 Tinderbox, Operation, 172 ,l.OADSantt-ballistic niidle, 56 TITAN 1 ICBM. 18 STANDARD stirface-In-air initsile. 2. l'i3 TITAN U ICBM, 18.110 Standard Oil Company, 82 Toggle, Operation, 170 Standard Oil of New Jersey, 130 Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR], 77 Stanford Positron-Electron Accelerator Ring [SPEAR), 32 TOMOHAWK sea-launched cruise missile. 113 Stanford Syochotron Radiation Laboratory [SSRL), 32 Tonopah Test Range, NV, 12, 31 STARFIRE power plant, 7Bn Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), 113 STARLING ER concept, 23 Transnortation Saffitmards- Division. 41 State Department, responsibility for nuclear weapons foreign Transuranic waste (TRU), 70 policy implications, 106 Trestle EMP simulator, 52 Stenhcns. Richard A. 4111 Tributvl nhosnhate (TBP1.139. 140 submarines, 21; 26,113 TRIDENT I, 51, 113 Stockpiles Svstems Proiect Office. 114 Fission bombs, 16 ~kstsof, 55,'56 Nuclear warheads. 2; changing, 12-13; design flaws in, 46- site, 15-26 47; evaluation and reliability management. 114; Tri-Service Thermal Facility... Wriebt- Patterson Air Force growth, 1945-50, 13; international tensions affecting, Base, OH, 54 20; number, 5 Tritium, 35, 58 Nuclear weapons, 18,92 Commercial demand for, 78 Plutonium, 5, 74. 75-76 For fission weapons, 16 Strategic materials, 92 Inventory, 5, 77, 78; based on atmospheric release, 179, Targeting requirements effect on. 1911 101; hounding estimates of, 179-80: steady-state Tbemonuclear warheads, 3, 13, 17 estimates of, 179 Tritium, 5, 77, 78,179-81 Nonweapon uses and sources, 77-78 Uranium. 70, 73, 84, 87, 88 Production, 5. 13, 36, 67, 179-81, 184; enriched lithium See also Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Memorandum control rods for, 62; facilities for, 40; reactors Stockpile-to-Target Sequence (STS), 32, 105,110,120 dedicated to. 60; from secondary sources, 62 Slomx, Opemtion, 162 Post World War I1 needs. 13 Strategic Air Command [SAC), 18. 19 Projected demand for, 24, 60 Atomic weapons and, 2n Recovery, 36.40.41.69 Bombs on alert, 17 Truman, Harry, 2, 13, 27, 31, 100 Control of atomic forces, 15 Truslow, Edith C , 26n Training launches of ICBMs, 55 TRW Inc .94,95,134, 149 Strategic bombs, 15 Tumbler-Snapper, Operafion, 152-53 Strategic Defense Initiative. 119 Tyler, Patrick E ,2411 Strategic materials, 92 Strategic weapons, modernization program for, 21, 92 Ulam, Stanislaw, 16

222 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II Index

UNC Nuclear industries, 84, 149 Under Secretary of Defense, Research, and Engineering [USDRE], 105,107 United Kingdom, 76 warheads, retired Joint nuclear tests with US , 187, 191 EC14.16.17 Plutonium prnduction reactor, 135 THOR missile deployment, 18 U S sup~lvof HEU to, 190 United ~u'ci&rCorporation. 71, 72, 149 317, 16 University of Rochester, 32, 149 B24, 16 U~shot-Knolhote.O~erotlin. 153 ,41 ~ienco,gas centrifuge plant, 126,130 , 41,49-50 Urey, H C , 86 W47, 29,4749 USS Gmrae Washineton... . 18 ,41 Uranium CU) ,50 Chemical conversion, 125 W53,41 Dwscribwd. 78 , 29 Enrichment, 13, 19. 36, 58; requirements for, 83,86 ,41 Exploration for, 13 ,23 Inventories, 70. 73, 84. 87, 88 .23 Low-enriched (LEU), 82; used by heavy water reactors, . 23 184-85, 188 Wfi6,23 Metal ingots, 70 ,41 ~illin~:~osts,79-81, 83; ore removal leaching processes, W86, 23 123-25 Warheads, under development Mining, 79, 122 ,29 Ore reserves. 1983. 81 Warheads See ulso Nuclear warheads Processing and production facilities, 13, 35, 36, 38, 40 Washington Public Power Supply System (WPPSS), 67 Recovery, 122, 123 Water distillation nrocess. 143 Slightly enriched (SEW, 83 Wayrnack, ~illia&W, loin Sec also Highly enriched "uranium; OraUoy Weapon &sign and Cost Report [WDCR), DOE, 105 U-236, 94 Weinbereer Casnar W. 23n U-238, 35, 59, 128, 138 Weldcn Springsfeed processing facility, 19 Uranium concentrate [UyOs),78 Werner, Charles, 26n Production, 80.82. 84 Western Space and Missile Center, VandenbergAir Force Purchases, 71, 80,81,183, 184 Base, CA, 55 Tied up in production reactors, 185 Western Test Range [WTR], CA,12, 55 Uranium fluorides, 70,125,130,133 Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 71, 118, 130, 149 Uranium oxide, 79-80, 8243,122 Whetstone, Operation. 164-65 Uranium trioxide, 125 White Sands Bombing Range, NM, 41 White Sands Missile Range, NM, 12, 54, 56 Vaughan, William A ,9411 White Sands Solar Furnace, NM, 54 Vertically Polarized Dipole (VFD II), 52 Whitley, Stanley, 13011, l31n Wigwam, Operation, 155 Ward. D A. 62n Williamson, Samuel R , Jr , 13n Warheads, active Wilson, Jane, 26n B28.17.41. 110 Wolf. Ron. 41 Worthington, Hood T , lOln Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 54, 111

X-ray laser, 23-24. 30 X-rays Simulation of effects,53 In weapons effects research, 32

Yield-to-weight ratio, 24 Yield-to-volume ratio, 24 York, Herbert F . 27 Yuma Proving Ground, AZ, 55

Zero electric power heavy water reactor [ZEPHWR), 95 Zero Power Plutonium Reactor [ZPPR), 76, 96 Zippe, G , 130

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume II 223