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III.—On the Mollusca of the Crag-Formation of Iceland

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III.—On the Mollusca of the Crag-Formation of Iceland Dr. 0. A. L. Morch—On the Crag of Iceland. 391 formed in strata incapable of being stretched, which occur among strata capable of being stretched by the weight of a mass of rock displaced by a fault. Fig. 2 is intended to show two wants, amount- ing together to about 73 yards, caused by the fault above mentioned, which had a maximum downthrow of 220 yards; its zero points being one mile distant. It is by no means asserted that even in the case of shales the capa- bility of being stretched is without limit In every case after the limit is reached, the fault can only increase its downthrow by in- creasing in horizontal length (i.e. adding to the distance between its two zero points), or by producing on its downthrow side one or more faults along lines of weakness forming angles with its own line. Such lines of weakness, destined to become faults, will be found in the largest wants in the thickest strata. Faults which disturb stratified deposits of varying composition are very frequently filled with a "hash" of the softer strata only, such as shales and fire- clays ; and this circumstance may be due in some cases to the fact that the fault has been made (during the increase of a master-fault) along a line from which the harder beds—of sandstone or the like— had been previously withdrawn. When a master-fault, after exhausting the capability of being stretched possessed by the strata displaced, produces smaller faults, the latter will have their downthrow on the side towards which the master-fault increases. The superincumbent strata will settle down along the lines of the master and smaller faults till the gap which would otherwise have existed is filled up. III.—ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE CRAG-FOBMATION OF ICELAND. By Dr. 0. A. L. MOKCH, For. M. E. Soc, Edin.; Pot. Corr. Z. 8., Lond.; Acad. Sc, Philad. HE fossils of the volcanic Islands of the Atlantic Ocean, St. Helena, • Madeira, Teneriffe, and Iceland, have a special interest, as giving Tdates relative to the supposed Atlantic Continent. The fossil land-shells of St. Helena and Madeira appear to belong to a period corresponding to the Crag-formation of England. The marine fossils of the Canaries, on the contrary, belong to a somewhat more ancient period. In Iceland beds of fossils are found in several places, but belong- ing to very different geological ages. The most celebrated forma- tion is the Surturbrand, containing a fossil flora, chiefly known from the description of Prof. 0. Heer of Zurich, from the collections of Prof. Steenstrup, etc. It contains about thirty-seven species of plants, chiefly belonging to Araucarites (A. Sternbergi, with stems from 1^ to %\ feet in thickness), Betula, Gorylus, Alnus, Vitis, Lyrio- dendron, Ulmus, Bhamnus, Bhus, Quercus, etc. A wing of a Carabus is the only trace of animals. The author considers this formation to be of Miocene age, but belonging to two different periods. The fossil shells belong to a more recent period; but as they are never found in the same place in superposed strata, it is difficult to 392 Dr. 0. A. L. Morch—On the Crag of Iceland. indicate their relative age with security. From zoological reasons it is however evident that some of the beds are of a more recent date; whilst others, especially the beds of Husavik Hallbjornastadir- camb,1 the best-known formation, is the oldest, and probably cor- responds to the older .Crag of England and Belgium. The following authors have contributed to the investigation of this subject:— 1. Eggert Olafssen og Biarne Pavelsen. Eeise igjennem Island, 1752-57. Soro, 1772.—In vol. i., pp. 126 and 153, is described a layer of fossils in bluish clay, 7 to 10 feet thick, in the border of the Leyraa and Laxaa (two rivers), containing Peeten Islandicus, L., with the colours well preserved, and Oyprina Islandica, L.—In vol. i., p. 410, it is stated that fossil shells are found in several localities in Bardestrands and Isefjords Sysseler, close by the shore, from be- tween one and two to four fathoms above high-water mark, and in several other places in South Iceland, but not afterwards investigated, so far as I know. It is mentioned that near many of the houses are found large heaps (middings) of shells of Oyprina and Mya, eaten by the in- habitants, but which are not to be mistaken for fossils, any more than are the shells and sea-urchins the ravens have left on the rocks far inland.— In vol. ii., p. 936, several localities for fossil shells are mentioned, on the authority of the inhabitants. A hill close to Soget contains shells in a bluish very soft stone, which are washed out by this rivulet, viz., Cardium Islandicum, Oyprina Islandica, and especially Tellina calcarea, Chem. At another place, in a very hard rock, is found Peeten Islandicus, with the colours of the shell preserved. All these localities seem only to yield shells exactly like those now living • on the coast of Iceland. The following locality contains the greatest number of shells, many of which differ from those now living in the seas of Iceland.—Vol. ii. p. 665. Fossil and partly mineralized (crystal- lized) shells are found in a hill called Hallbjornastade-Kamb, 140 feet high, situated close by the shore, in the vicinity of Husavig harbour, on the Eastern part of the North coast of Iceland. The mineralized (crystallized) shells are only found on one spot; they are mostly shells of Cardium, Venus (Cyprina). The following shells are in- dicated : a. Astarte; b. Cardium ciliatum ?; c. Peeten Islandicus; d. Mya truncata; e. Buccinum undatum ; f. Littorina; g. Fusus Olavii, Beck ; h. Natica clausa, and perhaps N. aperta, Loven. 2. Olaus Olavius. CEconomisk Reise igjennem de nordvestlige, etc. Kanter af Island. 1780.—In vol. ii. p. 572, is a plate with shells from Halbjarnastadirkamp. The figures are very bad, but the plate gives a very good idea of the abundance and position of the fossils. Tellina, Cyrtodaria, Nassa, Trophon, Pleurotoma, Natica, Bittium ? The best figure represents an Astarte, very like to A. castanea, Say. 3. Voyage en Islande et aux Gronland, execute pendant les annees 1835 et 1836, sur la corvette la Recherche, commande par M. 1 " HaUbjmnarstada-Kamb " is the official way of spelling this locality, but the various authors referred to wrote more or less in Danish or old Icelandic; this will sufficiently explain the diversity in writing this name in the various works here quoted.—0. A. L. M. Dr. 0. A. L. Morch—On the Crag of Iceland. 393 Trehouart, publie sous la direction de Mr. Paul Gaimard. Mineralogie et Geologie, par E. Eobert. 1840.—P. 283, " Les coquilles fossiles de Husavik Hallbjarnastadarkambur sont d'une abondance extreme dans ce terrain, et admirablement conservees, ce sont d'apres Mr. Deshayes, qui a constate leur identite avec celles qui vivent encore dans ces memes lieux, notamment les Cyprina Islandica, Mya arenaria, Tellina solidula (T. ovata, Sowb. ?), Tellina tennis (probably T. cal- carea, Oh.), Natica clausa, Cardium voisin de ciliatum, Solen vagina, S. ensis ? Buccinwm voisin de Buc. reticulatum." It is stated that the great specimens of Oyprina contain chambers filled with a blackish matter, probably being part of the animal (perhaps the stomach). " Au dessus de ce gissement, les coquilles sont entassees pele mele comme dans un falun; le tufa se divise alors en plaque et renferment principalement des petites bivalves." Mr. Eobert figures as Oyprina Gaimardi a shell which Mr. Deshayes considers a very inflated variety of Cyprina Islandica, L. 4. G. G. Winkler. Island der Bau seiner Gebirge und dessen geologische Bedeutung. Miinchen, 1863.—The fossils of Hallb- jarnarstadir are for the first time stated to belong to the Crag-forma- tion. Twenty-seven species are enumerated. Through the favour of the author, I have received some sketches of the new species, which enable me to give the following observations:—Tapes virginea, Forb., is Tellina calcarea, Ch.; Astarte Hjaltalini, Winkl., is, as the the author himself supposes, A. crebricosta, Forb.; Natica Steens- trupiana, Winkl., is Natica aperta, Loven.; Planorbis spirorbis, Miill.,1 is probably mis-written for Spirorbis borealis, Daudin; Patella leevis, Winkl., appears not to differ from Patella pellucida, L., Gyrtodaria Heerii, Winkl., is perhaps G. angustata, Nyst. The fol- lowing true Crag-fossils are named:—Oyprina rustica, Sowb.; Tellina ovata, Sowb.; . Gorbulomya complanata, Sowb.; Gyrtodaria siliqua, Spgl.; Natica varians, Duj.; Natica Tiemiclausa, Sowb.; N. occlusa, Wood. At p. 211 the following species are named as occurring at Fossvogur, which may be considered of a more recent period:— Mya truncata, L.; Buccinwm undatwm, L., var. vulgatwm ; Balanus, sp.; Tellina, sp. From Arnabauli, p. 212, which appears to belong to the same period :— Cyprina Islandica, L.; Astarte borealis, Chem.; Mya truncata, L.; Pholas crispata, L.; Pecten Islandicus, L.; Buccinwm undatum, L., var. vulgatum. 5. G. W. Payhull. Bidrag till Kannedommen om Islands Bergs- bygnad. (Kgl. svenska vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar. 7 Band. 1867. Stockholm.) At p. 47%is given by the late author a descrip- tion of the fossiliferous layers of Hallbjamastada, and at p. 49 a list of species named by the present author.2 The specimens are partly in the Museum of Copenhagen, partly in Stockholm. At p. 48 the layer of Fossvogur, between Eeykiavik and Hafnarfjord, is more specially described. It contains—Saxicava rugosa, L.; Mya trun- cata, L.; Tellina sabulosa, Spgl. (T. calcarea, Ch.); Nucula tennis, Mtg.; Balanus, sp. These species indicate a more recent period 1 Wood, 1848, p. 9, tab. 1, fig.
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