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Bothalia 40,1 (2010) 91 handhand on the specimen, we are of the opinion that there is LobostemonLobostemon fruticosusfruticosus (L.)(L.) H.Buek, inin LinnaeaLinnaea nnoo concrete evidence that this specimen is directly asso- 11: 134 (1837).(1837). ciated with Jacquin’s concept of ‘fruticosum’, although EchiumEchium fruticosum L.L. varvar. (β) minorr Sims : t. 1772 (1816). Lecto., iitt is apparent from the extensive description, that Jac- herehere designated: [icon in] Ker Gawler, The botanicalbotanical register: t. 39 quin did have a specimen at hand. We therefore view (1815).(1815). Jacquin’sJacquin’s illustration as a lectotype, thus placing E.E. fru-fru- ticosum var.var. majormajor in synonymy with what is currently knownknown asas Lobostemon argenteus (P.J.Bergius) H.Buek ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (Buys 2000).2000). WeWe thank the curators of the herbaria at the Natural Lehmann (1818) independently also recognizes a History Museum, Vienna (W) and The Natural History varietyvariety (ß) major, identifying it with Thunberg’s con- Museum, London (BM) for allowing access to the men- ceptcept ofof EchiumEchium fruticosum L. (Thunberg 1794). The ttionedioned specimens. Thanks in particular to Anton Iger- sheetsheet in the Thunberg herbarium marked E. fruticosumfruticosum ssheimheim ((W)W) and John Hunnex ((BM)BM) for assistance. OuOurr by Thunberg (UPS-THUNB4098UPS-THUNB4098) consists of two differ- appreciation also to Dick Brummitt for commenting on ent specimens. To the right is mounted what is currently an eearlierarlier ddraft.raft. knownknown asas Lobostemon fruticosus, to the left, a specimen correspondingcorresponding to Lehmann’s var. major. Typifi cation of thisthis illegitimate later homonym, by a specimen in MEL REFERENCESREFERENCES places it in synonymy with L.L. montanus H.Buek (Buys BBUEK,UEK, H. 1837. Echia Capensia. LLinnaeainnaea 11: 129–149129–149.. & Nordenstam 2009).2009). BBUYS,UYS, M.H. 2000. LLobostemonobostemon. In P. Goldblatt & J.C. Manning, Cape plants. A conspectus of the Cape fl ora of South Africa. StrelitziaStrelitzia LobostemonLobostemon argenteusargenteus (P.J.Bergius) H.BuekH.Buek, in 9:9: 375–377. National Botanical Institute, Cape Town and Mis- Linnaea 11: 133 ((1837).1837). sourisouri Botanical Garden,Garden, St. LouisLouis.. BUYS,BUYS, M.H. & NORDENSTAM, B. 2007. Lectotypifi cation of the EchiumEchium fruticosum L.L. varvar. (α) majorr Sims: no. 1772 (1816). Lecto., basionym, EchiumEchium glaucophyllum. BothaliaBothalia 37: 25,25, 26.26. hhereere designated: [icon in] Jacquin, PPlantarumlantarum rrariorumariorum hohortirti caesacaesareirei BUYS,BUYS, M.H. & NORDENSTAM, B. 2009. Nomenclature and typifi - SSchoenbrunnensischoenbrunnensis descriptiones et icons, plate 34 (1797) non Echium cationcation of J.G.C.J.G.C. Lehmann and H. Buek names in LobostemonLobostemon ffruticosumruticosum LL.. vvar.ar. majorr Lehm. in Plantae e familia Asperifoliarum (Boraginaceae).(Boraginaceae). TaxonTaxon 58: 627–637.627–637. nnuciferaeuciferae: 421 ((1818).1818). D’ARCY, W.G. 1970. Jacquin names, some notes on their typifi cation.cation. Taxon 19: 554–560.554–560. EchiumEchium fruticosum varvar. minorminor GARSIDE, S. 1942. Baron Jacquin and the Schönbrunn gardens.gardens. Jour-Jour- nalnal of South African BotanyBotany 8:8: 201–224.201–224. Sims ((1816)1816) cites Ker Gawler’s TThehe bbotanicalotanical regisregis-- GUNN,GUNN, M. & CODD,CODD, L.E. 1981.1981. Botanical exploration of southern Africa. Balkema, Cape Town.Town. teterr: t. 39 ((1815)1815) undeunderr EEchiumchium fruticosum LL.. vvar.ar. minominorr. JACQUIN,JACQUIN, N.J. VON. 1797.1797. Plantarum rariorum horti caesarei Sch-Sch- The reference to t. 39 is an error for it represents IpoIpo-- oenbrunnensis descriptiones et icones, vol. 1. Wappler, Vienna.Vienna. moea L. and it is t. 36 instead that depicts a LLobostemonobostemon. KER GAWLER,GAWLER, J.B. 1815. EchiumEchium fruticosum. In S.T. Edwards,Edwards, The Sims (1816) also alludes to being aware of a collection botanicalbotanical register, vol. 1: t. 36. Ridgeway, London.London. LEHMANN,LEHMANN, J.G.C. 1818. Echium. Plantae e familia Asperifoliarum iinn the Banksian Herbarium made from a plant cultivated nuciferae.nuciferae. Pars I & II.: 398–475. Dümmler,Dümmler, Berlin.Berlin. by Philip Miller in 1759 in the Chelsea garden. In BM LINNAEUS,LINNAEUS, C. 1753.1753. Species plantarum. Salvius,Salvius, Stockholm.Stockholm. ttherehere is a sheet with ‘Hort CChels’hels’ in an unidentifi ed hand NEILREICH,NEILREICH, A. 1855. Geschichte der Botanik in Nieder-Oesterreich.Nieder-Oesterreich. oonn the reverse. The sheet has an undated watermark ‘‘GR’GR’ Verhandlungen des zoologisch-botanischen Vereins in Wien 5:5: includedincluded in it, a reference to George Rex (King(King George). 23–76.23–76. SIMS,SIMS, J. 1816. EchiumEchium fruticosum (ß.)(ß.) minorminor. Lesser shrubby Viper’s- This is likely a reference to George III who was on the Bugloss.Bugloss. Curtis’s Botanical MagazineMagazine: t. 1772. Sherwood, Neely thronethrone from 1760–1820. The paper was presumably pro- & Jones,Jones, London.London. duced during that period which puts the specimen in the THUNBERG,THUNBERG, C.P. 1794.1794. Prodromus plantarum capensium. Edman,Edman, rightright time frame, but the specimen is not considered to Uppsala.Uppsala. be original material due to the absence of unswerving M.H. BUYS*BUYS* and B. NORDENSTAM**NORDENSTAM** evidence that it is directly associated with Sims’ concept of E.E. fruticosum var.var. minorminor. In the light of Sims’ origi- * Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute, nalnal material consisting of a specimen and the illustration, Kirstenbosch, Private Bag X7, 7735 Claremont and Department of we vviewiew The botanical registerr plate as lectotype. This BotanyBotany & Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, Stellenbosch. Email: [email protected]@sanbi.org.za. typitypifi cation places E.E. fruticosum vvar.ar. minorr in synonymy ** Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural with what is currently known as Lobostemon fruticosus History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.Sweden. (Buys 2000).2000). MS.MS. received: 2009-09-04.2009-09-04. ASPHODELACEAE: ALOOIDEAE REINSTATEMENT OF ALOE SPECTABILIS Aloe spectabilis Reynolds (1937) was described from predominantly southern and eastern Cape species (see material that was collected from KwaZulu-Natal, the Van Wyk & Smith 2003: 56 for a distribution map of A. eastern-most province of South Africa. Previously, mate- ferox). Aloe spectabilis, in contrast, has its present-day rial of this species was erroneously considered to repre- centre of distribution around Bushman’s River Valley sent a form of A. ferox Mill. (Berger 1908: 310, 311), a near Weenen, along the Mooi River near Muden and 92 Bothalia 40,1 (2010) between 10 and 14, erect to slightly spreading, rather truncate racemes. Furthermore, it differs from A. mar- IV lothii in having almost erect racemes that are shorter and broader, with fl owers more evenly distributed around PH the axis. The apices of the inner perianth segments are a PP dull to deep glossy black and the exserted portion of the fi laments is orange in A. spectabilis, whereas both are PR a light to deep purple in A. marlothii (Reynolds 1937, 1950; Jeppe 1969; Bornman & Hardy 1972) (Table 4). PT 5 Given superfi cial similarities between Aloe spectabi- PV 5 555 lis and A. marlothii, some previous authors considered 55 QH the two species to be conspecifi c (Glen & Hardy 2000; Van Wyk & Smith 2003). Others have more recently QP suggested that A. spectabilis represents a good species H PHH RHH km (Smith & Van Wyk 2008), and warrants reinstatement. QR This is done here. IP IR IT IV PH PP PR PT PV QH QP Aloe spectabilis Reynolds in Journal of South Afri- FIGURE 31.––Distribution of Aloe spectabilis, based on specimens at can Botany 3: 129 (1937). Type: South Africa, [Kwa- PRE. Zulu-Natal], 2830 (Dundee): Tugela [Thukela] Valley, between Greytown and Helpmekaar, (–CB), Reynolds 2033 (PRE!, holo.; BOL, iso.). A. ferox auct., sensu A.Berger, non Mill.: 310 (1908). IV PH 6 PP 5 5 5 PR 5 55 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 55 5 5555 PT 5 55 55 6 666 6666 55 PV 5666 5 5 66 QH QP QR H QHH THH km IP IR IT IVPH PP PR PT PV QH QP QR FIGURE 32.––Distribution of Aloe marlothii subsp. marlothii, ; and A. marlothii subsp. orientalis, , adapted from Glen & Hardy (2000). Keats Drift, and in the Tugela [Thukela] River Valley between Mpofana and Pomeroy on the Greytown–Dun- dee Road in KwaZulu-Natal (Figure 31). Further north in Zululand this species seems to grade into Aloe marlothii A.Berger, which is its closest relative. However, A. marlothii is typically an element of south- ern Africa’s northcentral and northeastern savannas, with subsp. marlothii widely distributed in KwaZulu-Natal, western Swaziland, Mpumalanga, Limpopo, Gauteng, North-West and the eastern border of Botswana, while A. marlothii subsp. orientalis Glen & D.S.Hardy has a more easterly distribution in northern KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland and into Mozambique (Glen & Hardy 2000) (Figure 32). Overall, plants of Aloe marlothii tend to be more robust than A. spectabilis in general appearance. Aloe spectabilis is a single-stemmed, tree-like aloe up to 5 m high (Figure 33). It is distinguished by its tall, unbranched stem and much-branched infl orescences FIGURE 33.––Aloe spectabilis in the Tugela [Thukela] River Valley. with very dark brown to almost black peduncles and Photograph: G.F. Smith. Bothalia 40,1 (2010) 93 TABLE 4.—Differences between Aloe spectabilis and A. marlothii Character A. spectabilis A. marlothii Raceme orientation suberect oblique to horizontal dimensions ± 250 90–100 mm 300–500 50–60 mm number 10 to 14 20 to 30 Peduncle colour dark brown to almost black green to reddish brown Flower disposition evenly distributed around axis secund Apex of inner perianth segments dull to deep glossy black light to deep purple Exerted portion of fi laments orange light to deep purple A. ferox auct., sensu A.Berger, non Mill.
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  • Review-Bio-Cultural-Value-Of-Aloes

    Review-Bio-Cultural-Value-Of-Aloes

    Documented Utility and Biocultural Value of Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae): A Review1 2,3, 2 3,4 OLWEN M. GRACE *,MONIQUE S. J. SIMMONDS ,GIDEON F. SMITH , 3 AND ABRAHAM E. VAN WYK 2Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom 3Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa 4South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X001, Pretoria 0002, South Africa *Corresponding author, [email protected] Documented Utility and Biocultural Value of Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae): A Review. The genus Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae) comprises 548 accepted species, of which at least one-third are docu- mented as having some utilitarian value. The group is of conservation concern due to habitat loss and being extensively collected from the wild for horticulture and natural products. Cultural value is increasingly important in the effective conservation of biodiversity. The present study evaluated the biocultural value of the known uses of Aloe, excluding the domesticated and commercially cultivated A. vera. Over 1,400 use records representing 173 species were collated from the literature and through personal observation; this paper presents a synopsis of uses in each of 11 use categories. Medicinal uses of Aloe were described by 74% of the use records, followed by social and environmental uses (both 5%). Species yielding natural products, no- tably A. ferox and A. perryi, were most frequently cited in the literature. Consensus ratios indicate that the most valued uses of Aloe are in medicine and pest control against arthropods and other invertebrates. Key Words: Aloe; Asphodelaceae; biocultural value; conservation; Ethnobotany; medicine; Uses. Introduction natural products to export markets, particularly in Europe and Asia (Newton and Vaughan 1996; The genus Aloe L.
  • Chromones and Anthrones from Aloe Marlothii and Aloe Rupestris

    Chromones and Anthrones from Aloe Marlothii and Aloe Rupestris

    Phytochemistry 55 (2000) 949±952 www.elsevier.com/locate/phytochem Chromones and anthrones from Aloe marlothii and Aloe rupestris Daniel Bisrat a, Ermias Dagne a,*, Ben-Erik van Wyk b, Alvaro Viljoen b aDepartment of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 30270, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia bDepartment of Botany, Rand Afrikaans University, PO Box 524, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa Received 23 February 2000; received in revised form 22 June 2000 Abstract A phytochemical investigation of the leaf exudate of Aloe marlothii has resulted in the isolation of a new chromone (7-O- methylaloeresin A) and a new anthrone (5-hydroxyaloin A 60-O-acetate). Furthermore 7-O-methylaloesin was isolated as a natural product for the ®rst time from the leaf exudate of Aloe rupestris. The structure elucidation of these compounds was based on spectral data including 2D NMR. The chemotaxonomic value of 7-O-methylaloesin in Aloe series Asperifoliae and section Pachy- dendron is discussed. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Aloe marlothii Berger; Aloe rupestris Bak.; Asphodelaceae; Chromone; Anthrone; 5-Hydroxyaloin A 60-O-acetate; 7-O-Methylaloesin; 7- O-Methylaloeresin A; Chemotaxonomy 1. Introduction substance. The HR-positive FAB mass spectrum of compound 1 gave a pseudomolecular ion at m/z 555.1854 Previously, we have reported the isolation and struc- [M+H]+, corresponding to the molecular formula ture determination of anthrones and oxanthrones from C29H30O11 (calcd 555.1866). Compound 1 exhibited South African Aloe (Dagne et al., 1996, 1997, 1998). absorption maxima in its UV spectrum that are typical of Investigations on A. marlothii and A.