DOCSLIB.ORG

Ciated with Jacquin’S Concept of ‘Fruticosum’, Although Echiumechium Fruticosum L.L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ciated with Jacquin’S Concept of ‘Fruticosum’, Although Echiumechium Fruticosum L.L Bothalia 40,1 (2010) 91 handhand on the specimen, we are of the opinion that there is LobostemonLobostemon fruticosusfruticosus (L.)(L.) H.Buek, inin LinnaeaLinnaea nnoo concrete evidence that this specimen is directly asso- 11: 134 (1837).(1837). ciated with Jacquin’s concept of ‘fruticosum’, although EchiumEchium fruticosum L.L. varvar. (β) minorr Sims : t. 1772 (1816). Lecto., iitt is apparent from the extensive description, that Jac- herehere designated: [icon in] Ker Gawler, The botanicalbotanical register: t. 39 quin did have a specimen at hand. We therefore view (1815).(1815). Jacquin’sJacquin’s illustration as a lectotype, thus placing E.E. fru-fru- ticosum var.var. majormajor in synonymy with what is currently knownknown asas Lobostemon argenteus (P.J.Bergius) H.Buek ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (Buys 2000).2000). WeWe thank the curators of the herbaria at the Natural Lehmann (1818) independently also recognizes a History Museum, Vienna (W) and The Natural History varietyvariety (ß) major, identifying it with Thunberg’s con- Museum, London (BM) for allowing access to the men- ceptcept ofof EchiumEchium fruticosum L. (Thunberg 1794). The ttionedioned specimens. Thanks in particular to Anton Iger- sheetsheet in the Thunberg herbarium marked E. fruticosumfruticosum ssheimheim ((W)W) and John Hunnex ((BM)BM) for assistance. OuOurr by Thunberg (UPS-THUNB4098UPS-THUNB4098) consists of two differ- appreciation also to Dick Brummitt for commenting on ent specimens. To the right is mounted what is currently an eearlierarlier ddraft.raft. knownknown asas Lobostemon fruticosus, to the left, a specimen correspondingcorresponding to Lehmann’s var. major. Typifi cation of thisthis illegitimate later homonym, by a specimen in MEL REFERENCESREFERENCES places it in synonymy with L.L. montanus H.Buek (Buys BBUEK,UEK, H. 1837. Echia Capensia. LLinnaeainnaea 11: 129–149129–149.. & Nordenstam 2009).2009). BBUYS,UYS, M.H. 2000. LLobostemonobostemon. In P. Goldblatt & J.C. Manning, Cape plants. A conspectus of the Cape fl ora of South Africa. StrelitziaStrelitzia LobostemonLobostemon argenteusargenteus (P.J.Bergius) H.BuekH.Buek, in 9:9: 375–377. National Botanical Institute, Cape Town and Mis- Linnaea 11: 133 ((1837).1837). sourisouri Botanical Garden,Garden, St. LouisLouis.. BUYS,BUYS, M.H. & NORDENSTAM, B. 2007. Lectotypifi cation of the EchiumEchium fruticosum L.L. varvar. (α) majorr Sims: no. 1772 (1816). Lecto., basionym, EchiumEchium glaucophyllum. BothaliaBothalia 37: 25,25, 26.26. hhereere designated: [icon in] Jacquin, PPlantarumlantarum rrariorumariorum hohortirti caesacaesareirei BUYS,BUYS, M.H. & NORDENSTAM, B. 2009. Nomenclature and typifi - SSchoenbrunnensischoenbrunnensis descriptiones et icons, plate 34 (1797) non Echium cationcation of J.G.C.J.G.C. Lehmann and H. Buek names in LobostemonLobostemon ffruticosumruticosum LL.. vvar.ar. majorr Lehm. in Plantae e familia Asperifoliarum (Boraginaceae).(Boraginaceae). TaxonTaxon 58: 627–637.627–637. nnuciferaeuciferae: 421 ((1818).1818). D’ARCY, W.G. 1970. Jacquin names, some notes on their typifi cation.cation. Taxon 19: 554–560.554–560. EchiumEchium fruticosum varvar. minorminor GARSIDE, S. 1942. Baron Jacquin and the Schönbrunn gardens.gardens. Jour-Jour- nalnal of South African BotanyBotany 8:8: 201–224.201–224. Sims ((1816)1816) cites Ker Gawler’s TThehe bbotanicalotanical regisregis-- GUNN,GUNN, M. & CODD,CODD, L.E. 1981.1981. Botanical exploration of southern Africa. Balkema, Cape Town.Town. teterr: t. 39 ((1815)1815) undeunderr EEchiumchium fruticosum LL.. vvar.ar. minominorr. JACQUIN,JACQUIN, N.J. VON. 1797.1797. Plantarum rariorum horti caesarei Sch-Sch- The reference to t. 39 is an error for it represents IpoIpo-- oenbrunnensis descriptiones et icones, vol. 1. Wappler, Vienna.Vienna. moea L. and it is t. 36 instead that depicts a LLobostemonobostemon. KER GAWLER,GAWLER, J.B. 1815. EchiumEchium fruticosum. In S.T. Edwards,Edwards, The Sims (1816) also alludes to being aware of a collection botanicalbotanical register, vol. 1: t. 36. Ridgeway, London.London. LEHMANN,LEHMANN, J.G.C. 1818. Echium. Plantae e familia Asperifoliarum iinn the Banksian Herbarium made from a plant cultivated nuciferae.nuciferae. Pars I & II.: 398–475. Dümmler,Dümmler, Berlin.Berlin. by Philip Miller in 1759 in the Chelsea garden. In BM LINNAEUS,LINNAEUS, C. 1753.1753. Species plantarum. Salvius,Salvius, Stockholm.Stockholm. ttherehere is a sheet with ‘Hort CChels’hels’ in an unidentifi ed hand NEILREICH,NEILREICH, A. 1855. Geschichte der Botanik in Nieder-Oesterreich.Nieder-Oesterreich. oonn the reverse. The sheet has an undated watermark ‘‘GR’GR’ Verhandlungen des zoologisch-botanischen Vereins in Wien 5:5: includedincluded in it, a reference to George Rex (King(King George). 23–76.23–76. SIMS,SIMS, J. 1816. EchiumEchium fruticosum (ß.)(ß.) minorminor. Lesser shrubby Viper’s- This is likely a reference to George III who was on the Bugloss.Bugloss. Curtis’s Botanical MagazineMagazine: t. 1772. Sherwood, Neely thronethrone from 1760–1820. The paper was presumably pro- & Jones,Jones, London.London. duced during that period which puts the specimen in the THUNBERG,THUNBERG, C.P. 1794.1794. Prodromus plantarum capensium. Edman,Edman, rightright time frame, but the specimen is not considered to Uppsala.Uppsala. be original material due to the absence of unswerving M.H. BUYS*BUYS* and B. NORDENSTAM**NORDENSTAM** evidence that it is directly associated with Sims’ concept of E.E. fruticosum var.var. minorminor. In the light of Sims’ origi- * Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute, nalnal material consisting of a specimen and the illustration, Kirstenbosch, Private Bag X7, 7735 Claremont and Department of we vviewiew The botanical registerr plate as lectotype. This BotanyBotany & Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, Stellenbosch. Email: [email protected]@sanbi.org.za. typitypifi cation places E.E. fruticosum vvar.ar. minorr in synonymy ** Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural with what is currently known as Lobostemon fruticosus History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.Sweden. (Buys 2000).2000). MS.MS. received: 2009-09-04.2009-09-04. ASPHODELACEAE: ALOOIDEAE REINSTATEMENT OF ALOE SPECTABILIS Aloe spectabilis Reynolds (1937) was described from predominantly southern and eastern Cape species (see material that was collected from KwaZulu-Natal, the Van Wyk & Smith 2003: 56 for a distribution map of A. eastern-most province of South Africa. Previously, mate- ferox). Aloe spectabilis, in contrast, has its present-day rial of this species was erroneously considered to repre- centre of distribution around Bushman’s River Valley sent a form of A. ferox Mill. (Berger 1908: 310, 311), a near Weenen, along the Mooi River near Muden and 92 Bothalia 40,1 (2010) between 10 and 14, erect to slightly spreading, rather truncate racemes. Furthermore, it differs from A. mar- IV lothii in having almost erect racemes that are shorter and broader, with fl owers more evenly distributed around PH the axis. The apices of the inner perianth segments are a PP dull to deep glossy black and the exserted portion of the fi laments is orange in A. spectabilis, whereas both are PR a light to deep purple in A. marlothii (Reynolds 1937, 1950; Jeppe 1969; Bornman & Hardy 1972) (Table 4). PT 5 Given superfi cial similarities between Aloe spectabi- PV 5 555 lis and A. marlothii, some previous authors considered 55 QH the two species to be conspecifi c (Glen & Hardy 2000; Van Wyk & Smith 2003). Others have more recently QP suggested that A. spectabilis represents a good species H PHH RHH km (Smith & Van Wyk 2008), and warrants reinstatement. QR This is done here. IP IR IT IV PH PP PR PT PV QH QP Aloe spectabilis Reynolds in Journal of South Afri- FIGURE 31.––Distribution of Aloe spectabilis, based on specimens at can Botany 3: 129 (1937). Type: South Africa, [Kwa- PRE. Zulu-Natal], 2830 (Dundee): Tugela [Thukela] Valley, between Greytown and Helpmekaar, (–CB), Reynolds 2033 (PRE!, holo.; BOL, iso.). A. ferox auct., sensu A.Berger, non Mill.: 310 (1908). IV PH 6 PP 5 5 5 PR 5 55 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 55 5 5555 PT 5 55 55 6 666 6666 55 PV 5666 5 5 66 QH QP QR H QHH THH km IP IR IT IVPH PP PR PT PV QH QP QR FIGURE 32.––Distribution of Aloe marlothii subsp. marlothii, ; and A. marlothii subsp. orientalis, , adapted from Glen & Hardy (2000). Keats Drift, and in the Tugela [Thukela] River Valley between Mpofana and Pomeroy on the Greytown–Dun- dee Road in KwaZulu-Natal (Figure 31). Further north in Zululand this species seems to grade into Aloe marlothii A.Berger, which is its closest relative. However, A. marlothii is typically an element of south- ern Africa’s northcentral and northeastern savannas, with subsp. marlothii widely distributed in KwaZulu-Natal, western Swaziland, Mpumalanga, Limpopo, Gauteng, North-West and the eastern border of Botswana, while A. marlothii subsp. orientalis Glen & D.S.Hardy has a more easterly distribution in northern KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland and into Mozambique (Glen & Hardy 2000) (Figure 32). Overall, plants of Aloe marlothii tend to be more robust than A. spectabilis in general appearance. Aloe spectabilis is a single-stemmed, tree-like aloe up to 5 m high (Figure 33). It is distinguished by its tall, unbranched stem and much-branched infl orescences FIGURE 33.––Aloe spectabilis in the Tugela [Thukela] River Valley. with very dark brown to almost black peduncles and Photograph: G.F. Smith. Bothalia 40,1 (2010) 93 TABLE 4.—Differences between Aloe spectabilis and A. marlothii Character A. spectabilis A. marlothii Raceme orientation suberect oblique to horizontal dimensions ± 250 90–100 mm 300–500 50–60 mm number 10 to 14 20 to 30 Peduncle colour dark brown to almost black green to reddish brown Flower disposition evenly distributed around axis secund Apex of inner perianth segments dull to deep glossy black light to deep purple Exerted portion of fi laments orange light to deep purple A. ferox auct., sensu A.Berger, non Mill.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reproductive Biology of Aloe Peglerae
    THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND HABITAT REQUIREMENTS OF ALOE PEGLERAE, A MONTANE ENDEMIC ALOE OF THE MAGALIESBERG MOUNTAIN RANGE, SOUTH AFRICA Gina Arena 0606757V A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Johannesburg, South Africa June 2013 DECLARATION I declare that this Dissertation is my own, unaided work. It is being submitted for the Degree of Master of Science at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other University. Gina Arena 21 day of June 2013 Supervisors Prof. C.T. Symes Prof. E.T.F. Witkowski i ABSTRACT In this study I investigated the reproductive biology and pollination ecology of Aloe peglerae, an endangered endemic succulent species of the Magaliesberg Mountain Range in South Africa. The aim was to determine the pollination system of A. peglerae, the effects of flowering plant density on plant reproduction and the suitable microhabitat conditions for this species. Aloe peglerae possesses floral traits that typically conform to the bird-pollination syndrome. Pollinator exclusion experiments showed that reproduction is enhanced by opportunistic avian nectar-feeders, mainly the Cape Rock-Thrush (Monticola rupestris) and the Dark- capped Bulbul (Pycnonotus tricolor). Insect pollinators did not contribute significantly to reproductive output. Small-mammals were observed visiting flowers at night, however, the importance of these visitors as pollinators was not quantified in this study. Interannual variation in flowering patterns dictated annual flowering plant densities in the population. The first flowering season represented a typical mass flowering event resulting in high seed production, followed by a second low flowering year of low seed production.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Dispersal and Seed Banks in Aloe Marlothii (Asphodelaceae) ⁎ C.T
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com South African Journal of Botany 78 (2012) 276–280 www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb Short communication Seed dispersal and seed banks in Aloe marlothii (Asphodelaceae) ⁎ C.T. Symes School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, South Africa Received 5 January 2011; received in revised form 1 June 2011; accepted 20 June 2011 Abstract Aloe marlothii flowers during dry winter months (July–September) and produces large numbers of wind dispersed seeds. Fire disturbance in a population of several thousand A. marlothii plants at Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve, Gauteng, permitted a series of seed dispersal experiments to be conducted. Germination trials indicated that seedling emergence decreased with increased distance from a well defined aloe stand and burn area margin, with seeds dispersed up to 25 m. Flowering frequency and total seed production were positively correlated with plant height, with seed production estimated to range from 26,000 to 375,000 seeds/plant. Although a large number of seeds are produced by flowering plants the survival rate of seeds did not extend beyond the following flowering season. © 2011 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Mega-herbivore; Monocotyledon; Succulent; Suikerbosrand; Xanthorrhoeaceae 1. Introduction Pollination is primarily by birds but little is known about the ecology and seed dispersal of this species (Symes et al., 2009). Aloe marlothii A. Berger (Asphodelaceae) is a winter Numerous studies have investigated pollination in other aloes flowering succulent with a widespread distribution in the (Hoffman, 1988; Ratsirarson, 1995; Stokes and Yeaton, 1995; grassland and savanna biomes of South Africa (Reynolds, Pailler et al., 2002; Johnson et al., 2006; Hargreaves et al., 2008; 1969; Glen and Hardy, 2000; Van Wyk and Smith, 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Aloe Scientific Primer International Aloe Science Council
    The International Aloe Science Council Presents an Aloe Scientific Primer International Aloe Science Council Commonly Traded Aloe Species The plant Aloe spp. has long been utilized in a variety of ways throughout history, which has been well documented elsewhere and need not be recounted in detail here, particularly as the purpose of this document is to discuss current and commonly traded aloe species. Aloe, in its various species, can presently and in the recent past be found in use as a decorative element in homes and gardens, in the creation of pharmaceuticals, in wound care products such as burn ointment, sunburn protectant and similar applications, in cosmetics, and as a food, dietary supplements and other health and nutrition related items. Recently, various species of the plant have even been used to weave into clothing and in mattresses. Those species of Aloe commonly used in commerce today can be divided into three primary categories: those used primarily in the production of crude drugs, those used primarily for decorative purposes, and those used in health, nutritional and related products. For reference purposes, this paper will outline the primary species and their uses, but will focus on the species most widely used in commerce for health, nutritional, cosmetic and supplement products, such as aloe vera. Components of aloe vera currently used in commerce The Aloe plant, and in particular aloe vera, has three distinct raw material components that are processed and found in manufactured goods: leaf juice; inner leaf juice; and aloe latex. A great deal of confusion regarding the terminology of this botanical and its components has been identified, mostly because of a lack of clear definitions, marketing, and other factors.
    [Show full text]
  • Phoenix Active Management Area Low-Water-Use/Drought-Tolerant Plant List
    Arizona Department of Water Resources Phoenix Active Management Area Low-Water-Use/Drought-Tolerant Plant List Official Regulatory List for the Phoenix Active Management Area Fourth Management Plan Arizona Department of Water Resources 1110 West Washington St. Ste. 310 Phoenix, AZ 85007 www.azwater.gov 602-771-8585 Phoenix Active Management Area Low-Water-Use/Drought-Tolerant Plant List Acknowledgements The Phoenix AMA list was prepared in 2004 by the Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR) in cooperation with the Landscape Technical Advisory Committee of the Arizona Municipal Water Users Association, comprised of experts from the Desert Botanical Garden, the Arizona Department of Transporation and various municipal, nursery and landscape specialists. ADWR extends its gratitude to the following members of the Plant List Advisory Committee for their generous contribution of time and expertise: Rita Jo Anthony, Wild Seed Judy Mielke, Logan Simpson Design John Augustine, Desert Tree Farm Terry Mikel, U of A Cooperative Extension Robyn Baker, City of Scottsdale Jo Miller, City of Glendale Louisa Ballard, ASU Arboritum Ron Moody, Dixileta Gardens Mike Barry, City of Chandler Ed Mulrean, Arid Zone Trees Richard Bond, City of Tempe Kent Newland, City of Phoenix Donna Difrancesco, City of Mesa Steve Priebe, City of Phornix Joe Ewan, Arizona State University Janet Rademacher, Mountain States Nursery Judy Gausman, AZ Landscape Contractors Assn. Rick Templeton, City of Phoenix Glenn Fahringer, Earth Care Cathy Rymer, Town of Gilbert Cheryl Goar, Arizona Nurssery Assn. Jeff Sargent, City of Peoria Mary Irish, Garden writer Mark Schalliol, ADOT Matt Johnson, U of A Desert Legum Christy Ten Eyck, Ten Eyck Landscape Architects Jeff Lee, City of Mesa Gordon Wahl, ADWR Kirti Mathura, Desert Botanical Garden Karen Young, Town of Gilbert Cover Photo: Blooming Teddy bear cholla (Cylindropuntia bigelovii) at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monutment.
    [Show full text]
  • OO Vol 5 49-74 Nectarivory 116.Docx
    Ornithological Observations An electronic journal published by the Animal Demography Unit at the University of Cape Town and the BirdLife South Africa Ornithological Observations accepts papers containing faunistic information about birds. This includes descriptions of distribution, behaviour, breeding, foraging, food, movement, measurements, habitat and plumage. It will also consider for publication a variety of other interesting or relevant ornithological material: reports of projects and conferences, annotated checklists for a site or region, specialist bibliographies, and any other interesting or relevant material. Editor: Arnold van der Westhuizen NECTAR-FEEDING BY SOUTHERN AFRICAN BIRDS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MOUNTAIN ALOE ALOE MARLOTHII Derek Engelbrecht, Joe Grosel and Daniel Engelbrecht Recommended citation format: Engelbrecht D, Grosel J, Engelbrecht D 2014. Nectar-feeding by southern African birds, with special reference to the Mountain Aloe Aloe marlothii. Ornithological Observations, Vol 5: 49-74 URL: http://oo.adu.org.za/content.php?id=116 Published online: 17 March 2014 - ISSN 2219-0341 - Ornithological Observations, Vol 5: 49-74 49 NECTAR-FEEDING BY SOUTHERN AFRICAN BIRDS, Opportunistic nectarivory by species not specifically adapted for this WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MOUNTAIN diet, i.e. facultative nectarivory, is common and widespread amongst ALOE ALOE MARLOTHII birds although it wasn’t recognised as such in early literature. Perhaps the earliest evidence of facultative nectarivory in southern Derek Engelbrecht1*,
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary History and Leaf Succulence As
    Grace et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2015) 15:29 DOI 10.1186/s12862-015-0291-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Evolutionary history and leaf succulence as explanations for medicinal use in aloes and the global popularity of Aloe vera Olwen M Grace1,2*, Sven Buerki3, Matthew RE Symonds4, Félix Forest1, Abraham E van Wyk5, Gideon F Smith6,7,8, Ronell R Klopper5,6, Charlotte S Bjorå9, Sophie Neale10, Sebsebe Demissew11, Monique SJ Simmonds1 and Nina Rønsted2 Abstract Background: Aloe vera supports a substantial global trade yet its wild origins, and explanations for its popularity over 500 related Aloe species in one of the world’s largest succulent groups, have remained uncertain. We developed an explicit phylogenetic framework to explore links between the rich traditions of medicinal use and leaf succulence in aloes. Results: The phylogenetic hypothesis clarifies the origins of Aloe vera to the Arabian Peninsula at the northernmost limits of the range for aloes. The genus Aloe originated in southern Africa ~16 million years ago and underwent two major radiations driven by different speciation processes, giving rise to the extraordinary diversity known today. Large, succulent leaves typical of medicinal aloes arose during the most recent diversification ~10 million years ago and are strongly correlated to the phylogeny and to the likelihood of a species being used for medicine. A significant, albeit weak, phylogenetic signal is evident in the medicinal uses of aloes, suggesting that the properties for which they are valued do not occur randomly across the branches of the phylogenetic tree. Conclusions: Phylogenetic investigation of plant use and leaf succulence among aloes has yielded new explanations for the extraordinary market dominance of Aloe vera.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Biology of Aloe Peglerae
    THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND HABITAT REQUIREMENTS OF ALOE PEGLERAE, A MONTANE ENDEMIC ALOE OF THE MAGALIESBERG MOUNTAIN RANGE, SOUTH AFRICA Gina Arena 0606757V A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Johannesburg, South Africa June 2013 DECLARATION I declare that this Dissertation is my own, unaided work. It is being submitted for the Degree of Master of Science at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other University. Gina Arena 21 day of June 2013 Supervisors Prof. C.T. Symes Prof. E.T.F. Witkowski i ABSTRACT In this study I investigated the reproductive biology and pollination ecology of Aloe peglerae, an endangered endemic succulent species of the Magaliesberg Mountain Range in South Africa. The aim was to determine the pollination system of A. peglerae, the effects of flowering plant density on plant reproduction and the suitable microhabitat conditions for this species. Aloe peglerae possesses floral traits that typically conform to the bird-pollination syndrome. Pollinator exclusion experiments showed that reproduction is enhanced by opportunistic avian nectar-feeders, mainly the Cape Rock-Thrush (Monticola rupestris) and the Dark- capped Bulbul (Pycnonotus tricolor). Insect pollinators did not contribute significantly to reproductive output. Small-mammals were observed visiting flowers at night, however, the importance of these visitors as pollinators was not quantified in this study. Interannual variation in flowering patterns dictated annual flowering plant densities in the population. The first flowering season represented a typical mass flowering event resulting in high seed production, followed by a second low flowering year of low seed production.
    [Show full text]
  • Contributions to the Systematics and Biocultural Value of Aloe L
    SUMMARY Contributions to the systematics and biocultural value of Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae) Olwen Megan Grace Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR in the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences (Department of Plant Science) University of Pretoria March 2009 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. A. E. van Wyk Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. G. F. Smith This thesis focuses on the biocultural value of Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae), the influence of utility on taxonomic complexity and conservation concern, and the systematics and phylogeny of section Pictae, the spotted or maculate group. The first comprehensive ethnobotanical study of Aloe (excluding the cultivated A. vera) was undertaken using the literature as a surrogate for data gathered by interview methods. Over 1400 use records representing 173 species were gathered, the majority (74%) of which described medicinal uses, including species used for natural products such as A. ferox Mill. and A. perryi Baker. In southern Africa, 53% of approximately 120 Aloe species in the region are used for health and wellbeing. Homogeneity in the literature was quantified using consensus analysis; consensus ratios showed that, overall, uses of Aloe spp. for medicine and invertebrate pest control are of the greatest biocultural importance. The rich ethnobotanical history and contemporary value of Aloe substantiate the need for conservation to mitigate the risks of exploitation and habitat loss. A systematic evaluation of the problematic maculate species complex, section Pictae Salm-Dyck, was undertaken. In a phylogenetic study, new sequences were acquired of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), chloroplast trnL intron, trnL–F spacer 131 and matK gene in 29 maculate species of Aloe .
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Sustainability of Aloe Harvesting Empowerment Project in the Emnambithi (Former Ladysmith) Municipality, Kwazulu Natal
    DETERMINATION OF SUSTAINABILITY OF ALOE HARVESTING EMPOWERMENT PROJECT IN THE EMNAMBITHI (FORMER LADYSMITH) MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU NATAL by DONNETTE ROSS MINI-DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree MAGISTER SCIENTAE in ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT in the FACULTY OF SCIENCE at the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG Supervisor: Dr. J.M. Meeuwis December 2005 Page vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................ i OPSOMMING......................................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................... v PART 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 POVERTY IN AFRICA ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 POVERTY IN SOUTH AFRICA ................................................................................................................... 3 1.1.3 PROPOSED SOLUTION FOR POVERTY RELIEF IN THE EMNAMBITHI - LADYSMITH MUNICIPALITY
    [Show full text]
  • Aloe Names Book
    S T R E L I T Z I A 28 the aloe names book Olwen M. Grace, Ronell R. Klopper, Estrela Figueiredo & Gideon F. Smith SOUTH AFRICAN national biodiversity institute SANBI Pretoria 2011 S T R E L I T Z I A This series has replaced Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa and Annals of the Kirstenbosch Botanic Gardens which SANBI inherited from its predecessor organisations. The plant genus Strelitzia occurs naturally in the eastern parts of southern Africa. It comprises three arborescent species, known as wild bananas, and two acaulescent species, known as crane flowers or bird-of-paradise flowers. The logo of the South African National Biodiversity Institute is based on the striking inflorescence of Strelitzia reginae, a native of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal that has become a garden favourite worldwide. It symbol- ises the commitment of the Institute to champion the exploration, conservation, sustainable use, appreciation and enjoyment of South Africa’s exceptionally rich biodiversity for all people. TECHNICAL EDITOR: S. Whitehead, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew DESIGN & LAYOUT: E. Fouché, SANBI COVER DESIGN: E. Fouché, SANBI FRONT COVER: Aloe khamiesensis (flower) and A. microstigma (leaf) (Photographer: A.W. Klopper) ENDPAPERS & SPINE: Aloe microstigma (Photographer: A.W. Klopper) Citing this publication GRACE, O.M., KLOPPER, R.R., FIGUEIREDO, E. & SMITH. G.F. 2011. The aloe names book. Strelitzia 28. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Citing a contribution to this publication CROUCH, N.R. 2011. Selected Zulu and other common names of aloes from South Africa and Zimbabwe.
    [Show full text]
  • Review-Bio-Cultural-Value-Of-Aloes
    Documented Utility and Biocultural Value of Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae): A Review1 2,3, 2 3,4 OLWEN M. GRACE *,MONIQUE S. J. SIMMONDS ,GIDEON F. SMITH , 3 AND ABRAHAM E. VAN WYK 2Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom 3Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa 4South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X001, Pretoria 0002, South Africa *Corresponding author, [email protected] Documented Utility and Biocultural Value of Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae): A Review. The genus Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae) comprises 548 accepted species, of which at least one-third are docu- mented as having some utilitarian value. The group is of conservation concern due to habitat loss and being extensively collected from the wild for horticulture and natural products. Cultural value is increasingly important in the effective conservation of biodiversity. The present study evaluated the biocultural value of the known uses of Aloe, excluding the domesticated and commercially cultivated A. vera. Over 1,400 use records representing 173 species were collated from the literature and through personal observation; this paper presents a synopsis of uses in each of 11 use categories. Medicinal uses of Aloe were described by 74% of the use records, followed by social and environmental uses (both 5%). Species yielding natural products, no- tably A. ferox and A. perryi, were most frequently cited in the literature. Consensus ratios indicate that the most valued uses of Aloe are in medicine and pest control against arthropods and other invertebrates. Key Words: Aloe; Asphodelaceae; biocultural value; conservation; Ethnobotany; medicine; Uses. Introduction natural products to export markets, particularly in Europe and Asia (Newton and Vaughan 1996; The genus Aloe L.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromones and Anthrones from Aloe Marlothii and Aloe Rupestris
    Phytochemistry 55 (2000) 949±952 www.elsevier.com/locate/phytochem Chromones and anthrones from Aloe marlothii and Aloe rupestris Daniel Bisrat a, Ermias Dagne a,*, Ben-Erik van Wyk b, Alvaro Viljoen b aDepartment of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 30270, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia bDepartment of Botany, Rand Afrikaans University, PO Box 524, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa Received 23 February 2000; received in revised form 22 June 2000 Abstract A phytochemical investigation of the leaf exudate of Aloe marlothii has resulted in the isolation of a new chromone (7-O- methylaloeresin A) and a new anthrone (5-hydroxyaloin A 60-O-acetate). Furthermore 7-O-methylaloesin was isolated as a natural product for the ®rst time from the leaf exudate of Aloe rupestris. The structure elucidation of these compounds was based on spectral data including 2D NMR. The chemotaxonomic value of 7-O-methylaloesin in Aloe series Asperifoliae and section Pachy- dendron is discussed. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Aloe marlothii Berger; Aloe rupestris Bak.; Asphodelaceae; Chromone; Anthrone; 5-Hydroxyaloin A 60-O-acetate; 7-O-Methylaloesin; 7- O-Methylaloeresin A; Chemotaxonomy 1. Introduction substance. The HR-positive FAB mass spectrum of compound 1 gave a pseudomolecular ion at m/z 555.1854 Previously, we have reported the isolation and struc- [M+H]+, corresponding to the molecular formula ture determination of anthrones and oxanthrones from C29H30O11 (calcd 555.1866). Compound 1 exhibited South African Aloe (Dagne et al., 1996, 1997, 1998). absorption maxima in its UV spectrum that are typical of Investigations on A. marlothii and A.
    [Show full text]