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Aloe Marlothii) Prime Scholars Library Advances in Agronomy, Plant Breeding and Horticulture Vol. 7 (2), pp.19 - 27, April, 2019 ©Prime Scholars Library Full Length Research Paper Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. Article remain permanently open access under CC BY-NC-ND license Available online at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://primescholarslibrary.org/ Populace design of an arborescent (Aloe marlothii) Bouthour Rukundo, Rukundo Placide and Carpentier Sebastien Department of Biological Sciences, Fredonia, Fredonia, NY 14063, USA. Abstract Aloe marlothii A. Berger (Asphodelaceae) (ALMA), an arborescent CAM succulent, were measured in two populations of historical significance near Molepolole, Botswana with the objective of determining size class distribution and therefore assess future population viability. It was found that plant height and a variety of other plant attributes were strongly correlated, including being reproductive and number of capsules. The most common size class was seedlings for one population, and 11 to 50 cm size class for the other population. There were more individuals in the 101 to 200 cm size class than in some of the small size classes indicating a potential population decline. Seedlings were very patchy in distribution and the majority of ALMA, both seedlings and smaller mature individuals, were found under nurse plants. Seed production was high and seed viability averaged 62%. In a third population in the Mokolodi Nature Preserve, individuals were all >4.5 m in height and were sparsely distributed. It was concluded that the Molepolole populations appear to be stable but that steps should be taken to establish long-term monitoring and protect the Molepolole populations. The Mokolodi population appears to be at risk. Keywords: Aloe, Botswana, succulent, conservation, demography, seedlings. INTRODUCTION Aloe marlothii A. Berger (Asphodelaceae) (ALMA), is an Nicolson, 2008; Symes et al., 2009). Thus, ALMA may be arborescent CAM succulent that is widespread in the a keystone species by supplying perches and nesting northern and north-eastern summer rainfall region of sites for birds, nectar for pollinating birds, and food, South Africa and adjacent Botswana. ALMA is usually habitat and moisture for many animals as do other Aloes less than 6 m in height but occasionally reaches up to 10 (Midgley et al., 1997). ALMA is rated by the International m in height. It occurs in large numbers as a dominant and Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as a species of conspicuous plant often on rocky terrain. The inflore- least concern in South Africa (Kew, 2011) due to the fact scence is a branched panicle of up to 50 vertical to that the species appears to be doing well across its horizontal racemes, with showy orange or red flowers South African range. Its status in Botswana is unranked varying in shape and colour across the geographical due to lack of data. ALMA is listed in CITES in Appendix range of the species (Van Wyk and Smith, 2005; Kew, II of Newton (2001). Appendix II of Newton (2001) lists 2011). ALMA has typical bird pollinated flowers that, species that are not necessarily now threatened with when flowering during the dry winter months (June to extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely September), provide copious amounts of nectar for a controlled. wide variety of bird species. For example, 42 bird species ALMA plays a pivotal role in Botswana history utilized ALMA nectar at a site in South Africa (Symes and (Campbell and Main, 2003). In the 1850s, the Boers (Dutch-speaking white people from South Africa) were solely on size class information. Like other Aloes, ALMA trying to establish a state encompassing part of present- grows from a terminal apex which implies a rough day Botswana. By 1852, the Boers were pushing into the correlation between height and age. In this study, we area that was then and is currently the large village of have assessed the size distribution and other attributes Molepolole. At the time the inhabitants of Molepolole of individuals in three populations and from this data we were the Bakwena, whom were viewed as potential have made inferences about the future status of these slaves by the Boers and therefore fiercely resisted the populations. Boer advance. A legend states that a nocturnal invading Boer force saw the large stands of ALMA (Mogwapha in METHODOLOGY Bakwena) in Molepolole and in the darkness mistook the ALMA for fierce Bakwena warriors and fled in terror This study was conducted at two sites near the town of Molepolole (Campbell and Main, 2003). According to legend, (1217 m asl) located 50 km west of Gaborone the capital of because of ALMA the Boers were unsuccessful in Botswana (Figure 1). Molepolole has a hot semi-arid climate with conquering the area and retreated southward. precipitation being sparse and variable with most of the rainfall ALMA has a myriad of ethnomedicinal uses. For occurring in the summer months between October and April. In Gaborone, mean annual precipitation is 44.4 cm and mean example, leaf exudates are used as a weaning aid and a temperature is 22°C ranging from a mean minimum of 4°C in July purgative and there is a leaf preparation for intestinal to a mean maximum of 33°C in December and January (World parasites. Ethnoveterinary uses include a treatment for Weather Online, 2011). The “Prison site” is located northwest of African horse sickness and internal and external Molepolole along the Khutse highway. It is a narrow strip east of the parasites in livestock. In addition, the prickly leaves are highway and west of fenced cattle posts and is approximately 200 m wide by 1 km long (south latitude 24°, 23.033’, east longitude used to scrape animal hides (Grace et al., 2008, 2009). 25°28.309’). The Molepolole Prison is located just beyond the In harsh arid environments, the survival of many southern end. The “School site” is located west of the town near a succulent species is precarious because of adult secondary school and occupies an area of approximately 500 by mortality, infrequent seedling recruitment and because 500 m (south latitude 24°, 23.035’, east longitude 25°, 29.304’). populations are generally small and sparse. Slight Both areas experience heavy grazing by cattle and goats and decreases in seedling recruitment rates or increases in pedestrian traffic and woodcutting with plenty of evidence of these adult mortality can endanger populations. Succulent activities. No baboons were observed at either site during the course of the study at Molepolole. recruitment is episodic because of the rarity of suitable 2 Eleven 100 m square plots, chosen to represent the range of climatic events, that is, periods of sufficient precipitation densities and conditions of ALMA, were surveyed at each site. In combined with appropriate temperatures. These varia- each plot the cover of each species was estimated. Because this tions in climate strongly influence regeneration patterns in survey occurred during the dry season, herbaceous species were a variety of arborescent succulent species (Jordan and unidentifiable and total grass and forb cover were estimated. Nobel, 1979, 1982; Pierson and Turner, 1998; Titus, Each ALMA in the plots was measured for total height, meristem height (height to the base of the leaves), trunk diameter 10 cm 2004; Drezner, 2006; Duncan et al., 2006). These large above the ground surface, and total number of leaves. Canopy arid-zone succulents are relatively long-lived species, which length is the total height minus the length of the stem (meristem allows plant populations to survive for many decades height). In addition, the longest leaf rosette diameter and the without recruitment before local extinction. diameter at 90° to that were measured. The rosette area was then In order to study the population structure of arborescent calculated as the area of an ellipse (a/2*b/2*pi). Plant health was succulents, a direct relationship between size and age subjectively estimated - good (all the leaves except the lowest outside rosette have green tips and plant appears healthy), medium has been inferred. Long-term data sets have supported (some of the leaves above the lowest rosette have black tips or this size-age inference although growth rates generally other damage and the plant appears less healthy), and poor (very decline as species reach a certain height (Pierson and few live leaves and the plant appears to be declining). If Turner, 1998; Duncan et al., 2006) and the relationship reproductive, the number of inflorescence branches and capsules improves when summer rainfall patterns are included were counted. (Drezner, 2003, 2006). For each ALMA >5 cm in height, the distance to the nearest neighbor >5 cm in height was recorded. The distance to a seedling The majority of research on arborescent succulents has was not used because seedling mortality is most likely high and been conducted in arid areas. Data is lacking for does not represent the distribution of ALMA over the long-term. In arborescent succulents such as A. marlothii that grow in any case, because seedling distribution was very patchy (most of semi-arid environments. Semi-arid environments are the seedlings occurred in just a few patches) whether or not characterized by both annual precipitations up to 70 cm, nearest neighbor distances included seedlings or not would have a negligible effect on overall mean nearest neighbor distances. For that is, only slightly below potential evapotranspiration, seedlings, the distance to the nearest ALMA of any size class was and a much lower inter-annual rainfall variation of 20 to recorded. Many ALMA in this area have a nurse plant, that is, they 50% compared to arid zone inter-annual rainfall variation are growing underneath the canopy of one, two or three shrubs or of 50 to 100% (IISD, 2011).
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