Army G8-FD Director, Force Development 700 Army Pentagon Washington, D.C. 20310-0700 www.army.mil 2005 Army Modernization Plan

D R A F T 2005 ARMY MODERNIZATION PLAN

Table of Contents

Purpose ...... 1 Overview and Executive Summary ...... 3 Our Army at War and Transforming ...... 3 Accomplishments and Priorities ...... 4 Highlights of the FY06 Budget ...... 6

Strategic Framework ...... 9 Strategic Environment and Posture ...... 9 Persistent and Emerging Challenges ...... 10 Transformation as a Strategic Imperative ...... 11 The National Security Strategy, the National Defense Strategy, and the National Military Strategy ...... 11 Evolving the “1-4-2-1” Force Sizing Construct ...... 12 The 2004 Army Strategic Planning Guidance: “Ends, Ways, and Means” ...... 14 Quadrennial Defense Review ...... 15 Joint Concepts, Capabilities, and Interdependencies ...... 16

Army Transformation ...... 21 Transformation Strategy: Current to Future Force ...... 21 Current and Future Readiness and Capabilities ...... 23 Current Force ...... 24 Restoring Readiness ...... 24 Campaign-Quality Army with Joint and Expeditionary Capabilities ...... 24 Reorganizing to a Modular Force ...... 25 Balancing Active and Reserve Component Force Structure ...... 27 Stabilization ...... 27 Army Force Generation ...... 27 Global Force Posture ...... 29 Accelerating Change ...... 29 Aviation Transformation ...... 30 Intelligence Transformation ...... 30 Future Force ...... 31 Enhanced Capabilities for Tomorrow ...... 31 Acceleration of Capabilities ...... 32

Army Modernization ...... 35 Modernization Strategy—Balanced Modernization ...... 35 Integrating across the DOTMLPF ...... 37

2005 Army Modernization Plan i Modernization Priorities ...... 37 Modernization Enablers ...... 38 Unit Set Fielding (USF) ...... 38 Software Blocking (SWB) ...... 39 Studies and Analysis ...... 39 Modeling and Simulation ...... 41 Industrial Base Modernization ...... 43 Investment Strategy ...... 44 The Current Force ...... 44 Setting the Force ...... 45 Inserting New Technologies and Capabilities ...... 46 The Future Force ...... 46 Science and Technology Efforts and Priorities ...... 46 Balancing Risk—PB06 Investment Strategy ...... 48

Summary and Conclusion ...... 51 Annex A: Doctrine ...... A-1 Annex B: Organizations ...... B-1 Annex C: Training and Leader Development ...... C-1 Annex D: Materiel ...... D-1 Annex E: Personnel ...... E-1 Annex F: Facilities ...... F-1 Acronyms ...... Acronyms-1

ii 2005 Army Modernization Plan 2005 ARMY MODERNIZATION PLAN

Purpose

The 2005 Army Modernization Plan describes warfighting concepts the Army is expected how Army efforts are supporting transforma- to use in that environment. tion by retaining the best of current capabili- ties and developing new and improved ones • Explains how Army readiness and trans- using a comprehensive and balanced ap- formation initiatives are supported by proach. This document describes the mod- modernization efforts across the entire ernization and investment strategies adopted breadth of doctrine, organization, train- to enhance the effectiveness of the Current ing, materiel, leadership and education, Force while pursuing critical capabilities for personnel, and facilities (DOTMLPF). the Future Force. Along with the Army Sci- • Describes the Army’s modernization and ence and Technology Master Plan, it provides investment strategies and complements the rationale and justification for the research, the Army’s portion of the FY06 budget development, and acquisition (RDA) portion submission, which provides schedule and of the Army’s program in support of Fiscal cost information. Year (FY) 2006 President’s Budget (PB06). This plan conforms to Army leadership guid- • Provides information on selected pro- ance, which is reflected separately in the grams that are critical to the Army’s efforts Army Strategic Planning Guidance, the Army to enhance capabilities of the Current Campaign Plan, and the 2004 Army Trans- Force and continually transform to im- formation Roadmap. Specifically, the 2005 proved Future Force capabilities. Army Modernization Plan: The Army Modernization Plan does not offer: • Communicates FY06 budget priorities, key accomplishments and remaining chal- • Specific details on all RDA programs. lenges, and shapes conditions for Army This information is provided in other docu- budget planning for future years. ments, to include the United States Army Weapon Systems 2005. • Describes the Army’s transformation ef- forts, the progress to date, and how the • Specific commitment for budget figures Army’s overall modernization strategy beyond FY06. Any information reflected supports both the readiness of the Cur- for these years represents an Army plan- rent Force and transformation initiatives ning estimate and is subject to change. as it continually evolves toward the Future • Modernization schedules for specific Force. units that are published and disseminated • Describes the current and future strategic separately. environment and the overall strategy and

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Overview and Executive Summary

Our Army at War and Transforming in the recent past. In 2004, the Army and its sister Services also completed the largest The Army, like the nation itself, remains fully rotation of forces since World War II. This engaged in an ongoing war that promises effort has involved the full participation of to be long in duration and with the highest both Active and Reserve Components (AC stakes for today’s and tomorrow’s genera- and RC), as over 240,000 RC Soldiers have tions of Americans. While participating fully served as an integral part of these operations as a member of the Joint Force in the global and over 150,000 are currently mobilized war on terrorism, the Army is carrying out the and performing a diverse range of missions most demanding role in this conflict and has worldwide. had an average of 300,000 Soldiers deployed and forward-stationed in 120 countries. From Today’s Army is the foundation of our war- approximately 125,000 Army Soldiers in Iraq fighting readiness and the instrument for and Afghanistan, who are bearing the brunt of fulfilling missions assigned by the President this war in combat, to the tens of thousands and Secretary of Defense in support of re- of Soldiers in other critical areas of the world, gional combatant commanders. The Soldier and to the remainder of the Army at home remains the centerpiece of the Army and is providing the deployable base for future ex- indispensable to the Joint Force. Today’s Sol- peditionary missions and for vital homeland dier is adaptive and confident and is infused security tasks, the Army as a whole is commit- with values and culture summarized in the ted to succeeding in all missions assigned. term “Warrior Ethos.” This ethos is highlighted by the commitment to mission first, refusal to Being ready to meet today’s security require- accept defeat, and the firm belief that military ments is the Army’s highest priority and one service is much more than just a job. The that cannot and will not be compromised. Soldier deployed today is the Army’s greatest Concurrent with this imperative, the Army has asset and is the focus of our efforts, now and embarked on a dynamic process of trans- into the future, as the Army continues with its formation, building on the lessons learned dynamic adaptation and transformation. today and adapting for future needs. The requirements for prosecuting war today and Recent operations in Iraq and Afghanistan securing readiness tomorrow are formidable have vividly highlighted the importance of and costly, but the Army remains determined the individual Soldier and the effectiveness to do what is necessary to fulfill its responsi- of Army units in conducting sustained land bilities to the nation. warfare for the Joint Force. Protecting these Soldiers and improving their overall capabili- All 18 of the Army’s divisions, a large number ties is an enduring mandate for the Army. To of the remaining conventional forces, and the achieve this, the Army is maintaining a careful majority of our invaluable Special Operations balance between providing operational readi- Forces (SOF) have seen operational action ness today and rapidly improving capabilities

2005 Army Modernization Plan 3 for the future. This endeavor includes building Defense (DOD), the Army has already estab- upon the significant investments in modern- lished a solid foundation and made significant izing the force that have already been made, progress in the past years. Additional major incorporating new capabilities as rapidly as efforts, however, are underway that will re- possible, and implementing major restructur- quire increased levels of funding and support ing initiatives to apply current lessons and to ensure success. Since the 2004 Army anticipate future requirements. Modernization Plan and in conjunction with the proposed funding contained in PB06, the To facilitate this major undertaking, Army lead- Army has: ership last year established an internal review of a wide variety of “focus areas” to identify the • Placed the highest priority on sustaining status of ongoing efforts and the adjustments our global commitments and particu- needed to improve support to the Joint Force larly on supporting forces deployed in the and advance effective joint interdependency. global war on terrorism—especially those The results of this introspective examination, in Iraq and Afghanistan—and rapidly ap- combined with the results of the Army’s par- plied lessons learned from these opera- ticipation in the Joint Capabilities Integration tions to adjust Army plans and initiatives. and Development System (JCIDS), have Our second priority remained the focus on resulted in significant policy and budgetary transforming the Army. decisions that are reflected in the Army’s component of the PB06. Overall, these • Managed intensively every aspect of decisions are intended to fulfill the Army’s equipping Soldiers for operational tasks strategic objectives of providing (1) trained to ensure equipment is properly tested, and equipped Soldiers and developed lead- acquired and distributed as rapidly as ers, and (2) relevant and ready land power possible; priority has been to providing the to the combatant commander as part of the latest in force protection equipment such Joint Force. The ultimate objective of all these as improved body armor, up-armored High efforts is to produce a campaign-quality Army Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles with joint and expeditionary capabilities, which (HMMWV) and additional ballistic protec- will remain a vital and indispensable member tion for other vehicles and selected avia- of the Joint Force. tion platforms. In 2004, the Army provided Soldiers with a quick-reaction capability Accomplishments and Priorities (QRC) systems called Warlock, a family of systems designed to counter radio- In PB06, the Army emphasizes its priority controlled improvised explosive devices of sustaining our global commitments and (IEDs). Warlock is currently protecting maintaining the current readiness of the force. Soldiers from IEDs in Iraq and Afghani- Concurrently, the Army continues to pursue stan. The Rapid Fielding Initiative (RFI) an ambitious and essential transformation was another means used to accelerate the effort to produce a ready and relevant force fielding of important Soldier systems with that is more capable and modular and thus the latest state-of-the art enhancements, better prepared to function as a member of as was the Rapid Equipping Force (REF) the Joint Force. Due to considerable sup- process, which accelerated items critical port from Congress and the Department of for immediate operational requirements.

4 2005 Army Modernization Plan • Established an Armoring Task Force to foundation, that are more self-contained, identify and anticipate requirements for sustainable and capable force packages. Army tactical vehicles and develop an The end result will be an increase in the integrated strategy, determine ways to number and quality of units available to accelerate production and installation, deploy and support operational require- and determine funding required to procure ments. armored solutions. The Army’s objec- tive is to ensure that all tactical wheeled • Conducted the successful modulariza- vehicles in Iraq and Afghanistan have tion and reorganization of the maneuver some level of armor protection by June brigades of four active duty divisions (3rd 2005. Initial priority to light tactical ve- Infantry, 10th Mountain, 101st Airborne, hicles (HMMWVs) has shifted to medium and 4th Infantry) and will complete the re- and heavy tactical vehicles. Accelerated organization of their support brigades and domestic production and installation and headquarters by the end of 2005. These in-theater application of armored protec- actions and similar conversions in other tion are being complemented by the work active duty divisions will add 10 BCTs to of the Army-led Joint Improvised Explosive the AC force structure by 2006. The op- Device (IED) Defeat Task Force, as well as tion exists for the creation of an additional the introduction of new tactics, techniques five BCTs in 2007 (for a total of 48 BCTs), and procedures to increase the protection contingent upon a subsequent decision. and survival of our forces. Modularization will also apply to all Army National Guard (ARNG) brigades begin- • Maintained and expanded the significant ning in 2005, resulting in the conversion ongoing efforts for “setting the force” that of 34 BCTs by 2010. improves the readiness for Army units preparing for deployment and restores • Completed the successful validation and readiness for those units returning from operational fielding of the 1st Brigade, operations. This critical initiative was en- 25th Infantry Division, as the second abled by the indispensable aid of supple- Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT); mental appropriations that are serving as the unit assumed a mission in Iraq that the essential bridge between past and was successfully conducted by the 3rd future annual budgets. Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division, the first SBCT to be fielded. Fielding is underway • Initiated a major restructuring of the entire for the third SBCT—the 172nd Infantry Army concurrent with ongoing opera- Brigade—in Alaska, which will achieve tions, building upon the initial temporary operational availability in 2005. The Army increase of 30,000 in Army end strength, has current plans to deploy a total of six and enabled by supplemental appropria- SBCTs by 2008, with one SBCT sched- tions. This comprehensive effort will pro- uled for deployment in Europe in 2007. duce units more responsive and relevant Additionally, in response to increased to the requirements of regional combatant congressional support and authorization, commanders and capable of joint inter- the Army has initiated planning for the po- dependency. The core of this initiative is tential fielding and stationing of a seventh the creation of modular formations, with SBCT, the details of which are submitted Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs) as the in conjunction with PB06.

2005 Army Modernization Plan 5 • Continued with critical balancing of the AC accelerate the spiral application of emerg- and RC that will ultimately involve 100,000 ing technologies to existing systems and positions and will enhance the support for current units, while continuing with the new modular force structure. Restructured development of the FCS as the link to the approximately 30,000 spaces in high-de- future Army. mand/low-density units, such as civil af- fairs, to meet the pressing requirements of Highlights of the FY06 Budget the combatant commands, relieve stress, and increase capabilities to conduct The 2005 Army Modernization Plan is submit- long-duration stability operations. In ad- ted in conjunction with the release to Congress dition, restructured about 10,000 spaces of PB06, which supports an Army at war and between the components to reduce the operationally engaged while also continuing need for involuntary mobilizations. to support significant transformation into a more capable and modular force. Specifically, • Initiated restructuring initiatives for Army the Army’s portion of the PB06 submission SOF (Special Forces, Rangers, special provides funding for the following: operations aviation, civil affairs, psycho- logical operations and combat service • Maintains essential emphasis on improv- support) to increase their self-sufficiency ing the readiness of the Current Force by and sustainment and allow for greater devoting over $15 billion in the program integration with modular conventional to the recapitalization of systems in this forces. force and by supporting efforts to restore full readiness for future missions for units • Adopted Unit Force Stability and sev- involved in recent operations. eral other important force stabilization initiatives to lessen the effects of the high • Programs over $13 billion toward the operational tempo and to ensure a more modular conversions of 77 BCTs. This stable and predictable lifestyle for Soldiers funding, in conjunction with the Army’s and their families. Related to Soldier and supplemental strategy and the recent family support, implemented programs DOD commitment to add $5 billion per such as Deployment Cycle Support, Dis- year from FY07-11 to support conversion abled Soldier Support System, and Rest requirements, will permit completion of the and Recuperation Leave programs to Army’s modular transformation by FY10. improve the quality of personnel support to deployed Soldiers and their families. • Provides $3.1 billion to complete funding of six SBCTs by 2008 and submits field- • Continued with a new approach to aviation ing and stationing plans for the potential restructuring following the PB05 decision fielding of a seventh SBCT. to terminate Comanche and devote valu- • Accelerates the development and spiraling able resources to more critical near-term forward of transformational technologies aviation needs as well as the transforma- into Current Force units by restructuring tion into a modular, capabilities-based the FCS program and freeing up approxi- maneuver arm. mately $9 billion for this purpose. • Announced a major restructuring in the Future Combat Systems (FCS) program to

6 2005 Army Modernization Plan • Leverages joint, Army component, aca- ready and relevant force. It is also built upon demic, and industry efforts to take ad- the significant development and application vantage of technology to support the of new technologies, including the increased warfighter. In this regard, focuses science efforts to spiral these emerging technologies and technology (S&T) investment of ap- into existing systems as soon as feasible. proximately $10.9 billion over the Future These overall modernization efforts include Years Defense Plan (FYDP) in the devel- an ongoing assessment of the associated opment of capabilities primarily applicable risks in order to maintain the correct balance to the Future Force, though with potential between current and future readiness and application to Current Force units and requirements. systems. Due to the considerable support from Con- The Army is committed to preserving and gress and DOD in the form of annual and sup- improving the capabilities and operational plemental appropriations, much progress has readiness of the Current Force and support- already been made and more is underway. ing our Soldiers deployed and engaged in Continued and increased support and fund- the global war on terrorism. To accomplish ing will be required for the Army to succeed in this, the Army has begun to institutionalize a both the ongoing global war on terrorism and fundamental restructuring into more modular in the evolution of an improved force capable formations that will be increasingly responsive of meeting the land power needs of the Joint and more capable of executing all missions Force. Our nation and our Soldiers demand assigned the Joint Force today and in the fu- and deserve our best efforts, and the Army ture. This effort is a fundamental part of the remains firmly committed to accomplishing Army’s continuing transformation into a more the tasks we are facing in the days ahead.

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Strategic Framework

Strategic Environment and Posture ones have emerged that require increased ef- forts to adapt structures and methods to deal The United States is a nation at war and in- with and overcome them. The current strate- volved in a struggle that involves all elements gic environment now includes the growth of of national power in a long-term campaign failed and failing states, non-state actors, the to defeat enemies who threaten our survival danger of states with newly acquired weapons and way of life. The strategic environment of mass destruction (WMD), and potentially has changed significantly since the end of the hostile states employing asymmetric means. Cold War, and the events of 11 September Most apparently today, the environment is 2001 dramatically demonstrated that we had characterized by a serious threat from dan- entered a new era of conflict with different gerous anti-United States and anti-Western challenges to overcome. Although traditional terrorist groups seeking to target U.S. and challenges will remain, new and unforeseen allied interests worldwide. All of these factors,

Army Global Commitments

Figure 1. Army Global Commitments

2005 Army Modernization Plan 9 most especially the current terrorist threat, Persistent and Emerging Challenges represent not only the imperative for the mili- tary and Army to change, but also influence The National Defense Strategy (NDS) ad- the method by which changes take place. vances a typology of four types of interrelated, persistent and emerging security challenges Within this new strategic environment, Opera- that more accurately reflects the diverse array tions Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom of threats of the new strategic environment. have been major undertakings by the United The new classification does not create precise States and have involved a significant com- or discrete boundaries between the types mitment of Army forces as part of multiple of challenges, and adversaries will seek to joint operations conducted by the regional employ a variety of capabilities against us. combatant commanders (Figure 1). Both Following are the four broad types of likely operations, though containing many con- challenges: ventional aspects, have provided valuable insights concerning the changing operational • Irregular challenges are unconventional environment, the adaptability of our enemies, methods adopted and employed by non- and the complexity of challenges within the state and state actors to counter stronger Joint Operational Area (JOA). state opponents. • are largely rep- Army forces are assuming a more significant Traditional challenges resented by states employing legacy and role in stability operations, which consistently advanced military capabilities and recog- display characteristics and costs organic to nizable military forces, in long-established major combat operations. In the new stra- and well-known forms of military competi- tegic environment, stability operations are tion and conflict. no longer considered to be “lesser included” missions. The lessons learned from ongoing • Catastrophic challenges involve the operations confirm the critical importance and surreptitious acquisition, possession and required level of involvement of all compo- possible terrorist or rogue employment of nents—AC and RC—and civilian elements of WMD or methods producing WMD-like the Army structure necessary for the current effects. and future joint fight. • Disruptive future challenges are those The emergence of irregular challenges and likely to emanate from competitors de- burdens of post-conflict operations have veloping, possessing and employing stretched the U.S. military. Protection from breakthrough technological capabilities geographic distances has diminished, while intended to supplant an opponent’s advan- new challenges and threats have grown. Cur- tages in particular operational domains. rent trends toward regional and global inte- To achieve success against these challenges, gration may render interstate war less likely, we must be capable of operating across the but stability and legitimacy of conventional spectrum of conflict in a wide variety of condi- political orders are vital to U.S. interests. A tions. We must rapidly transition between mis- nexus of dangerous new actors, methods sions with appropriate force mix and capabilities. and capabilities will imperil the United States, We must integrate activities in joint, interagency its interests and its alliances in strategically and multinational (JIM) environments in order to significant ways.

10 2005 Army Modernization Plan address more diffused and networked adversar- inaction without our participation. Finally, in ies by integrating all elements of power—dip- many instances, only the United States has lomatic, military, economic and information in the requisite capabilities to effect enduring a more interconnected security environment resolutions and acceptable outcomes for within a global strategy. complex crises. The future Joint Force must retain a quality of adaptive dominance—the Transformation as a Strategic Imperative ability to dominate any situation regardless To ensure U.S. forces continue to operate from of how an adversary reacts. This adaptive a position of overwhelming military advantage quality requires a Future Force with embed- to deal with these challenges and in support ded versatility and adaptive Soldiers and of strategic objectives, we must embrace the leaders who can master the critical variables present new realities. First, the United States organic to the future operational environment. will be increasingly challenged by a diverse The primary challenges for the Army in deal- and dangerous set of potential adversaries ing with adaptive threats are summarized in ranging from rising regional powers to ter- Figure 2. rorist movements and irresponsible regimes unbounded by accepted restraints governing The National Security Strategy, the international behavior. Second, Iraq has not National Defense Strategy, and the stabilized, and it is still unclear how long the National Military Strategy United States will be involved there. Third, the world looks to the United States for lead- In September 2002, the National Security ership in a crisis—to the point of hazarding Strategy (NSS) was published to provide a

Figure 2. Adaptive Threats

2005 Army Modernization Plan 11 foundation for current operations as well as means construct) with operational lessons vision to meet future challenges. It seeks learned (Figure 4). to make the world not just safer but better through a unique set of ends, ways and The 2004 National Military Strategy (NMS), means (Figure 3). signed by the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) on 11 May 2004, seeks to operational- In fulfilling its responsibilities to support the ize the NSS and NDS. The NMS (Figure 5) NSS, the DOD has developed and updated describes how the Armed Forces will achieve as of fall 2004, a defense strategy that seeks the “ends” of the NSS and NDS by defining to reach the goals set forth in the President’s military objectives for the near term. The NMS strategy by extending U.S. influence, prosper- also describes the vision for ensuring the domi- ity and goodwill while preserving the nation’s nance of the Joint Force in the future (note: the security through a reliable environment 2004 NMS supersedes Joint Vision 2020). where both the United States and its allies can prosper in freedom. The 2004 NDS was Evolving the “1-4-2-1” Force-Sizing built upon the strategy outlined in the 2001 Construct Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR). Ac- knowledging that much has changed since the The military means with which the strategy will QDR was written, the NDS seeks to update be executed is through the Joint Force con- the strategy (written in the ends, ways and struct. The Joint Force must be an adaptable,

Figure 3. National Security Strategy Elements

12 2005 Army Modernization Plan Figure 4. National Defense Strategy Elements

Figure 5. National Military Strategy Elements

2005 Army Modernization Plan 13 fully integrated organization that is networked its principal long-range planning document. with all other instruments of national power. The ASPG expresses the senior leadership’s The 2001 QDR laid down a force-sizing intent for how the Army will fulfill its Title 10 construct that shapes and sizes the means obligations to the Joint Force and the nation of the defense strategy. The 1-4-2-1 model, in support of and nested under the NDS and like other forms of strategic guidance, has NMS. been updated (Figure 6) to reflect prudent les- sons and revelations gained through lessons Last year’s ASPG provided a new vision and learned from our ongoing global war on ter- direction for the Army in the context of a se- rorism. Although not specifically enumerated, curity environment fundamentally changed capabilities and force structure for stability by the global war on terrorism. The updated operations and for the war on terrorism are ASPG does not alter that direction significant- now included in the construct as elements that ly, but it does identify areas where additional span the entire range of activities described emphasis is needed to maintain momentum in the construct. for transformation and change. To provide necessary focus, the Army is introducing ten The 2004 Army Strategic Planning new strategic imperatives. These strategic Guidance: “Ends, Ways and Means” imperatives will guide how the Army orga- nizes, trains and equips its forces to ensure The Army Strategic Planning Guidance mastery of the full range of military operations (ASPG), Section I of The Army Plan, is the and dominance in armed conflict. Army’s institutional strategy and serves as

Figure 6. Force Size Construct

14 2005 Army Modernization Plan This year’s ASPG expresses the Army strat- and the assets the Army uses to perform its egy (Figure 7) to provide capabilities to the functions. combatant commander in terms of “ends, ways and means.” The strategic objectives Quadrennial Defense Review are the “ends” of the Army strategy. They explain what the Department of the Army The congressionally-directed QDR process is (DA) does to support the national strategy. an important element in influencing the devel- These two objectives are the basis for all Army opment of future defense and Army strategies strategies. There are two types of “ways.” in light of ever-evolving circumstances. The The first of these is our Title 10 functions: National Defense Authorization Act for Fis- train, organize and equip; these functions are cal Year 2000, Public Law 106-65, directed, constant and mandated by law. The second “The Secretary of Defense shall every four category is the Army’s strategic imperatives, years, during a year following a year evenly which are not static. They elaborate on how divisible by four, conduct a comprehensive the Army should focus itself to be relevant examination (to be know as a quadren- and ready to meet the challenges of the cur- nial defense review) of the national defense rent and future security environment. The strategy, force structure, force modernization “means” of the Army’s Strategy are our people plans, infrastructure, budget plan, and other

Figure 7. Army Strategy

2005 Army Modernization Plan 15 elements of the defense program and poli- pare and present long-range analyses and cies of the United States with a view toward information so that the capabilities, structure determining and expressing the defense and resources of the future Army, as well as strategy of the United States and establish- those of the other Services, best support the ing a defense program for the next 20 years. needs of the nation. Each such quadrennial defense review shall be conducted in consultation with the Chair- Joint Concepts, Capabilities and man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.” The National Interdependencies Defense Authorization Act for FY 2003, Pub- lic Law 107-314, provides additional time to The context for developing future military con- complete the QDR and submit the report to cepts and capabilities is the linkage between Congress. For QDR 05, this translates to on how the Joint Force operates today and the or about 1 February 2006. vision for the future. The joint concepts and associated capability requirements under de- The QDR report is expected to address: velopment by the Joint Staff, combatant com- mands and Services influence Army transfor- • Strategy and force structure mation efforts. These concepts are intended • National security interests to serve as the engine of change to guide the transformation of the Joint Force to operate • Threats and scenarios successfully in the next 10 to 20 years. • Assumptions Joint concept development occurs within an • Effects of operations other than war and evolving framework that includes the over- small-scale contingencies on high-inten- arching Joint Operations Concepts (JOpsC), sity combat Joint Operating Concepts (JOCs), Joint Func- tional Concepts (JFCs) and Joint Integrating • Engagement policies for conflicts lasting Concepts (JICs), as shown in Figure 8. The more than 120 days JOpsC describes how the Joint Force intends • RC roles and missions to operate 10 to 20 years in the future across the entire range of military operations. The • Tooth-to-tail ratio JOpsC also provides the operational context for transformation by linking strategic guid- • Lift (strategic and tactical, sealift and ance with the integrated application of joint- ground transportation) force capabilities. The four JOCs describe • Required forward presence and preposi- how a future joint force commander will plan, tioning prepare and conduct specific operations and identify the capabilities required for each. The • Inter-theater resource shifting JOCs are homeland security, strategic deter- rence, major combat operations and stability • Unified Command Plan revisions operations. • Effect of anticipated technologies (ensuing 20 years) Joint functional concepts articulate how the future joint force commander will integrate a Overall, this process and the ensuing report set of related military tasks to attain capabili- will be an important vehicle to shape, pre- ties required across the range of military op-

16 2005 Army Modernization Plan Figure 8. Joint Concepts erations. They are broad, but derive specific vice capabilities can work together smoothly) context from the joint operating concepts. to joint integration (collective efficiency and JFCs allow for experimentation and measures tempo). Yet joint operations continue to suffer of effectiveness. from a myriad of gaps and seams that often hinder mission effectiveness. For example, Joint integrating concepts are intended to be targeting opportunities are missed because building blocks for JOCs or JFCs, and will de- deconfliction and prioritization takes too long; scribe how a commander integrates functional sustainment can be delayed due to inad- means to achieve operational ends. They are equate asset visibility and factional pipeline anticipated to focus on a narrow portion of a management. These gaps and seams can JOC or JFC and further describe capabilities result in suboptimal force efficiency as well. in terms of essential tasks, attributes, and This occurs when, at the expense of other measures of effectiveness and performance valid requirements, individual Services deem that form the means to identify capability gaps it necessary to compensate with organic ca- and redundancies. pabilities that, in terms of total aggregated force structure, may be overly redundant. The Army and our sister Services have made significant improvements in the planning and The Services must collectively progress from conduct of joint operations, progressing from merely deconflicting their activities to achiev- joint interoperability (the assurance that Ser- ing joint interdependence. Joint interdepen-

2005 Army Modernization Plan 17 dence is the purposeful reliance on other necessary focus on threats in the future op- Service and joint capabilities to maximize their erational environment. Below are five key complementary and reinforcing effects, while areas for development effort to advance joint minimizing Service vulnerabilities in order to interdependency: achieve the mission requirements of the joint force commander. What differentiates joint • Joint Battle Command represents a joint interdependency from joint interoperability force commander’s ability to dominate any and joint integration is the degree by which adversary or situation in full-spectrum op- the Services collectively embrace the altruistic erations, and to make qualitatively better concept of purposeful reliance. Commitment decisions than an adversary at a tempo to joint interdependency must be preceded that cannot be matched. The develop- with a prerequisite understanding of the differ- ment and fielding of integrated joint battle ing strengths and limitations of each Service’s management command capabilities will capabilities, clear agreement about how those enable U.S. forces to collaboratively plan capabilities will be integrated in any given and rapidly share an common, accurate operational setting and, above all, absolute picture of the battlespace. The future Joint mutual trust that, once committed, capabili- Force will exercise battle command within ties will be employed as agreed in the major an inherently joint, top-down network that areas of joint interdependency. provides common situational awareness. To succeed, this effort requires the align- There must be a shared foundation on which ment and synchronization of three major the Services build their respective transforma- elements: operational concepts and doc- tion efforts. Without such, each Service will trine, horizontally and vertically integrated invest its respective treasure developing their systems, and the joint technical architec- individual versions of joint warfighting and ture standards and Global Information based on their individual prioritizations. The Grid where layered networks are nested. Army has invested much treasure in restruc- turing itself into modular brigade-based units • Joint Air and Missile Defense integrates and developing revolutionary FCS; however, the counters to the threat from ballistic these significant initiatives will be of marginal and cruise missiles, armed and unarmed value to the joint force commander unless we unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and can collectively improve strategic and opera- rockets and missiles have grown steadily tional responsiveness. in light of U.S. dominance against the manned, fixed-wing threat and as sophis- Joint interdependency, as we have defined ticated missile technology became avail- and developed it, inarguably forms this shared able on a wider scale. WMD proliferation foundation. Beyond that, joint interdependent poses a direct and immediate threat to projection, protection, support and sustain- the security of U.S. military forces and ment will optimize the Services’ capabilities assets in overseas theaters of operation, to best allow the joint force commander to ef- our allies and friends, as well as our own fectively take the fight to a land-based enemy. country. An interdependent joint air and It also provides the best means of maintain- missile defense “system of systems” must ing the right force structure mix capable of be capable of providing very high-confi- meeting the breadth, depth and longevity of dence protection that extends beyond the the current fight, while still maintaining the JOA and includes the Joint Force, regional

18 2005 Army Modernization Plan coalition partners and their forces, our capabilities gaps. With respect to cam- homeland and other agencies. paign execution and operational agility, the currently programmed Joint Force • Joint Fires and Effects mitigates risk also lacks the intra-theater capability to and reduces reliance on organic fires in execute and sustain simultaneous opera- a joint expeditionary environment. Joint tions, distributed within a noncontiguous fires and effects interdependency involves battlespace. ensuring timely support and optimizing the overall capability of the Joint Force within • Joint Sustainment transitions us from a distributed battlespace. The future joint Service-centric, supply-based, regionally fires system of systems will use a collab- focused logistics systems to a single, fully orative information environment to sense, integrated, globally synchronized, end-to- understand, decide and act faster than end distribution-based system capable of an adversary, gaining the desired opera- providing agile, precise and responsive tional effects with a combination of lethal support to tailored expeditionary joint and nonlethal means. Linked through an forces conducting distributed operations. effective joint command and control sys- Dramatic changes in the joint operational tem, the American Soldier will have the environment prescribe operational ma- entire target acquisition and engagement neuver of forces from strategic distances resources of the theater at his fingertips. directly to the operating area, wherein • Joint Force Projection represents both they will conduct simultaneous distributed the current and projected suite of strate- operations within a nonlinear and noncon- gic lift capabilities that is insufficient to tiguous framework. Successful employ- meet DOD swiftness goals for strategic ment of this concept demands the concur- responsiveness of the Joint Force within rent transformation and employment of a the NMS. In particular, neither the airlift corresponding sustainment concept; to do nor the sealift programs projected for otherwise carries the unacceptable risk of the next 20 years fulfills force projection deploying forces that cannot be effectively supported.

2005 Army Modernization Plan 19 20 2005 Army Modernization Plan 2005 ARMY MODERNIZATION PLAN

Army Transformation

Transformation is a process that anticipates the substance of the Army’s vision for the the changing nature of military competition future—readiness and people. Readiness and cooperation through new combinations was identified as the Army’s top priority for of concepts, capabilities, people and orga- near-term responsibilities to the nation, with nizations. These combinations employ the people highlighted as the centerpiece of the nation’s advantages and protect against Army and its critical link to the nation. This asymmetric vulnerabilities to sustain the U.S. entire effort has always been linked to the strategic position, helping underpin peace responsibility of the Army to serve the na- and stability in the world. The Army pres- tion and its interests as part of a Joint Force ently is fully committed to pursuing the most comprised of all military Services. comprehensive transformation of its forces since World War II. These transformation ef- The Army’s overall transformation strategy forts are both evolutionary and revolutionary is focused on achieving the objective of a in nature, and they are intended to improve campaign-quality force with joint and expe- Army and Joint Force capabilities to meet the ditionary capabilities to provide relevant and demanding requirements of a nation at war as ready land power to the Joint Force—today in well as the future full-spectrum requirements. the midst of the ongoing war, and tomorrow in They also encompass more than just materiel the face of evolving challenges. The means solutions and involve a wide array of adapta- employed are comprehensive in nature and tion, development and experimentation, as involve changes in the culture, processes well as application of lessons learned in all and capabilities of the Army. Cultural change aspects of Army institutions and operational depends on innovative Soldiers and leaders, formations. all of whom are imbued with Army values and a Warrior Ethos that is committed to mission Transformation Strategy: Current to success and is unwilling to accept defeat. Future Force Changes in processes involve a more inher- ently joint perspective that builds on joint In recent years, the Army has built upon its requirements and operating concepts, and vision for a Future Force that is more ca- develops capabilities needed by the Joint pable of rapid strategic response and tactical Force today and projected for tomorrow. dominance across the full spectrum of military Ultimately, the changes in the development operations. The primary instrument for ac- of operational capabilities that build on joint complishing this goal is a dramatic process independencies will be the measure of true of change—Army transformation—that aims success. To accomplish all of these compo- at making the Army more ready for today’s nents of transformation, the Army must have missions and more relevant in its capability to a sound plan, fully synchronized efforts and serve as an essential element of the overall the resources necessary to support efforts Joint Force. Along with Army transforma- over time. tion, two other critical components made up

2005 Army Modernization Plan 21 The Army has made considerable progress units that can fulfill the entire array of missions in its transformation efforts and has estab- in the new security environment. lished momentum on a path to a Future Force possessing new and improved capabilities. The evolving Army transformation process Significant investments have been made to and framework (Figure 9) is continuous and explore and develop revolutionary capabilities dynamic and builds on a long history of adap- to provide our Soldiers and units. Some new tation and change in the U.S. Army. It encom- capabilities have already been fielded to units passes all aspects of the Army, including the in the Current Force, including those capabili- Current Force and the ever-evolving Future ties resident in the new SBCTs that are being Force. The security environment within which formed. Further development of significant this process occurs is shaped by external capabilities is well underway with the progress challenges, national strategic and defense made in the evolution of the FCS. Progress guidance and evolving joint concepts. These is by no means limited to new equipment, environmental factors have all been undergo- and efforts continue across the full range of ing considerable change in the recent months DOTMLPF to realize new capabilities that will due to the demands of the ongoing global war support the emerging Joint Force attributes on terrorism, including operations in Iraq, and and concepts needed to implement national the emerging refinement of JOCs and the and defense strategies. It is the effective inte- system for producing JICs. gration of all of these areas that will ultimately By far the most important factor has been the link Soldiers and leaders into combat-capable dramatic change in the strategic environment

Figure 9. Army Transformation Conceptual Framework

22 2005 Army Modernization Plan posed by the operational challenges associ- that the Army meets its two most pressing ated with the global war on terrorism. The missions: winning the current war and trans- demands for readiness of the Army to meet forming for the future. current requirements in this ongoing war have taken on an increased and higher priority in Current and Future Readiness and light of the risks to the nation and our Soldiers; Capabilities thus, the Army’s transformation plans must be and have been adapted to rebalance the The Army frames its transformation through associated strategy and implementing ef- the interaction of evolving current and future forts. The examination of immediate focus readiness and associated capabilities. Today’s areas, begun in 2003 and largely completed Army—the Current Force—is the force that is in 2004, has been an important means in available to function as part of the Joint Force this rebalancing effort. People—primarily in sustaining global commitments now, par- our Soldiers, but also their families and the ticularly in the global war on terrorism. The associated civilian and contractor support ability of this Current Force is integral to the personnel—still remain as the centerpiece Army’s fundamental obligation to the nation, of the Army, current and future. Yet, trans- and it must be preserved. The Future Force formation of an Army at war must continue to is the operational force that the Army con- develop those capabilities making the Army tinuously seeks to become, and it will be one more ready and relevant and with enhanced that maintains capabilities that dominate land joint and expeditionary characteristics to ac- operations in any future conflict or mission as complish the range of current missions. The a member of Joint Force. These two forces imperatives for transforming the Army while are closely related, and the readiness and de- in contact have created a greater need to velopment of each has a direct impact on the apply the benefits of emerging technologies other. The readiness of today’s Army provides at a faster pace to achieve a wider range of the opportunity to develop a Future Force, and capabilities as soon as possible. Simultane- it serves to inform progress through its current ously, within this context adequate resources operational experience and experimentation. must still be devoted to developing capabili- Development of the Future Force, on the other ties to maintain a military advantage against hand, can serve to accelerate application of future threats. capabilities that can also enhance the Current Force. Thus, there is a dynamic relationship The global war on terrorism also provides between these forces that requires careful an immediate window of opportunity for the attention and balancing of efforts and risks to Army to transform organizationally, materially ensure the best and most efficient return from and culturally. As units return from overseas limited resources. Moreover, sustaining and deployments, they must take time to rest enhancing capabilities while engaged in a war and regenerate their combat capabilities—a poses a formidable challenge in this balancing period we call reset. With the support of process, with the demands of ongoing opera- Congress, the Army is using this reset period tions and commitments directly affecting the to reorganize to more effective, modular for- scope and pace of focused change. The Army mations. This enables the Army to transform addresses this balancing requirement through organizations for future operations instead of a continual and flexible reassessment of its merely resetting them. This process ensures plans and programs to ensure that current

2005 Army Modernization Plan 23 requirements are met and future opportunities Army Campaign Plan, replace obsolete equip- are pursued. ment in prepositioned stocks, and reconfigure those stocks to be more strategically relevant Today’s operational Army—the Current and responsive. Congressional support Force—remains the dominant land force in the form of supplemental appropriations in the world. We can make this force even ensures that returning Army formations are better—a strategically responsive, joint in- transformed in an effective and structured terdependent, precision maneuver force that manner to support future operations. embodies the Army’s concept of the Future Force. Previously, we put off modernizing As units begin to redeploy from operational the capabilities of the Current Force to pay theaters, the Army will continue to set the for programs meant for the Future Force. force to meet future requirements. The goal War changes this paradigm. Our frontline is for all returning active duty units to achieve Soldiers deserve the most promising capa- a sufficient level of combat readiness, equip- bilities today for better combat effectiveness ment and training, within six months of their and protection. arrival at home station. RC units will take longer to achieve their desired level of readi- Balancing Current and Future Force trans- ness, and the goal for them is to re-establish formation requires careful determination readiness within one year. These reconstitu- about when and how we introduce change tion efforts—involving people, equipment and into the force. Too much, and we destabilize training—will culminate with a certification ex- our formations. Too little, and we deny our ercise to ensure the ability to meet combatant Soldiers the most promising capabilities. To commanders’ near-term requirements. manage this process, the Army has devel- oped a comprehensive strategy that acceler- Campaign-Quality Army with Joint and ates critical capabilities to our fighting forces Expeditionary Capabilities while continuing to build a campaign-quality Future Force with joint and expeditionary Our continuing missions demonstrate the capabilities. Army’s unique durability, versatility and ability to control land, people and resources. The Current Force Army maintains a nonnegotiable contract to fight and win this nation’s wars. An essential Restoring Readiness component of this contract is the Army’s ability to sustain operations and establish suitable Under the overarching program, “setting the conditions necessary to achieve favorable force” or “reset,” the Army returns units to resolution of conflicts. This requires the Army prehostility readiness levels while providing to sustain and adapt its operations. This is resources to win the fight, transform, mod- the Army’s preeminent challenge today. The ernize and recapitalize. Specifically, setting Army must reconcile expeditionary agility and the force executes Army activities that return responsiveness with staying power, durability all deployed equipment to fully operational and adaptability to achieve victory. standards, upgrade capabilities implementing Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation En- The Army must also remain aware that Army during Freedom lessons learned, reorganize forces are integral components of the Joint to modular designs in accordance with the Force. Each Service excels at employing

24 2005 Army Modernization Plan a wide variety of capabilities within specific increased flexibility and self-sustainment for domains—land, sea, air, space and cyber—to a wider range of missions. create overwhelming dilemmas for our en- emies. Current and future challenges in the The approval in 2004 of a 30,000 temporary operational environment demand unprec- increase in the Army’s end strength enabled edented levels of joint interdependence. This the beginning of the modular conversion of AC interdependence is a purposeful reliance by combat units, with four divisions scheduled the Army on its sister Services to maximize for completion by 2005. The initial goal is to complementary and reinforcing effects while add 10 additional BCTs by the end of FY07, minimizing individual Service vulnerabilities. with the option for an additional five pending a review and decision in FY06. This would The prerequisites of this common commit- result in a potential increase to as many as ment to interdependence are broad under- 48 BCTs. Besides converting AC forces, the standing of the strengths and limitations of plan is to begin converting ARNG units during each Service’s capabilities, clear agreement FY05, with the end goal of converting all 34 about how those capabilities will be integrated BCTs by FY10. These modularized BCTs will during operational employment, and the be organized into two major types: maneuver absolute mutual confidence that capabilities (heavy and infantry) and support (aviation, will be employed as intended. The Army is maneuver enhancement, reconnaissance implementing close collaboration with other and surveillance, fires, and sustainment), all Services and joint organizations as it devel- of which will be better prepared to provide ops doctrine and capabilities that foster joint improved capabilities as well as reduce the interdependence. Furthermore, the Army is stress on the force in meeting operational building joint-capable organizations at lower demands. organizational levels to make joint interde- pendence a reality. A campaign-quality Army with joint and expe- ditionary capabilities requires versatile forces Reorganizing to a Modular Force that can routinely mount smaller, shorter duration operations—without penalty to the A central component of the Army’s efforts to Army’s capacity for larger, more protracted, meet the demanding requirements of current campaigns. To meet this challenge, the Army operations and anticipated future missions is converting from a division-centric force to a is the major initiative that began in February brigade-centric force (Figure 10). The intent 2004 for restructuring Army units into modular is to create more flexible and agile forces designs. This bold and comprehensive initia- that are as capable as existing formations. tive is intended to provide Army units that are Further, modular forces with common orga- more relevant to the combatant commanders nizational designs will allow the joint force in today’s environment and possess greater commander to tailor his requests for Army versatility in fulfilling the demands of frequent forces more easily—similar to ordering off a deployments, a wide range of missions, and menu. true joint interdependency. This transforma- tion into modular units is essential to effec- This modular conversion effort (Figure 11) is tive support in the ongoing war on terrorism, the greatest restructuring of our active and since it will result in a greater number of Army reserve forces since World War II. By the end units that are better organized to operate with of 2005, the Army’s AC will convert nearly half

2005 Army Modernization Plan 25 Figure 10. From Division- to Brigade-Based Forces

Figure 11. Implementing the Modular Force

26 2005 Army Modernization Plan of its warfighting headquarters and almost tween AC and RC forces. This year, the Army one-third of its maneuver brigades to the more reaches its midpoint in a restructuring effort af- capable designs. By the end of 2005, we will fecting over 100,000 personnel and over 85,000 have created six additional brigades, improv- spaces of force structure. This restructuring ing the Army’s “bench strength” to sustain effort enhances the Army’s ability to provide operations for as long as required. Brigade- required land power capabilities to the Joint level headquarters for our support forces will Force. It also rectifies imbalances within the also begin to modularly convert later this year. force while increasing AC capabilities available The Army will organize support brigades and to support the first 30 days of an operation. reinforcing support modules that will be able to plug into or out of any headquarters—Army, Despite these changes, the Army will remain joint or multinational. stressed to meet anticipated requirements. The President alleviated much of this stress Standardized battle command capabilities by providing us with a temporary 30,000- operating within robust networks will enable person increase in our operating strength to this change. Further, these capabilities will provide the Army sufficient headroom to ac- improve our joint interdependency and situ- celerate transformation and fight the war. To ational awareness across the force. When retain these increased capabilities, the Army coupled with improved intelligence and target is implementing programs such as military- acquisition systems being fielding, the Army to-civilian conversions, reposturing of forces will improve its ability to fight for and maintain overseas, and additional reductions in trainee, information superiority with faster speeds of transient, holdee and student accounts. command, enhanced self-synchronization between units, and dramatically increased Stabilization combat effectiveness. Over the past year, the Army has begun imple- As for the specific timing of these modular menting its improved manning system that en- conversions, the Army believes that the ideal hances unit readiness by increasing stability time will be in conjunction with other recovery and predictability for commanders, Soldiers efforts for units returning from operational and their families. The Army also created a deployments and prior to any subsequent personnel stabilization program for the AC missions. The overall modular force initiative that complements a new rotation-based sys- will generate procurement and modernization tem of global force management. This sta- costs, and it will impact facilities and station- bilization initiative consists of two parts—the ing as the unit activations and conversions first increases stability for individual Soldiers are executed. and their families by keeping Soldiers in their assignments longer; the second component, Modular conversion is discussed in greater Unit Focused Stability, synchronizes Soldiers’ detail under the heading of “New Structures” assignments to their units’ operational cycles, in Annex B, Organizations. providing more capable, deployable and pre- pared formations. Balancing Active and Reserve Component Force Structure Army Force Generation

As the Army creates modular capabilities, it is The new strategic context of continuous also restructuring for a more effective mix be- operations renders obsolete the old Army

2005 Army Modernization Plan 27 readiness paradigm of “all ready, all the major combat operations, planning goals time.” Continuous, full-spectrum expedition- are one deployment in three years for AC ary operations are the new reality. The Army forces and one deployment in six years for is transforming its concepts, capabilities and RC forces. Rather than the previous process organizations to meet the demands of this of “tiered readiness,” priority of resources will new strategic context. Nested within Army be assigned to AC and RC forces based on transformation, the Army is developing an their availability dates. operational cycle (Figure 12) to optimize its process of force generation to provide a Like pieces of a puzzle, the operational cycle continuous supply of relevant and ready land is interconnected with conversion to the power to joint force commanders and civil modular force, force restructuring and unit authorities at home. stabilization. In fact, the operational cycle is a necessary complement to make those The operational cycle pools AC and RC initiatives work. Modular Army organizations modular units into force packages to meet are pooled into force packages that make joint requirements. Those force packages are unit rotation easier to plan and execute. then assigned deployment windows based Restructuring the force optimizes the right on cyclical phases—reset/train, ready, avail- capabilities in the right force packages to able—within the operational cycle to provide support continuous operations and improve a continuous supply of ready forces. While strategic responsiveness. Units stabilize at preserving the capability to surge forces for the start of their operational cycles to keep

Figure 12. Army Force Generation

28 2005 Army Modernization Plan cohesive teams together through operational our permanent bases. In the Pacific, the Army deployments. Implementing this concept will will maintain smaller forward-based forces, relieve stress on the force and provide time but will station more agile and expeditionary to train, predictable deployment schedules, forces at power projection bases that can and the continuous supply of ready land rapidly respond to any contingencies. Finally, power to combatant commanders and civil the Army will leverage its improved readiness authorities. to increase its rotational training presence among our security partners. Global Force Posture Accelerating Change To improve its strategic responsiveness, the Army is improving its ability to rapidly deploy Over the past year, the Army has significantly to austere fighting environments, fight on ar- accelerated the tempo of transformation. rival throughout the battlespace, and sustain The Army continues to adapt the resource operations until victorious. The Army Reserve processes so they become more flexible, dy- is being reorganized into modular forces that namic, transparent and responsive. Soldiers are aligned into expeditionary packages. remain the centerpiece of our formations. These expeditionary packages are manned Their immediate demands are urgent, and and equipped to equivalent levels as their fielding capabilities in the near term may out- AC counterparts in synchronization with their weigh protection of the program of record. operational cycles. These packages can also be tailored to provide specific operational The Army is changing almost every aspect capabilities. of its resource process. The Army generates requirements by looking at them from a joint Parallel with the Base Realignment and Clo- context to ensure these requirements are con- sure process, the Army is identifying critical gruent with DOD transformation efforts. We joint power-projection installations to support are also placing more emphasis on the needs the mobilization, demobilization and rapid of engaged commanders—fulfilling immedi- deployment of Army forces. Also, the Army ate, unprogrammed requirements while bal- is enhancing force reception and deployed ancing resources to ensure long-term viability logistics capabilities to quickly respond to of the force. Finally, the Army is dramatically unforeseen contingencies. accelerating acquisition processes to meet the needs of joint force commanders today. To complete the transition to an expeditionary force, the Army will reposition ground forces Through the RFI, the Army is purchasing and to meet emerging challenges and adjust per- fielding state-of-the-art equipment at an un- manent overseas presence to a unit-rotation precedented pace. Examples are 100 percent model that is synchronized with Army force fielding of improved body armor to all Soldiers generation initiatives. In Europe, both heavy operating in Afghanistan and Iraq, advanced divisions will return to the United States—be- thermal sights and personal equipment, and ing replaced by an airborne brigade in Italy, a variety of state-of-the-art mission essential a Stryker brigade in Germany, and possible items. Congressional support for regular rotational presence within Eastern Europe. budget and supplemental spending requests The Army will maintain a rotational presence enables the Army to put this improved equip- in the Middle East while eliminating many of ment in the hands of Soldiers.

2005 Army Modernization Plan 29 With this support, the Army also continues Aviation Transformation to field innovative technology solutions di- rectly to operational commanders through The Army is also transforming its aviation the Rapid Equipping Force (REF). Such in- forces to become a modular, capabilities novative solutions include a variety of robotic based maneuver arm that is optimized to systems and other technologies used in high- operate within the context of joint operations. risk searches, technologies to counter IEDs, The Army aviation transformation strategy and extensive improvements in the armor corrects a previous imbalance between capa- protection of armored and light-skinned ve- bility requirements and modernization plans. hicles. Typically, the REF cycle is measured This transformation is not without cost. To in weeks, sometimes days, from field com- fund and accelerate comprehensive trans- manders articulating a requirement to the formation of the existing aviation fleet, the Army providing a solution. Army cancelled the Comanche program. As a result of Comanche cancellation, new aircraft The accelerated fielding of selected capabili- programs were initiated that will build over ties through a spiral process will also include 800 aircraft—the Armed Reconnaissance continued development and fielding of new Helicopter, the Light Utility Helicopter, the capabilities associated with mature systems Future Cargo Aircraft and additional Black in the acquisition process. This includes Hawks and Chinooks. fielding of additional SBCTs; the RFI to equip Soldiers with increased lethality, force protec- Intelligence Transformation tion, survivability, and squad communications; fielding of systems to retain and improve situ- Finally, ongoing Army intelligence transfor- ational dominance through comprehensive mation is enabling the “fight for knowledge” and joint-interoperable command, control, for use by Current Force units. The Army communications, computers, intelligence, continues significant institutional and cultural surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) changes in four key areas: implementing the architectures—Warfighter Information Net- concept “every Soldier is a sensor,” institut- work (WIN-T), the Joint Tactical Radio System ing a network-centric enterprise approach (JTRS), Distributed Common Ground System- to analysis, redesigning and transforming Army (DCGS-A), and Aerial Common Sensor intelligence organizations, and improving the (ACS); fielding of the Surface Launched professional development of intelligence Sol- Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile diers. The Army’s ultimate goal is to generate (SLAMRAAM) and Patriot/Medium Extended the appropriate mix of intelligence capabilities Air Defense System (MEADS) to augment that support full-spectrum operational require- cruise missile defense; fielding digital battle ments over extended periods of time. command capabilities through systems such as the Force XXI Battle Command, Brigade Over the last 12 months, Army intelligence and Below (FBCB2); accelerating crew pro- was challenged to meet all of its wartime re- tection and Aircraft Survivability Equipment quirements while adapting “the way we fight” (ASE) initiatives and adding an additional 800 intelligence as part of an interdependent, joint helicopters as well as accelerating UAVs. enterprise. One growth area is the Army’s human intelligence (HUMINT) capabilities to better meet the needs of our tactical com- manders in Iraq and Afghanistan. Second,

30 2005 Army Modernization Plan using spiral development, the Army acceler- will be a strategically responsive, precision ated fielding of interim DCGS-A capabilities, maneuver force that will achieve dominance enabling better analytical capabilities across across the full range of military land opera- the entire intelligence community. Third, the tions in any future conflict as an integral part Army implemented a network-centric “tactical of a truly Joint Force. Our Future Force is overwatch” capability that provides dedicated, being designed to expand options available focused intelligence support to deployed to the Joint Force in a wide array of possible tactical forces from fixed knowledge centers, scenarios and amidst the frequently changing providing precise, tailored information verses requirements of the emerging operating envi- megabits of data. These new capabilities are ronment. The Future Force will be balanced significantly improving intelligence through across a mix of light, medium and heavy for- the synchronization of advanced collaborative mations and optimized for strategic versatil- analysis to support combat operations in a ity—able to perform seamless transitions from full -spectrum environment. peacetime readiness missions to small-scale contingencies to major theater warfare. Future Force The foundation of our Future Force is a ma- Enhanced Capabilities for Tomorrow neuver Unit of Action (UA) equipped with the FCS. The FCS concept itself represents a The primary goal of Army transformation is paradigm shift in land combat operations. It the development of the Future Force, which is a system of systems whose capabilities exceed the sum of its parts. The FCS has

Figure 13. Future Combat Systems

2005 Army Modernization Plan 31 been designed so that each part of the system headquarters and joint capabilities, maximiz- is networked within the whole to achieve an ing the effectiveness of those assets on the unprecedented synergy. FCS comprises 18 battlefield. manned and unmanned platforms that are centered on the Soldier and linked together Acceleration of Capabilities with a fully integrated network, providing in- teroperability with joint and coalition forces. The FCS-equipped force represents a capa- FCS will provide our Soldiers greatly en- bility crucial to the Army’s Future Force and hanced situational awareness, enabling them the accomplishment of the DOD transforma- to see first, understand first, act first and finish tion goals. In July 2004, the Army revised the decisively. FCS program strategy in a way that will bring selected crucial capabilities to operational Although optimized for offensive operations, forces faster while maintaining the momen- the FCS-equipped UA will be capable of ex- tum to develop and field an FCS-equipped ecuting stability and support operations. It UA in 2014. The FCS program is structured will employ a revolutionary networked, battle now to deliver a number of the most sig- command architecture to exert command and nificant technologies to a greater portion of control over its subordinate units, which are the force earlier than previously anticipated. task organized for required missions. The These technologies include those needed to network will facilitate the integration of higher implement improved network capabilities, to

Figure 14. Accelerating Capabilities

32 2005 Army Modernization Plan enhance battle command and to provide Sol- FCS-equipped UA, allowing UA fielding of the diers with a variety of manned and unmanned complete 18+1+1 core systems in 2014. The ground and air platforms that will increase initial spiral-out package in 2008 will include their survivability and operational reach. development of prototypes and limited pro- This strategy reflects the Army’s commitment duction hardware to be used in an Evaluation to reduce risk to the frontline Soldier and Brigade Combat Team (E-BCT) for testing and demonstrates the Army’s desire to adjust the experimentation. This unit will serve as the program of record to pressing requirements of evaluation unit for all FCS systems and will the Joint Force. Under the revised program, serve as the means to validate all products the first FCS capabilities will emerge in 2008. within each set of capabilities spiraled out Also in 2008, the Army will designate an FCS to operational units. This overall iterative evaluation unit to guide development of the development, integration and verification pro- FCS-equipped force. cess will demonstrate readiness to progress through the four spiral-out phases of capabili- The adjustments to the FCS program will ties to the Current Force and ultimately the maintain the focus on FCS-equipped UA fielding of the FCS-equipped UA. development while substantially reducing program risk. The new strategy will give de- By restructuring the FCS program, the Army velopment priority to the network, unattended will garner resources to buy new equipment, munitions, unmanned systems and manned including existing items such as add-on armor ground vehicles (MGVS). The Non-Line- kits for HMMWVs and individual body armor of-Sight Cannon (NLOS-C) will lead MGV as well as new transformational systems that development and deliver prototype systems can be employed by Current Force units as in 2008, with fielding beginning in 2010. Five well as complement the FCS. The end result previously deferred FCS core systems will will be the spiraling of newly developed tech- also be funded and fielded along with the first nology into the hands of Soldiers at a much faster rate than previously envisioned.

2005 Army Modernization Plan 33 34 2005 Army Modernization Plan 2005 ARMY MODERNIZATION PLAN

Army Modernization

Modernization Strategy—Balanced grams across the DOTMLPF toward the goal of equipping and reorganizing forces. This Modernization strategy can be described best as one of “bal- anced modernization,” which seeks to develop Modernization is a continuous process of in- and field combat-capable units through an tegrating new DOTMLPF to develop and field appropriate mix of significant organizational capabilities for the Army to provide to the Joint restructuring into more modular units, insertion Force in executing the NSS and NDS and all of new capabilities where and when feasible, assigned missions. Modernization activities selective procurement and fielding of new are facilitated and optimized by sound mod- equipment (modernization); and restoring and ernization and investment strategies that are preserving readiness of current equipment specifically designed to implement the Army’s (reset), including the rebuilding and upgrading transformation process. The modernization of key existing equipment through recapitaliza- and investment strategies also establish tion. Overall, Army modernization efforts are common terms of reference for all moderniza- placed into two fundamental categories: tion activities and, very importantly, provide clear priorities and focus for the allocation of • Modernization—the development and resources for equipment expenditures. The fielding of improved operational capabili- overall Army modernization strategy remains ties through a combination of organization- focused on providing those capabilities neces- al restructuring into modular formations, sary for the Army forces deployed and at war the insertion of new technologies into today—the Current Force—that is the foun- existing systems and units, and/or the pro- dation of the Army’s strategic commitment to curement of new systems with improved the nation, while simultaneously supporting a capabilities. transformation process to ensure that those capabilities essential for the future are being • Reset—the restoration and/or preserva- developed. The investment strategy in sup- tion of the combat readiness of units, re- port of modernization describes the process turning from or preparing for operational used in deciding how to allocate monies deployments, through the repair or re- across competing priorities in order to obtain placement of end items, parts, assemblies the best capability for each dollar spent. and subassemblies that are worn or bro- ken; essential retraining and application In support of the overall goal of maintaining of lessons learned; and readjustment of and improving the readiness of today’s Army prepositioned stocks of equipment and while also transforming to a more responsive munitions. Incorporates recapitalization, and capable force for the future, the Army has which is the rebuild and selected upgrade developed a coordinated and comprehensive of currently fielded systems. strategy of integrating all its efforts and pro-

2005 Army Modernization Plan 35 The Modernization strategy also consists of where feasible, newly developed capabili- the following two components, which help de- ties derived from emerging technologies. fine a clearer focus for its implementation: • S&T efforts to enable timely fielding of the • Maintaining and enhancing capabilities of Future Force (in particular, FCS, which the Current Force to meet all strategic and will be the foundation of that force) and operational requirements. This includes to identify promising technologies and restoring and improving the readiness selected new, mature capabilities that can of units returning from or preparing for be fielded to Current Force units through operations; the major initiative underway the process of spiral development and to restructure units into more responsive insertions. and capable modular formations; the con- tinued fielding of immediate operational The specific details of respective plans and capabilities by organizing and equipping programs and the balance within and between six brigade-sized units outfitted with a fam- these two components as reflected in PB06 is ily of internetted Stryker combat vehicles the result of a dynamic and ongoing reassess- and other state-of-the-art, off-the-shelf ment of the needs of the nation and the op- technologies; and the accelerated effort portunities and resources available. Clearly, to insert into existing systems and units, the operational environment of a nation and

Figure 15. Modernization Strategy

36 2005 Army Modernization Plan Army at war is of overriding importance in The increased operational demands have this assessment and has had a direct impact also required a re-examination of many long- on the changes in the overall modernization standing personnel and basing practices, strategy, which were foreshadowed by Army with the result that the Army is transitioning initiatives in 2004. Many of these initiatives, to an improved manning system designed to as well as other elements contained within improve unit readiness by increasing stabil- PB06, developed as the result of an intensive ity and predictability for unit commanders, process of self-examination directed by the Soldiers and their families. This will place Army leadership in an array of focus areas. A greater emphasis on building and sustaining number of major changes, namely the move cohesive, deployable combat-ready units. to modular formations, got underway in the first half of 2004, while other changes are Modernizing the Army with new systems and being implemented within this budget cycle. equipment is a critical undertaking that con- The key point is that the Army has adapted sumes vital and limited resources. Only by its plans and programs within the context of a ensuring that equipment fielding is integrated flexible and overarching strategy of balanced and synchronized with total requirements can modernization. the Army be assured that resources are being used in a wise and cost-effective manner. The Integrating Across the DOTMLPF annexes to the 2005 Army Modernization Plan provide a comprehensive and succinct review The Army’s transformation process includes of the progress being made in modernizing a comprehensive examination of the inter- across the DOTMLPF as the Army continu- relationships among doctrine, organizations, ously transforms itself from the Current to the training, materiel, leadership and education, Future Force. personnel, and facilities. As the Army fields new capabilities to the Current Force and Modernization Priorities evolves into the Future Force, it must optimize investments by ensuring the proper synchro- To achieve readiness of the force over time, nization between DOTMLPF requirements the Army prioritizes its investment of limited and DOTMLPF solutions. resources in accordance with DOD guidance reflected in the Strategic Planning Guidance Transforming the Army has placed new and Joint Programming Guidance, and further demands on how leaders and Soldiers are defined in The Army Plan, and in response managed throughout the force. With over to current operational requirements. There one million soldiers geographically dispersed are two major categories of investments for across seven continents, the Army’s person- the Army—equipping and restructuring the nel community is developing new tools that Current Force, and equipping and structuring will ensure the right Soldiers with the right the Future Force. Lately, there has been a skill sets are assigned to the proper units in significant shift in prioritization and emphasis a timely manner to ensure combat readiness. as a result of the demands of the global war on Enhanced personnel databases, leveraging terrorism. The first priority for the Army is to web-based technologies, and implementing successfully pursue this war, which includes best business practices are examples of how the requirement to maintain and improve the the Army intends to improve the manage- readiness of the Current Force. To do this, ment of its military and civilian personnel. the Army is focusing on equipping Soldiers,

2005 Army Modernization Plan 37 resetting units returning from and prepar- Unit Set Fielding ing for deployments, and restructuring into modular units that will be available to support Under traditional fielding processes, units operational requirements in the ongoing war. were modernized by receiving multiple and The next and related priority is to strengthen separate issuances of individual systems the Army’s contributions to joint and com- throughout the year. This modernization ap- bined warfighting capabilities by fielding new proach, however, rarely provided the unit with systems, inserting new technologies and a complete and fully integrated operational ca- capabilities into existing systems, fielding the pability. It also proved to be disruptive to unit capabilities of the SBCTs, and modernizing training and readiness. The single system/ into future formations. Army SOF is another single unit focus of traditional modernization force modernization priority because of their does not support the scope of facility, instal- unique capabilities and contributions to the lation, training complex, and training center Joint Force in the ongoing global war on ter- modernization required for fielding integrated rorism. Finally, there is an ongoing focus on new capabilities to units. transforming the Army into a Future Force with even greater and more relevant capabilities. A more disciplined and structured moderniza- This transformation is centered on the field- tion approach was needed. The Army estab- ing of FCS and associated systems, though lished the USF process in 2001. This process it also includes the corollary effort to identify expanded on the single system moderniza- and spiral forward emerging technologies tion policies and procedures by focusing on whenever feasible. building unit combat capability packages of equipment. USF integrates and synchronizes Modernization Enablers resourcing, planning, preparation and fielding of the package to a designated unit during a There is an important process that is integral single modernization window. The designated to the execution of the Army’s modernization unit is usually a BCT. strategy—Unit Set Fielding (USF). In addition to this process, the Army uses an important Optimum success in fielding the capability acquisition policy and process called software package is gained by integration of all DOT- blocking to implement USF by integrating and MLPF activities required to develop, field and synchronizing system software developments support the individual systems that comprise and upgrades. This modernization of the unit sets. This holistic modernization ap- Army’s software processes and infrastructure proach is crucial to transforming the Army. is vital to the success of USF and net-centric warfare. The Army also makes extensive use USF is currently being executed to modern- of modeling and simulation as well as of studies ize the 172nd Infantry Brigade (SBCT 3) and and analyses to help establish priorities and will be used to field the remaining SBCTs make informed choices throughout the transfor- as well as other selected light and heavy mation process. Collectively, all of these tools forces. The first FCS-equipped UA will use are integral to the success of transformation the USF process to field system-of-systems and an effective and efficient modernization capabilities. USF will, likewise, be an integral strategy. Finally, an integral enabler as well as component throughout the overall modular foundation of the Army’s efforts is the preserva- force initiative, and will also help implement tion and modernization of the industrial base. the spiral application of new technologies into

38 2005 Army Modernization Plan existing units prior to the fielding of the FCS- SWB represents a necessary evolution along equipped UA. the path of acquisition reform. SWB lowers the artificial barrier between elements within Software Blocking the acquisition process that inhibit our ability to develop, test, train and sustain a syner- Software blocking (SWB) is an acquisition gistic warfighting capability. Through SWB, policy and disciplined process through which the acquisition process focuses on a total the Army achieves and sustains an integrated warfighting capability rather than individual system-of-systems (SoS) warfighting capabil- systems. ity. Army Regulation (AR) 70-1, Army Acqui- sition Policy, mandates it. SWB is a critical SWB is a Future Force process that is being enabler of USF. implemented to enhance the Current Force operational capability. This means it will take SWB as an acquisition process improvement a few iterations before SWB is fully matured. is consistent with the Clinger-Cohen Act of Thus, SWB provides the paradigm through 1996 and DOD 5000. The framework embod- which existing systems will transition from ied in the SWB policy synchronizes system their stovepipe implementations in support of software developments and upgrades. It is Army objectives to provide enhanced capabili- designed to focus the acquisition process ties to the Joint Force. on a disciplined approach for achieving in- teroperability, commonality and synergistic Joint Venture 2020 requires the insertion of functionality. In conjunction with USF, SWB innovations in information technology. SWB is a conduit for executing the Army’s trans- provides the vehicle for tuning the Army’s ac- formation. quisition efforts towards developing the inter- dependent application necessary to achieve Under SWB, the Army has made a com- the SoS warfighting capability essential to mitment to divest itself of its traditional sys- force application, protection, focused logis- tems-centric approach to embrace an SoS tics, command and control, and battlespace capability that supports each element of awareness. SWB ensures that the critical C4 DOTMLPF. This will allow the Army to make and ISR, weapon systems and SoS network smart decisions based on the impact to warf- infrastructure are matured in a manner that ighting capability vice systems. Under the enhances overall operational warfighting policy, systems include new/upgraded core capability while at the same time maximizing battlefield systems, trainers, simulators, test the operational effectiveness of individual and instrumentation, and simulators needed systems. In a resource-constrained environ- to achieve an integrated capability across all ment, priorities are targeted at maximizing elements of DOTMLPF. SWB applies to all total capability. For SWB, this will require a Army systems except those business systems sustainment of resources from requirements that do not exchange information with tactical through fielding. command, control, communications and com- puters (C4) and intelligence, surveillance and Studies and Analysis reconnaissance (ISR) systems and weapon systems. Army transformation must successfully struc- ture, organize and equip the Army for the challenges of the 21st century. This is an

2005 Army Modernization Plan 39 ambitious goal, and it will not be achieved recapitalization initiatives required to sustain without well-analyzed investments in both Current Force superiority with acceptable risk financial and intellectual terms. Managing the while the Army focuses resources on enabling transformation process to produce an Army the Future Force. The Army’s analytical ca- effective in joint warfighting will require con- pability ensures we balance cost, technology tinuous analysis to develop materiel solutions and warfighting needs in support of the devel- that offer the warfighter the most capability opment of an effective modernization program for the least dollars. Robust analyses and for the Current and Future Forces. studies support timely and correct decisions; increase the correspondence of requirements Although the Army uses a variety of analyses for strategic, operational and tactical condi- and studies to support its decision makers, tions; expand technology trade space; permit the tools described below represent the the effective utilization of past modernization most commonly employed. These include investments; and ensure effective system the system-of-systems framework (SSF), integration within the Army’s system-of-sys- warfighting alternative analysis requirements tems framework. Army analytical efforts will and resources (WA2R2), capabilities needs provide significant assistance in the materiel analysis (CNA), continuous early validation development and selection process by bal- (CEaVa), and value-added analysis (VAA). ancing risk between schedule, performance and affordability. These analytical efforts will The System-of-Systems Framework is also identify any specific modernization and an institutionalized process, synchronized

Figure 16. Investment Assessment Process

40 2005 Army Modernization Plan with the budget planning process, to provide policies, concepts and requirements for an insights to the Army leadership for resource individual system throughout the program decisions, and to support/refute external stud- life. ies (Figure 16). The Army conducts analyses and studies to determine the optimum mix of Value-Added Analysis provides deci- systems that will allow us to build and main- sion makers an analytical approach for the tain multifunctional, combat-capable units evaluation and prioritization of competing within an SSF. Analysis allows the Army to alternatives to support the development of a balance risk between schedule, performance balanced and effective Army RDA program. and affordability within and across joint mis- The study purpose is to identify and analyze sion areas (JMA). Objective analysis provides marginal costs and benefits of weapon sys- a rigorous, quantitative, holistic approach to tems and develop feasible, affordable mod- system acquisition. The Army uses the re- ernization investment strategies in support of sults of studies to support the development of Army program planning. The objectives are systems and to defend Army programs during to produce investment strategies for major budget development and defense reviews. weapon systems that maximize force effec- tiveness subject to constraints on budget, Warfighting Lens Analysis is an analytically force structure, and production capabilities based process by which warfighter recom- and to develop a quick-reaction analysis tool mendations on the Army’s battlefield capabili- to address modernization questions during ties are incorporated into the Army’s budget program execution. planning process. It prioritizes weapon and training system requirements, and the materi- Modeling and Simulation el solutions that best fulfill those requirements, to ensure warfighting overmatch capability Simulation and Modeling for Acquisition, within available resources. Requirements and Training (SMART) is the process for effective and efficient application Continuous Early Validation is a decision- of modeling and simulation (M&S) within Army support system that will aid decision makers programs. The Army uses SMART to capital- and analysts in evaluating acquisition pro- ize on M&S tools and technologies to address grams. CEaVa gives decision makers timely the end-to-end system requirements, from visibility on the status and issues of a program concept development through total cost of to permit timely decision. CEaVa will stabilize ownership. SMART is accomplished through the problem statement by validating key per- the collaborative efforts of the acquisition, formance parameters or critical requirements advanced concepts and requirements, train- relative to the ever-changing environment. ing and operations communities. CEaVa makes it clear that the user and devel- oper are solving the right problem. Addition- Acquisition. Technologies must be advanced ally, it increases the likelihood of producing that will enable the embedding of total tech- the correct system on time. CEaVa is the nology development and materiel acquisition tool, selected by the Deputy Chief of Staff for process, from cradle to grave, in a system of Programs, G-8, to facilitate the assessment networked synthetic environments that can of programs in terms of cost, schedule and be seamlessly linked with each other and technical risk. With CEaVa, the Synchroniza- other domains. This includes technologi- tion Staff Officer will have the ability to track cal developments, concept formulation and

2005 Army Modernization Plan 41 evaluation, operational test and evaluation, the Army will leverage the JNTC environment logistics support assessment, cost estimation, to test new concepts, doctrine, tactics and performance and cost trade-offs, scheduling, operations. cost and progress monitoring, and program management. Battle Command. M&S tools and tech- nologies that provide faster-than-real-time, Requirements and Concepts. M&S will interactive, predictive, continuous running help modernize the force faster by providing simulations in support of dynamic automated technology to empower Army leadership to planning and execution control systems must visualize the future, assess the needs of a be advanced. transforming force, optimize system design while reducing development risks, and train Simulation-aided mission rehearsal requires effectively for a wide spectrum of opera- the same technologies and databases as tions. mission planning. Technologies are being developed to support implementation of mate- Advances in M&S technologies will foster the riel embedded training and mission rehearsal realistic simulation of unit structure, employ- where individual units and their aggregates ment and tactics, dynamics, and performance are fully immersed in synthetic environments in a combined arms environment with an in- with horizontal and vertical synchronization creased level of detail, fidelity and statistical throughout the operational forces. accuracy specified by analysis and concept definition. Geospatial. Investments in data standards, common geospatial terrain, collaborative Training. Army M&S support of the Future environments, space representations, test Force combined arms training must provide environments, command and control, and technologies that substantially expand the urban combat representations are essential. Investments in these areas will enhance use of simulators and simulations to train Soldier training and combat preparation by the Soldier in a seamless synthetic environ- providing simulation and training systems ment. Providing digital training to the Future integrated directly into operational systems. Force will also require continued improve- Geospatial investments also support course- ment in fidelity of training systems, including of-action analyses and rapid decision making, maturing of live-virtual-constructive (LVC) and prepare Soldiers to fight in unfamiliar, integration environments. Actively pursuing fast-paced, dynamic environments. embedded training will give the Army both a built-in mission rehearsal capability and a Testing and Evaluation (T&E) of the design way to maintain perishable skills for deployed and performance of components, subsys- warfighters. tems, and systems are an integral part of the materiel acquisition process. Combat readiness is enhanced though training and mission rehearsals using constructive The test community is a vital part of the and virtual simulators and simulations. The SMART acquisition process, providing a level integration of live and synthetic environment of verification, validation and accreditation ,provides the foundation for the adaptable (VV&A) necessary to ensure the evolving Joint National Training Capability (JNTC). simulations are adequate to support testing. It Through joint exercises and experimentation, is recognized that M&S and the mathematics

42 2005 Army Modernization Plan and science associated with it is not robust quality and enhance productivity, as well as en- enough to completely replace all hardware- courage public-private partnerships to include based testing for every system. investment opportunities for modernization.

Payoff. M&S reduces the time and resources By leveraging the private sector’s capabili- required for the acquisition and prototyp- ties to the maximum extent practicable and ing, production and logistics, training and economical, the Army will focus its resources readiness of military systems and operations. on those unique manufacturing processes M&S provides responsive feedback for re- and products required to meet peacetime, quirements definition and analysis, design emergency, reconstitution and replenishment synthesis and system verification. M&S also responsibilities in support of the NSS. Given enables cost analysis, enhances system tests the Army’s national defense mission, its Title and evaluation, and facilitates cost effective 10 responsibilities to support other Services, experimentation to gain insights into system and the unique characteristics of some of its capabilities. equipment and the demand for readily avail- able replacements, it is necessary to maintain Expected payoffs of M&S investments are the certain industrial capabilities within the Army. development of tools and techniques for rapid The challenge is to determine what is the force modernization, which will effectively most efficient organic mobilization capabil- prepare Soldiers and units for combat and will ity and capacity that the Army will require to provide technology for a seamless integrated sustain the warfighter while addressing and LVC simulation in a JIM environment. implementing the full spectrum of technolo- gies from legacy to new systems. Industrial Base Modernization Today’s Army organic industrial base consists A modern industrial base is essential to the of facilities that produce ammunition, store overall success of the Army’s transformation munitions, manufacture components and and modernization efforts. The Army is un- maintain equipment. The facilities, located dergoing the largest and most comprehensive throughout the continental United States, transformation in Army history. It will result in consist of government-owned, government an Army that is more lethal, versatile, agile, operated (GOGO) and government-owned, survivable, maneuverable and sustainable contractor-operated (GOCO) facilities. The while incorporating an increasing number of Army owns all of these facilities; however, advanced technologies. To provide the re- Army employees manage and operate the quired sustainment and operational readiness GOGOs and private companies provide the for the transformed Army, it is necessary to personnel to manage and operate the GO- transform the Army industrial base as well. COs.

The Army industrial base of the 21st century The U.S. Army requires a robust production will consist of a complementary and synergistic and maintenance capability to support its mix of private sector and government capabili- forces of the 21st century. That capability ties. It will be multipurpose and multi-use, and relies on a seamless integration of public structured to provide the required capabilities and private sector competencies, achieved and capacity. These capabilities must be main- through an increased reliance on public-pri- tained in modern operating condition to ensure vate partnering on new and current weapon

2005 Army Modernization Plan 43 systems. To support its portion of the part- and modular force. Previous time lines for nership, the Army must continue improve its fielding these new capabilities have been ad- world-class organic production, maintenance, vanced, and the conversion to modular forma- repair and overhaul operations to ensure they tions was initiated in 2004 in response to the are “right-sized” and technologically capable urgencies of the current strategic environment to support operational requirements during and associated operational requirements. peace and war. This requires an adequate investment for the resolution of problems that Overall, the Army’s plan focuses on three were created by reduced infrastructure invest- areas in order to support the requirements of ments during the past decade, establishing the combatant commanders: a sustained level of investment that is com- mensurate with private industry, investment • Building a more capable and modular in the Army’s organic workforce to maintain Army by refocusing S&T and procurement appropriate skill levels and increase compe- to spiral promising technologies into the tencies in the high-technology environment, Current Force, and by a modular conver- and application of best business practices. sion of units to create more responsive, standardized and flexible formations that Investment Strategy are better able to support new operational requirements. For the Army’s investment strategy for PB06, • Building a more relevant and ready Army the highest priority relates to those actions by rebalancing the AC and RC, restation- necessary to maintain essential operational ing through global posture initiatives, readiness to fight and win the ongoing war on supporting global operations, developing terrorism. To do this, the overall Army budget a joint interdependent logistics system, plan focuses on providing the Army’s strategic and the changing combat skills training objectives by building capable and modular strategy. forces, and a more ready and relevant Army, and providing a more stable and predictable • Building a more stable and predictable life- lifestyle. To accomplish this, the Army is style by force stabilization initiatives that prepared to make adjustments in existing will reduce the effects of high deployment lower priority programs to cover some of the and operational tempos and will enhance costs of this effort. While significant reduc- the quality of life for Soldiers and their tions amounting to approximately $15 billion families. for the FYDP have been made, the Army still depends to a large degree on congressional The Current Force support in the form of supplemental appro- priations to serve as bridging vehicles for The Army today—our Current Force—is fully supporting these operational requirements committed with an over 300,000 Soldiers de- without jeopardizing the essential elements of ployed in 120 countries during the past year. the ongoing Army effort to fulfill DOD priorities, This force includes existing heavy and light including transformation. divisions and separate brigades, newly fielded SBCTs, and Special Operations Forces. In As part of its efforts to meet the current needs 2004, the Army initiated a significant restruc- of combatant commanders, the Army is ac- turing effort to convert existing units into more celerating transformation into a more capable modular formations, with the ultimate result

44 2005 Army Modernization Plan being the creation of 10 additional BCTs that Setting the Force will increase the flexibility and responsiveness of the Current Force while also posturing itself As previously mentioned, the Army is involved for future transformation efforts. This force in implementing a critical reset process to is the guarantor of today’s readiness and the restore and improve the readiness of units Army’s contribution to the ongoing operations returning from and preparing for operational in the global war on terrorism. Because of deployments. This comprehensive process the urgent requirements of these operations, combines a variety of efforts that will repair the Army has placed a high priority on efforts and reconstitute units, simultaneously restruc- to ensure the readiness of units returning ture them into modular formations, and recapi- from or preparing for contingency missions. talize and modernize them wherever possible Also, as a result of the immediate demands in order to improve overall capabilities. Reset of these missions, the Army has re-examined will continue to be key to future readiness as its investment strategy and has accelerated the Army executes its responsibilities as part the application of new emerging capabilities of the Joint Force. into the Current Force as soon as feasible. The combination of initiatives to restore Related to reset and as part of simultaneous readiness, convert units into more modular efforts to improve the acquisition and fielding formations, and insert new capabilities are process and ensure that Soldiers have the lat- designed to make Army forces more ready est available equipment, the Army has imple- and relevant for today’s missions and sup- mented the Rapid Fielding Initiative (RFI) to portive of changes that will further increase outfit Soldiers with improved combat gear as capabilities for tomorrow. they deploy for missions. This process outfit- ted over 100,000 Soldiers by the end of 2004 The new SBCTs represent a recent and sig- with improved combat gear, and by the end of nificant improvement to the Current Force. FY07 almost all Soldiers in AC and RC BCTs They have already demonstrated their tre- will have received enhanced capabilities from mendous versatility and survivability in de- a basic RFI kit containing about 50 essential manding operational missions in Iraq. The items. This initiative dramatically improves second of these new brigades was fielded the lethality, survivability and endurance for and deployed in Iraq in 2004, and the third the Soldier—the Army’s centerpiece. unit will be operationally ready in 2005. Cur- rently approved plans call for a total of six of In addition to RFI, the Army has also instituted these responsive and uniquely capable units an REF process to provide commercial off- to be fielded by 2008, with one deployed to the-shelf or near-term developmental items to Europe by 2007 to represent a new and more forces preparing for or engaged in operational strategically agile force in that theater as part missions. This process provides materiel not of a global reposturing initiative. Additionally, available through the traditional supply sys- in response to recent congressional support tem, but items that are critical to an immediate and authorization, the Army is developing and requirement. This has included items such will submit plans for the fielding and stationing as armored kits for vehicles and systems for of a seventh SBCT. searching dangerous areas.

A final equipping initiative that has been inte- grated where possible into the reset process

2005 Army Modernization Plan 45 is the Army’s ongoing recapitalization effort. with systems already well along in the acqui- Recapitalization, which is the rebuild and se- sition process. lected upgrade of currently fielded systems to ensure their operational readiness, aims at The Future Force improving unit effectiveness and warfighting capability, extending service life, and reduc- The Army is developing a Future Force that ing operating and support costs. Because will achieve the capabilities necessary to be a the need to recapitalize systems is significant strategically responsive, precision maneuver and exceeds available resources, the Army force that is dominant across the range of has focused on selected units and prioritized military operations. This force is not a finite systems. end state as much as a path of continuous change for the future. The Future Force will Inserting New Technologies and be equipped with significantly enhanced sys- Capabilities tems centered on the FCS family of systems and its complementary, key enabling systems The Army is making a concerted effort to iden- such as the Armed Reconnaissance Helicop- tify those emerging technologies that have ter (ARH), WIN-T, JTRS and DCGS-A. The the greatest promise for early incorporation Future Force will be designed to operate as into the Current Force. The goal is to exploit part of a joint team, and its joint operational opportunities that will enable us to put future architecture will provide an enhanced C4ISR technology into the hands of Soldiers today. for dominant situational awareness and preci- This will increase readiness and effectiveness sion strike. Through the spiral development of our Army at war today as well as create a process, emerging capabilities from Future Current Force that will serve as a technologi- Force programs will be inserted into selected cal bridge to the Future Force. components of the Current Force, thus provid- The ongoing modular conversion of Army ing force modernization with minimum impact units is a critical means of making units more on operational readiness. efficient and far more capable of exploiting the range of joint capabilities. These units Science and Technology Efforts and will be more responsive, standardized and Priorities flexible in the Current Force, but they also will be essential vehicles for incorporating the In keeping with the Army’s overall transfor- new technologies and capabilities that can mation strategy, the Army’s S&T investment be applied earlier from the developmental strategy is simultaneously pursuing technolo- work underway as part of transformation to a gies that have the high potential to enhance Future Force. the Current Force and enable the Future Force. The strategy of looking to the future New capabilities will be inserted into the while simultaneously providing advanced modular BCTs through four planned spirals of technologies to the Current Force requires technology that will occur between FY08 and dynamic, agile technology portfolio planning FY14. In addition to the accelerated fielding and management. To that end, S&T invest- of selected capabilities through this spiral ments are being focused to accelerate and process, there will be continued development mature technologies that will enable Future and fielding of new capabilities associated Force (i.e., FCS) capabilities and to create op-

46 2005 Army Modernization Plan portunities for transitioning these technologies other systems in the Unit of Employment and to the Current Force as soon as possible. UA. Some of these additional technologies are listed below: The FCS-enabling technologies for Incre- ment I and technologies for spiral insertions • Mobile, secure, self-organizing networks to the FCS program represent the Army’s for seamless joint operations largest single S&T investment during the FY06 FYDP—approximately 30 percent of the • Technologies to provide individual Soldiers S&T program. This approach is strategically with platform-like lethality and survivability aligned with the Army’s future operational • Ultra-lightweight materials and nanotech- capability needs and maintains an awareness nology to design materiel properties for of the lessons learned from current opera- optimum Soldier applications tions. Fundamentally, the Army S&T program is seeking to provide solutions that enable • Lightweight multimission equipment pack- faster, lighter and smarter systems. ages for unmanned systems

While FCS has begun the Systems Devel- • Immersive simulations and virtual environ- opment And Demonstration (SDD) phase of ment technologies for a Soldier, leader acquisition to begin initial fielding in 2014 with and unit mission rehearsal and training the first UA, the S&T community continues to develop technologies for spiral insertions • Area protection from rockets, artillery and to realize Increment 1 capabilities. Key FCS mortars capabilities being addressed by current tech- • Countermine technology for high op- nology investments include: erational tempo (OPTEMPO) combat and survivability in stability operations • Networked battle command systems to enable shared situational awareness and • Advanced weapons including high-power improved decision making microwave, high-power lasers and electro- magnetic guns • Low-cost, multispectral sensors to find and identify the enemy • Embedded prognostics and diagnostics to reduce logistical demands for materiel • Enhanced survivability through improved systems sensors to locate and identify threats, signature management, and active and • Lightweight, long-endurance electric passive protection systems power generation and storage • Semiautonomous and autonomous un- • Biotechnology to obtain unprecedented manned air and ground systems performance and materials • Networked lethality through standoff preci- • Medical technology for self diagnosing and sion missiles and gun-launched munitions treating “uniform” ensembles The Army’s diverse S&T portfolio invests in a • Physiological status reporting and medical range of technologies to provide solutions to response technologies enduring needs across a spectrum of desired capabilities that will enable FCS, Soldiers and The S&T investments are funded in three budget activities (BA) that are characterized

2005 Army Modernization Plan 47 by the three different time frames of output • Completely autonomous ground and air products based upon maturity of the technol- vehicles ogy. These BAs are basic research (BA6.1), • Training and simulation environments with applied research (BA6.2) and advanced “holodeck” potential technology development (BA6.3). Although not a mandatory progression, most technol- • Compact power sources that are 20 times ogy products begin as basic research, then smaller and lighter than current sources are matured to initial application as applied research, and demonstrated during advanced • Smart structures and materials-by-design— technology demonstration to show readiness products of research in nanoscience and for the SDD phase of acquisition. biotechnology

The near-term focus over the next two to five Balancing Risk—PB06 Investment years is on the development (maturation) and Strategy demonstration of technologies in a relevant environment for spiral insertions into the FCS Prior to the events of 11 September 2001, SDD program. FCS and non-FCS specific the Army assumed greater risk in the Current technologies are being pursued for the Cur- Force as it built toward the Future Force. Due rent Force and the Future Force to enable to the operational experiences of Operations networked operations, increased survivability, Enduring and Iraqi Freedom, the Army is shift- more energetic lethality, and reduced logistics ing resources to reduce operational risk and demands through technologies such as hy- improve the capabilities of the Current Force. brid propulsion and compact portable power The imperative now lies in finding balance sources. between sustained warfighting requirements and transforming to meet future challenges. In the midterm, from five to ten years, the S&T Figure 17 depicts the changes. investments are seeking to mature technolo- gies for later demonstration that can enable Our Army remains committed to developing a full-spectrum FCS and other Future Force the Future Force capabilities required to wage systems capabilities. These technologies warfare in the next decade. As operations include: in Iraq and Afghanistan illustrate, our tech- nological and training superiority is a critical • Unmanned ground and air systems ingredient to our success on the battlefield • Solid state lasers and must be maintained into the future. The FY06-11 Plan, while recognizing the need • Electromagnetic gun for investment, must first respond to the im- mediate threat presented to our Soldiers. • Multipurpose gun munitions Our Army will focus development efforts on • High-powered microwave (nonlethal) identifying promising technologies and “spi- raling” these enhanced capabilities into the In the far term, beyond ten years, current Army Current Force so that our Soldiers continue research investments will enable potentially to have technological overmatch. As capabili- paradigm-shifting capabilities in joint land ties are spiraled into the Current Force, the combat forces such as: Current Force will inform the Future Force. Just as our Soldiers are adapting to meet the

48 2005 Army Modernization Plan Figure 17. Programming Balance challenges of the contemporary operating To support the requirements associated with environment, the Army is also changing how creating a more capable and modular force, innovative technologies are being developed the Army has made $15 billion adjustments in and introduced. its programs and systems. These funds were diverted to augment readiness of the Current The aggressive and vital reset process under- Force and to enhance its capabilities through way is primarily dependent on supplemental the procurement of equipment. funding for its successful implementation. Reset and the associated modular force initia- In the S&T program, the Army has restruc- tive have been supported by the Office of the tured in order to focus on technologies having Secretary of Defense (OSD) and Congress high potential for enabling key capabilities as largely supplemental funding, although with soon as possible, including those which can some budgetary funding. For FY06, it is an- be applied in current conflicts. As a result ticipated that supplemental and programmed of this restructure, the Army was unable to funding will cover the costs of both modular maintain S&T at previous PB05 levels. A to- conversions and operation-related reset ex- tal of $10.9 billion, however, is still allocated penses. within PB06 for the FYDP for S&T to develop the FCS, address high-priority Future Force For the continuation and completion of the capability gaps and enable spiral technology fielding of six Stryker brigades, the Army will to the Current Force. New initiatives focus devote $3.1 billion during the FYDP. Addition- on force protection, network-centric systems, al plans are also being developed, based on and basic research in network science and increased congressional support in 2004, for non-lethal technologies. Investment is in- the potential fielding of a seventh SBCT. To creased for the A-160 UAV development, IED support the ongoing recapitalization program, countermeasures and the electromagnetic which will be coordinated as much as possible gun technology demonstration. with the reset process, the Army has allocated $15 billion during the planning period. The restructuring of the FCS program will al- low $9 billion to be devoted to the procurement

2005 Army Modernization Plan 49 of new equipment that can be employed by development of future capabilities and systems, Current Force units as well as by the evolving while at the same time adjusting programs to FCS-equipped units. Thus, the Army is main- permit a more rapid improvement of current taining an appropriate priority on the continued capabilities and support to Soldiers today.

50 2005 Army Modernization Plan 2005 ARMY MODERNIZATION PLAN

Summary and Conclusion

Our Army today is both at war and engaged in support possible to our Soldiers. Results of a process of change to transform itself into a transformation efforts have already been seen force with increased readiness and relevance in the form of new formations and new equip- for the joint requirements of the present and ment employed in Iraq, and further progress future. Transformation is engrained in the will be increasingly apparent in the coming Army’s plans and operations and has also years. been adapted to take into account the urgent demands on today’s forces. As a result of The 2005 Army Modernization Plan describes initiatives begun last year after a thorough the overall balanced modernization strategy self-examination using functional focus ar- as well as the key enablers that will facilitate eas, the Army has embarked on a number the building of combat-capable units. While of significant initiatives to readjust plans and the materiel aspects of modernizing and trans- programs to meet increased demands. New forming the Army are a central theme of the capabilities such as the Stryker brigades 2005 Army Modernization Plan, it is essential have already been fielded and used to sup- that modernization be fully coordinated, bal- port current operations. Aggressive actions anced and synchronized across the critical are likewise underway in the reset program requirements of doctrine, organizations, train- to restore readiness and improve capabilities ing, leadership and education, personnel, and of units returning from and preparing for de- facilities. Respective annexes are devoted ployments. Major restructuring efforts have to a specific discussion of these essential also commenced to convert all Army units into areas. Above all else, people remain central modular formations that are better equipped to the success of the Army’s transformation, and more ready to support the Joint Force in and Soldiers, imbued with a genuine Warrior future operational missions. The ultimate ob- Ethos, are the true credentials of the Army— jective is to field campaign-quality Army forces today and tomorrow—just as they have been that are better equipped, trained, manned throughout our nation’s history. and structured to provide the joint and expe- ditionary land forces required to support the With the strong and indispensable support nation’s defense strategy. of Congress and OSD, the Army has made considerable progress in the evolving trans- The 2005 Army Modernization Plan reviews formation process. Previously, the Army the Army’s strategy of building and fielding made difficult choices and adjustments such combat-capable units that will preserve and as canceling the Comanche helicopter to enhance the capabilities of the Current Force fulfill more immediate operational require- and develop more improved capabilities for ments. With more than 300,000 Soldiers the evolving Future Force. Accelerated deployed and engaged overseas, it has been efforts are underway to incorporate emerg- imperative to re-examine the balance of risks ing technologies into existing systems and between Current and Future Forces. In this units as soon as practical to provide the best year’s budget, PB06, the Army has made

2005 Army Modernization Plan 51 further decisions to divest and restructure • Focusing S&T investment of approxi- existing programs in the amount of $15 billion mately $10.9 billion over the FYDP in the in order to apply those funds to enhance the development of capabilities primarily ap- readiness and capabilities of current Army plicable to the Future Force, though with forces. Congressional supplemental funding potential application to Current Force units in FY04 and FY05 has also been critical in and systems. bridging the gap between support for current and future readiness and continued support The Army’s priority is focused on sustaining will be imperative. our global commitments by preserving and improving the operational readiness of the The 2005 Army Modernization Plan is sub- Current Force and effectively supporting our mitted in conjunction with the release to Soldiers deployed and engaged in the global Congress of PB06, which supports an Army war on terrorism. In conjunction with this fo- at war and operationally engaged while also cus, the Army has begun to institutionalize a continuing to support significant transforma- fundamental restructuring into more modular tion into a more capable and modular force. formations that will be increasingly responsive Specifically, the Army’s portion of PB06 sub- and more capable of executing all missions mission provides funding for: assigned the Joint Force today and in the future. This latter effort is a fundamental part • Maintaining essential emphasis on im- of the Army’s continuing transformation into a proving the readiness of the Current Force more ready and relevant force. This transfor- by devoting over $15 billion in the program mation is also built upon the significant devel- to the recapitalization of systems in this opment and application of new technologies, force and by supporting efforts to restore including the increased efforts to spiral these full readiness for future missions for units emerging technologies into existing systems involved in recent operations. as soon as feasible. These overall modern- ization efforts include a dynamic assessment • Programming over $13 billion toward the of associated risks in order to maintain the modular conversions of 77 BCTs. This correct balance between current and future funding, in conjunction with the Army’s readiness and requirements. supplemental strategy and the recent DOD commitment to add $5 billion per Much progress has already been made, year from FY07-11 to support conversion thanks to the considerable support from Con- requirements, will permit completion of the gress and the DOD in the form of annual and Army’s modular transformation by FY10. supplemental appropriations. Continued and • Providing $3.1 billion to complete funding increased funding will be required, however, of six SBCTs by 2008 and submitting field- and the Army is fully committed and deter- ing and stationing plans for the potential mined to succeed in both the ongoing global fielding of a seventh SBCT. war on terrorism and in the evolution of an improved force capable of meeting the land • Accelerating the development and spiral- power needs of the Joint Force. Our nation ing forward of transformational technolo- and our Soldiers demand and deserve noth- gies into Current Force units by restruc- ing less than our full efforts, and we can and turing the FCS program and freeing up must succeed. approximately $9 billion for this purpose.

52 2005 Army Modernization Plan Annex A: Doctrine

Doctrine and the Army of linking tactical operations to strategic aims and how Army forces conduct operations in Doctrine Annex A Doctrine is fundamental principles by which unified action. military forces or elements guide their ac- tions in support of national objectives. It is Concepts to Doctrine authoritative but requires judgment in appli- cation. It provides the concise expression of The Army capstone concept is the warfighting how Army forces contribute to unified action concept that provides a holistic, macro-level in campaigns, major operations, battles and description of the future Army and how it will engagements. While Army doctrine comple- conduct operations. It is the foundation for a ments joint doctrine, it also describes the comprehensive Future Force body of work, Army’s approach and contributions to full- which includes detailed Army operating, spectrum operations on land. Where conflicts functional and enabling subordinate concepts between Army and joint doctrine arise, joint that describe the full range of interdependent doctrine takes precedence. operations, functions and related future Army capabilities from a variety of perspectives Doctrine touches all aspects of the Army. It and levels. The capstone concept describes facilitates communication among Soldiers future Army capabilities and the contributions no matter where they serve, contributes to a these capabilities bring to the Joint Force. It shared professional culture, and serves as describes capabilities for global power projec- the basis for curricula in the Army education tion and employment of U.S. forces across system. Army doctrine provides a common the full spectrum of military operations con- language and a common understanding of how Army forces conduct operations. Army ducted at strategic, operational and tactical doctrine consists of principles, terms, and levels in joint, multi-Service and multinational tactics, techniques and procedures (TTP). operations, as well as actions involving, or It is rooted in time-tested principles but is in support of, other agencies. The develop- forward-looking and adaptable to changing ment of the concept begins with the study and technologies, threats and missions. Army analyses of a wide range of data, to include doctrine is detailed enough to guide opera- policy and strategy, Army missions, historical tions, yet flexible enough to allow command- perspectives, operational environments, tech- ers to exercise initiative when dealing with nological forecasts, assumptions and current specific tactical and operational situations. To Army capabilities. be useful, doctrine must be well-known, accu- rate, acceptable and commonly understood. While Army doctrine may emerge from vali- dated Army concepts, Army concepts them- As the Army’s capstone operations manual, selves are developed in parallel and in col- Field Manual (FM) 3-0, Operations, provides laboration with joint concept developers. The the principles for conducting operations. It 2004 National Military Strategy (NMS) and a describes the Army’s operational-level role series of evolving joint concepts, including

2005 Army Modernization Plan A-1 the Joint Operations Concepts (JOpsC), Joint importance that the common operational pic- Operating Concepts (JOCs), Joint Functional ture plays in joint simultaneous engagement Concept (JFC) and Joint Integrating Concepts in depth, shaping the close fight and winning (JIC), are key elements in the logic trail from decisively. Doctrine must fully address how to concepts to capabilities, which may include effectively integrate and balance the applica- doctrine. As a new concept begins to mature, tion of information-enabled precision effects it is analyzed through the Joint Capabilities and maneuver into every mission area along Integration and Development System (JCIDS) the spectrum of conflict. to determine capability gaps and capability redundancies, assess the risks and priorities Doctrine must sustain an Army that will be a of the gaps, and identify an approach in rela- hybrid force, transforming from the Current to Annex A Annex Doctrine tion to doctrine, organization, training, ma- the Future Force, and embrace both. Orga- teriel, leadership and education, personnel, nizations, training systems and materiel are and facilities (DOTMLPF). These documents being replaced by new organizations with dif- provide focus for experimentation programs ferent training systems and equipment. Army and science and technology efforts. Once an doctrine must emphasize the distributed, initial draft of a concept is complete, it is ana- simultaneous, network-enabled and inter- lyzed through a process of experimentation dependent joint noncontiguous operations and testing. The U.S. Army Transformation throughout the battlespace. These nonlinear Concept Development and Experimentation operations are described in the 2004 NMS and Campaign Plan (AT-CDEP) guides these the revised Joint Publication (JP) 3-0, Joint evaluations, and it may be done in several Operations, and were experienced in recent ways, to include studies by the Training and operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. Doctrine Doctrine Command (TRADOC) Analysis Cen- must also address the complete range of po- ter, analyses at the battle labs, or in a series of tential tactical- and operational-level missions wargames. Once approved, an Army concept and operating environments—not only open is published as a 525-series TRADOC pam- rolling terrain but also close terrain and the phlet and becomes the baseline document equally challenging complex and urban terrain for the development of Army Future Force that are becoming the battlefields of choice for capabilities by means of DOTMLPF solution potential adversaries. Most importantly, Army sets. Approved doctrine ensures that the doctrine must be comprehensive and em- leadership, Soldiers and collective training brace the full spectrum of military operations, are all oriented toward fielding an Army with providing a conceptual basis for the rapid tran- a common operational language, common sitions—without loss of momentum—among operational focus and common TTP. the four types of Army operations: offensive, defensive, stability and support. Sustaining a Doctrine-Based Army In the near term, TRADOC will conduct an The Army’s doctrine of the future must enable integrated rewrite of key Army doctrine to core warfighting capabilities while increasing address full-spectrum operations in the joint, its strategic responsiveness and dominance interagency and multinational environments. over an expanded range of mission environ- TRADOC will focus on joint doctrine and war- ments and threats. Our doctrine must encour- fighting concepts (approved and validated) age the relentless pursuit of the initiative in that maximize maneuver, precision joint fires all military operations. It must address the and survivability. Additionally, it will fully

A-2 2005 Army Modernization Plan participate in the continued development of regular basis, it is not intended to change as stability operations, irregular warfare, special rapidly as the Tier 2 manuals. Tier 2 – Doc- operations/conventional warfare integration, trine is the second tier that captures the bulk information operations and homeland defense of proponent, lower-level organizational FMs. doctrine. The U.S. Army Special Operations These FMs are narrower in scope than Tier 1 Command has mirrored TRADOC’s doctrine FMs and address subjects in varying levels of transformation process in many respects. detail, depending on the subject, type of force The U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special and echelon. There are currently over 550 Doctrine Warfare Center and School (USAJFKSWCS) Tier 2 FMs providing TTP for specific func- Annex A and the Army Special Operations Battle Lab tions, units and the employment of Soldiers are preparing operational and organizational and systems. Tier 2 publications also include plans that address special forces, Rangers, numerous reference FMs covering tasks such psychological operations and civil affairs doc- as providing first aid, physical training and trine. The USAJFKSWCS is also modifying marksmanship. existing doctrine to reflect new capabilities and lessons learned from recent operations Warfighting Doctrine Development in supporting Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom and the global war Support of Transformation on terrorism. Army doctrine development has several initia- tives underway to support Army transforma- TRADOC continues to ensure that Army doc- tion and its forces in combat. Army doctrine trine is nested within, rather than simply com- priorities have been established by the patible with, joint and multinational doctrine. TRADOC commander, setting the course for These efforts to shape Army doctrine will con- current and future doctrine efforts. Doctrine tinue throughout the midterm and far term. priorities include Army input to joint doctrine, specifically JP 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Opera- The Army Doctrine Hierarchy tions. We must ensure that the development of JP 3-0 accurately reflects the requirements The Army doctrine hierarchy has been of land-dominate operations. The Army cap- changed to match more closely the joint stone field manuals, FM 1 and FM 3-0, will be doctrine hierarchy. The Army’s warfighting revised in parallel with the ongoing revision doctrine is now organized in a two-tiered hier- of JP 3-0. The goal is to publish both FMs archy that provides a structure for developing by 3rd quarter FY06, which will be within six and implementing Army doctrinal publications. months of JP 3-0’s release. Simultaneously, Tier 1 – Army Doctrine is the highest-level tier the most important keystone field manuals and includes our capstone publications FM 1, will also be revised. These high-priority field The Army, and FM 3-0. Approximately 40 oth- manuals will be published in two waves. FM er Tier 1 FMs are keystone publications that 2-0 (Intelligence), FM 4-0 (Logistics), FM 5-0 offer a broad perspective on Army operations (Planning), and FM 6-0 (Command and Con- and are instrumental in the proper integration trol) are scheduled for the 1st quarter FY07. of all other Army doctrine and training publica- Other high-priority field manuals, including FM tions. Tier 1 doctrine is intended to provide a 3-07 (Stability Operations and Support Opera- solid doctrinal basis for all Army operations tions) and FM 3-13 (Information Operations), and, while this level of doctrine changes on a will be completed 3rd quarter FY07.

2005 Army Modernization Plan A-3 In the near term, approximately 14 FMs are ing tasks are developed. Changes will be being developed to support the modular available in two electronic formats, both ac- Army. For the far term, through the Capa- cessible from Army Knowledge Online (AKO). bilities Integration and Development System Separate files for previous changes will be (CIDS)/JCIDS process and supporting DOT- available for download by users working with MLPF analysis, TRADOC identified a series of paper versions. doctrinal publications to support experimenta- tion, testing and fielding of the Army’s Future The Doctrine Literature Master Plan Combat Systems-Unit of Action. Using these (DLMP) and Modernization draft doctrinal publications, TRADOC will be- gin the collective task analysis to prepare the Annex A Annex Doctrine The DLMP is used to manage the life cycle of first unit equipped individuals, crews, small doctrinal publications. Its primary purpose is units, company and staff training materials to provide a snapshot of the status/readiness necessary for experimentation, testing and of Army doctrinal publications and to forecast evaluation in support of the FY08 Limited User resources for doctrine development require- Test, a test utilizing a limited group of users to ments. It lists all Army, joint, multi-Service and test software and/or processes. multinational doctrinal publications for which TRADOC and other doctrinal agencies are A new Army doctrinal publication category, the proponents and/or primary review authori- field manual interim (FMI), will speed dis- ties/technical review authorities. It includes semination of urgently needed new doctrine current publications, new developments, revi- to the field. FMIs deliver urgently needed sions and proposed consolidations. Because doctrine approved by the proponent and doctrine development is decentralized across authenticated by Headquarters, Department Army agencies, the DLMP establishes plan- of the Army, without placing it through the ning standards and consistency, and serves to standard development process. FMIs usually institutionalize a methodology in determining contain TTPs, but may contain discussions of doctrine resource requirements for the budget principles. Proponents prepare FMIs to meet and planning years. immediate doctrinal needs in cases where issuing a change to an existing FM is inap- Historically, doctrine was viewed as having propriate. FMIs expire after two years, unless about a five-year life span with “out-of-cycle” superseded by an FM, or rescinded. revisions triggered by events such as sig- nificant changes in the operational environ- Two keystone reference publications, FM ment. The five-year life span is still used for 1-02, Operational Terms and Graphics, and programming and budgeting purposes. How- FM 7-15, The Army Universal Task List, are ever, proponents are now required to update published by electronic means as well as hard doctrine (which includes TTP) as soon as it copy, and will be near real-time updates as the becomes obsolete. Proponents are required subjects they cover change. FM 1-02 stan- to assess their publications every 18 months dardizes Army terminology and symbology, and record the status in the DLMP. When pro- and FM 7-15 standardizes tasks performed ponents determine that a publication requires by all Army organizations. FM 1-02 will be updating, they take the necessary actions to updated whenever a field manual establishes plan/forecast requirements in the DLMP. one or more new terms or changes existing terms. FM 7-15 will be updated as new train-

A-4 2005 Army Modernization Plan Object-Based Publishing (OBP) of Over 600 doctrinal publications will be con- verted to this new format in FY06-07, based Doctrine on the availability of funding. During this time frame, doctrine development and lessons Technology and military publishing standards learned processes will be evaluated and re- have evolved to allow for a more logical and engineered to capitalize on this new process efficient way to capture, manipulate and of storing information. The combination of the exchange doctrine information. Extensible new content storage method and improved Doctrine Markup Language (XML) can be used Annex A business processes will result in timely and to create doctrine objects/topics that are relevant doctrine in the field. self-identifying, self-describing and self- assembling. A doctrinal object is a concise and self-contained document structure that Future of the Army Doctrine and can be used stand-alone or combined with Doctrinal Process other doctrine objects to organize and build information into customized, topically focused Doctrine has served the warfighter well over products such as field manuals, courseware or the years, but must evolve to support a more user-centric battle books. This method transforming Army. As the Army transforms is called Object-Based Publishing (OBP). toward the Future Force, the methods of producing and disseminating doctrine will In FY03, TRADOC’s Deputy Chief of Staff for change to meet the new requirements of Doctrine, Concepts and Strategy conducted this fighting force. The basic premise of the a proof of principle of OBP of doctrine. The doctrine development program for the future proof of principle, called the Doctrine Tax- is not in the development of new architectures onomy Initiative (DTI), showed the ability of or expenditures, but in the transformation doctrine to be stored as stand-alone topics of doctrinal information through improved rather than books or manuals. The success of collaboration using structured professional this test was the catalyst for Army-wide adop- forums, otherwise knows as “communities of tion of OBP. The advantages of publishing practices.” A structured professional forum is stand-alone topics versus manuals include: a group of people sharing lessons, concerns, passions and solutions about topics, and • Better reusability of information—no who deepen their knowledge and expertise redundant storage of information through frequent interaction. Professional associations, software developers and skilled • Allows for centralized update and real-time craft guilds are examples. Establishing dissemination of information structured professional forums is an effective way to handle complex problems and to share • Individual topics are quicker to write and knowledge outside of the traditional structural publish than manuals boundaries. • Allows for staffing efficiencies The Army doctrine development process can • Allows for doctrine life-cycle efficiencies harness the use of online structured profes- sional forums through a network-centric knowl- • Individual topics are better suited to edge system to streamline the incorporation of lower bandwidth environments than large lessons learned and development and fielding manuals of new doctrine as individual topics. In a time

2005 Army Modernization Plan A-5 when doctrine needs to be responsive to Sol- and training materials. Used in concert with dier inquiries, structured professional forums structured professional forums, it will provide will play an important role in quickly determin- the ability to capture input from any Soldier, ing and distributing the requisite knowledge anywhere and at anytime, and support the to satisfy doctrinal requirements. This new creation of an enterprise-wide knowledge process must balance our need to maintain system that can facilitate the rapid reception, enduring, common, contextual doctrine that validation and sharing of key operational les- supports the development of flexible, adap- sons throughout the Army. tive leaders, yet allow for rapid integration of lessons learned and updating of specific TTP Conclusion necessary to support full-spectrum units in the Annex A Annex Doctrine train-alert-deploy construct. The Army’s doctrine must enable core war- fighting capabilities while increasing strategic Using the results of Army experimentation responsiveness and dominance over an ex- that validate new concepts, new technolo- panded range of mission environments and gies that enhance doctrine development, and threats. It must clearly articulate the capabili- disciplines that integrate it with joint doctrine, ties of the land component in joint operations. Army doctrine used by the Future Force will Doctrine that meets these requirements is bear little resemblance to the doctrine we being developed. The capstone and most have today. This new doctrine will have to do important keystone field manuals are being more than teach Soldiers how to fight, it must revised and will be republished beginning in be doctrine that teaches the Soldier “how to 2006. Doctrine to meet the near-term require- think about how to fight.” Relevant, current ments of forces in combat is being developed doctrine contributes to the establishment and and disseminated faster than ever before. maintenance of the Army Soldier as a profes- Efforts to shape Army doctrine will continue sion in that it embodies the codification of an throughout the midterm and far term. Through expert compendium of knowledge. the midterm, TRADOC will incorporate new tools and procedures that will make doctrine This new doctrine and doctrinal process will development more agile and responsive, leverage history and experiences with the while continuing to reflect the best available latest web-based technologies to create, pro- thoughts on the art and science of military cess and distribute doctrine at all levels. The operations. In the far term, incorporation of new doctrine storage, process and retrieval tools and procedures refined in the midterm methods will be key factors in Soldier devel- will continue as new technology becomes opment and how the Soldiers access and available. These tools and procedures will use knowledge as part of the Future Force. speed the development and dissemination Object-based doctrine will greatly enhance of future doctrine and help Soldiers rapidly our ability to conduct rapid, nearly simulta- access both the principles and the TTP they neous, universal updates of related doctrine need to accomplish their missions.

A-6 2005 Army Modernization Plan Annex B: Organizations

Overview violence perpetrated against innocents.” This war is being conducted across the globe The Army, as a key partner in the joint team, and throughout the full range of military opera- remains fully engaged throughout the globe in tions against rogue states and terrorists who fulfilling its responsibilities to national security. cannot be deterred, but nevertheless must Additionally, the most salient aspect of the be prevented from striking against the United current security environment is that we are a States, our allies and our interests. Through

nation and an Army at war—a war unlike any a trained and ready force, the Army provides Organizations

we have experienced in our history. As the the nation joint and expeditionary forces Annex B National Security Strategy (NSS) makes clear, able to transition to sustained land campaign “the enemy is not a single political regime or forces, maintaining a nonnegotiable contract person or religion or ideology. The enemy is with the American people to fight and win the terrorism—premeditated, politically motivated nation’s wars. To do this, the Army meets

Figure B-1. FY06 Army Military Force Structure

2005 Army Modernization Plan B-1 the requirements articulated in the NSS, the brigade-based Army. As the AC completes Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan (JSCP), and this transformation, its end strength will grow the Contingency Planning Guidance (CPG). temporarily by 30,000. As the RC completes The Army is also transforming, as part of the its transformation, its force structure will Joint Force, to become more strategically adjust to reflect the growth of RC trainees, responsive and dominant at every point on transients, holdees and students (TTHS) the spectrum of operations. (8,000 for the Army National Guard (ARNG); 20,500 for the U.S. Army Reserve (USAR)). The Army in FY06 is comprised of the Active The Army requires funding through FY11 for Component (AC) and Reserve Component AC end strength of 482,400 Soldiers; RC end (RC) Soldiers and Army civilians. It is or- strength of 555,000 Soldiers (350,000 ARNG ganized into a modular brigade-based force and 205,000 USAR); and a civilian workforce consisting of Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs). of approximately 222,000 personnel. Additionally, the Army will be converting com- bat structure to modular BCTs and appropriate Army—Current to Future combat support (CS) and combat service sup- port (CSS) to support brigades. The AC will The Army’s main effort is the development of more modular, strategically responsive

Annex B be postured to increase the number of BCTs

Organizations up to five (from 43 to 48) if approved. Key organizations cultivating and institutionalizing generating force organizations (TDA) (Figure a joint and expeditionary mindset throughout B-1) will continue to evolve, supporting the the force. Through this effort, the Army will From Division- to Brigade-Based

Figure B-2. Brigade-Based Force

B-2 2005 Army Modernization Plan greatly increase the combatant commander’s Force Headquarters (SJFHQ) element, will ability to rapidly defeat any adversary or have an organic capability, depending on the control any situation across the full range of contingency, to perform functions as a joint military operations. Modular, capabilities- task force (JTF) or joint force land compo- based forces will better support combatant nent commander (JFLCC) headquarters with commander requirements by more effectively augmentation. Simultaneously, the Army is enabling the delivery of the right Army capa- fielding a Stryker force of six BCTs that will bilities at the right place and time. This is meet the near-term requirements in support of central to optimizing the relevance of Army warfighting combatant commanders by bridg- forces to the combatant commander and ing the capability gap between our infantry and expanding the joint team’s ability to rapidly heavy current forces. These Stryker Brigade deploy, employ and sustain forces throughout Combat Teams (SBCTs) are part of the Cur- the global battlespace in any environment and rent Force. Throughout the transformation against any opponent. process, the Army continues to selectively modernize and recapitalize the Current Force Organizations Annex B Modular, capabilities-based Army force de- in order to retain significant overmatch over signs will enable greater capacity for rapid present and potential adversaries. and tailorable force capability packages and improve the strategic responsiveness of the The Army National Guard Division Redesign Joint Force for full-spectrum operations. Study (ADRS) continues to convert selected Modular CS and CSS units with reduced combat forces to much needed CS and CSS logistics footprints and sense-and-respond while the remaining combat forces convert logistics capabilities are essential to respon- to the brigade-centric designs. The USAR siveness, and they enhance the versatility will array its forces in support brigades and of the Joint Force to seamlessly transition to Army expeditionary packages to answer sustained operations as a crisis or conflict de- rotational missions and enduring warfight velops. Informed by operational experience requirements. and Future Force designs, the Army began in FY04 to implement modular conversion in The conversion of these modular BCTs will be- three of its AC divisions. These initial conver- gin to posture the Army toward generating the sions served as prototypes to accelerate the first Future Combat Systems (FCS)-equipped modular redesign and fielding of the Current units. In FY08, the Army will designate an and Future Forces. FCS evaluation unit to guide the develop- ment of these forces. Additionally, the Army Moving toward completely independent will spiral into its Current Force those proven echelon above brigade headquarters also capabilities that can be easily integrated into enhances modular conversion. The Unit the Current Force. of Employment (UE) concept implements a UEx (higher tactical headquarters) and a UEy Another supporting effort is the Army’s rede- (operational-level headquarters); a modular sign of its force generation forces (i.e., institu- command and control structure; and modular, tional forces and infrastructure) to gain advan- capabilities-based BCTs organized to meet tages in force development, force projection, combatant commander requirements. Both force management and force sustainment. types of UE headquarters, while able to ac- This redesign is reshaping the Army, allowing cept joint capabilities such as a Standing Joint operational forces to reach back into strategic

2005 Army Modernization Plan B-3 and national capabilities through enhanced fectively sustaining a full-spectrum Army while communications and data exchange systems. synchronizing Army and joint efforts to: Efficiencies gained in this area allow the Army to minimize theater-required capabilities while • Enhance strategic responsiveness—meet reducing strategic-lift requirements normally deployment time lines placed on the Army’s sister Services. • Optimize sustainment capabilities while The Army reinvests efficiencies gained across minimizing the footprint the current stock of capabilities and organiza- • Reduce the cost of generating and tions into those organizations that are most sustaining forces while maintaining critical to combatant commanders. The over- warfighting capability and readiness haul of our personnel and logistical systems create efficiencies in force structure that are The Army’s ability to support the National Se- then reinvested within operational forces to curity and Defense Strategies remains central sharpen the package of capabilities required to determining force structure requirements to fight and win our global war on terrorism as we plan and execute Army transformation. and posture the Army for future operations. The Army is leveraging information technol-

Annex B ogy and structuring a totally integrated force, The Army rebalances itself by adjusting the Organizations sized and shaped to meet worldwide com- mix of AC and RC forces to quickly meet op- mitments. erational availability and rotational demands placed on the Army. These three aspects (force redesign, reinvestment and rebalanc- AC/RC Rebalancing ing), taken in the aggregate, enable the Army The Army is making a concerted effort to re- to dynamically recast its forces to meet the balance the mix of AC/RC forces with the goal needs of the National Security and Defense of mitigating stress on high-demand RC units Strategies, combatant commanders and Army for overseas rotations. This rebalancing effort commanders in an austere fiscal environ- results in the restructuring of over 100,000 ment with acceptable risk. Army capabilities spaces of force structure in FY04-11. supporting the combatant commands are enduring. The Army assesses these de- The 9 July 2003 Secretary of Defense mands to our Current and Future Forces and (SECDEF) memorandum on rebalancing determines how best to resource them. In forces directed the Services to eliminate the the end, the Army ensures that we do what need for involuntary mobilizations during the is right for our people, maintains readiness, first 15 days of a rapid response operation. and transforms to a future, more strategically Additionally, the Services were directed to re- relevant, Army every day. duce the current stress on RC units by struc- turing forces to limit involuntary mobilizations Logistics transformation is a key piece of Army to not more than one year every six years. In transformation that directly supports the Army response, the Army prepared two program becoming a more strategically relevant force. change packages (PCP) for submission to The goals of logistics transformation are to the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). ensure Army forces are capable of rapidly The first PCP (PCP 06) dealt exclusively with deploying in support of current and future the issue of responsiveness during the first operational force deployment objectives, ef- 15 days of a rapid response operation. The

B-4 2005 Army Modernization Plan ensuing review resulted in the rebalancing of Strategic Planning, Modular Support 5,600 spaces of force structure from the RC Forces Analysis (MSFA) and Total Army to the AC. PCP 07 was submitted to address Analysis (TAA) the SECDEF’s directive to limit involuntary mobilizations. Analysis focused on identify- The 2004 National Defense Strategy es- ing RC organizational shortfalls in support of tablishes four strategic objectives: secure normal overseas rotational requirements. The the United States from direct attack, secure resultant recommendation identified 4,000 strategic access and maintain global free- spaces of RC force structure for rebalancing dom of action, establish security conditions to create the high-demand unit depth required conducive to a favorable international order, to limit involuntary mobilizations. and strengthen alliances and partnerships to contend with common challenges. The In an effort to improve the responsiveness of force-planning construct in TAA is still focused the Army, the Chief of Staff, U.S. Army (CSA), on the “1-4-2-1” strategy of: protect the directed a follow-on effort to improve the over- homeland (“1”), deter forward in four critical Organizations Annex B all readiness of both AC and RC deployable regions (“4”), swiftly defeat adversaries in organizations. Efforts focused on improving two near-simultaneous conflicts (“2”), while overall personnel and organizational readi- preserving for the president the option of ness through the elimination of authorized decisively defeating one of those adversar- level of organization (ALO) as a resourcing ies (“1”). The Army shaped the conditions of strategy, establishment of TTHS-like accounts the TAA process by implementing an MSFA for both the ARNG and USAR, and implemen- that yielded the support brigades required tation of force stabilization policies. Efforts to support the brigade-centric Army. MSFA also focused on improving relevance through results informed the TAA process, which in the optimization of select RC force structure to turn addressed the requirement to maintain perform homeland defense, and stability and sufficient force generation capability and the support missions, and building the required need for rotational forces to support small- depth to support long-term, steady-state rota- scale contingency operations. tional requirements. The rebalancing efforts associated with these initiatives resulted in While maintaining the capabilities necessary the restructuring of over 85,000 spaces of to meet operational demands, TAA06-11 pro- force structure. vided the basis for meeting the transformation objectives of modular conversion and the AC/ The end state of these collective rebalancing RC force balance objectives directed by the efforts is a ready and relevant Army, capable SECDEF and CSA in FY05. To meet these of responding to combatant commander re- objectives, a temporary strength increase of quirements while simultaneously defending 30,000 within the AC is projected through the the homeland and possessing the requisite end of FY09. Although strength within the RC depth to conduct multiple stability and sup- remains at 555,000, the mix of force structure port operations. allowance within both the ARNG and USAR will change as TTHS accounts are established in both components by the end of FY08.

To ensure timely force structure programming to meet operational demands and transforma-

2005 Army Modernization Plan B-5 tion objectives, TAA is undergoing a change in the Future Force. Each type of brigade in process and time line. During the fall of will be of standard configuration and organi- FY05, the Army conducted a “mini-TAA” to zation. Further, these brigades will gain im- identify force structure needed to support the proved force packaging, sustainability, battle brigade-centric organizations resulting from command and situational awareness while modular conversion—an MSFA. Beginning retaining the same lethality as the larger, task- in January 2005, the Army initiated TAA08-13 organized BCTs. These units will serve as the to address all aspects of modular conversion, foundation for a land force that is balanced AC/RC balance, and rotational force require- and postured for rapid deployment and sus- ments in preparation for the 2005 Quadrennial tained operations worldwide. Army general- Defense Review (QDR 05) and the FY08-13 purpose, modular formations will be capable plan. By adjusting to an annual force analysis of rapidly foreclosing an adversary’s options, cycle, TAA will ensure the proper mix of force achieving decisive results in major combat capabilities to ensure maximum support to the operations, and setting many of the security combatant commanders. conditions for enduring conflict resolution.

Operating Force Structure The three BCT designs are infantry, heavy

Annex B (armored/mechanized) and Stryker. These

Organizations The Army’s operating force must be sufficient BCTs are similar in overall configuration. In- in both size and capability to meet all require- fantry and heavy will be organized with two ments contained in the new defense strategy maneuver battalions, while the Stryker will to provide the nation with a full range of land have three. Infantry and heavy will have an force capabilities in support of current and armed reconnaissance or reconnaissance, future joint warfighting. surveillance and target acquisition (RSTA), squadron; a fires battalion; a support battal- The operating force is the warfighting portion ion; and a brigade troops battalion. Stryker of the Army—the force that fights and wins the will not have a brigade troops battalion but will nation’s wars by providing the combat capabil- contain an engineer company. These designs ity necessary to sustain land dominance. The are shown in Figure B-3. operating force accounts for approximately 79 percent of the Army. • The brigade troops battalion provides the command posts, liaison, military Army operating forces can be notionally di- intelligence and signal support for the vided into major groups: maneuver brigades, brigade. operational headquarters, support brigades, and special operations forces. • The armed reconnaissance squadron or RSTA battalion conducts reconnaissance, Maneuver Brigades surveillance and target acquisition func- tions for the brigade. It consists of con- The decisive effort of Army transformation ventional and chemical reconnaissance is the creation of modular, combined-arms units. maneuver BCTs. As part of this transforma- • The two combined arms battalions are tion, the Army migrates capabilities that were the maneuver forces for the infantry and previously found at divisions and corps to the heavy BCTs and consist of four infantry brigade—the building block of combat forces or armor companies. They also pos-

B-6 2005 Army Modernization Plan Organizations Annex B

Figure B-3. Brigade Combat Teams sess scouts, engineers and sustainment of these echelons as linear improvements to forces. the division and corps, the UEx and UEy are not. Both higher echelons will be modular • The fires battalion consists of two artil- entities designed to employ a tailored mix lery batteries with target acquisition and of forces and will integrate joint functions by countermortar radar systems. design. Both headquarters will also be able • The support battalion provides to work directly for the joint force commander. additional transportation, distribution Figure B-4 shows these headquarters, the and maintenance functions that cannot redistribution of functions, their relationship be covered by the forward support to each other and their correspondence to companies. It also directly supports the former organizations. brigade troops battalion. Unit of Employment X (UEx). The UEx is Modular Headquarters. Between now and the Army’s primary tactical and operational 2010, two standing echelons will replace warfighting headquarters. It is designed as the existing structure of divisions, corps and a modular, command and control headquar- echelons above corps. These echelons are ters for full-spectrum operations. The UEx currently designated UEx, which normally has has no organic subordinate units other than tactical and operational control of brigades, the actual headquarters units. These head- and UEy, which normally provides the Army’s quarters will employ separable, deployable functional capabilities to the joint force com- command posts for rapid response and entry; mander. While the natural tendency is to think provide reach and reachback capabilities to

2005 Army Modernization Plan B-7 Annex B Organizations

Figure B-4. Levels of Command Transformed minimize forward footprints; and be network- • Control a tailored mix of other warfighting enabled organizations capable of enhanced functions organized under multifunctional battle command. The UEx headquarters has brigades including fires, maneuver organic liaison teams. It does not depend on enhancement, battlefield surveillance, any subordinate brigade to provide elements of aviation and sustainment brigades. The the special staff, and it has a security company mix of forces assigned to the support that can provide security platoons to its mobile brigades is determined by mission, elements. The UEx headquarters design is enemy, terrain and weather, time, troops shown in Figure B-5. The UEx is organized, available and civilian (METT-TC) and not manned, trained and equipped to: by standard template. • Control up to six maneuver brigades. It may control more maneuver brigades in protracted stability operations. The UEx may also control more maneuver formations when the maneuver units are cycling through mission staging. The brigades may include any mix of heavy, infantry, Stryker and, eventually, FCS- equipped brigades.

Figure B-5. Unit of Employment X

B-8 2005 Army Modernization Plan • Organize and distribute command and tions (AO), using aviation elements under control assets according to the situation. its operational control. However, the UEx The UEx commander may alternate does not control simultaneous airborne command posts between planning and operations and air assault operations. execution functions and assign them to Most airborne operations will require ei- geographically dispersed operations as ther a brigade-sized airborne task force shown in Figure B-6. The commander may or another UEx. allocate them to divergent, simultaneous operations or functions. • Employ sustainment brigades provided by UEy elements to establish temporary • Function as an Army forces (ARFOR) bases as required. Using these bases, headquarters or the joint force land com- the UEx rotates brigades through mission ponent commander (JFLCC) for small- staging operations (MSOs), supports re- scale contingencies. The UEx may serve plenishment operations in the maneuver as both the ARFOR and JFLCC simulta- brigades’ AOs, and provides area support Organizations neously, although augmentation may be to other brigades supporting the operation. Annex B required for extended operations. The UEx employs maneuver enhancement brigades and maneuver forces to provide • Direct mobile-strike and precision-strike area security for these bases. operations through mission orders to the aviation and fires brigades. • Operate independently along a line of op- erations during offensive operations, or in • Control battalion-sized to brigade-sized air an AO to establish the military conditions assaults within its assigned area of opera- required for the successful conclusion

Figure B-6. UEx Notional Package

2005 Army Modernization Plan B-9 of the major land operation or joint cam- be based upon the requirements of the joint paign. force commander and the conditions in the theater. The UEy would normally include The Unit of Employment Y (UEy). A con- associated intelligence, sustainment, signal cept is under development for an Army the- and civil affairs (CA) capabilities. This would ater-level headquarters to support regional enable Army forces to be more responsive combatant commanders. This concept calls to the needs of combatant commanders, as for the consolidation of functions currently shown in Figure B-7. performed by corps and Army service compo- nent commands into a UEy organization. The Support Brigades. Each support brigade UEy would focus on the Army’s component shares a set of common characteristics. First, responsibilities for the entire theater’s joint, the support brigade will be tailorable based interagency and multinational operational on mission, enemy, terrain and weather, land forces. During major combat operations, troops and support available—time avail- where the regional combatant commander able (METT-TC). Even those with most or is the joint force commander, the UEy would all of their subordinate units organic, such as normally become the JFLCC and exercise aviation brigades, can be tailored for specific operational control over tactical land forces.

Annex B missions. Second, the brigades themselves The specific organization of each UEy would

Organizations will have to be modular so that they can plug

Figure B-7. UEy Theater Functions and Required Capabilities

B-10 2005 Army Modernization Plan into or out of any headquarters easily and BCT, or be given a direct support mission to effectively. Each will have the network con- the aviation brigade for deep attack missions. nectivity and a liaison officer to work not only Similarly, the mission enhancement brigade for UE headquarters, both UEx and UEy, but will be able to reinforce or provide basic ca- also for another Service, another functional pabilities for air defense for a fires brigade, headquarters or a multinational headquarters. provide additional engineer capabilities to any These units will be inherently joint in that they other brigade, or provide nuclear, biological will be able to access and use appropriate and chemical (NBC) decontamination to other joint enablers to accomplish their functions, brigades. and they will be able to, in turn, contribute to the joint capability. For example, battlefield In conjunction with developing modular ma- surveillance brigades (BFSBs) will access neuver brigades, the Army is also developing and use joint intelligence to help it cue its distribution support capabilities aligned by own assets. It will feed the information it specific functions. Conceptually, these sup- develops about the enemy into the joint force port brigades are currently aligned with UEx Organizations Annex B commander’s intelligence picture. Finally, headquarters; they are self-contained orga- the support brigades will have capabilities nizations that are capable of deploying and that can be used by the UEx commander to operating independently. The functions of the task organize other brigades assigned to the support brigades are outlined in Figure B-8. UEx. For example, the fires brigade will have The fires brigade will provide the UEx com- artillery that can reinforce artillery within a mander with precision-strike capabilities that

Figure B-8. Functions of Support Brigades

2005 Army Modernization Plan B-11 can control both Army and joint fires through- As its primary mission, a BFSB will synchro- out the depth of the UEx AO. It has organic nize all of the dedicated collection assets avail- target acquisition capabilities and will be tied able to the UEx. It will link to joint intelligence, closely to reconnaissance and surveillance surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities. assets. It is capable of executing both lethal This brigade will complement the situational and nonlethal effects for the commander and understanding developed by the maneuver will be able to direct armed UAVs. Figure B-9 brigades and lead the fight for information shows the fires brigade organization. Annex B Organizations

Figure B-9. Fires Brigade

Figure B-10. Battlefield Surveillance Brigade

B-12 2005 Army Modernization Plan within its AO. The BFSB structure is shown engineer tasks. The ME brigade organization in Figure B-10. is shown in Figure B-11. The maneuver enhancement (ME) brigade The sustainment brigade will provide logis- will synchronize protection, mobility and tics support for the UEx and its subordinate unique effects capabilities across the entire units throughout the AO. The sustainment AO. It is to be the joint rear coordinator when brigade will link theater-level supply and ser- the joint force commander designates the vice activities with the maneuver brigades’ Army to carry out this function. It will have a organic sustainment organizations, as shown staff capable of planning air defense; NBC de- in Figure B-12. Over the near term, the Army fense; military police actions and construction is developing a comprehensive sustainment concept for the new modular force design. Organizations Annex B

Figure B-11. Maneuver Enhancement Brigade

Figure B-12. Sustainment Brigade

2005 Army Modernization Plan B-13 The aviation brigade (Figure B-13) will be fully force and land component commanders. capable of planning, preparing for, executing ARSOF helps in shaping the security environ- and assessing mobile-strike operations and ment by dissuading and deterring potential deep attacks using attack helicopters. It will adversaries, creating indigenous capabilities retain a fully capable fire support element that strengthen resistance to the influence of that possesses suppression of enemy air de- potential adversaries and, when necessary, fense, maintains the intelligence links to track executing prompt, responsive and decisive targets, and includes the Army aviation battle operations to achieve military and national command element to coordinate airspace objectives. In response to an increasing control measures as necessary—all linked demand for ARSOF support to joint force to the appropriate joint systems. commander campaign plans, the Army has Annex B Organizations

Figure B-13. Aviation Brigade When completed, Army modular organizations validated and resourced growth in its SOF will be menu items—brigade-sized formations structure. ARSOF special forces (SF), CA, that accomplish the major functions required psychological operations (PSYOP), aviation, for the full range of military operations from Rangers and CSS restructuring has been criti- which the joint force commander may choose cal to the Army transformation strategy. to meet his needs. The mission requirements determine the mix of forces without the con- Special Forces Group (Airborne) (SFG (A)) straints of fixed, large, standing organizations Band I redesign increases combat power by such as divisions or corps. providing augmentation in battle staff support to special forces operations base (groups) Army Special Operations Forces and forward operations base (battalions) that (ARSOF) raise their self-sufficiency and sustainment ARSOF is an indispensable part of the Army capabilities. It maximizes the SFG (A) ability that provides unique capabilities to the joint to train, plan, conduct and sustain full-spec-

B-14 2005 Army Modernization Plan trum unconventional warfare operations and cepts. In summary, these CA/PSYOP force theater crisis response missions. It integrates design updates (FDU) are essential elements situational awareness technology and tactics, of transformation that, once approved and techniques and procedures to the SF opera- resourced, will provide significant capabilities tional detachment-Bravo (company) level. to the Joint Force.

Civil affairs (CA) redesign provides a more Army special operations aviation (ARSOA) re- robust force structure in support of ARSOF design creates a robust force structure capa- requirements by creating an AC CA brigade ble of providing sustained special operations with four regionally oriented AC CA battalions rotary-wing aviation support (a high-demand/ and adding a fourth RC CA company to each low-density asset) to both Army and other joint USAR CA battalion. Common to AC and RC SOF elements. The forward expeditionary redesigns are new capabilities such as en- force structure is conceptually modular and hanced civil affairs teams (CAT), an organic includes aviation expeditionary forces that and deployable civil-military operations center are more flexible, sustainable and mission Organizations (CMOC), organic civil affairs planning teams tailored. Once approved and resourced, all Annex B (CAPT), and an organic civil information ARSOA battalions will field like-model aircraft management section capable of integrating (MH-47G, MH-60M and A/MH-6M) and be and fusing the civil common operational pic- able to deploy modular special operations ture (COP) into the joint force commander’s aviation expeditionary detachments (SOAED) COP. with enhanced command, control and sustain- ment capabilities. Psychological operations (PSYOP) redesign creates additional AC and RC tactical PSYOP ARSOF provides the Joint Force with niche companies and two additional RC tactical bat- capabilities across the full spectrum of opera- talions. Common between AC and RC rede- tions. ARSOF transformation and growth is signs are new capabilities such as enhanced critical to sustain the current and projected tactical PSYOP companies equipped with operational tempo (OPTEMPO) requirements organic print capability and enhanced regional of the global war on terrorism and other future PSYOP battalions capable of forming the operations. ARSOF redesign and develop- core of psychological operations task forces ment of effective battle command systems (POTF). AC and RC dissemination forces that assure interoperability between SOF and are rebalanced; their improved reachback conventional forces are paramount. technologies ensures the rapid development and production of PSYOP products; and the Other Operational Capabilities fielding of the latest product dissemination technology (radio, TV, print) provides ad- As part of the modular conversion of its forces, vanced distribution capabilities. the Army is examining specific functional capabilities that it provides to the combatant AC CA and PSYOP redesign provides a commanders. Organization of these capa- bridge capability to the Army’s modular force bilities will continue to evolve as the Army until the USAR CA and PSYOP units can matures its UEy-level support concepts for mobilize and deploy. RC CA and PSYOP re- the combatant commanders. design meets Army modular force initiatives, supporting the UEx/brigade, operational con-

2005 Army Modernization Plan B-15 Air and Missile Defense (AMD) The future engineer force is a modular orga- nization that is adaptable and capable of aug- The Army will no longer provide an organic menting maneuver BCTs, support brigades air defense artillery (ADA) battalion to its divi- and the UEx. There are two categories of sions. Nine of the ten AC divisional ADA bat- future engineer force organizations: embed- talions and two of the eight ARNG divisional ded engineer force and engineer force pool. ADA battalions will inactivate. The remaining AC divisional ADA battalion along with six The embedded engineer force is organic to ARNG divisional ADA battalions will be pooled the Army’s basic building blocks—the ma- at the UEy to provide on-call AMD protection. neuver BCTs. It provides a foundation of The pool of Army AMD resources will address mobility capability that small unit formations operational requirements in a tailorable and inside combined arms battalions require full timely manner without stripping assigned time. The engineer force pool includes all AMD capability from other missions. engineer units not organic to a maneuver BCT or embedding in a BCT/UE staff. The This pooling concept supports the Army’s engineer force pool consists of baseline forc- effort to move to modular designs that allow es, mission unit forces, and engineer battle force tailoring of units better sized to meet

Annex B command. The baseline engineer force con-

Organizations combatant commanders’ needs and home- tains the engineer modules and the scalable land security/defense requirements. command and control frequently required by both maneuver BCTs and support brigades The AMD transition plan converts the AMD at UEx. The baseline forces serve as the force to modular designs with the capability primary building block for providing UEx with to meet the emerging threat of tactical bal- tactical and operational engineer capabilities. listic missiles, cruise missiles and unmanned The mission unit force is comprised of highly aerial vehicles. specialized engineer capabilities required by baseline forces to execute some missions in Future Engineer Force support of maneuver BCTs, support brigades, UEx and virtually all of the engineer missions Our Army is pursuing the most comprehen- at theater level. sive transformation of its forces in the past century as part of the joint effort to transform Medical Modernization the U.S. military to protect our national secu- rity interests in the future operational environ- The Army continues to work toward comple- ment. Engineer transformation is an essential tion of the Medical Reengineering Initiative part of achieving the capabilities required for (MRI) as resources become available. MRI joint and Army Future Force success. The reorganizes deployable medical forces at primary function of the engineer regiment is corps and echelon above corps and provides to assure the mobility of the force at the stra- the transitional pathway to the Future Force. tegic through tactical levels. Assured mobil- To improve the tailorability and modular nature ity is a framework of processes, actions and of its structure and permit rapid integration enabling capabilities intended to guarantee to joint expeditionary applications, the U.S. the maneuver force commander the ability to Army Medical Department has introduced a maneuver when and where he desires without new concept known as Adaptive Medical In- interruption or delay to achieve his intent. crements (AMI). AMI takes existing medical

B-16 2005 Army Modernization Plan force structure and offers the joint and Army decontamination systems, and biological de- planners a wider selection of prepackaged, tection equipment necessary to perform their cellular subcomponents. This concept al- critical missions. lows greater flexibility in developing modular deployment support packages. Baseline biological detection and large-area smoke generation will continue to be provided As the Army transforms and adapts to a by specialized units, and Chemical Corps changing world environment, the balance personnel will continue to man critical staff of AC and RC is also changing. Our RC is positions throughout the Army to advise and divesting itself of specific laboratory special- train personnel in NBC defense. ties that historically are difficult to recruit and maintain. At the same time, the Reserves are Military Police increasing numbers of forces in areas that are Transformation, homeland security, the global more suitable, such as medical logistics. This war on terrorism and current operations have shift of technical specialties to the AC will im- Organizations

served as catalysts for significant changes Annex B prove the Army’s ability to respond quickly to to the Military Police Corps. These changes the growing number of contingencies around are a combination of organizational designs, the globe. increases in force structure to better accom- modate requirements and better balance of Chemical Corps Redesign the AC/RC force mix.

The U.S. Army Chemical Corps is undertak- The primary design change is restructuring of ing a dramatic change of its force structure the internment/resettlement (I/R) battalions in order to meet the demands of the current to provide the Soldier/unit skill set required operational environment. The new chemical to better meet current and emerging world- unit designs focus on modular conversion wide detainee operations, while still being and flexibility to support both warfighters and able to conduct traditional enemy prisoner domestic response requirements. of war and U.S. military confinement mis- sions. The new I/R battalion design retains The redesign of the Chemical Corps simplifies existing modular and scalable characteristics, its overall force structure. The CS, corps and and can be sourced with AC and RC units. heavy divisional chemical companies will all Additionally, military police (MP) are moving be multifunctional companies. The CS com- toward increased standardization of compa- pany will have platoons capable of conducting nies, decreasing the number of specialized, NBC reconnaissance and decontamination limited-purpose organizations and increasing missions. These companies will also have the number of multifunctional “workhorse” MP platoons structured to perform biological de- CS companies, while changing the force de- tection. All of these companies will possess sign of these latter units to better standardize the skills and training necessary to support platoon and squad configurations in support forces in combat as well as to provide support of modular force. to DOD or civilian authorities in response to domestic chemical, biological, radiological The terrorist events of 11 September 2001 and nuclear (CBRN) incidents. Challenges and ensuing military operations significantly are anticipated in ensuring these units are increased the already high OPTEMPO of the equipped with the reconnaissance platforms, MP Corps. Because of this high demand for

2005 Army Modernization Plan B-17 MP units, the Army is increasing the number post of the modular division. Modular con- of AC MP organizations to better meet re- version represents a substantial increase quirements without undue stress on assigned in MI structure and an increase in HUMINT Soldiers. MP Soldiers and units continue to capabilities, analytic support and the ability to support operations from homeland security access sensitive compartmented information to operations in Southwest Asia. MP Corps at the brigade level. will continue to meet the rotational demands for operations such as guarding detainees Army Signal at Guantanamo Bay and in Afghanistan and Iraq, contributing to peacekeeping missions Army signal force structure is in the process of such as Bosnia and Kosovo, investigating reorganization through multiple force design terrorist and criminal operations, supporting updates: the integrated theater signal battal- reestablishment of law and order, and con- ion (ITSB); tactical installation and network- ducting stability and insurgency operations ing (TIN) company; JTF/JFLCC command, following major combat operations. control, communications and computers (C4) packages and network operations (NETOPS) In response to the continuous high demand updates. These changes create a deployable, scalable, modular structure with standard-

Annex B for MP Soldiers and units skilled in law en-

Organizations forcement and criminal investigations, de- ized capability, equipment and training Army tention operations, and combat operations, wide. The ITSB provides a multifunctional the Army will use the TAA and other force structure that significantly streamlines theater structuring venues to identify MP structure signal structure, reduces the requirement to requirements. The Army will then resource task organize (“train-as-we-fight” dictum), in the optimum AC/RC force mix to support and bridges the gap between the current and current and emerging worldwide mission future signal architecture. The TIN company requirements. design adds/enhances network installation capabilities to the Army’s cable and wire Military Intelligence companies (like cable TV and Internet service providers). The new design is flexible enough The military intelligence (MI) force structure to resource the full spectrum of operations is undergoing change and growth nearly as from major combat operations to small-scale dramatic as the MP force structure. There is contingencies to homeland defense opera- increased classified connectivity, analytical tions. The NETOPS force structure update capability and human intelligence (HUMINT) implements the three tenets of NETOPS (net- in the modular brigades. The Army modular work management, information assurance design eliminates MI brigades and battalions and information dissemination management) at corps and division. in a tiered Network Operations and Security Center (NOSC) providing real-time, collab- MI capabilities are imbedded in modular ma- orative, integrated and seamless end-to-end neuver units in an MI company of a brigade management and defense of theater-level troops battalion and more robust intelligence strategic and tactical networks for all Army sections across unit designs. An MI battalion global applications and information services. is included as part of a BFSB, and the divi- This is only the beginning of reshaping the sion analysis and control function of the MI Army signal force structure. Ongoing devel- battalion is resident in the main command opments in signal structure below the corps

B-18 2005 Army Modernization Plan level are still being refined. The Army is le- communications, as well as satellite-based veraging technological developments in order imagery, will be integrated into organic and to consolidate networks into fully integrated direct-support systems in a seamless and enterprise architectures for all Army forces. transparent fashion. Net-centric capabilities and connectivity will move space-based/-en- Multicomponent Units abled information to individual Soldiers. Army space personnel, previously assigned to only A multicomponent unit (MCU) combines corps and above, will be part of the brigade, personnel and/or equipment from more than UEx and UEy. They will bring space access, one component on a single authorization planning and execution capabilities to the document. The intent is to maximize integra- tactical warfighter. Additionally, the Army is tion of AC and RC resources in an austere developing a space cadre within the AC, RC environment. MCUs have unity of command and National Guard with principal duties that and control similar to that of single component will include planning, developing, resourcing, units. Under modular force conversion, MCU integrating and operating space forces and Organizations brigade and division headquarters (such as systems. Development and employment of Annex B the ones in the Division XXI) were reorganized the space cadre will enhance space opera- to component pure. However, CS and CSS tional effectiveness and provide increased units of echelons above the brigade continue utility to the maneuver warfighter. to provide support to optimizing AC and RC resources. MCU status does not change Generating Forces a unit’s doctrinal requirement for personnel and equipment, force packaging, or tiered Under Title 10, the Army’s generating force resourcing. MCU selection is based on mis- has responsibility for providing the manage- sion requirements, unique component capa- ment, development, readiness, deployment bilities and limitations, readiness implications, and sustainment of the operating force efficiencies to be gained, and the ability and (Figure B-14). willingness of each component to contribute the necessary resources. The Army contin- TAA06-11 was the first effort to deliberately ues to refine the mix of AC and RC in these capture and approve generating force require- units to make them more effective in support ments by Headquarters, Department of the of mission requirements. Army (HQDA). The TAA11 generating force requirements conference quantitatively cap- Army Space Forces tured and validated manpower requirements against missions. The Army’s generating Army space forces are evolving as a result of force consists of approximately 2,400 units changes to the Army’s operational paradigm. and is comprised of military, Department of Space capabilities are being pushed down the Army civilian and contract personnel. The and forward from the strategic and operational generating force, like the operating force, is levels to the tactical level. Space capabilities resourced within programmed end strength. and systems will enable the tactical warfighter Since both forces must compete for the same with new communications, situational aware- resource pool, management of workforce ness, targeting, timing, missile-warning and mix (military, civilian and contractor person- environmental-monitoring capabilities. Wide- nel) within the generating force is critical. band, narrowband and protected satellite Historically, the generating force has used

2005 Army Modernization Plan B-19 Annex B Organizations

Figure 14. The Army’s Generating Force approximately 20 percent of the total military resources across the Army, other Services end strength across all three components. and DOD.

Redesign of the institutional force is an inte- • Reduce acquisition cycles by at least half, gral part of the overall Army transformation anticipating the needs of future organiza- strategy. In December 2001, the SECDEF tions; complete major acquisitions within announced his decisions on realignment of three budget cycles. HQDA. This realignment began the process • Create and sustain a customer-focused of transforming the management and com- learning organization that evaluates it- mand structure that supports the operational self, eliminates obsolete structures and Army. The process of institutional Army reen- designs better processes. gineering continues with the following goals: • Rapidly create and project an appropri- • Divest nonessential functions, remove ate and capable force to any area of the unnecessary layering and duplication, world. consolidate functions, resource in the most cost-effective manner, and privatize/ • Accomplish the reengineered generating outsource functions where applicable. force within the Army Vision. • Reallocate resources supporting core competencies, and fully integrate those

B-20 2005 Army Modernization Plan Department of the Army Civilian rently under review in support of the Army’s Personnel transformation strategy.

The civilian workforce is a cornerstone of Conclusion the Army’s CONUS-based, power-projection strategy. Civilians are major contributors to The Army is a critical component of the joint the Army’s overall mission, occupying vital team at war; we think of ourselves as indis- support positions in all Army operations includ- pensable and vital members of that team first, ing depot-level maintenance, supply, combat and as a Service component second. The development, acquisition, training, medical Army remains aware that it always conducts care, research and development, and facilities operations—offensive, defensive, stability, operations. Department of the Army civilians and support—in a joint and expeditionary provide stability and institutional knowledge context. Prompt, sustained and decisive regardless of the organizational level to which land combat power acts in concert with air they are assigned, from senior management and naval power to ensure a synergy that Organizations Annex B to administrative support. gives the Joint Force capabilities and power well beyond the sum of its parts. This joint With the overall tempo of Army operational interdependence is best served with the deployments and mission requirements in- modular brigade-centric forces reorganized creasing, the civilian workforce decline of from FY04 through FY06 (increasing from recent years will be reversed. In an effort to 33 to 43). However, the job is not complete return more Soldiers to the operating force, the at the end of FY06. The Army will decide in Army will convert approximately 6,800 military FY06 if five additional BCTs are needed in the positions to civilian authorizations in FY05. AC to meet global requirements, and it must Additional conversions are planned through continue to reorganize the RC forces into the FY09. The final structure of the Army’s civilian brigade-centric forces required to support the workforce will be determined by decisions cur- combatant commanders.

2005 Army Modernization Plan B-21 Annex B Organizations

B-22 2005 Army Modernization Plan Annex C: Training and Leader Development

General our institutional assumptions, paradigms and procedures to better serve our nation. The The Army’s mission remains to provide trained end result of this examination will be a more and ready land forces to the designated relevant and ready force—a campaign-quality joint force commanders to fight and win our Army with a joint and expeditionary mindset. nation’s wars. This remains a nonnegotiable Our Army will retain the best of its current mission that the Army must accomplish. Our capabilities and attributes while developing Army is at war with nearly 50 percent of its others that increase relevance and readiness forces engaged in combat. We will continue to respond in the current and projected stra- to be so for the foreseeable future. Our tegic and operational environments. Army is a proud member of the Joint Force, expertly serving our nation and its citizens Army Culture as we continuously strive toward new goals

and improved performance. The Soldier’s Army culture is representative of American Training & Leader training, readiness and welfare are central to society as evidenced by the adoption of the Development all that we do. seven Army values: loyalty, duty, respect, Annex C selfless service, honor, integrity and personal The American Soldier remains indispensable courage. These values play a critical role in to the joint team. Flexible, adaptive and com- shaping the beliefs of Soldiers and leaders. petent Soldiers infused with the Warrior Ethos Army culture is internalized over time by its fight wars and win the peace. The individual members and is reflected in their practices Soldier is the centerpiece of our combat sys- and beliefs. tems and formations. Training Soldiers and developing leaders to function effectively in Values are a nonnegotiable element of Army units is central to mission success. transformation. A highly complex, nonlinear battlespace will create situations that may at The Army has two core competencies sup- first appear morally ambiguous. To combat ported by a set of essential and enduring this perceived ambiguity, Soldiers and leaders capabilities. The Army’s core competencies require a solid foundation and regular training are: (1) train and equip Soldiers and grow in Army values. This training will ensure that leaders; and (2) provide relevant and ready Soldiers and leaders, when confronted with land power capability to the combatant com- morally uncertain situations, understand what mander as part of the joint team. The Depart- “doing the right thing” means. Army values ment of Defense’s (DOD’s) Transformation will continue to be the foundation of our Army Planning Guidance (TPG) states, “We must culture. transform not only the capabilities at our dis- posal, but the very way we think, the way we The Warrior Ethos refers to the professional train, the way we exercise and the way we attitudes and beliefs that characterize the fight.” We are reexamining and challenging American Soldier. At its core, the Warrior

2005 Army Modernization Plan C-1 Ethos grounds itself on the refusal to accept leaders will be confident and competent, and failure. The Warrior Ethos requires unrelent- capable of rapid synthesis and assessment ing and consistent determination to do what of information and immediate situational is right and to do it with pride. In whatever understanding. conditions Army leaders find themselves, they turn the professional Warrior Ethos into The Future Force will require units trained to a collective commitment to win with honor. rapidly transition from one mission to the next The Warrior Ethos applies to all Soldiers, not and conduct mission planning en route while just to those who close with and destroy the assembling a task organization tailored into enemy. force packages for mission execution. Com- manders and battle staffs must be trained The Soldier’s creed serves to unify all Soldiers to see and understand the battlespace. and leaders in a common bond. It is the key Organizations need to be skilled at the rapid component to the inculcation of the Warrior collection and fusion of information from Ethos. The creed speaks to the heart of every manned/unmanned systems coupled with Soldier and leader. It is the touchstone that human intelligence (HUMINT) that enables keeps Soldiers and leaders leaning forward situational understanding and decisive opera- during times of hardship and adversity and tions. Commanders and battle staffs must the mantra by which Soldiers and leaders synchronize and integrate joint fires to allow live to fight for one another. The Soldier’s Future Force units to mass effects at the criti- creed is the common bond that transcends cal space and time. all distinctions but one, what it means to be a Soldier. The training environment will need to approxi- mate the operational environment. Our mod-

Annex C Army units operate in battle as part of the ernization effort requires transforming initial Development combatant commander’s joint team. Because military training, leader development and Training & Leader Training we fight jointly, we must think, train, edu- professional military education. Additionally, cate and exercise joint. Army culture must we need to embed training capabilities into embrace its nesting within joint culture. Joint- our operational platforms and resource the ness must be incorporated in every facet of institution to meet reach requirements man- Army culture. Jointness must be a common dated by the force. Live-virtual-constructive thread running through all aspects of Army (LVC) training capabilities must be integrated training and leader development. and linked to joint training capabilities. At end state, our Army will employ training capa- Future Force bilities with seamless links between training institutions, home station, combat training Future Force Soldiers and leaders will form centers, and when deployed. By achieving the core of lethal and effective units capable of these capabilities, the Army will be able to exploiting information dominance and employ- train, alert, deploy, employ and execute to ing warfighting systems of systems to meet meet our nation’s complex national security the Future Force operational requirements. requirements. The difference between opera- They will be highly trained to be strategically tions today and Future Force operations is a responsive, deployable, agile, versatile, lethal, requirement for greatly enhanced doctrine, survivable and sustainable across the entire training, and leader development (DTLD) spectrum of military operations. Soldiers and capabilities, enabled by improved processes

C-2 2005 Army Modernization Plan and an integrated Training Support System Centers and schools of the institutional Army (TSS) that supports Soldiers and leaders will continue to provide baseline proficiency of whenever and wherever required. Soldiers and leaders assigned to operational units. During initial military training, centers Future Force Concepts and Capabilities and schools will continue to train new recruits and officers, instilling the Army values and Training and developing the Future Force Sol- the Warrior Ethos, and preparing them for dier and leader is derived from an assessment their operational assignments. During PME, of Future Force warfighting concepts and centers and schools will continue to develop capabilities. The strategic concepts derived leaders through noncommissioned officer from this analysis are: (NCO), warrant officer, and officer educa- • Sustain a doctrine- and standards-based tion programs. Additionally, in times of crisis Army and need for Army expansion, centers and schools will remain vital to the mobilization • Be capable of full-spectrum training requirements of the Army. • Develop Future Force Soldiers The goal of unit training is mission readiness. • Develop Future Force leaders Field commanders will continue to employ the principles of Army training to ensure pro- From these concepts, seven strategic capa- ficiency on mission-essential tasks. Training Training & Leader

bilities follow, including: will be standards-based and will prepare units Development

to operate in a joint, interagency and multina- Annex C • Develop technologically enabled, highly tional (JIM) environment. The intent will be to responsive, flexible, tailored, dynamic provide leaders and Soldiers with a realistic, knowledge depositories containing doc- operationally relevant training capability that trine, tactics, techniques and procedures can replicate the full spectrum of operations. (TTPs), and training support publications, Meeting these requirements will require an products, packages and modules integrated TSS that will link Soldiers and leaders to the centers and schools and the • Embed training tools into operational and combined training centers (CTCs) through a institutional system of systems Global Information Infostructure (GII). • Integrate Army LVC training capabilities and link to joint training capabilities Training and Leader Development

• Make training and training support avail- Leader development is the deliberate, con- able on demand tinuous, sequential and progressive process, based on Army values, which develops • Link training environments and domains Soldiers and civilians into competent and through the infosphere and the Global confident leaders capable of decisive action. Information Grid Closing the gap between training, leader development and battlefield performance • Transform initial military training has always been the critical challenge for any • Transform Professional Military Education army. In an era of complex national security (PME) requirements, the Army’s strategic responsi- bilities now embrace a wider range of mis-

2005 Army Modernization Plan C-3 sions that present even greater challenges mitment and chain of command support to to our leaders. These operations will include self-development, and filling gaps in leader combined arms and JIM considerations. knowledge, skills and abilities as identified through individual and chain-of-command The Army Training and Leader Develop- assessment and feedback systems. ment Model identifies an important interac- tion that trains Soldiers now and develops The institutional domain provides standards- leaders for the future. Leader development based training and education from individual is a lifelong learning process. The through collective training. Instruc- three core domains that shape tion for current and future the critical learning expe- leaders will instill them riences throughout a with a Warrior Ethos and Soldier or leader’s a common doctrinal career are the oper- foundation. Insti- ational, institutional tutional training and self-develop- focuses on edu- ment domains. cating and train- These activi - ing Soldiers and ties take place leaders on the within an Army key knowledge, culture bound by skills and attri- distinct values, butes required standards, eth- to operate in any ics and the War- environment. It

Annex C rior Ethos. Focused includes individual, Development on the Soldier, these unit and joint schools Training & Leader Training domains interact using and advanced civilian feedback and assessment and military education. from various sources and methods, including counseling Figure C-1. Leader Development The self-development and mentoring, to maximize technical and tac- domain is a standards-based, feedback- tical competence and, ultimately, warfighting driven program of activities and learning readiness. Each domain has specific, mea- that contributes to professional competence, surable actions that must occur to develop organizational effectiveness and personal our leaders. development. It is a program driven by the individual and the mentoring of superiors. In the operational domain, leader develop- This includes individual and organizational ment is accomplished in units and organiza- assessment and feedback programs in the tions through individual and collective training operational and institutional domains linked at home station, during major training exer- to self-development activities. Throughout cises, through CTC program participation, this lifelong learning and experience process, while conducting full-spectrum operations, there are formal and informal assessments and through the mentoring received at every and feedback of performance to prepare level of command. In this domain, leader leaders for their next level of responsibility. development is facilitated by individual com- Assessment is the method used to determine

C-4 2005 Army Modernization Plan the proficiency and potential of leaders, and the division is to ensure the Army provides the feedback must be clear, formative guid- training, education and operational experi- ance directly related to the outcome of training ences to develop leader competencies and events measured against standards. enhance capabilities of Army civilians in support of Soldiers, the Army and the nation. One mandate of Army transformation is to The division monitors the implementation ensure the link between training and leader of the Army Training and Leader Develop- development is well understood in order ment–Civilian Implementation Plan for pace to prepare Army leaders for full-spectrum of completion, senior leader involvement and operations. Linking these two fundamental funding. G-3 proponency for civilian leader obligations commits the Army to training development will bring about a significant Soldiers and civilians while developing them change in Army culture as we move to greater into leaders. Training and leader development integration of civilians within the uniformed is a team effort and the Army has a role that force. The oversight of the training of civilian contributes to force readiness. For example, leader development and related policy issues the institutional Army, which includes schools, dictates that the G-3 remains cognizant of all training centers, combat training centers and issues and actions that impact Army training. PME programs, trains Soldiers and leaders This transformation, like the overall Army to take their places in Army units by teaching transformation, will take time and will continue doctrine TTPs. Other examples are opera- to evolve. Training & Leader

tional deployments and major training oppor- Development TRADOC remains the executive agent for the tunities such as CTCs, CTC-like training, and Annex C mission rehearsal exercises (MREs)/mission development of an education system integrat- readiness exercises (MRXs). They provide ing civilian and military individual training, rigorous, realistic, and stressful training and education and development, where appro- operational experience under actual or simu- priate, that will lead to the implementation lated conditions to enhance unit readiness of a Civilian Education System (CES). The and produce bold, innovative leaders. CES will include other requirements such as: develop a structured, progressive, sequential Department of Army Civilians approach; broaden the targeted civilian edu- cational training base; develop leader training Army civilians are committed to the Army, and education that supports civilian leaders seek training and development opportuni- career path requirements and professional ties and desire good leadership. The future development; and establish lifelong learning targets civilians with more responsibility and and self-development as integral parts of in greater leadership roles in our transformed all civilian training programs. The design, Army as more military positions in the institu- resourcing and implementation of the CES tional Army are civilianized. This mandates a are the major supporting elements in the robust civilian leader development program, implementation of the desired civilian leader which is directly linked to readiness. development end state.

To ensure Army civilian training, education These changes will insure that the Army will and leader development is a high priority, have the trained, competent and confident proponency for civilian leader development civilian leaders it needs to support the Army transferred to G-3 and a civilian leader devel- mission, readiness and other requirements of opment division was created. The mission of the 21st century Army.

2005 Army Modernization Plan C-5 Professional Military Education Basic Officer Leader Course

The Army requires Soldiers and leaders, The Basic Officer Leader Course (BOLC) steeped in the warfighting capabilities and incorporates recommendations from the doctrine, to be knowledgeable and experi- Army Training and Leader Development enced in how to analyze the ability of their Officer Panel and the OES Needs Analysis units to operate and sustain themselves Study. It transforms precommissioning and on the battlefield. Warfighting modules will officer basic courses to better prepare sec- teach leaders standard U.S. Army techniques ond lieutenants to achieve success in the and procedures for tactical decision making COE immediately upon arrival in their first and the tactical employment of companies, unit. The objective is to develop technically battalions and brigades in combined arms, competent and confident platoon leaders full-spectrum operations. Warfighting train- grounded in leadership and field craft, regard- ing will be tactically focused, hands-on and less of branch, who embody the Army values execution-oriented, and will culminate with and the Warrior Ethos and who are physically an exercise that stresses and develops the and mentally strong. To achieve this objec- leaders’ ability to rapidly make decisions and tive, BOLC capitalizes on experience-based to apply the elements of combat power within training, logically structured to build upon and the operational framework of full-spectrum reemphasize previous lessons learned. operations. The intent of the warfighting cur- riculum is to produce leaders who are highly Phase I (Precommissioning). The traditional skilled in combined arms maneuver, support commissioning sources are revising their cur- and sustainment of companies, battalions and ricula to train and educate the majority of brigades as part of the joint team. performance tasks (basic Soldier and leader

Annex C skills) commonly performed by all lieutenants. Development Officer Education System (OES) Each officer candidate or cadet, regardless of Training & Leader Training commissioning source, will be trained using The Officer Education System (OES) is being the same standards and POIs. They will be adapted to meet the needs of the transform- steeped in the values and traditions of the ing Army and the realities of the contempo- Army, and will possess a clearer knowledge rary operating environment (COE). We have of what it means to be an officer. begun to adapt instructions to include the new operational environment and will gradu- Phase II (Experiential Leader Training). ally expand this to incorporate all programs Upon graduation/commissioning, lieutenants of instruction (POIs) and training scenarios. attend the second, branch-immaterial phase The Army requires leaders who are able to of BOLC. This course is physically and men- manage training in order to prepare their unit tally challenging, with 84 percent of the train- for operations. Leaders must understand the ing conducted hands-on in a tactical or field development of a Mission Essential Task List environment. The platoon is the focal point for (METL) as well as the entire Army training all activities, as each student is evaluated in management cycle and the other tenets set a series of leadership positions under varying forth in FM 7-0, Training the Force, and FM conditions/situations. A highly trained cadre 7-1, Battle Focused Training. of officers and NCOs continuously assess and counsel the performance of each student. Officer students also participate in several

C-6 2005 Army Modernization Plan peer reviews and self-assessments. The positions, realistic scenario-driven command curriculum includes advanced land navigation training, and minimal time away from the fam- training; rifle marksmanship; weapons famil- ily. Future captains’ PME will be a change iarization; practical exercises in leadership; from the current six-month model and will chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear feature: (CBRN) operations; and use of night vision equipment. It culminates in squad and pla- • Company command and staff competen- toon situational-training exercises using COE cies scenarios (including urban terrain). Students • Branch and combined arms focus also complete several confidence courses containing obstacles that challenge students • Linked to next duty assignment to overcome personal fears. Lieutenants depart BOLC II with greater confidence, an • Introduction to joint operations increased appreciation for the branches of • Digital skills the combined arms, and a clearer picture of their personal strengths and weaknesses. To • Knowledge and application-based instruc- date, four highly successful pilot courses have tion been conducted. • Leverage learning technologies Phase III (Branch Specific Training). After

• Less than six months in length Training & Leader

gaining confidence in their abilities to lead Development

small units, these officers are prepared to The reevaluation of captains’ OES requires Annex C learn the specialized skills, doctrine, tac- branches to update task analysis of all com- tics and techniques associated with their pany commander and staff officer positions. specific branch. Upon graduation, officers This is leading to the validation and quality will proceed to their first unit or attend addi- assurance of all present officer advance tional assignment-specific training (airborne, courses and the updating of their terminal Ranger, language school, etc.). learning objectives (TLOs). The end state is a captains’ OES that prepares captains for Curriculum refinement for the BOLC pilot their next job, making them more productive program will continue in FY05, reflecting the and adding to a positive working environment. needs of the Army and recommendations The method of instruction is being redesigned from graduates. When implemented, BOLC to give a realistic, hands-on experience to will provide the institutional training and edu- stimulate better recall during all situations, cation required to develop the high-quality most importantly in a combat environment. officers needed to lead the Future Force. Intermediate Level Education (ILE) consists Captains Professional Military Education of two phases: the core curriculum course (PME) is being redesigned based on the and the qualification course. The core course feedback from numerous surveys. Currently, is a 13-week military education level (MEL) 4 captains’ career development is not meeting awarding course (similar to term I of Com- the needs of the professional company grade mand and General Staff College (CGSC)) for officer. Analysis of the data indicates that officers in the four career fields. A 28-week emphasis is needed on assignment-tailored qualification course (similar to terms II and training focusing on specific primary staff III of CGSC) is being developed by CGSC

2005 Army Modernization Plan C-7 for officers in the operations career field. small unit leadership, and possessing sound Each functional area (FA) in the other three conceptual and interpersonal skills. Newly career fields will conduct individual qualifica- appointed warrant officers will continue to tion courses ranging from two to 178 weeks receive warrant officer specific training to in length. The core course provides Army attain and sustain the technical competencies officers a common MEL 4 education and and balanced leadership skills required by Joint Professional Military Education (JPME) I each branch. Assignment-oriented training credit; qualification courses prepare officers and education opportunities will be expanded for duties in their respective career field or to prepare our warrant officers for the unique FA. International military students (IMS) will assignments that may lie outside their normal continue to join their U.S. counterparts in most specialty or that are above their grade. OES and ILE courses (core and FA). A comprehensive, systematic needs analy- Warrant Officers Training and Education sis, job analysis and critical individual task analysis of warrant officer training and edu- Our warrant officers are highly specialized, cation will be completed in accordance with small-unit leaders and trainers who serve their the systems approach to training process to entire careers honing technical and tactical determine the training and education require- skills. As our senior leadership changes and ments by branch, specialty and grade. technology advances, warrant officers pro- vide the essential continuity for these transi- NCO Education System (NCOES) tions. The COE and full-spectrum operations require a fully integrated officer corps ready to Soldier and leader competency is the center meet the challenges of the Current and Future of gravity for our Army. A critical near-term

Annex C Forces. To fully exploit the unique capabili- task is to transform our NCOES to insure it Development ties of this cohort, the Army must complete develops the competent and adaptive lead- Training & Leader Training the full integration of warrant officers into the ers required in a more complex and uncertain officer corps. environment. While the current NCOES is not broken, the world and the Army are changing. Central to this concept is the creation of a NCOES will therefore also change. NCOs will single OES for all Army officers. This OES continue to be the masters of leader tasks for will include the technically specific elements their respective levels of responsibility and of warrant officer training and education, of individual and small-unit training; they will rather than maintaining a separate, stand- continue to be the recognized experts in field alone Warrant Officer Education System craft, basic marksmanship, Soldier care and (WOES). This integrated education system technical skills. In addition to these traditional must develop and implement nested training skills, the Army will develop NCOs who can opportunities, and investments in infrastruc- master new information quickly, adapt to ture and educational technologies, and staff rapid mission changes, and take advantage and faculty. We will begin this process by of opportunities on the battlefield. Our edu- developing a combined pre-appointment and cational system will train the right tasks at precommissioning training course for all offi- the right levels and will prepare the NCOs to cer and warrant officer candidates, producing operate in both the analog and digital environ- officers bonded and grounded in the com- ments. In developing a future NCOES, we mon fundamentals of officership, capable of will look at three critical areas:

C-8 2005 Army Modernization Plan Infrastructure. Future strategies for infra- at the sergeant first class (SFC) and master structure will address combining both Active sergeant (MSG) levels. Component (AC) and Reserve Component (RC) OES/NCOES training events. The use Primary Leader Development Course of RC training infrastructure will leverage (PLDC)—Educating the Sergeant. The AC/RC training by providing more locations sergeant is the primary first-line leader for by reducing distance and travel cost for Sol- our Soldiers. PLDC is the developmental diers. Our capabilities will also fully leverage experience that transitions the Soldier to the LVC learning environment to provide the becoming an NCO. Feedback from the Army right training, at the right place and right time indicates the current PLDC is not sufficiently in a Soldier’s learning path. Our infrastruc- performance-oriented. A new POI addresses ture will move us from place- and time-based that concern. We will field a course of instruc- learning strategies to a strategy that pushes tion that: training to the Soldier any place and any time • Is more experiential-/performance-ori- it is needed. ented Faculty. Changes in learning strategies and • Has a clearer focus on the NCO’s respon- the incorporation of new technologies require sibility to lead and train our NCOES faculties to learn new skills. Each member of an NCO academy and proponent • Emphasizes the “be and do” aspects of NCO leadership Training & Leader

school cadre will master the use of technology Development

and understand how to develop both live and Annex C • Emphasizes troop-leading procedures and virtual collaboration skills in their students. field craft Curriculum. The Future Force Soldier will • Provides the NCO with the capability to operate in an intent- and network-centric actively participate in the after action re- environment requiring enhanced thinking, view (AAR) process learning, and decision-making skills that allow them to act decisively based on the • Is more challenging with numerous prob- commander’s intent and good situational lem-solving situations awareness. The instructional design of • Teaches self-development and stresses NCOES will become more experiential and developmental counseling, goal setting problem-solving oriented. Our overall design and linkage to training in course POIs for professional development will include the integration of shared training opportunities Basic NCO Course (BNCOC)—Educating between officer and NCO development sys- the Staff Sergeant. At the SSG level, we will tems. As the Army evolves to meet full-spec- continue to develop leaders who are mas- trum operational requirements, expectations ters of their military occupational specialties of the NCO corps will increase and the tasks (MOSs) as well as expert trainers and train- normally associated with more senior NCOs ing managers. At this level, we will continue will migrate downward. We will also begin to focus on leading and training inside the to develop NCOs who are competent battle platoon formation and providing the initial staff NCOs at the staff sergeant (SSG) level, exposure to core staff skills needed inside and continue to grow and refine those skills the battalion formation. We will provide SSGs training on:

2005 Army Modernization Plan C-9 • Common and MOS-specific skills • Skills, knowledge and attributes (SKA) that foster conceptual thinking and reasoning • How to lead and train the squad and sec- tion • Focus on officer-NCO relationship inside the company/battery/troop • Performance-based learning using the concept of leader labs Educating the Master Sergeant and First • A clearer focus on leading and training Sergeant. Today, the NCO does not receive within platoons and squads any formal training between the ranks of SFC and MSG. In the past, two functional courses, • Enhanced MOS technical and tactical First Sergeant Course and Battle Staff NCO skills Course, have attempted to fill this void. Since neither is tied to promotion and not all NCOs • Multi-echelon, shared training events with attend, many newly promoted MSGs must other ranks learn to succeed at their new rank the hard • Exposure to staff skills needed in the way. Based on their MOSs or assignment, battalion and brigade tactical operations these NCOs would also take one or more of centers (TOCs) three additional tracks of technical, first ser- geant, or staff skills. Advanced NCO Course (ANCOC)—Edu- cating the Sergeant First Class. At the Sergeant Major Course (SMC)—Educating SFC level, the focus needs to expand from the SGM/CSM. The capstone of NCOES MOS-specific training to the battlefield oper- continues to be the Sergeant Major Course. ating system. The focus becomes leading However, some of the same deficiencies men- and training inside the company formation tioned about PLDC are also true of the current Annex C

Development and expanding the NCO’s staff skills to those SMC. Teaching by briefings will be replaced

Training & Leader Training needed inside the brigade formation. The by problem-solving activities, where students officer-NCO relationship receives more atten- learn by doing. Training for the SGM/CSM tion at this level. At this level, we will train the will include: SFC on: • Battle staffs inside the Brigade Combat • MOS-specific skills Team • How to lead and train the platoon • How the Army runs • Expanded battle staff skills at the battalion • Sister Services’ roles and missions and brigade levels • Operations within a joint context • Leading and training inside the company and platoon formation and the relationship • How to lead and train at the battalion level to the company team and battalion task and above force • Team building and building high-perfor- • A broader understanding and capability mance teams beyond the specific MOS • Command team relationships • More multi-echelon, common/shared train- ing events with other ranks

C-10 2005 Army Modernization Plan • Training and education on both analog tance program with an acquisition component. and digital operations TADLP and DTTP complement each other but have different missions and objectives. • Leading complex organizations/group TADLP focuses on military readiness training dynamics for AC and RC forces. The DTTP supports • More performance-based simulation and and extends TADLP’s military readiness train- simulation-driven exercises to explore full- ing goal while also supporting multiple ARNG spectrum operations missions to include command and control of state Guard units, and providing shared com- Army Distributed Learning munity access to electronic technology. Selected courses are being Distributed Learning (DL) is the delivery of Courseware. redesigned to provide DL training phases/ training to Soldiers and units through multiple modules. These courses will allow students means and technology. DL allows students, to participate in both synchronous and asyn- leaders and units centralized access to essen- chronous multimedia training. Selection of tial information and training. It represents a courses for DL redesign is based on Army powerful capability in which the proper balance readiness requirements and high-level inter- of course content and delivery technologies est of the senior Army leadership. Under the are provided when and where they will have current plan, over 525 courses will be rede-

the greatest impact on force readiness. Training & Leader

signed for DL delivery by FY10. Development

The Army Distributed Learning Program Annex C Although (TADLP) is a Department of the Army (DA) Classroom XXI Program (CRXXI). separate from TADLP, CRXXI provides train- program that was approved for implementa- ing modernization that enhances the TADLP tion in 1996. TADLP is funded in FY98-10 Digital Training Facility (DTF) at Army resident to field DL classrooms and convert selected schools. This program improves training Army courses to DL delivery media. The mis- provided through the schools and allows the sion of TADLP is to improve training, enhance broadcast of training to remote TADLP/DTTP force readiness and support Army transfor- DTFs. In addition, CRXXI establishes Army mation by exploiting current and emerging standards for courseware development and technologies to facilitate the development playback, instructional technology capa- of self-aware and adaptive leaders through bilities that are Soldier-centered, and design lifelong learning and the delivery of the right and architectural standards for classrooms. training and education to the right Soldier and CRXXI is scheduled for completion by the leader at the right time and place. The TADLP end of FY09, with a total of 270 classrooms Campaign Plan contains the requirements, to be fielded. policies and management tasks to ensure the program’s support of Army readiness. Self-Development Infrastructure. TADLP is an approved Army acquisition program that is integrated with The Army must have Soldiers and leaders the Army National Guard (ARNG) Distributed who continually seek to improve their knowl- Training Technology Project (DTTP). The edge, skills and abilities. Self-development DTTP is a congressionally directed assis- initiatives contribute to a leader’s develop-

2005 Army Modernization Plan C-11 ment by focusing on maximizing strengths, Operational Assignments minimizing weaknesses, and ensuring that professional and personal goals, needs, and Home Station Training objectives are realized. Self-development is a continuous, career-long process. It takes Home station (installations, ARNG armories, place during institutional training and develop- Reserve centers) is the physical location of ment and during operational assignments and the majority of training and plays a key role should stretch and broaden the leader beyond in the training environment. Our goal is to the job or training requirements. Self-study, provide units the ability to train at home sta- professional reading programs, and civilian tion to standard and to a CTC-like fidelity. education courses support the individual’s Many things that are currently only executed developmental goals. Self-development at the CTCs may be trained at home station supports the requirement for all leaders to in the future. Home station is where individual be self-aware—to know their strengths and skills are honed; it is where unit readiness weaknesses in order to take the necessary and cohesion are formed. In light of the steps to improve their skills, leadership and “ready now” readiness construct and the train attributes. and ready phases of the life-cycle manning model, home station training cannot be sub- The focus of self-development is twofold: to optimal. The critical training events and task fill individual Soldier or leader training, expe- training that units need to accomplish must rience and education voids; and to ensure be supported with the correct mix of training the Soldier meets personal and professional enablers—embedded training, ammunition, goals. The individual self-development portion TADSS, instrumentation, live-fire ranges and of the leader development program is a joint maneuver training areas at home station. Annex C venture between the individual and his or her Development

Training & Leader Training chain of command. Units must be prepared to deploy with units stationed anywhere in the world. Early Self-development is empowered by individu- deploying units will plan training based on als’ acceptance and commitment to lifelong a train–alert–deploy–execute model. Home learning wherever they are located. Lifelong station training gives leaders the opportunity learning fills knowledge gaps and provides to practice and gain competency and profi- greater depth and breath of knowledge that ciency while reinforcing knowledge learned educational and operational experiences do in the institutional training base. not provide. The single most critical element of lifelong learning is feedback. Feedback The Army exists to provide trained and ready sets the basis for increasing self-awareness forces to combatant commanders. The com- and identifying individual Soldier and leader mander is primarily responsible to ensure his developmental needs. This strategy must unit can perform directed missions. When integrate training and education content given a directed mission, the commander and materials with operational experiences, adjusts the unit’s core (wartime/designed) assessments, and feedback to ensure effec- METL and focuses training on the directed tive learning of required skills, knowledge, mission. In the absence of a directed mission, and attributes. the commander prepares his unit to perform those core METL tasks that enable his unit to respond to missions from across the range

C-12 2005 Army Modernization Plan U s i n g c o m m o n l y shared TTPs, units will be able to adapt to an operational envi- ronment that includes government, nongov- ernmental organiza- tions (NGO), private volunteer organiza- tions, and Special Operations Forces (SOF). When required by assigned missions, the training of Sol- diers, leaders and Figure C-2. Soldier and Leader Development battle staffs will incor- of military operations in the contemporary porate consideration of JIM and SOF plan- operating environment. Army-approved train- ning, command and control and execution. ing strategies for different types of units (i.e., Home station and deployed training capabili- combined arms training strategies and Army ties will provide Soldiers, leaders and battle Training & Leader

weapons training strategies) enable the com- staffs with the means to conduct full-spectrum Development

mander to train on mission essential tasks operations (to include the integration of SOF) Annex C by defining the training events that the Army in a JIM environment. will support with resources. Life-cycle units, in particular, closely follow Army-approved Training While Deployed training strategies during their train-up period Our Soldiers, leaders and units must have to ensure the unit builds proficiency and is the capability to train while deployed to sus- validated for deployment/employment within tain operational readiness and/or train new requisite time lines. tasks as required by the mission. Our train- ing support systems must be built to support Joint Training the home station training strategy, training at Contemporary operating environments the combat training centers, and for mission increasingly require seamless integration of planning and rehearsal while deployed. The JIM operating elements. Army leader devel- embedded training system design for the opment and training programs, which are Future Force systems will go a long way in being executed more in a joint context, are meeting these requirements. In the mean- incorporating broader knowledge and per- time, the Army must provide training support spectives. The end state will be Army lead- and kits in support of current operations in ers who demonstrate the values, character, Iraq, Afghanistan and Bosnia. This could competency and confidence to lead Soldiers, include range targetry, Multiple Integrated sailors, Marines, airmen and coastguardmen Laser Engagement System (MILES), mobile in any mission. In addition, Army leaders will military operations in urban terrain (MOUT), be able to successfully participate in coalition engagement skills trainers, virtual simulations operations throughout the world.

2005 Army Modernization Plan C-13 and other training aids, devices, simulators including offensive, defensive, and stability and simulations (TADSS). and support operations against a freethink- ing and adaptable opposing force (OPFOR). Combat Training Centers The battlefield will be arrayed in-depth to maximize stress on digital C4ISR systems. The CTC program comprises the Battle Com- Complex terrain including MOUT operations mand Training Program (BCTP), Combat will be a part of each rotation. SOF opera- Maneuver Training Center (CMTC), Joint tions will be integrated throughout the rotation Readiness Training Center (JRTC), and as well as realistic combat service support National Training Center (NTC), and inte- (CSS) play to stress the logistics structure. Instrumented feed- back for both formal and informal AARs will facilitate sharing of lessons learned to home station, institu- tions and deployed units. Deployment training will remain a paramount aspect of CTC training to include realistic time- phased force deploy- ment data (TPFDD)

Annex C flow. The Army fully Development supports the JNTC Training & Leader Training where joint integra- tion will become

Figure C-3. How We Will Train in the Future the norm. Finally, expanding global grates training with the Joint National Training reach of the CTCs will be necessary to rap- Capability (JNTC). The CTC rotations remain idly respond to future training challenges to the Army’s capstone training events for bat- support units preparing for or in combat. As talions and brigades, divisions and corps. a result, the Army will explore exportable CTC Their focus remains leader development and capability with deployable instrumentation readiness. The primary purpose of the CTCs and AAR enablers to support a joint expedi- is to develop self-aware, adaptive leaders and tionary mindset. ready units for full-spectrum JIM operations. CTCs will accomplish this by integrating a Training Modernization contemporary and joint operational environ- ment into all training. This environment will As the Army reorganizes into the modular include simultaneous, noncontiguous and units and fields new equipment, training continuous operations in a distributed, global, transformation must keep pace, ensuring our LVC training capability under a JIM context. Soldiers and leaders can train and maintain Army units will get a rigorous fight in the COE the high level of readiness that these new

C-14 2005 Army Modernization Plan organizations and our National Military Strat- products are required by the Army Training egy demand. Training transforms people, Strategy and the CATS to support the execu- equipment and organizations into a capable tion of training tasks. unit. Training modernization provides com- manders with the enablers required by the Training Support System Services pro- Army Training Strategy to execute training vide the management and support structure to standard, anytime and anywhere. The associated with the delivery, operations and Army’s training modernization efforts are maintenance of the training support system synchronized with the Army Campaign Plan products wherever training is conducted. It to ensure enablers are relevant and support includes the MACOM and garrison personnel all current and future efforts. and management systems required to con- duct range operations and maintain training Training Support System (TSS) land; the training managers, operators and technicians required to support the opera- The TSS, generally described in FM 7-0 tions of simulation and simulator facilities; and FM 7-1, represents the concept for how and training support centers and the contract training enabler resources support the Army logistic support to sustain the fielded training Training Strategy, the Combined Arms Train- products. It also provides the means for the ing Strategies (CATS), and the execution of integration of products to interoperate in a training in both AC and RC units while at home common training environment.

station, deployed or at the combat training Training & Leader centers. TSS also describes how enablers Training Architectures provide the means to Development Annex C support Soldier training in the institutions. ensure integration and interoperability across More formally, it has been described as a sys- TSS product lines and with complementary tem of systems that provides the networked, systems. integrated, interoperable training support capabilities that are necessary to enable Live-Virtual-Constructive–Integrated operationally relevant JIM training for Soldiers Architecture (LVC-IA). An LVC-IA Initial and units anytime, anywhere. TSS is inex- Capabilities Document that delineates cur- tricably linked to the execution of training by rent and future required training capabilities providing the training products and services has been approved by the Army Require- across domains (operational, institutional, ments Oversight Committee (AROC). The self development) to meet the challenges of AROC officially validates the requirement and training an Army, with a joint and expedition- initiates the DOD acquisition process. It is ary mindset undergoing transformation. anticipated LVC-IA will have joint implications and is expected to proceed to the Joint Staff Training Support System Products are for review and approval by the Joint Require- those tangible, enabling training capabilities ments Oversight Council (JROC). The LVC-IA that directly support the execution of Soldier, is a critical capability to train the current and leader and unit collective training at home future force and is required by DOD Training station, the combat training centers, and while Transformation to support the JNTC. deployed as well as the enablers that sup- port Soldier training in the institutions. They Common Training Instrumentation Archi- include TADSS, ranges, training facilities tecture (CTIA) is a component-based and training support infrastructure. These architecture that uses common standards,

2005 Army Modernization Plan C-15 Figure C-4. Future Training Environment

Annex C interfaces, and protocols with other Synthetic storage and delivery, and management of Development

Training & Leader Training Training Environment (STE) training sys- training and training products. Major com- tems. Along with OneTESS, CTIA provides ponents of the system currently include the the foundation of the Army’s Live Training Soldier’s Training Homepage, Reimer Digital Transformation (LT2) product line for training Library, Training and Doctrine Development instrumentation systems that support home Tool (TDDT)/CATS development tool, and station (DMPRC, MOUT, force-on-force, etc.), selected training resource management and deployed and maneuver CTC live-training unit training management capabilities. ATIA requirements. CTIA’s common, component- components to be developed in FY05 include based architecture approach ensures cost- the Distributed Learning Management System effective modernization in support of digital (developed by PM DLS, it replaces the current current and Stryker training instrumentation interim Learning Management System) and systems and will evolve to support the Future the Unit Training Management Configuration Force’s training requirements. CTIA is the (Training Management Toolbox). underlying architecture of the LT2-FTS, and it supports Training Transformation (T2). Sustainable Range Program (SRP)

Army Training Information Architecture Live Training, carried out effectively to a (ATIA) is an integrated suite of web-based high-doctrinal standard, is the cornerstone training applications—DITSCAP-certified at of operational success. To ensure mission Level 3—that supports the development, success, units practice performing mission

C-16 2005 Army Modernization Plan essential tasks with the systems they must threat target scenarios to the Soldier under operate, under the conditions they must oper- simulated battlefield conditions. NGATS is the ate, with other units with whom they must future Army ground targetry system that will operate, and against a force comparable to provide high-fidelity target signatures, evasive that which they will face on the battlefield. targets, shoot-back capability and remote scoring. Using COTS technology, NGATS It is essential to maximize the capability, will provide a more reliable system at lower availability and accessibility of ranges and cost. The NGATS will be mobile, transport- training land to support doctrinal training, able, deployable and capable of continuous mission rehearsals and deployment train- support during designated training periods. ing. The Army’s Range and Training Land ATS supports modular force conversion and Strategy establishes priorities for investments the global war on terrorism pending NGATS in the transformation of ranges and training fielding. Once fielded, NGATS will be used land to support the COE and Future Force. to equip all ranges. This strategy reflects Army training priorities and serves as a common roadmap to the Air Defense Artillery (ADA) Targets provide MACOMs that carry out the Army’s training targets and ancillary devices for ADA live-fire missions, and the Installation Management crew weapon qualification and training events Agency (IMA) that manages range and train- currently resourced under the Standards in ing land infrastructure in support of those Training Commission (STRAC). They provide required training and opportunity training to Training & Leader

training missions. Key range transformation Development the air defense Soldiers for gun and Stinger initiatives, which include the Digital Range Annex C (both DMPRC and DMPTR), Battle Area missile live fire. Complex (BAX), and New Generation Army Instrumented/Digital Ranges. The Instru- Targetry Systems (NGATS), are the first mented/Digital Multi-Purpose Training Range range products capable of supporting training and Range Complex provide modern ranges the Future Combat Systems (FCS) weapon capable of training and stressing today’s systems and maintaining the edge for current Soldiers and their digital equipment with a weapon systems. The instrumentation of the realistic train-as-you-fight environment, using ranges, such as the DMPRC and BAX, is the all available combat systems capabilities, and critical step in testing the networked systems digitally integrating those systems to manage of the FCS Unit of Action. These specific Cur- all forces undergoing individual and collective rent Force ranges will evolve to the Future live-fire training and qualification. DMPRC Force range concept being developed by provides Table XII platoon qualification and TRADOC. The successful implementation company CALFEX; DMPTR provides Table of FCS live training is accomplished when VIII crew qualification. Battle Area Complex the sharing of information in the FCS sensor (BAX) is a training range designed to sup- array allows for the precision targeting and port the Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs). The grouping of precision fires. BAX will provide the BCT commander with a venue to train the majority of his force in one Army Targetry Systems (ATS)/New Gen- or a combination of linked training facilities. eration Army Targetry Systems (NGATS). While the layout is typically to support com- ATS provides nondigital, live-fire ranges that bined arms training scenarios, the individual incorporate infantry and armor targets, both and crew requirements were incorporated to stationary and moving. ATS portrays realistic allow specific weapons platform qualification.

2005 Army Modernization Plan C-17 Instrumented/digital ranges are part of the for attack helicopter units. The AWSS is an Live Training Transformation-Family of Train- integrated group of computer-controlled sen- ing Systems (LT2-FTS) and support modular sors used to score live-fire helicopter gunnery force conversion. exercises at designated gunnery ranges. AWSS provides near real-time objective scor- Integrated Military Operations on Urban- ing results of live-fire exercises conducted ized Terrain Training System (I-MTS) pro- from attack helicopters firing .50-caliber, vides a melding of three separate but similar 7.62-, 20- and 30-mm projectiles, and 2.75 thrust efforts into a single program. These inch training rockets. The AWSS also has programs are the transition MOUT sites, the the capability to objectively score simulated Combined Arms MOUT Task Force training Hellfire missile engagements for helicopters sites, and other MOUT facilities. The pro- equipped with the Hellfire training missile and gram reduces acquisition and sustainment laser designator. AWSS supports modular costs, leverages technologies and acquisi- force conversion. tions, solves complex and common problems, fosters Horizontal Technology Integration Deployable Range Packages (DARP) for (HTI) through commonalties and standards, specific units, to construct live-fire train- synchronizes and integrates the collective ing infrastructure in theater, and Training efforts of the CTIA by leveraging near-term Augmentation Range Packages (TARP) for requirements, and supports the objectives MACOMs, the IMA and theaters to adapt to of the Urban Operations Training Strategy. changing live-fire training standards driven Integrated-MOUT Training System (I-MTS) by the COE. is part of the LT2-FTS. Soldier/Leader Training Support

Annex C Battle Effects Simulator (BES) is a propane- Development charged firing system without pyrotechnics. Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement Training & Leader Training Characteristics include 35 shots minimum Systems (MILES) replacement provides per charge, excellent thermal signature and tactical engagement simulation for direct-fire, versatile audio-visual effects simulator. It force-on-force training using eye-safe laser can be configured as a weapon firing or a hit “bullets.” MILES training has been proven to effects simulator. dramatically increase the combat readiness and fighting effectiveness of military forces. Precision Marksmanship provides for Enhancements include discrete player iden- enhanced individual weapons proficiency tification for all participants, enhanced audio- training in the institutional base and in units. visual cueing effects, increased boresight Specific individual weapons type ranges are retention and accuracy, event recording and provided with precision-scoring capability display, increased programmability of weapon to support basic and specialized skills. The characteristics, and increased ability to account precision marksmanship system supports for side, flank, corner and rear shots. modular force conversion and the global war on terrorism. Fixed Tactical Internet (FTI) is a perma- nently installed network of Enhanced Position Aerial Weapons Scoring System (AWSS) Location Reporting System (EPLRS) radio provides a live-fire qualification capability sets with an EPLRS Network Manager that

C-18 2005 Army Modernization Plan enables digital communications across the environments through CTIA and the LVC IA. Army’s Tactical Internet. The FTI acts as An initial-HITS (I-HITS) capability, providing an alternative means to provide on-demand threshold HITS capability, is undergoing side- digital communications in support of testing, by-side comparisons. HITS is part of the LT2- training, maintenance and experimentation at FTS. HITS supports modular force conversion brigade and below. The FTI can significantly and the global war on terrorism. reduce deployment of signal company assets during training events. It is being fielded to Basic Electronics Maintenance Trainer installations fielded with the Stryker, M1A2, (BEMT) provides basic electronics training and M2A3 vehicles as well as Fort Benning, of missile electronics repair and test, mea- Fort Knox and Fort Gordon. FTI does not surement and diagnostic equipment repair provide a capability to train with a Blue Force at Ordnance Missile and Munitions Center Tracker or other non-EPLRS-based commu- and School, Redstone Arsenal, and elec- nications systems. tronics maintenance repairer training at the Ordnance Electronic Maintenance Training One Tactical Engagement Simulation Department at Fort Gordon. System (OneTESS) is a family of tactical engagement simulation systems that sup- Battle Command Training Support ports force-on-force and force-on-target Program training exercises at brigade and below, in The Battle Command Training Support Training & Leader

all battlefield operating systems, at home Development

station, maneuver CTCs and deployed sites. Program provides the constructive training Annex C The system will support the training of proper simulations and virtual simulator capabilities engagement procedures; simulate weapon required by FM 7-0 and FM 7-1 and the Com- systems accuracy and effects; and stimulate bined Arms Training Strategies. detectors, sensors, monitors and counter- measures. OneTESS will use a common Constructive Simulation Training is the architecture compliant with the Common use of computer models and simulations to Training Instrumentation Architecture (CTIA). exercise the command and staff functions of Embedded training in the Future Force end units, from platoon through Joint Task Force. state will incorporate OneTESS. Along with It is the primary means for training BCT and CTIA, OneTESS provides the foundation for above organizations in the art of warfight- the LT2-FTS product line. OneTESS will ing. Constructive simulations permit multiple replace MILES TADSS. OneTESS supports echelons of command and staff to execute T2 and the FCS. their normal warfighting tasks in an extensive exercise without the resource constraints of Home Station Instrumentation Training large bodies of troops. It provides a versatile, System (HITS) is being reevaluated for a cost-effective, low-overhead training environ- potential accelerated fielding. It provides ment that trains leaders how to visualize the objective data collection of unit performance battlespace and to make tactical decisions in in force-on-force, force-on-target, live-fire a time-constrained, digitized environment. It and associated command post exercises. also provides the “wraparound” for LVC inte- HITS supports CATS training and exercise grated events and extending the battlespace events. HITS will be the data transfer bridge to provide more realistic scenarios. Through between live training and the other training the repetitive execution of tactical scenarios

2005 Army Modernization Plan C-19 followed by AARs, commanders and staff through the realistic simulation, stimulation, officers gain a realistic understanding of how and presentation of joint and Army intelligence to take advantage of the enhanced situational capabilities. It is designed to stimulate the MI awareness afforded by the ABCS. collection system with scenarios that replicate battlefield situations utilizing the overarching Army Constructive Training Federation constructive simulation as the driver. This (ACTF) consists of a variety of current and puts the MI soldier in the training loop using projected simulations and supporting appli- the operational equipment and providing cations and hardware designed to address the required reports and data to the combat the training needs of the Joint force land commander and his staff. IEWTPT supports component commander (JFLCC) and Army modular force conversion and T2. Title X requirements across the range of military operations. The ACTF is a federation Joint Deployment Logistics Model (JDLM) of simulations/models and the associated is an exercise driver used to stimulate exercise software tools required to compose, initialize, play for the collective training of AC and RC operate, tune and maintain a synthetic opera- commanders and their staff in command, con- tional environment to support the conduct of trol and coordination of combat service sup- collective command and staff training. ACTF port (CSS). The training audience includes enhances the effectiveness of commander the CSS commanders and staffs in echelons and staff training, exercises, and staff mis- above corps, corps support commands, and sion rehearsals by dramatically increasing division support commands, as well as their the realism and the scope of the available subordinate headquarters down to battalion training environment in accordance with Field level. The simulation is both stochastic and Manual 3.0, Operations, to meet the require- deterministic and will accommodate any the-

Annex C ments of appropriate Universal Joint Task ater, depending on the database. JDLM is the Development List, Army Universal Task List, Joint Opera- only existing Army-approved training simula- Training & Leader Training tions Concept, and Force Operating Con- tion capable of providing the detailed logistics cepts. The constructive models in the ACTF information needed to train CSS staffs. include CBS; Tactical Simulation (TACSIM); Combat Service Support Training Simulation Common Battle Command Sim Equipment System (CSSTSS); Joint Conflict and Tacti- (CBCSE) is common off-the-shelf hardware cal Simulation (JCATS); Digital Battlestaff that is used to run the ACTF software. It Sustainment Trainer (DBST); Warfighters provides a significant improvement for run- Simulation (WARSIM); WARSIM Intelligence ning the simulations over legacy hardware. Model (WIM), an AAR tool (currently Vision CBCSE requires replacement every 3-5 years XXI); the Joint Deployment Logistics Model to maintain relevancy. (JDLM) and One Semi-Automated Force (OneSAF). ACTF supports modular force One Semi-Automated Forces (OneSAF) is a tailorable and composable next genera- conversion and T2. tion Computer Generated Force (CGF) that Intelligence Electronic Warfare Tactical represents a full range of operations, systems Proficiency Trainer (IEWTPT) is a training and control process (TTP) from entity to bri- device being fielded to the Army to support gade levels with variable levels of fidelity, and MI units at corps and below. The IEWTPT supports all model and simulation domain enables realistic battle command training applications with an emphasis on human-

C-20 2005 Army Modernization Plan in-the-loop and closed-loop modes. It will and/or combined arms training environments. represent the physical environment, including BCTC supports modular force conversion, the urban operations and its effect on simulated global war on terrorism and the FCS. activities and behaviors. OneSAF will be the future entity-level brigade and below Virtual Simulation Training is executed on constructive simulation and a component of computer-generated battlefields and provides the Army Constructive Training Federation crews, leaders and units with realistic, immer- (ACTF), and will be used in battle labs and sive training experiences using an embedded research development and engineering cen- training capability or man-in-the- loop simula- ters (RDECs). OneSAF will be interoperable tors that approximate the physical layout of with ABCS and Force XXI Battle Command, tactical weapon systems and platforms. In Brigade and Below (FBCB2). It will be the the virtual environment, simulators operating embedded training capability of FCS and the on virtual terrain take the place of weapon objective semi-automated forces (SAF) com- systems and can be linked to expand the ponent of CCTT/AVCATT/SE Core simulation scope of the training event. Virtual training systems, and will interoperate with OneTESS systems provide commanders with “walk- and the Army Combat Training Instrumenta- level” training, sustainment training, gated tion Systems. OneSAF enables integrated training events, leader development and mis- LVC simulations into realistic synthetic sion rehearsal capabilities. Through frequent battlespaces. OneSAF will represent C4I, and repetitive use and an immediate and total Training & Leader

combat, combat support (CS) and CSS, and replay AAR capability, virtual training systems Development

will significantly reduce exercise overhead. assist commanders with the building and sus- Annex C OneSAF will replace JANUS (A/T), Battalion taining of training readiness. Virtual training Battle Simulation (BBS), OneSAF Test Bed, also has the advantage of allowing Soldiers JCATS (MOUT), and CCTT/AVCATT SAF to perform tasks too dangerous for the live after fielding. OneSAF supports T2 and the environment (such as calling for artillery fires FCS. on or near an occupied friendly position), provides the capability for rapid changes to Battle Command Training Centers (BCTC) scenarios, and facilitates retraining specific (aka Mission Support Training Facility tasks until training objectives are met. Virtual (MSTF)). The BCTC provides a turnkey digi- simulations allow repetitive training under tal training capability to conduct individual and varying conditions to enable the individual or collective training throughout the AC and RC, team to conduct live training at a higher state enabling the commanders to train individual of readiness, potentially reducing OPTEMPO operators, leaders and battle staffs across the costs. Many virtual simulations also provide a full spectrum of operations, to include mission link to the ABCS, thereby providing a realistic rehearsal and reach capabilities using their training environment for the digitized units and like go-to-war systems. Architecture provides battle staffs. a near-seamless LVC training environment. BCTCs directly support the execution of day- Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT) is the to-day operations and exercise support for Current Force’s ground maneuver component all leader and battle staff training required by of CATT, and is a system of computer-driven, the CATS, Army and MACOM 350-1 train- combat vehicle simulators such as the M1 ing directives, and Army Training Strategy to Abrams Tank, the M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle achieve combat readiness in Service, joint (BFV), the M3 Cavalry Fighting Vehicle, the

2005 Army Modernization Plan C-21 Fire Support Team Vehicle, the HMMWV, and with Current Force and JIM virtual simulators emulators that control other vehicle models and simulations. SE Core is an FCS-comple- and that work interactively, similar to the mentary system. This program supports T2 vehicles and functions they simulate. These and the FCS. simulators and emulators are connected via a local area network (LAN). The system’s Aviation Combined Arms Tactical Trainer– computers create a simulated battlefield that, Aviation Reconfigurable Manned Simula- when viewed by Soldiers who are using the tor (AVCATT–A) is the aviation component of system, creates the illusion of moving and the Combined Arms Tactical Trainer (CATT) fighting over actual terrain while operating or that provides a system for staff/crew collec- riding inside the actual vehicles, and employ- tive and combined arms training, mission ing the actual weapon systems mounted in rehearsal and joint exercises. AVCATT–A will or on the vehicles. CCTT is a type-classified be fair-fight interoperable with Close Combat system similar to Simulation Network Training Tactical Trainer (CCTT), is capable of linking (SIMNET-T), but with higher fidelity and more with other AVCATT–A systems via LAN or types of manned simulators, more capable wide area network (WAN), can be networked emulators, a highly developed SAF, and much to the Army Tactical Command and Control improved visual and terrain fidelity. CCTT is System (ATCCS) workstations and will be fielded in company/team sets for the AC and interoperable with future CATT systems. It is mobile platoon sets for the Army National a multifunctional training system, tailorable to Guard. Army National Guard units also have specific unit needs such as mission planning access to CCTT sites at AC Army posts for and rehearsal and combined arms collective use during inactive duty training and annual training through use of Distributed Interactive training. This system supports modular force Simulation (DIS) protocols and Tactical Simu-

Annex C conversion. lation Interface Units (TSIUs). AVCATT-A Development incorporates Current and Future Force Army Training & Leader Training Synthetic Environment Core (SE Core) is aviation aircraft, including attack helicopters the Army’s virtual component of the LVC-IA. AH-64A Apache and AH-64D Apache Long- It is a program that will integrate the various bow, armed observation helicopters OH-58D functions and components of virtual simula- Kiowa Warrior, utility helicopters UH-60A/L/M tions and link the virtual environment to the Black Hawk, cargo helicopters CH-47D/F Chi- LVC training environment (TE) to support nook, and future Armed Reconnaissance Heli- DOD’s T2 and the Army’s FM 7-0 training copters. Each AVCATT–A system consists of strategy. SE Core will develop new, and two trailers with six reconfigurable manned integrate existing, hardware and software modules, Battle Master Control (BMC) room products creating the Army’s common vir- with role-player workstations capable of rep- tual environment (CVE), linking system and licating battle command, ground maneuver, nonsystem virtual simulations into a fully inte- fire support, close air support, logistics and grated training capability. The CVE enables engineer functional areas, and an AAR facility. the Army to execute combined arms and joint The virtual environment is viewed through a training, mission planning and rehearsals helmet-mounted visual display (HMVD) and at home station, en route and at deployed has a backup viewing system. The program locations. SE Core is a key element in the was approved for full-rate production in Army’s Training Transformation plan to link December 2003. The AVCATT–A is currently the FCS-embedded virtual training capability fielded to Fort Rucker, Fort Campbell, Army

C-22 2005 Army Modernization Plan National Guard Region V (Eastover, SC), imagery. Weapons supported are M16A2 USAREUR, Fort Stewart and Korea. By the rifle, M4 carbine, M9 pistol, M249 machine end of FY05, two additional systems will be gun, M60 machine gun, M240B machine gun, fielded to Fort Hood and Army National Guard M2 .50-caliber machine gun, MK19 grenade Region I (Marana, AZ). The AVCATT–A is a machine gun, M203 grenade launcher, M136 mobile system that can support unit collec- antitank weapon and M1200 shotgun. EST tive training at multiple sites including home 2000 is currently funded and in production station, CTCs, and National Guard training and has been fielded with great success. sites. This system supports modular force An increase to this requirement is expected conversion. as users recognize the value of this training device. EST supports modular force conver- Soldier Combined Arms Tactical Trainer sion and the global war on terrorism. (S-CATT) is another member of the CATT family and will be designed to support small- Call for Fire Trainer (CFFT) is a collective unit leader training on critical combat skills training system that provides a simulated prior to executing them in a live training battlefield for training forward observers at environment. Soldier CATT’s centerpiece is the institutional and unit levels. The system the Virtual Warrior, a high-fidelity dismounted will be developed to high-level architecture leader trainer providing a natural virtual envi- standards and will operate in a stand-alone ronment in which dismounted leaders see or integrated mode to train from one to nth Training & Leader

the battlefield in three dimensions, control students in an institutional or home station Development

subordinate virtual Soldiers through voice rec- training environment. The system is trans- Annex C ognition/voice synthesis, and communicate portable and provides for advanced distrib- via FM voice communications and a Land uted learning, simulated military equipment, Warrior-like interface. The reconfigurable virtual environments, and computer-gener- vehicle simulators will be rapidly reconfigu- ated forces. Modular system architecture rable, partial-immersion trainers supporting all allows for interrogations with other simulation Stryker variants, HMMWVs and BFVs where systems, tactical equipment and future com- mounted leaders see the battlefield in three bat training systems. This system supports dimensions from their crew station point of the global war on terrorism. view and communicate via voice and digital FBCB2 systems. Combat Training Centers Modernization Program Engagement Skills Trainer (EST) 2000 is a unit/institutional, indoor, multipurpose, Digital After Action Review Tool (DAART) multi-lane, small arms, crew-served and enables the CTC instrumentation system to individual antitank training simulator that monitor digitized unit communications and trains individual marksmanship, unit collec- collect digital data to prepare the AAR for digi- tive gunnery and tactical training for static tal units. This program is critical in providing dismounted infantry, scout, engineer, military a bridge between the current and objective police squads, and CS/CSS elements. EST instrumentation systems (OIS). It enables 2000 provides the capability to build and the CTC current instrumentation systems to sustain marksmanship, squad and team fire collect digital data for the preparation of AARs distribution and control, and judgmental use for Army Battle Command System (ABCS)- of force training using computer-generated equipped units.

2005 Army Modernization Plan C-23 CTC Battle Command (BC) Security. CTCs The OIS consists of four subsystems: (1) Core are required to be able to connect to ABCS Instrumentation Subsystem, (2) Range Data for the purpose of: (1) playing the higher Measurement Subsystem, (3) Range Moni- headquarters (HICON) and adjacent units; toring and Control Subsystem and (4) AAR (2) extracting critical information from the Subsystem. The OIS is an integrated system ABCS for the purpose of AAR and take-home of computer software and hardware, worksta- package (THP) development; (3) maintaining tions, databases, voice and video recording, safety during the exercise; (4) and control- production and presentation equipment, inter- ling the exercise. Instrumentation and AAR face devices, and communication systems. product systems (such as DAART) are cur- The system is configured to collect, report, rently required to operate in Secret System store, manage, process and display event High (SSH). CTC BC security provides a data for 2,000 instrumented players with the capability allowing CTC instrumentation and capability to expand to 10,000 instrumented support systems (such as DAART, OIS) to be players. connected to the rotational unit’s ABCS. CTC instrumentation and other supporting systems The OIS will accomplish the following func- were developed as training devices and, as tions: exercise planning, system preparation, such, were not considered automated infor- exercise management, training performance mation systems (AIS). The increasing use of feedback, and system support. The OIS will automated systems to support command and primarily: control functions and changes in the regula- tions concerning information assurance have • Collect digital performance data (voice, resulted in new requirements for certification video and messages) from instrumented and accreditation of CTC instrumentation battalion-sized task forces of armor, artil-

Annex C and supporting systems. The security envi- lery, aviation and dismounted Soldiers Development ronment at each CTC must be significantly conducting force-on-force, combined Training & Leader Training upgraded to continue to support realistic arms, or maneuver operations against a training by rotation units. CTC BC Security live OPFOR. supports modular force conversion. • Relay the performance data from the Objective Instrumentation System (OIS) training battlefield to the instrumentation is based on and compliant with the CTIA and system for processing, manipulation and LT2 concepts. display at the Training Analysis and Feed- back (TAF) facility. The OIS is a program to facilitate force-on- force training at the maneuver CTCs (NTC, • Prepare AARs and aid in the presentation JRTC and CMTC) to train U.S Army AC units of the AARs to the training units both in the and National Guard units, and provides joint field, using mobile facilities, and at the TAF training capability with the other Services. facility AAR theater. The system will also The OIS is an upgrade from the current instru- enable frequent informal “jeeptop” AARs. mentation system (IS) and will be developed The system is designed to optimize the according to the CTIA. The CTIA serves as data collection and presentation process. the common core architecture for the OIS Collective training output information programs, as well as the instrumentation is in the form of digital graphics, video system programs for home stations and the presentations, statistical and narrative JRTC MOUT facility. summaries, and hardcopy paper products.

C-24 2005 Army Modernization Plan The system also utilizes the Simulated system, indoor position location, and JRTC-IS Area Weapons Effects (SAWE) on the integration/connectivity. MOUT IS supports personnel and equipment participating in modular force conversion and the global war instrumented training exercises through on terrorism. the use of the SAWE/MILES II system. Data collection, reporting, management, Deployable MOUT/Modular Armored Tac- computation, generation, display and tical Combat House (MATCH). A deploy- weapons effects simulation are performed able, instrumented urban operations training by analog and digital means through the system. The system utilizes audio and video integrated functioning of the subsystems recording to capture Soldier actions for AAR of the OIS. This system enhances the input. Instrumentation includes internal and ability of maneuver CTCs to conduct force- external cameras and controlled targetry and on-force, live-fire combined arms training battlefield effects. Facility also includes exter- by allowing the collection of engagement nal lighting, internal and external stairwells, data for analysis and AAR production. breach points, and moveable wall panels to Priority of fielding is NTC and JRTC. enhance training. MATCH is designed to be used with ball ammunition and will support up Deployable OIS is designed to support to and including 7.62 mm. instrumented AARs for units not physically located at a maneuver CTC site. The intent NTC Live-Fire Targets provide for the is to expand CMTC’s Victory Strike capability development and acquisition of replacement Training & Leader and demonstrate as a proof of principle (PoP). Development target systems on the live-fire ranges. The Annex C Following the PoP, the Army will determine program will replace existing target systems if the deployable OIS capability needs to be with state-of-the-art capabilities, integrate and fielded to additional sites. be compliant with NTC OIS live-fire C2, and improve the C2 target array. This program MOUT Instrumentation System (MOUT supports modular force conversion and the IS). Phase 1 of the MOUT-IS provides a basic capability for monitoring and record- global war on terrorism. ing audio and video data, within the MOUT Opposing Forces Surrogate Training complex in a limited number of buildings, Systems (OSTS) consists of the OPFOR to support AARs for live-fire and force-on- Surrogate Vehicle (OSV), OPFOR Surro- force training exercises. Phase 1 consists gate Tank Vehicle (OSTV) and OPFOR Sur- of the integration of commercial off-the-shelf rogate Combat Wheeled Vehicle (OSWV). (COTS)/nondevelopmental items (NDI) These are based on the M113A3 chassis hardware and software components. Signal with visual modifications to include an OSV Communications Systems and Supply, Inc. turret that is driven by BFV components. (SIGCOM) in Greensboro, NC, was approved Excess M60 thermal sights are utilized. The by the Small Business Administration (SBA) OSTV replaces the M551 Sheridan and M60 for contract award of Phase 1 of the JRTC tanks used as surrogate tanks, and the OSV MOUT-IS. SIGCOM is classified as a small, replaces M551s and M113s used as surrogate disadvantaged (8a) contractor. For Phase BMPs. These systems will be fielded to NTC, II, there will be four contractual efforts for the JRTC and CMTC. acquisition of the JRTC MOUT-IS: audio and visual instrumentation, advanced targetry OPFOR Combat Wheeled Vehicle. A change in the operational environment reduces

2005 Army Modernization Plan C-25 the number of combat tracked vehicles but Conclusion increases wheeled systems. It provides an array of CS/CSS civilian wheeled vehicles People are central to the Army—they are the encountered on the modern battlefield using keys to achieving ready forces today and a a common M1113 HMMWV chassis. These transformed Army tomorrow. Effective Sol- systems reflect changing real-world condi- diers and leaders—those who are self-aware, tions and provide full-spectrum capability to adaptive, and innovative—will solve unfore- the maneuver CTC OPFORs. This includes seen operational problems. Developing and both tactical and technical vehicles. OSTV/ maintaining this edge in the human dimension OSV support modular force conversion and is critical to the success of Army transforma- the global war on terrorism. tion and sustaining day-to-day operational readiness. The Army is committed to the CTC Aviation consists of the OPFOR Aviation development of its leaders at all levels. This and OC/T Aviation. OPFOR Aviation provides commitment extends equally to all officers, OPFOR rotary-wing aviation and unmanned warrant officers, NCOs and Department of aerial vehicles (UAVs) that replicate emerg- the Army civilians of the Active Army, Army ing threats. UH-1s are aging, near wear-out, National Guard and U.S. Army Reserves. and scheduled to leave the inventory in FY08. Leaders must be appropriately developed OC/T Aviation provides the OC/Ts the capabil- before assuming and while occupying leader- ity to control the event/exercise and provides ship positions to ensure they are competent an AAR for aviation assets at a maneuver in, and confident of, their ability to lead at CTC or Joint Air-Ground Center of Excel- the level assigned. In short, the goal is to lence (JAGCE) rotation. Both the OPFOR develop competent, confident leaders who and OC/T aircraft will be fielded as part of can exploit the full potential of present and Annex C the Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) plan and is future doctrine. Development

Training & Leader Training scheduled for FY08 time frame. There is no Army training must change to remain rel- UAV program for OPFOR. These systems evant as changes occur in the operational will replicate real-world conditions and provide environment. The Army must train Soldiers full-spectrum capability to the maneuver CTC and units for situations and missions they will OPFORs. face today and in the future. The Army must provide leaders, Soldiers, and units tough, OH 58D TESS is needed to support aviation realistic, multi-echeloned and fully integrated systems during normal rotations (NTC, JRTC training that will produce bold and innova- and CMTC) as well as at the JAGCE. OH-58D tive leaders to deal with complex situations, TESS would allow realistic play and provide flexible Soldiers with the Warrior Ethos, and valuable AAR feedback. well-trained units. Soldiers of the 21st cen- tury will be expected to achieve these results across the full spectrum of operations. The nature of future threats demands that the Army place its highest priority on training the nation’s Soldiers.

C-26 2005 Army Modernization Plan D R A F T Annex D: Materiel

Introduction the Army to provide units with required capabilities (such as armored HMMWVs This annex provides a brief description and cargo trucks) while minimizing ship- and status of key Army materiel programs ping time and transportation costs. Based contained in the FY06 Presidential Budget on requests by the combatant command- (PB06). These programs develop and field ers, units may also be provided additional new equipment systems, provide incremental equipment with improved capabilities improvements to existing systems, or recapi- while they are deployed. talize existing fielded systems by rebuilding to • Execution of Army transformation as di- a zero-miles/-hours condition and upgrading rected in the Army Campaign Plan system capabilities. • Develop capabilities consistent with joint These materiel programs are part of a compre- interdependence and conducting opera- hensive and integrated doctrine, organization, tions in a joint, interagency and multina- training, materiel, leadership and education, tional (JIM) environment. Accelerate the personnel and facilities (DOTMLPF) modern- development and fielding of Future Force ization solution to execute the Army’s core capabilities for insertion where feasible competencies: (1) train and equip Soldiers into the Current Force. and grow leaders; and (2) provide relevant and ready land power capability to the com- • Conversion of the Current Force units to batant commander as part of the joint team. a modular design. Previous conversions

(FY04) included the brigades and division Annex D Materiel Equipping Objectives headquarters of the 3rd Infantry Division, 10th Mountain Division, and 101st Air As- Army equipping efforts are focused to support sault Division. FY04 conversion activities the following objectives: included the activation of an additional modular brigade for the 3rd Infantry Divi- • The Army’s highest priority is to field sion, 10th Mountain Division, and 101st systems and provide needed capabilities Air Assault Division. FY05 modular con- to both Active and Reserve Component version includes the 4th Infantry Division (AC/RC) units deployed (or in the process (convert existing units and activate an of deploying) in support of Operation Iraqi additional Brigade Combat Team or BCT), Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring I Corps (converts to a Unit of Employment Freedom (OEF). As a part of this effort, or UEx design), and the activation of two the Army has created a “pool” of equip- additional BCTs (one each for the 10th ment in theater referred to as “stay-behind Mountain Division and 25th Infantry Divi- equipment” (SBE) that units will draw upon sion). on their arrival. The use of SBE allows

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-1 Figure D-1. System Acquisition Management Process

• Field Stryker, Future Combat Systems structuring, logistics transformation initiatives, (FCS), and other systems by Unit Set infrastructure plans, and unit focused stability Fielding (USF) to meet established time and rotation plans. Most of these initiatives lines for achieving an initial operational and plans are highlighted throughout the 2005 capability (IOC) for the unit and its interde- Army Modernization Plan. pendent system-of-systems (SoS) set. The Acquisition Phases and Materiel Annex D • Rapid fielding and rapid equipping initia- Developmental Processes tives leverage current programs and com- mercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology The materiel programs described in this an- to give the Soldier increased survivability, nex are in various phases of the acquisition mobility and lethality capabilities. management life cycle. Figure D-1 depicts the acquisition management process and These objectives are supported by a host of management milestones for reference. Both initiatives and plans that include: setting the the new and old terms are provided because force/reset plans, Stryker Brigade Combat programs initiated under the old life-style Team (SBCT) and UA USF plans, recapital- model still use those terms. Definitions for ization plans, software blocking, Battle Com- these phases and other acquisition terms can mand Way Ahead plan, Army National Guard be found in the DOD 5000 Defense Acquisi- Division Redesign Study (ADRS), Army tion Policy documents. Medical Department (AMEDD) transformation initiatives, Army Materiel Command (AMC) re-

D-2 2005 Army Modernization Plan Evolutionary acquisition is the DOD-preferred Through the incremental development pro- strategy being used by the Army to rapidly cess, a desired capability is identified and the acquire materiel systems with mature tech- required end state is defined. That require- nologies for the user. This strategy delivers ment is met over time by the development of capabilities in increments, with the recognition several increments, each dependent on avail- that future improvements in capability will be able mature technology. The requirement for needed. The objective is to balance needs future increments is based upon the ability to and available capability with resources, and fill the gap between the current capability and to put capability into the hands of the user the objective capability (100 percent design quickly. Success of this strategy is dependent concept) for a system. upon consistent and continuous definition of requirements, maturation of technologies, and Through the spiral development process, a continuous collaboration between the user, desired capability is identified, but the end- tester, and developer to develop and produce state requirements are unknown at program systems with increasing capability towards initiation. Those requirements are refined a materiel concept. Figure D-2 depicts this through experimentation, risk management, requirements and acquisition process. and continuous user feedback to provide the best possible capability within an increment. Evolutionary acquisition uses two key pro- The requirement for future spiral develop- cesses, incremental and spiral development, ment is dependent upon user feedback and to provide for continuous discovery and devel- technology maturation. opment of technology for military applications that enhance Joint Force capabilities. Annex D Materiel

Figure D-2. Requirements and Acquisition Process

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-3 Both spiral and incremental development re- capabilities. It is an overarching concept quire close coordination between materiel and and construct that provides the operational training developers to ensure training prod- context for transformation by linking strate- ucts and plans are developed to support the gic guidance with the integrated application new capabilities provided by each increment of Joint Force capabilities. The JOpsC de- and any spiral developments applied outside scribes how the Joint Force intends to operate an increment cycle to existing systems. 15-20 years in the future across the entire range of operations. Developing Capabilities for the Future Joint Force The JOpsC is a unifying framework for devel- oping supporting Service concepts, subordi- The Army is modernizing its Current Force to nate joint operational, functional, and enabling remain a relevant and ready component of the concepts, and a set of integrated operational, Joint Force that meets near-term operational technical, and system architectures that look challenges while continuously pursuing truly at existing, evolving, and future Joint Force transformational changes to develop a Future requirements. These concepts and architec- Force over time. The Joint Capabilities Inte- tures will be validated through joint analysis, gration and Development System (JCIDS) is experimentation and lessons learned to guide the new top-down joint capabilities-based re- future joint- and Service-led modernization quirements generation process that will guide efforts. Army and the other Services’ investment in transformational capabilities for the future Joint Functional Concepts Joint Force. The Joint Operations Concepts (JOpsC) is the first step in this process that There are five appendices to this annex. translates strategic guidance to desired joint Each appendix is aligned with one of the Materiel Annex D

Figure D-3. Joint Operations Concept Framework

D-4 2005 Army Modernization Plan five functional concepts of force application, Aviation Modernization protection, focused logistics (FL), battlespace awareness (BA), command and control (C2) AH-64 Apache and net-centric. Each functional concept Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter (ARH) describes the approach for providing a par- Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) ticular military capability across the range of UH-60 Black Hawk military operations. Under JCIDS, the J8 is CH-47 Chinook using these functional capability categories Fixed Wing to focus joint analysis. Programs that pro- Hellfire Family of Missiles vide more than one functional capability are Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System assigned a lead Joint Warfighting Capability (APKWS) Assessment (JWCA) team with one or more Aircraft Survivability Equipment (ASE) supporting JWCAs to do the analysis up Aviation Electronics (Avionics) front of proposed concepts and DOTMLPF Aircrew Integrated Systems (ACIS) solutions. A designated Functional Capability Air Traffic Services/Air Traffic Control (ATS/ Board (FCB), which is also aligned with one ATC) of these five emerging Joint Functional Con- Aviation Ground Support Equipment cepts, validates this analysis and forwards (AGSE) recommendations to the Joint Requirements Aircraft Component Improvement Program Panel and Joint Requirements Oversight (ACIP) Committee that provides top-down guidance Training Aids, Devices, Simulators and Simu- and direction to the Services on their mod- lations (TADSS) ernization programs. Soldier Modernization In this annex, Army materiel programs with more than one functional capability are de- Soldier as a System (SaaS) scribed only once within a functional capa- Ground Soldier System (GSS) bility appendix that best follows the current Mounted Warrior (MW) Annex D portfolio of the five FCBs described below Air Warrior (AW) Materiel and as aligned in the equipping resourcing Enhanced Night Vision Goggles (ENVG) framework used to organize the Army equip- Thermal Weapon Sights ((TWS) ping program. Objective Individual Combat Weapon (OICW) Increment 1 Force application capabilities are those that XM307 Objective Crew Served Weapon cause an effect on the enemy. The force ap- (OCSW) plication FCB portfolio includes land, maritime, Lightweight Laser Designator Range Finder information, space, psychological, deception, (LLDR) and special operations; joint targeting and Nonlethal Capabilities Set (NLCS) fires; conventional, nuclear, and electronic attack; and suppression against enemy air Ground Force Modernization defense. Appendix 1, Force Application, pro- vides a description and status on the following Abrams Tank PB06-funded materiel programs: Bradley Fighting Vehicle Stryker Family of Armored Vehicles Lightweight 155 Howitzer (M777)

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-5 Future Combat Systems (FCS) Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nu- Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon (NLOS-C) clear and High Yield Explosives (CBRNE) Non-Line-of-Sight Launcher System (NLOS- Defense Modernization LS) High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HI- M31/M31A1/M31E2 Biological Integrated MARS) Detection System (BIDS) Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) Stryker-NBCRV Family of Munitions M56 Wheeled Smoke System (Coyote) Chemical Energy Missiles—Javelin and Vehicle Obscuration Smoke Systems (M6 TOW 2B and M7) Guided MLRS (GMLRS) Rocket Chemical Biological Protection Shelter 120 mm XM395 Precision Guided Mortar (CBPS) Munition (PGMM) Collectively Protected Deployable Medical Excalibur System (CP DEPMEDS) Course Correcting Fuze (CCF) Sorbent Decontamination System, M100 Mid-Range Munition (MRM) Joint Portal Shield Detector System (JPS) Joint Service Lightweight Chemical Agent Protection capabilities prevent an enemy’s Detector (JSLSCAD) effect on us. The protection FCB portfolio Joint Service Lightweight NBC Recon System includes personnel and infrastructure protec- (JSLNBCRS) tion, nonproliferation and counterproliferation, Joint Chemical Agent Detector (JCAD) and consequence management. Appendix 2, Joint Warning and Reporting Network Protection, provides a description and status (JWARN) on the following PB06-funded materiel pro- Joint Service Man-Portable Decontamination grams: System (JSM-PDS) Joint Service Sensitive Equipment Decon- Air and Missile Defense (AMD) Moderniza- tamination (JSSED) System tion Joint Service Transportable Decontamination System (JSTDS) PAC-3/MEADS Combined Aggregate Pro- Joint Service Personnel/Skin Decontamina- gram (CAP) tion System (JSPDS) Materiel Annex D Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) Joint Service Sensitive Equipment Decon- Surface-Launched Advanced Medium-Range tamination Joint Platform Interior Decon- Air-to-Air Missile (SLAMRAAM) tamination System (JSSED-JPID) Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD) Joint Service General Purpose Mask (JS- Segment GPM) Joint Land Attack Cruise Missile Defense El- Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diag- evated Netted Sensor System (JLENS) nostic System (JBAIDS) Sentinel National Guard Weapons of Mass Destruction Air Defense and Airspace Management Civil Support Team (WMD-CST) Unified (ADAM) Cell Command Suite (UCS) Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS) Multi- National Guard Weapons of Mass Destruction Mission Mobile Processor (M3P) Civil Support Team (WMD-CST) Analytical Air and Missile Defense Command and Con- Laboratory Suite (ALS) trol System (AMDCCS)

D-6 2005 Army Modernization Plan CBRNE Installation Protection Program Combat Service Support (CSS) Satellite (IPP) Communications (SATCOM) Advanced Aviation Forward Area Refueling Focused logistics (FL) capabilities sustain and System (AAFARS) support the force. The FL FCB portfolio in- Tactical Electric Power (TEP) cludes deployment distribution, sustainment, Standard Automotive Tool Set (SATS) medical, mobility, and logistics command and Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) control. Appendix 3, Focused Logistics, pro- High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle vides a description and status on the following (HMMWV) PB06-funded materiel programs: Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT) Counter-IED Modernization Palletized Load System (PLS) Containerized Kitchen (CK) Warlock Unit Water Pod System (Camel) Load Handling System (LHS) Compatible Lift Equipment Modernization Water Tank Rack System (Hippo) Load Handling System Modular Fuel Farm Joint High Speed Vessel (JHSV) (formerly the (LMFF) Theater Support Vessel (TSV)) 1,500-GPH Tactical Water Purification System Joint Precision Airdrop Systems (JPADS) (TWPS) Rapidly Installed Fluid Transfer System Assured Mobility Modernization (RIFTS) Rough Terrain Container Handler (RTCH) AN/PSS-14 Handheld Standoff Mine Detec- Container/Material Handling Equipment (C/ tion System (HSTAMIDS) MHE) Ground Standoff Minefield Detection System Maintenance Support Device (MSD) (GSTAMIDS) Medical Communications for Combat Casu- Spider (Antipersonnel Land Mine Alternative alty Care (MC4) System Annex D (APL-A)) Materiel Man-Transportable Robotic System (MTRS) Improved Ribbon Bridge (IRB) Forward Repair System (FRS) Rapidly Emplaced Bridge System (REBS) Tactical Water Purification Systems (TWPS) Dry Support Bridge (DSB) Battlespace awareness (BA) capabilities Sustainment Modernization collect, analyze and process battlespace information. The BA FCB portfolio includes Transportation Coordinator’s Automated all source intelligence collection, environ- Information for Movement System II (TC- mental data collection, predictive analysis, AIMS II) and knowledge management. Appendix 4, Movement Tracking System (MTS) Battlespace Awareness, provides a descrip- Battle Command Sustainment Support Sys- tion and status on the following PB06-funded tem (BCS3) [previously the Combat Ser- materiel programs: vice Support Control System (CSSCS)] Global Combat Support System (GCSS) Distributed Common Ground System-Army Army (DCGS-A) Combat Service Support Automated Informa- All Source Analysis System (ASAS) tion System Interface (CAISI)

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-7 Aerial Common Sensor (ACS) Warfighter Information Network-Tactical Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (WIN-T) (AFATDS) Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) Long-Range Advanced Scout Surveillance Bridge-to-the-Future Network (BFN) System (LRAS3) Joint Network Node (JNN), (formerly known Tactical Exploitation System (TES) as the Area Common User System Mod- Integrated Meteorological System (IMETS) ernization Plan (ACUS MP) Prophet Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (TUAV) Appendix 1: Force Application Shadow 200 Counterintelligence/Human Intelligence Infor- Force application is the sum of all actions tak- mation Management System (CHIMS) en to cause desired effects on our adversary. Force application encompasses all aspects Command and control (C2) capabilities plan, of fires and maneuvers that suppress, neu- prepare, and direct execution of missions. tralize, seize or destroy an objective. These The C2 FCB portfolio includes common effects are conducted with precision—in time, operational picture (COP), joint C2, com- sequence, location, duration and intensity—in munications and computer environment, and order to apply immediate and continuous own force information collection. Appendix 5, pressure on enemy capabilities. These ac- Command and Control, provides a descrip- tions occur in all domains—land, maritime, tion and status on the following PB06-funded space and cyberspace—and include conven- materiel programs: tional and unconventional operations using conventional weapons, nonlethal weapons or Army Battle Command System (ABCS) nuclear weapons. These actions are enabled Global Command and Control System-Army by offensive information operations (IO). (GCCS-A) Mounted Battle Command on the Move (MB- The Joint Force—adept at overcoming anti- COTM) access and area-denial strategies, attacking Maneuver Control System (MCS) throughout the depth and breadth of the Army Airborne Command and Control System battlespace, and defeating fixed and mobile (A2C2S)

Materiel targets in all terrain and weather conditions Annex D Air and Missile Defense Command and Con- across the full spectrum of conflict—requires trol System (AMDCCS) a broad range of force application capabilities. Space Support Element Toolkit (SSET) The Army provides significant force applica- Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Be- tion capabilities through sustained land domi- low (FBCB2) nance using conventional and unconventional Grenadier BRAT (GB) and Mini-Transmitter air and ground maneuver forces that gain and (MTX) Blue Force Tracking (BFT) Sys- maintain a positional advantage with decisive tem speed and overwhelming operational tempo. Satellite Communications (SATCOM) This dominant maneuver capability enhances Combat Service Support (CSS) Satellite the timeliness, range, precision, and impact Communications (SATCOM) of joint fires. Enabled by space, airborne and Global Positioning System (GPS) ground-based systems that provide robust Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio command, control, communications, and System (SINCGARS)

D-8 2005 Army Modernization Plan computer (C4) and intelligence, surveillance ing simultaneous, distributed and continuous and reconnaissance (ISR) and an enhanced combined arms air-ground operations. suite of kinetic and nonkinetic munitions, the Army provides lethal and precise fires for the With its manned and unmanned assets, joint force commander. aviation organizations develop situations from contact with the enemy, maneuver to positions In conjunction with the Joint Force, the Army of advantage, engage enemy forces beyond provides full-spectrum forces that are able the range of their weapons, destroy them with to integrate maneuver, fires and IO across precision fires, and provide close support. Its the full range of military operations. These inherent mobility, flexibility, agility, lethality, include conducting operational maneuver and versatility are instrumental in enabling the from strategic distances; conducting mobile air-ground task force commander to conduct strike operations; closing with and destroying decisive joint operations. enemy forces; applying precision fires and maneuver; exercising information superior- Aviation conducts maneuver, maneuver sup- ity; commanding and controlling joint and port, and maneuver sustainment operations multinational forces; and providing direct, across the spectrum of conflict. Highly skilled continuous, and comprehensive control over and knowledgeable aviation Soldiers employ- terrain, resources, and people. ing aviation systems from entry operations to decisive action provide a significant con- The Army is equipping the Soldier to continue tribution to the quality of firsts (see first, un- to provide force application capabilities re- derstand first, act first, and finish decisively). quired in the evolving security environment. Aviation operations develop the COP, shield This appendix provides a brief discussion of the maneuver force, shape the battlefield, the Army’s force application capabilities that extend the tactical and operational reach of provide the Joint Force dominant air and the maneuver commander, and sustain the ground maneuver coupled with precision force. Aviation is critical to the Army’s sta- engagement and the key materiel programs bility and support requirements, to include Annex D associated with these capabilities. While ma- the homeland security requirements of our Materiel teriel programs that support operational ma- nation. Modernization and sustainment of neuver from strategic distances and assure Army aviation ensures these capabilities are mobility are force application capabilities sup- maintained. porting dominant maneuver, these programs are described in this annex under Appendix 3, Aviation Modernization Focused Logistics, given that deployment distribution and mobility are areas within the Aviation modernization and recapitalization of current FL FCB portfolio. existing aviation systems projected to remain in the fleet into the 2015-25 time frame are Aviation Capabilities essential to supporting current as well as fu- ture operations. The urgent need to address Aviation’s strength is its ability to deploy the steadily deteriorating condition of the quickly, maneuver rapidly, focus tremendous aviation fleet and accelerate RC moderniza- combat power, and achieve surprise and posi- tion is being addressed through an Aviation tional advantage. It is instrumental in achiev- transformation plan. This plan:

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-9 • Accelerates AC and RC aviation modern- Air Traffic Management system (GATM) as ization efforts well as other safety and cockpit manage- ment systems, which will keep these aircraft • Aligns aviation structure and resources to relevant while the Army procures the FCA to comply with Future Force requirements replace legacy C-23 Sherpas. The Army is • Accelerates divestiture of nonmodernized successfully retiring aging and obsolete air- aircraft (AH-1, UH-1, OH-58D and OH- craft from the force, and lessons learned from 58A/C) previous and current military operations and deployments are being addressed. The Army • Restructures and standardizes attack and is continuing to examine the best means to lift formations across the force achieve the vertical envelopment capability required to rapidly project the FCS-equipped • Adjusts RC stationing and alignment to forces across difficult or distant geographic mitigate near-term risk of reduced AC lift locations. Future Force requirements for a assets robust, fully modernized aviation force are • Leverages new training technologies to continuing to be developed. maintain crew proficiency Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems • Invests in improvements for aircraft reli- (UAVS) ability/maintainability As the Army transforms to a more flexible, • Procures new UH-60Ms to accelerate responsive and lethal Future Force, Army fielding of utility aircraft to the Army Na- unmanned aerial vehicle systems (UAVS) will tional Guard (ARNG) also transform to provide integrated, respon- sive and lethal capabilities to commanders at • Procures Light Utility Helicopters (LUHs) all echelons from the Current to Future Force. to divest aging UH-1s and OH-58A/Cs Future commanders will require a UAVS primarily found in the ARNG with a command and control capability that facilitates the flexible and rapid application • Converts an additional 96 AH-64As found of overmatching, decisive land power at spe- in the ARNG to AH-64Ds cific times and locations throughout a greatly Materiel Annex D expanded battlespace. On battlefields of the • Procures Armed Reconnaissance Helicop- future, UAVS will support all Army echelons, ters (ARHs) to divest the OH-58KWs across the spectrum of conflict, on varied terrain and across the Battlefield Operating • Procures the Future Cargo Aircraft (FCA) Systems. Redefining the Army’s UAVS re- to replace an aging fixed-wing fleet quirements reflects an evolutionary process to ensure the support required for tomorrow’s The last several years have seen great prog- Army while providing the best support pos- ress in modernizing Army aviation. Fielding sible to our forces engaged in the global war of the AH-64D Longbow Apache is well un- on terrorism. derway. Recapitalization programs for the CH-47 Chinook and UH-60 Black Hawk have In OEF and OIF, UAVS such as the Raven, begun. The ARH will replace the OH-58D. Shadow 200, Hunter and Improved GNAT (I- Fixed wing is modernizing its current turbo- GNAT) are providing a new dimension to ma- prop fleet (C-12 and RC-12) with the Global

D-10 2005 Army Modernization Plan neuver forces. The Raven is being provided providing ground forces with near real-time in theater to OEF and OIF units to enhance imagery via electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) small unit reconnaissance, surveillance and intelligence at ranges up to 200 km. The target acquisition (RSTA). Equipping and Hunter UAVS, while being used extensively training for deployed Raven units is conducted as an ISR platform, has recently been up- in theater and in CONUS. The Shadow 200, graded to employ the Viper Strike munition in the Army’s first tactical UAV (TUAV) to go OIF. The Hunter UAVS capability will be sus- into full-rate production (FRP), is also in use tained until an extended-range, multipurpose as it continues to be fielded to the military UAVS is fielded at the UE level as a RSTA intelligence (MI) company within the Army’s and command, control, communications and maneuver brigades, including the new Stryker intelligence (C3I) system. brigades. Planned system improvements in- clude airframe upgrades, refined target loca- Current UAVS modernization efforts focus on tion error, and addition of a laser designation accelerating Shadow fielding and providing a into the payload gimble. small UAVS like the Raven to meet today’s operational needs, accelerating Future Force The Hunter UAVS is fielded within III Corps UAVS development and fielding into the aviation exploitation battalions, with one Current Force, continuing development of UAVS company per corps consisting of six air the ER/MP UAVS to replace the Hunter, and vehicles and associated payload and ground science and technology (S&T) efforts that control stations. The Hunter is a RSTA and leverage technologies for improved UAVS battle damage assessment (BDA) asset capabilities. Annex D Materiel

Figure D-4. UAVS Future Force Footprint

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-11 To prepare for the future operational envi- and intelligence collection capabilities for the ronment, the Army is identifying the latest commander. Future Force aviation modern- advances in relevant UAVS technology ization efforts incorporate lessons learned, (airframes, payloads, payload management, the changing operational environment and as well as precision weapons delivery) and emerging Joint Force requirements. These integrating these new capabilities into an efforts leverage key technologies in areas architecture that is consistent with Army and such as electronics, UAVS interoperability, DOD transformation. Extensive S&T work is air platforms, propulsion systems and weap- also being conducted on vertical takeoff and onization. These efforts include: landing UAVS to provide a hover-and-stare capability. The continued development and • Fielding FCS Classes I through IV UAVS, fielding of UAVS with advanced payloads is ER/MP and small unit UAVS an important component of the Future Force’s • Ensuring digital interoperability for effec- operational concept. tive joint/combined force operations The Future Force will include an integrated • Fielding effective, affordable systems that family of UAVS that provide support from the enhance aviation survivability and improve platoon-level to the UE (Figure D-4). The Soldier stamina FCS classes of UAVS will be fully integrated elements of the organic ISR capabilities. • Improving aircraft operational readiness The FCS Classes I and II UAVS will provide • Replacing obsolete air traffic services the squad leader through the company com- equipment and maintaining compliance mander the capability to see over the next with future airspace usage requirements terrain feature. The FCS Class III UAVS will enable a variety of combat functions such • Digitizing of aviation logistics and modern- as precision fires, route reconnaissance and izing aviation ground support equipment situational development at the battalion level. The FCS Class IV UAVS will serve as the UA’s • Developing the technologies to ensure ISR workhorse to facilitate situational aware- fielding of unmanned systems, interoper- ness, battle command, targeting support, ability of manned/unmanned aircraft, and lethal engagement, battle damage assess- next generation/future system develop- Materiel Annex D ment (BDA) and force protection. The FCS ment lead system integrator recently selected the • Leveraging technology to reduce costs, Northrop Grumman Fire Scout for develop- extend aircraft service life and improve ment as the Class IV UAVS. While the path training to the transformed Army of the future will fo- cus on the Future Force, interoperability with • Replacing OH-58D aircraft with the ARH to fielded current systems will be maintained. correct numerous capability gaps (interop- erability, survivability, agility, versatility, Future Force Aviation lethality, and sustainability)

The Army envisions organizing aviation as- • Procuring new UH-60M/HH-60M aircraft sets at all UE levels and at the maneuver brigade. Teaming UAVS with manned sys- • Replacing aging fixed-wing aircraft with tems will enhance operational fires, maneuver the FCA

D-12 2005 Army Modernization Plan • Continual modernization of the AH-64D to an upgraded AH-64D Longbow began field- a Block III configuration ing in 1998. The AH-64D upgrades, among other improvements, adds a millimeter wave • Replacing aging UH-1 and OH-58 aircraft Fire Control Radar (FCR), Radar Frequency with a new COTS LUH Interferometer (RFI), fire and forget radar- guided missile, and cockpit management and Army aviation modernization will transform digitization enhancements. The combination into a modular, capabilities-based maneuver of the FCR, RFI and the advanced navigation arm with a reduced logistics tail optimized and avionics suite of the aircraft provides for the joint fight. The AC/RC organizations increased situational awareness, lethality will be structured to meet Strategic Planning and survivability. The Apache focused re- Guidance to provide tasked-based formations capitalization program integrates a number and improve RC aviation responsiveness to of related initiatives to produce and/or retrofit the swiftly defeat the enemy/win decisively aircraft across the Apache fleet to meet the strategies. objectives of the Army’s recapitalization policy Discussion of Key Aviation Materiel and to address lessons learned from recent Programs combat operations and deployments. This program increases aircraft life by addressing AH-64 Apache high-maintenance demand/operating and support (O&S) cost drivers and incorporating a second generation forward looking infrared (FLIR) with the Modernized Target Acquisition Designation Sight/Pilot Night Vision Sensor (M-TADS/PNVS). The program goals are to reduce the overall average airframe age of the fleet to the half-life metric of 10 years by 2010, increase the unscheduled mean time between removal by 20 percent for selected recapital- Annex D ized components, and maximize the return on Materiel recapped components by 20 percent.

Description. The AH-64 Apache is the Program Status. The recapitalization of 597 Army’s heavy attack helicopter for the Current AH-64As to the AH-64D Longbow configura- and Future Forces. It is assigned to attack tion will be complete in FY10. Multi-year I battalions and regimental aviation squadrons delivered 232 AH-64Ds through FY02. A in both the AC and RC. Apache is a two-pi- second multi-year contract was signed in lot, twin-engine attack helicopter designed to Oct 01 for an additional 269 AH-64Ds with meet the Current Force mission requirements deliveries through FY06. An additional 96 for reconnaissance and attack worldwide, day AH-64A model Apache conversions to the D or night and under obscured battlefield and/or model Longbow configuration will occur with adverse weather conditions. It is a highly inductions beginning in Jan 07 and deliver- mobile and lethal aerial weapons platform ies in FY08 through FY10. Following this with an array of armaments to destroy armor, conversion, the Apache modernization plan personnel and materiel. The Apache has continues in 3QFY10 with the initiation of been in the Army inventory since 1986 and the Block III Apache Longbow program. The

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-13 Block III Longbow will provide a net-ready The specified Army tasks will be conducted as capability that integrates the Apache into the part of an integrated effort with other Services, Future Force. Fielding of the M-TADS to the government agencies, nongovernmental or- total fleet will begin in FY05. ganizations and civil organizations. These missions include homeland security support Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter operations, general support operations, gen- (ARH) erating force medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) operations, and support for Army training Description. As a result of analysis identify- centers and test activities. ing existing capability gaps and subsequent Chief of Staff, U.S. Army (CSA) Aviation The LUH will replace the UH-1 and OH-58A/ Focus Group decisions, in Feb 04 the CSA C aircraft. Additionally, introduction of this identified the need for 368 ARH aircraft. The aircraft will return a number of UH-60s back ARH program was established to correct to the warfighting force. The LUH will be a deficiencies in the OH-58D currently fulfilling COTS aircraft that is less costly to procure the reconnaissance role. and operate than the UH-60. It is being procured as a Federal Aviation Administra- The mission of the ARH is to provide a robust tion (FAA) certified aircraft with training and reconnaissance and security capability for the maintenance activities shared between the joint combined arms air-ground maneuver manufacturer and the military. team. The ARH is a combination of a COTS airframe integrated with nondevelopmental The LUH will primarily support the CONUS, mission equipment packages (MEPs). The Alaska, Hawaii, U.S. possessions and ter- ARH will be fielded to support the Current ritories, as well as Europe; however, it is Force in the global war on terrorism and will worldwide deployable to noncombat permis- possess the growth potential to bridge the sive environments, will be instrument flight capabilities gaps to the Future Force. rule (IFR) capable, and will operate in all geographical environments and conditions. Program Status. A source selection imple- The aircraft will be found in both active and menting full and open competition will be the ARNG units. basis for selection of the Army’s platform of Materiel Annex D choice, leading to a Milestone B decision Program Status. The Initial Capabilities in Jun 05. The System Development and Document (ICD) was JROC-approved in Dec Demonstration (SDD) planned efforts include 04. The LUH program is currently staffing the integration of nondevelopmental item (NDI) Capability Development Document (CDD) for subsystems onto an existing helicopter plat- Joint Requirements Oversight Council (JROC) form, developmental/operational testing and approval. The LUH program is scheduled for qualification to support the Milestone C low- Milestone C decision in Sep 05. rate initial production (LRIP) decision. An FRP decision review will be held in FY08. UH-60 Black Hawk

Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) Description. The UH-60 is the Army’s Cur- rent and Future Force utility and medical Description. The LUH will conduct light utility evacuation (MEDEVAC) helicopter. The UH- missions in support of specified Army tasks. 60 fleet is composed of 960 UH-60As, which

D-14 2005 Army Modernization Plan Program Status. The UH-60M and HH-60M programs are currently in the SDD phase. The Milestone C decision is scheduled for the 2QFY05 with first unit equipped (FUE) in FY08. Initial fielding is scheduled to the special operations and AC divisions.

CH-47 Chinook

Description. The CH-47 Chinook is a twin- began production in 1977, and 638 UH-60Ls, turbine, tandem-rotor, heavy-lift transport which began production in 1989. Black Hawk helicopter with a useful load of up to 25,000 can transport 11 fully equipped combat troops pounds. As the Army’s only heavy lift helicop- and external loads up to 8,000 pounds for the UH-60A and 9,000 pounds for the UH-60L. The UH-60 provides the force commander rapid and agile maneuver through air assault, general support, airborne C2 and MEDEVAC. It gives commanders the ability to initiate, conduct and sustain combat operations by providing internal and/or external lift of troops, weapon systems, supplies and equipment. In the airborne C2 role, it provides full joint and combined interoperability with other C4 and ISR elements to commanders at all echelons. The UH-60 is also heavily utilized in disaster ter, its mission is to transport troops (including relief operations, fire suppression, personnel air assault), supplies, weapons and other recovery and VIP transport. The UH-60 is cargo in general support operations. The Annex D vital to the homeland security needs of our CH-47 is vital to the homeland security needs Materiel nation. of our nation. Secondary missions include medical evacuation, aircraft recovery, para- The Army will procure new UH-60M/HH-60M chute drops, disaster relief, and search and (MEDEVAC variant) in order to extend the rescue. These aircraft are fielded to heavy fleet’s lift/range capabilities, reduce O&S helicopter companies and special operations costs, improve transportability, enhance sur- aviation. The CH-47F is expected to remain vivability, improve strategic transportability, the Army’s heavy lift helicopter until at least integrate Air Warrior, digitize avionics and the 2020-25 time frame. The CH-47 recapi- flight management systems that incorpo- talization program will provide a more reliable, rate Global Air Traffic Management (GATM) less costly to operate aircraft compatible with requirements, and extend aircraft life. The Army digital connectivity requirements with UH-60M and HH-60M are expected to meet an extended aircraft life of approximately 20 utility and MEDEVAC mission requirements years. Key modifications integrate a new ma- through 2025. chined airframe, an upgraded T55-GA-714A engine to restore performance capability, digital avionics, Air Warrior, Common Missile

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-15 Warning System (CMWS), emerging GATM assistance and homeland security missions. requirements, enhanced air transportability, The Army modernization plan calls for FCA to digital automatic flight control system (AFCS), replace aging C-23 aircraft within the current and an Extended Range Fuel System II budget and potentially replace C-12 aircraft (ERFS II) for self-deployment missions. It will in the future. also incorporate reliability and maintainabil- ity improvements to include airframe tuning FCA provides the Army with a self-deployable, for vibration reduction, corrosion protection, 2,400-km cargo aircraft with an 18,000-pound digital source collector, and an automated payload capability that performs short takeoffs maintenance program with 400-hour phase and landings. FCA will be the predominant interval. Currently, there are 458 CH-47s Army fixed-wing aircraft with 128 airframes in the inventory (421 CH-47s, 37 MH-47s). assigned to the RC. The Army is expected The recapitalization program rebuilds and to procure 33 FCA (FY06-11) to rapidly move upgrades all CH-47Ds and 61 special opera- personnel and critical supplies across the tions aviation MH-47s to the CH-47F/MH-47G battlefield. configuration. In addition to recapitalization, a new build program will add new Chinooks Program Status. The Army is currently re- to the inventory starting in FY06. These pro- viewing its fixed-wing requirements for the grams are funded to meet the Army’s Aviation Future Force. The cornerstone of this review Transformation full requirement for Chinook was the Jan 05 approval of the FCA ICD. aircraft. The Aerial Common Sensor (ACS) is being Program Status. The CH-47F program developed as the replacement for the SEMA received FRP approval on 22 Nov 04. Initial RC-12 and RC-7 aircraft. The ACS airframe fielding is to the 160th SOAR (MH-47G) and selection was completed in the spring of the 101st AA Division (CH-47F). FY04 with four aircraft scheduled for fielding in FY09. The ACS is described in this annex Fixed-Wing at Appendix 4, Battlespace Awareness.

Description. The Army fixed-wing program Hellfire Family of Missiles is composed of approximately 300 aircraft. Materiel Annex D Fixed-wing aircraft provide efficient, effective Description. Hellfire (HF) air-to-ground mis- transportation during peacetime and wartime siles are employed to destroy armored and operations. Fixed-wing aircraft provide for high-value point targets. Semi-active laser rapid movement of personnel, critical mission (SAL) HF tracks laser energy delivered by equipment/supplies and special electronic ground or airborne designators while Long- mission aircraft (SEMA) intelligence support. bow HF uses internal millimeter wave radar SEMA collect, analyze and disseminate signal frequency (RF) for autonomous guidance. communications and imagery intelligence in AH-64 Apache, ARH and OH-58D Kiowa War- support of wartime requirements for combat- rior utilize HF as their primary air-to-ground ant commanders, field commanders and na- weapon for destruction of high-value point tional intelligence assets. Fixed-wing aircraft targets. The complementary precision point are routinely utilized in disaster relief opera- target engagement capability of the SAL HF tions, air movement of personnel and critical and the fire-and-forget, adverse-weather ca- supplies, civil support, counterdrug, security pability of the RF HF provide the commander

D-16 2005 Army Modernization Plan with flexibility across a wide range of mission infrared countermeasure capability to avia- scenarios, permitting fast and decisive battle- tion platforms. An advanced missile warning field response. device with an improved countermeasure dispenser system and advanced flare muni- Program Status. The Army will procure tions has been tested and is being installed approximately 2,000 SAL HF for delivery in onto selected platforms. Additionally, devel- FY07 and FY08. opmental efforts continue and will culminate with the acquisition of a multiband, solid- Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System state laser jam head capable of defeating all (APKWS) known infrared threats. Aircraft undergoing recapitalization will have the required sup- Description. APKWS incorporates laser porting wiring and hardware installed for the guidance into the 2.75” Hydra-70 rocket to SIIRCM devices. The Army’s RF-guided provide a lower-cost, lighter-weight precision missile protection program was reinstated in weapon capable of engaging non-armored to the FY06-11 program plan and will employ lightly armored targets and providing an alter- the same acquisition strategy as the infrared native to HF against targets such as buildings, program. The Army has also accelerated the command posts, ADA sites and other targets fielding of critical equipment to enhance the not requiring the HF. The APKWS program Special Operations Forces (SOF) aircraft by provides accuracy and lethality improvements equipping them with SIIRCM and the Army to the family of unguided rockets. The AH-64, Suite of Integrated Radio Frequency Coun- OH-58D and ARH will use APKWS to signifi- termeasures (SIRFC). The Army believes cantly improve aircraft stowed kill capability in that SOF modernization is among its highest scenarios requiring area/suppressive fires or equipping priorities, recognizing the critical precision engagement against non-armored role SOF plays on the joint team. or lightly armored targets. Aviation Electronics (Avionics). Avionics Program Status. APKWS has not yet begun programs are designed to ensure aviation Annex D production. platforms meet combined arms and joint Materiel requirements for C2, mission planning, com- Discussion of Aviation Supporting Mate- munications, navigation (to include worldwide riel Programs civil airspace), information interchange and interoperability. Major avionics initiatives Aviation’s supporting programs are essential include fielding of the Joint Tactical Radio to the support, sustainment and moderniza- System (JTRS) in modernized aviation plat- tion/recapitalization of the aircraft programs forms, which will provide enhanced situational discussed previously. These programs are awareness, high-speed data and video ex- essential to sustain and protect crews/air- change, and improvements in interoperability; craft, maintain interoperability with supported migration of the Aviation Mission Planning organizations, and field Future Force capa- Systems (AMPS) to a Joint Mission Planning bilities. System (JMPS), which will provide significant increases in mission-planning capabilities Aircraft Survivability Equipment (ASE). including a mission-rehearsal capability; new The Suite of Integrated Infrared Counter- versions of the Improved Data Modem (IDM) measures (SIIRCM) will provide an enhanced as the centerpiece to digitization; Global Posi-

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-17 tioning System (GPS) equipment for improved Aviation Ground Support Equipment weapons accuracy; and Global Air Traffic (AGSE). To support and sustain full spec- Management (GATM) equipment mandated trum operations, aviation logistics must be when flying in civil airspace. as responsive and capable as the force it supports. To improve responsiveness, re- Aircrew Integrated Systems (ACIS). The duce vulnerability, and increase operational ACIS program develops and fields equipment momentum, aviation must reduce the cur- required to protect, sustain and enhance air- rent in-theater aviation logistics footprint and crew performance in sustained operations, digitize its logistics systems. The goal of on the ground, and during survival-evasion AGSE modernization is to reduce logistical operations. Air Warrior is the primary ACIS support requirements and improve aircraft program that provides integrated, modular operational readiness. Initiatives focus on life support equipment and chemical/bio- improved automation and efficiency in three logical protection, reduced weight/bulk, and areas of development: modernization of test, significantly improved flight time in mission- measurement, and diagnostics equipment oriented protective posture (MOPP) 4 gear. (TMDE); integration of seamless logistics Air Warrior is described under the Discussion management through automation systems; of Key Soldier Modernization Programs in this and replacement of aging ground support appendix. equipment.

Air Traffic Services/Air Traffic Control Aircraft Component Improvement Program (ATS/ATC). ATS organizations must be (ACIP). ACIP sustains engineering efforts to specially equipped, highly trained, rapidly investigate, correct and qualify turbine engine deployable on short notice, and capable of op- and auxiliary power unit (APU) field-identified, erating within the United States, international safety critical and reliability deficiencies. ACIP and combat airspace systems. They provide inserts emerging technology, extends service the full range of air traffic services from home- life, drives down O&S costs and improves land security to major combat operations. readiness by keeping engines operational and Army ATS remains the core enabler for Army on wing. Return on investment is greater than airspace C2, ensuring synchronized access 12:1 based on historical data using standard, of the increasingly congested joint airspace. approved costing models. Materiel Annex D ATS/ATC modernization fields smaller, lighter, more efficient, digitally connected terminal Training Aids, Devices, Simulators and and en route communications and precision Simulations (TADSS). TADSS moderniza- navigation systems for tactical and fixed tion is critical to the combat effectiveness of base operations. Major programs include the our aircrews and maintainers, and in reduc- Tactical Airspace Integration System (TAIS), ing operational costs. Aviation TADSS will the Air Traffic Navigation, Integration, and leverage technology to provide effective and Coordination System (ATNAVICS), Mobile affordable combined arms/joint training and Tower System (MOTS), Joint Precision Ap- mission planning and rehearsal simulators proach Landing System (JPALS), and Global that are current with the aircraft/systems they Air Traffic Management (GATM). JPALS and replicate. Simulator concurrency, fidelity, and GATM are mandated by civilian air control combined arms tactical and mission rehearsal authorities and joint Services to operate within simulators/simulations that network virtual, 21st century airspace.

D-18 2005 Army Modernization Plan constructive and live simulation systems are Our enemies seek sanctuary by hiding in major initiatives. protected facilities (mosques, churches and hospitals) to make it difficult for the com- Army Aviation Summary mander who must discriminate among com- batants and noncombatants. They create Army aviation’s modernization efforts are dug-in, camouflaged, concealed, hardened focused on fixing warfighting deficiencies positions in caves or deep bunkers and mask (particularly those uncovered during recent these positions around innocent populations operations), aligning the aviation force with to avoid detection and attack by fires. With the Army’s Future Force concept, and field- battlespace understanding and precision ing aircraft/subsystems required to achieve fires, Soldiers on the ground are often the full-spectrum operational capability. Aviation only precise instrument that can locate, track modernization is being achieved through force and identify conflicted targets and attack them structure changes, training initiatives, and with lethal, accurate and timely effects using materiel modernization (AH-64D, UH-60M/ sensors linked to weapon delivery systems, HH-60M, ARH, LUH, FCA, Apache Block III, Soldiers and decision makers. CH-47F, UAVS, Air Warrior and other subsys- tem programs). Aviation is supported by S&T The ground force’s dominant maneuver and programs designed to provide the technology organic high-volume precision fires coupled base required to upgrade existing aircraft and with other joint precision fire capabilities for meet the challenges of new aircraft/weapon the close fight, will overwhelm the adversary, system developments. The Army’s commit- compelling him to flee his sanctuary or face ment to divesting currently obsolete aircraft battle to avoid defeat in detail. In either case, and ensuring balanced modernization across enemy dislocation, disintegration and destruc- both AC and RC is being realized. The Army tion are inevitable through the combination of continues to review near-term aviation fund- maneuver and fires enabled by ground force ing issues to best align programs, create more organic and joint ISR, and precision engage- executable strategies and identify acceptable ment capabilities. Annex D risks that allow tailoring of program require- Materiel ments. Employing land force provides additional magnitudes of precision, perhaps impossible Ground Force Capabilities by other means, and is particularly effective in demonstrating national resolve. At ranges of Army ground maneuver forces with the ca- just inches to strategic distances, the Soldier pability to obtain a positional advantage and functions in the role of a sensor, decision bring overwhelming combat power on the maker, shooter and assessor. enemy with joint fires are essential to joint warfighting. Committed ground maneuver The individual Soldier is the ultimate sensor. A forces can rob an adversary of initiative and Soldier observes, listens, feels and processes remove their freedom to continue hostilities. information. He analyzes, judges, thinks, pri- Sea, air and space dominance are invaluable, oritizes, decides and communicates what he but only land dominance brings hostilities knows and does so in real time. The Soldier to a decisive conclusion—establishing and is a shooter who designates, directs or calls maintaining favorable security conditions for for precision engagement. He does this from more comprehensive and enduring solutions inches to the limit of his technology-enhanced to complex crises.

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-19 line-of-sight (LOS), in all weather conditions platforms in two significant respects. First, the and terrain sets. Most importantly, he is disci- Soldier system frame is human; its loss is not plined and trained, understands purpose and measurable in dollars. Second, the Soldier intent, and can assess, first hand, the battle is the common element for all Army major damage and the effects of precision engage- weapon system platforms and the operation ment. In effect, the Soldier on the ground is of every system is affected by the quality of the ultimate precision weapon. the Soldier and the synergy created by his ability to interface effectively and efficiently On the asymmetrical, chaotic and nonlinear with the equipment and systems. battlefield, the Soldier on the ground oper- ates, and will continue to operate, as an The Land Warrior is a principal program under indispensable part of the joint team. Today, the Soldier as a system concept that includes operations in Afghanistan and Iraq reaffirm a modular fighting system for Soldiers that the Soldier’s role as the centerpiece of our integrates many components and technolo- combat systems and formations. Soldiers en- gies into a lethal, survivable, mobile and situ- able persistent surveillance, reconnaissance ationally aware Soldier system. The Army has and the right combination of maneuver, fires successfully demonstrated the value of the and information operations to achieve preci- Land Warrior system and is examining ways sion engagement. Soldiers bring the essential to accelerate its production and fielding. human dimension to warfighting dominance. They are the centerpiece of our systems and The Soldier modernization process is accom- formations, now and in the future. plished through the use of one of three Sol- dier system development paths: the Soldier With the Soldier as our critical link to success, Enhancement Program (SEP), the Clothing it is imperative to continuously develop Soldier and Individual Equipment (CIE) program, and systems that will enhance the Soldier’s com- the Warrior Programs (represented by Core bat effectiveness. The Army’s Soldier mod- Soldier, Mounted Warrior and Air Warrior). ernization program is a critical component to Also in development are the Combat Support transforming today’s Soldier into the Soldier (CS) and Combat Service Support (CSS) envisioned in the Future Force. Soldier. The SEP requires minimal research, development, test and evaluation (RDTE) ef- Materiel Annex D Soldier Modernization fort and shortens the developmental phase Soldier modernization encompasses the in- of the life-cycle process through the use of tegration of Soldier systems and equipment COTS items with a goal of three years to field that consist of everything that is worn, carried to Soldiers. The CIE program encompasses or consumed for individual use in a tactical all combat, life support, ballistic and environ- environment. mental protection items worn or carried by the Soldiers for individual use that are not Soldier modernization uses the “Soldier as addressed by the SEP or Warrior programs. a system” concept. In this concept, the Sol- Central Funding and Fielding (CFF) is the dier, analogous to a combat platform, has procurement mechanism that acquires and numerous component parts that must work fields SEP and CIE program life-support and in concert for full effectiveness. Yet, mod- mission-enhancing equipment for individual ernizing the Soldier is uniquely different from Soldiers. modernizing all other major weapon system

D-20 2005 Army Modernization Plan Rapid Fielding Initiative (RFI). In an effort Rapid Equipping Force (REF). Many equip- to accelerate Soldier system fielding to op- ment items are being fielded simultaneously erational forces, the Army is utilizing the RFI to operational forces that are not part of the that leverages COTS technology and current RFI, but part of another related activity, the SEP/CIE programs. RFI focuses on en- REF. The REF takes operational guidance hancing several areas of Soldier equipment: from the Army G-3, reports to the Vice Chief lethality (includes enhanced optics, weapon of Staff Army (VCSA), and works directly with rails, target locators and communications); the operational commanders to find solutions force protection/mobility (includes advanced to identified operational requirements. These combat helmet, knee and elbow pads, military solutions may result in the redistribution of operations in urban terrain or MOUT kit); and existing Army materiel assets, accelerated Soldier mission essential equipment (includes procurement of new or existing military/com- enhanced clothing items, hydration system mercial materiel equipment, redirected field- and modular sleeping system). The RFI ing plans, and initiating development of a was an unprogrammed requirement in FY04 future materiel solution. Soldier protection funded with supplemental dollars. In FY06, has been a major focus area for both RFI the RFI funding strategy is a combination of and REF fielding activities in support of OEF programmed and supplemental funds to sup- and OIF. REF solutions include interceptor port procurement of RFI-designated items. body armor (IBA), body armor set individual The RFI campaign plan fields RFI to the op- countermine (BASIC) body armor, Thermal erational Army by the end of FY07. Weapon Sights (TWS), night vision goggles Annex D Materiel

Figure D-5. Protecting Army Forces

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-21 (NVGs), up-armored HMMWVs, SLAT armor, EOD Family of Systems. Another area of and commercial solutions like the Well-Cam emphasis to enhance Soldier protection is and PackBots. The Well-Cam is a webcam the family of systems available to Soldiers in attached to an Ethernet cable and a laptop the Army’s explosive ordnance detachment to allow Soldiers in OEF to search wells for (EOD) units. These systems are critical to weapon caches. PackBots are commercially homeland security, force protection and sup- produced robots used to clear caves, build- port of the global war on terrorism. They ings and compounds. provide EOD Soldiers at home and abroad with the capability to examine, identify and Force Protection. The REF and RFI, as well render safe ordnance effectively and safely. as other efforts that accelerate equipment to Lessons learned from OEF and OIF have operational forces, are critical to enhancing increased the awareness and priority of EOD our Soldiers’ combat effectiveness and protec- systems. Future acquisitions will include the tion. In Iraq, the widespread use of improvised Noninvasive Filler Identification (NFI) sys- explosive devices (IEDs) by enemy forces tem, the Man-Transportable Robotic System has created the need to immediately provide (MTRS), and the Large IED Countermeasures additional force protection capabilities that Family of Systems. Each acquisition will be a include add-on armor kits for tactical wheeled modified commercial buy. NFI and large IED vehicles such as the HMMWV, HEMTT, Pal- countermeasures are new critical capabilities; letized Load System (PLS) and FMTVs. Crew MTRS will provide an improved capability. protection kits, which are integrated into the vehicle design, like the Up-Armored HMMWV, Combat Identification (CID). CID measures currently offer the best solution. The Army is are another means to enhance Soldier pro- pursuing the procurement and fielding of kits tection. As a result of past CID efforts and Materiel Annex D that provide steel doors with windows, back lessons learned during Operation Desert plate and steel plates for lower perimeter Storm (ODS), significant efforts have been of the vehicle and ballistic windshields that made to reduce fratricide with improved CID provided the highest level of protection while measures. In OEF and OIF, the widespread maintaining equipment payload requirements use of GPS systems and Blue Force Tracking for these vehicles. The add-on armor kit is (BFT) systems such as FBCB2 have proven currently funded for 10,416 HMMWVs, 1,080 to significantly reduce fratricide incidents HEMTTs, 1,150 FMTVs, 871 PLSs, 599 HET through an improved capability in locating and kits, 484 M915 line haul truck tractor kits and identifying friendly forces on the battlefield. 926 M900-series 5-ton kits. The Army contin- These systems and other CID measures are ues to pursue add-on armor kits for all families critical today in the fast-paced, nonlinear, of tactical wheeled vehicles. distributed, simultaneous offensive-oriented battlefield environment.

D-22 2005 Army Modernization Plan In FY02, due to affordability issues, the Army Discussion of Key Soldier Modernization terminated the Battlefield Combat Identifi- Programs cation System (BCIS) designed to improve Current Force CID capabilities. The millimeter Soldier as a System (SaaS) wave technology being developed under this program was transferred to Future Force de- Description. The SaaS provides a com- velopment efforts. In an effort to reinitiate a mon architecture and framework across all CID program, the G-3/G-8 have established Soldier domains (ground, mounted, air and a CID Overarching Integrated Process Team core Soldier) that enables development and (OIPT) to update the strategy and concept for fielding of a common Soldier system plat- proceeding forward with a DOTMLPF inte- form and modular components which can be grated CID program that leverages advanced configured/reconfigured as required to suit technology. This OIPT will provide an updated all Soldier specialities. The SAAS concept and approved CID concept and strategy; a provides common interfaces for Soldier com- CID action plan for the Current and Future munications with Future Force platforms and Forces in a JIM environment, and a fund- other SaaS equipment to enable total Soldier ing strategy to support a CID program in the integration and compatibility with other Sol- FY06-11 FYDP. An Analysis of Alternatives diers, fires and platforms. Each SaaS domain (AOA) will be used to develop investment is described below with its associated mod- strategies properly focused on mission, task ernization programs. and purpose to meet joint warfighter require- ments. Additionally, the Army Science Board Ground Soldier System (GSS) will conduct an ad hoc study to assist the Army staff in their review and synchronization of Description. The GSS is a modular, inte- CID efforts. grated fighting system for ground combatant Soldiers that integrates many components The Army’s RFI, REF, EOD, CID and a host of and technologies into a lethal, survivable, other equipping efforts are challenging exist- mobile and more situationally aware Soldier Annex D ing assumptions system. Land Warrior (LW) systems/compo- Materiel and processes nents include multifunctional laser with digital to demonstrate compass, video camera and close combat op- a commitment tic; integrated headgear with helmet-mounted to equipping display and image intensifier; enhancements Soldiers with to protective clothing and individual equip- the best equip- ment; and integrated individual Soldier com- ment available puter/radio/GPS. The systems approach and providing optimizes and integrates these capabilities, relevant and to include interface with the Army Tactical In- ready forces to ternet, without adding to the Soldier’s combat the combatant load or logistical footprint. S&T advances in commanders. warfighting concepts, SoS architectures, and We are an Army at war and will meet the technology components in areas such as current demands while always changing to enhanced navigation, system voice control, meet future challenges. weight reduction, digital connectivity and power are being pursued through the Future

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-23 Force Warrior (FFW) Advanced Technology cations, heads-up display (for vehicle com- Demonstration (ATD) and will be inserted over manders), and eye protection. time as the technology matures to meet LW objective requirements. The FFW ATD is also Program Status. The Army Requirements charged with developing an analysis-of-vari- Oversight Committee (AROC) approved the ants system design concept that will enable ORD in Apr 04. The FUE is required in FY12 expansion of the FFW concept to the other in alignment with fielding of the FCS UA. Soldier variants. This concept will contain design hooks and interfaces common to all Air Warrior (AW) Soldiers, providing a tailorable and reconfigu- rable system-of-systems design extensible to Description. AW is a all Soldiers. Soldier system for he- licopter crewmen that Program Status. The LW Block II (Stryker provides a new generation interoperable) program has been restructured of integrated, mission-tai- to accommodate redefined Current Force lorable, combat-effective requirements. The Army will field, from FY05- life support equip- 10, the Commander Digital Assistant (CDA) ment and chemical/ to all SBCTs, four light divisions (82nd, 101st, biological protection 10th, 25th), and two heavy divisions (4th ID, with reduced weight/ 1st CD) at a cost of $379 million. Three vari- bulk designed to improve ants of CDA will be fielded: a company com- aircrew endurance, mobility mander variant, a platoon leader/sergeant and performance. AW sig- variant, and a squad/team leader variant. nificantly improves flight time Continued CDA developments are planned. in MOPP 4 gear from 1.6 to The program is now focusing on the devel- 5.3 hours. Air Warrior systems/components opment of the Ground Soldier System (Land include: Warrior Block III) system in alignment with the FCS UA. GSS will be fielded to the Future • Microclimate cooling system (MCS) that Force. Throughout the LW development, the includes a microclimate cooling garment Army will seek opportunities to field mature (MCG) and a small microclimate cooling Materiel Annex D capabilities to the force early before the fully unit that chills water and pumps it through integrated LW system is available for field- small tubes embedded in the MCG ing. • Survival equipment subsystem that in- cludes a survival gear carrier, soft and Mounted Warrior (MW) hard body armor, thigh holster and survival knife in ankle sheath Description. The MW Soldier Systems (MWSS) encompasses all CIE required for • Interim Modular Integrated Helmet Display use by combat vehicle crewmen (CVC) in System (MIHDS) with laser eye protection eight functional areas: armor, artillery, air and a night vision device mount defense, mounted infantry, chemical, military police, ordnance and combat medics. The • Over-water survival subsystem that in- MWSS ensemble includes the CVC helmet, cludes a personal flotation device, survival flame protective uniform, cordless communi- egress air (breathing oxygen), and an

D-24 2005 Army Modernization Plan inflatable raft (LRU-18U) that is integrated prescription spectacles, chemical/biological into the ensemble and worn by the crew (CB) protection, oxygen masks and laser eye member protective technologies. CB protection will be donned in flight without removing the helmet. • NBC protection with a modified chemical MIHDS will provide the user complete laser protective undergarment, M45 or M48 eye protection in the visible through the near protective mask with blower unit, gloves infrared portion (400 to 1,400 nanometers) and overboots of the spectrum and will also provide nuclear • Aviation clothing items that include modi- flash protection. fied aircrew BDU and the Aircrew Cold Weather Garment System Program Status. AW Block 1 production began in FY03 and fielding began in 2QFY04 Future AW system spiral development im- to the 160th SOAR(A). Block 2 development provements focus on the technology insertion began in FY02, and Block 3 development of improved and/or enhanced components began in FY04. reflecting emerging technologies defined in AW Blocks 2 and 3. Enhanced Night Vision Goggles (ENVG)

Block 2 developmental efforts are underway Description. The and will add an Aircraft Wireless Intercom next generation System (AWIS) and the Electronic Data of night vision Manager (EDM). The AWIS will enhance goggles for the crew member performance by providing the Soldier is the capability for wireless communications within ENVG. It combines both an uncooled thermal the aircrew and with ground crew or ramp sup- and an image-intensification (I2) capability into port personnel such as in a tactical forward a single device. The ENVG provides Soldiers area rearm and refueling point (FARRP). The with the ability to engage and execute close EDM, in the form of a digital kneeboard, will combat in all levels of light, to include the zero Annex D provide a capability to the aircrew to generate, illumination conditions found in caves and Materiel store, display and distribute digital information underground environments, adverse weather and will interface with BFT systems. conditions and under battlefield obscurant conditions. This is a system component of Block 3 efforts will increase performance and the Soldier Warrior programs. capabilities by adding a fully compliant MIHDS helmet. The MIHDS helmet will provide, as a Program Status. This program is in concept baseline, the same safety performance char- and technology development phase with a acteristics as the HGU-56/P helmet (impact, Milestone B decision in early FY04. The Mile- sound attenuation, retention, etc.). The MI- stone C decision is scheduled in late FY05 HDS will be tailorable and compatible with the with production beginning in FY06. Apache helmet-mounted displays and head tracking technologies and will also provide an Thermal Weapon Sights (TWS) improved day/night helmet-mounted display Thermal Weapon Sights are a symbology for those aircraft that currently Description. family of low-cost, lightweight, man-portable lack this feature. These helmet-mounted IR imaging devices of high resolution to be displays will be compatible with aircrew

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-25 used for surveil- U.S. Armed Services or government agencies lance and fire may adopt it to suit their needs. control of indi- vidual and crew Subsequent increments (Increments II and III) served weapons during will include new and advanced technologies both daylight and darkness. TWS operate that will enable the development and fielding in adverse weather and dirty battlefield sce- of lighter weight and improved ammunitions, narios including light foliage, smoke, dust and nonlethal munitions, precision high-explosive camouflage, and will be fielded to Current airburst (HEAB) munitions systems, embed- and Future Forces as a component of the ded training and simulators, lighter-weight LW program. direct-view sights, improved multifunctional lasers, micro electro-mechanical systems, Program Status. Medium and heavy TWSs nano-explosives, maneuverable projectiles, were fielded to the Special Operations Forces, advanced shaped-charge designs, electronic 101st Airborne Division, 82nd Airborne Divi- fusing and improved materials that will in- sion and the 3rd Infantry Division in support of crease operational readiness and effective- OEF and OIF and has contributed significantly ness as well as reduce total life-cycle costs. to Soldier survivability and lethality. Light The OICW Increment 1 will be compatible with TWS was fielded to the Rangers in 4QFY04 the digital battlefield and will provide the le- and is now being fielded to other special op- thality upgrade for the LW program. The Army erations forces. is still completing capabilities documentation for this system. Objective Individual Combat Weapon (OICW) Increment 1 Program Status. The OICW Increment 1 is a major system acquisition program (ACAT II) Description. The OICW Increment 1 builds in the SDD phase with a Milestone C decision on the flexibility of the existing Modular Weap- scheduled in 4QFY05 and FUE in FY06. on System (MWS). It sets the stage for future scalable, modular effects that allow the tactical XM307 Objective Crew Served Weapon commander to tailor the capability and weight (OCSW) to meet the needs of any operation. It will be Materiel Annex D the foundation for a family of small arms that Description. features commonality of parts, interface, and XM307 is a updated training that more closely matches close com- tactical reality. Variants of the OICW (carbine, bat support special compact (SC), designated marksman weapon that (DM) and light machine gun (LMG)) will fill a will enable variety of roles throughout the Current and platforms to Future Forces and the U.S. military at large. quickly react with a high-volume fire against The OICW Increment I will replace the M16/ troops in the open and lightly armored ve- M4 family of small arms and other weapon hicles. The XM307 will provide 360-degree requirements (M203 grenade launcher, M249 engagement out to 800 meters under day/ squad automatic weapon (SAW) and selected night and adverse weather conditions while M9 pistols) throughout the U.S. Army. Other stationary and on the move at elevations from -20 degrees to +60 degrees. The XM307 fired

D-26 2005 Army Modernization Plan remotely and by the crew from a protected increases the ability to recognize targets at position will fire high-explosive airburst, ar- night and under battlefield conditions. mor-piercing, kinetic energy, thermobaric and nonlethal ammunition from a common maga- Program Status. LLDR is currently funded zine, selectable by the crew. This weapon for 371 systems for procurement and fielding will have an automatic ammunition loading to Army units. The 25th ID received 21 LLDRs system with a manual backup to allow am- for their Operations Iraqi Freedom and Endur- munition to be fed from the right or left side ing Freedom (OIF and OEF) deployments and of the weapon and provide self or remote the 3rd ID received 20 systems in FY04. correction of malfunction. It will contain a test and evaluation (T&E) mechanism capable of Nonlethal Capabilities Set (NLCS) providing rapid target acquisition. The XM307 weighs approximately 50.3 pounds and is Description. Nonlethal capabilities provide capable of firing 25 mm air-bursting muni- commanders options when confronting situa- tions designed to defeat defilade targets out tions in which the use of deadly force is not the to 1,000 meters and suppress area targets preferred response. NLCS provide flexibility out to 2,000 meters. It includes a full-solution by allowing forces to apply measured force fire control that includes direct-view optics; with reduced risk of serious noncombatant full-solution ballistic calculation; digital range casualties, but in a manner that provides force finder; CCD video; tracker module; digital protection and effects compliance—ensuring compass; environmental sensors as well as the success of the military mission. many other options. It is being considered to replace selected M2 and MK19 grenade The NLCS can be rapidly deployed by mili- machine guns. The Army is still conducting tary transport or commercial carrier. NLCS mission analysis and completing capabilities consists of six categories: counterpersonnel documentation for this system. systems, countermateriel systems, protective equipment, enhancement devices, training Program Status. The XM307 program tran- devices/allocations and support equipment. Annex D sitioned from the tech base in FY04. The Materiel Milestone C decision is scheduled in FY07. Program Status. NLCS is currently being fielded to units supporting and preparing to Lightweight Laser Designator Range support OIF/OEF operations. Follow-on field- Finder (LLDR) ing is scheduled to begin in FY06.

Description. The LLDR is a man-portable, Ground Force Modernization modular, target location and laser designa- tion system. The system consists of a target Annex B, Organization, of the 2005 Army locator module (TLM) and a laser designator Modernization Plan provides details on the module (LDM). LLDR provides Soldiers with Army’s two primary ground force moderniza- a man-portable capability to observe and ac- tion efforts, the accelerated development and curately locate targets, digitally transmit target fielding of six SBCTs from 2001 to 2008 and location data to the tactical network, and la- the development and initial fielding of a UA ser-designate high-priority targets for destruc- maneuver brigade equipped with FCS from tion by precision munitions. LLDR greatly 2005 to 2014 to bring Future Force capabili- ties into the Current Force. The USF process

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-27 will field these units with capabilities achieved thereby overcoming enemy area-denial and from a complete set of unit equipment. Under anti-access efforts, and can quickly mount the SoS approach, the unit must demonstrate offensive operations with minimal reception, the ability to operate interdependent systems staging and integration. Although it excels together to achieve an IOC for the unit. In in the midpoint of the operational spectrum, FY03, the first SBCT completed fielding and it can fight effectively as a fully committed operational testing to achieve IOC. It has unit in major engagement and battles with since been deployed in support of OIF. augmentation (such as attack aviation and/ or rocket artillery). With its superior tactical Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT). mobility and excellent battlefield situational The SBCT is inherently a precision unit. The awareness, the SBCT can also execute dif- force design of the SBCT provides the Army ficult security missions such as guard, cover, with dominant maneuver and precision en- screen, counterreconnaissance and rear-area gagement capabilities not found in any other combat operations. The superior off-road ma- Army brigade-sized unit. Specifically, the neuverability of the Stryker vehicle, combined RSTA squadron, equipped with TUAVs and with its dismounted infantry assault capability ground-based HUMINT specialists, provide featuring robust antitank weaponry, ensures the commander with unequalled situational the SBCT can very effectively engage and understanding. The networked command destroy enemy armor in close, complex and/or and control architecture that features FBCB2, urban terrain. allows the commander to provide the same picture to lower echelons and major com- The Army is currently benefiting from the bat platforms, such as the Stryker vehicle, capability of the SBCT in OIF. The unit is thereby establishing a real-time friendly force maximizing the capabilities of this transfor- operational picture for the unit. The SBCT mational organization in combat operations. Examples are increased speed (60+ miles per hour) and survivability (protection against rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) and IEDs) provided by the Stryker family of vehicles in the brigade; near-seamless situational aware- ness down to the combat vehicle crew level al- Materiel Annex D lowing quick execution of changing missions; high rate of reliability of the Stryker vehicles; and high confidence in the vehicle and its capabilities by the Soldiers in the brigade.

also features organic, ground-based sniper The capabilities of the SBCTs will be opera- teams—the essence of precision strike and tionally enhanced when the remaining two a critical combat requirement that has once variants, the Mobile Gun System (MGS) and again been validated during the ongoing war the NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle (NBCRV) against terrorism. are fielded in FY07 and FY08. The MGS provides rapid and lethal direct fire to support The SBCT’s force application capability is assaulting infantry and the NBCRV provides truly global. C-130 transportable, the unit NBC situational awareness to increase the can rapidly deploy to austere environments, combat power of the BCT.

D-28 2005 Army Modernization Plan The Army is exploring alternatives in the • Destroy and degrade enemy anti-access upcoming program years that will further systems such as long-range missiles and enhance the SBCTs’ ability to track, surveil, artillery, unconventional forces, enemy and ultimately engage and destroy targets. surveillance and targeting capabilities Among the systems being examined are pre- cision mortars, advanced artillery munitions • Participate in the destruction of enemy such as Excalibur, and initiatives designed precision engagement systems. This to further enhance the SBCTs’ situational represents a key task, given the significant awareness and effectiveness: Joint Tactical threat that enemy systems represent Radio System (JTRS) to provide joint inter- to Joint Force freedom of action and connectivity command post level, Secure maneuver Mobile Anti-Jam Reliable Tactical Terminal • Seize key terrain and facilities required (SMART-T)—a beyond-line-of-sight (BLOS) to support force flow and decisive opera- communications system; mounted mast tions, extension of the area of influence, sensor improvements for the FSV and RV; and isolation of enemy forces Lightweight 155 mm Howitzer (LW 155)—a lighter automated towed howitzer system with • Degrade key enemy capabilities (C4, ISR, greater survivability, lethality, range, preci- and logistical structures) essential to en- sion and strategic deployability; Warfighter emy offensive operations Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T); and the • Provide essential C4, ISR and logistical Distributed Common Ground System-Army support to the Joint Force (DCGS-A). • Support the joint force commander’s in- Future Force Development. The Fu- formation operations to gain momentum ture Force concept embodies precise and superiority dominant maneuver coupled with precision engagement through a combination of ma- FCS-Equipped Unit of Action (UA) Ma- neuver, fires and information dominance. neuver Brigade. Although the Army has not Annex D As an offensive-oriented force, it conducts finalized a complete Future Force design, it Materiel operational maneuver from strategic dis- has approved an organizational and opera- tances executing synchronized, distributed tional (O&O) plan for a UA maneuver brigade operations as part of a Joint Force to destroy equipped with FCS. key enemy capabilities in a distributed, non- linear battlespace. It provides seamless C4 This UA’s organizational design includes UAVS and ISR, FCS, integrated sensors, attack at each echelon to enhance the organization’s and reconnaissance helicopters, expanded RSTA capability. This capability is viewed as maneuver and fires with standoff, LOS and essential to the success of UA operations to non-line-of-sight (NLOS) capabilities. These build and maintain situational awareness and attributes enable the Joint Force to achieve understanding before, during and after tactical total disintegration, dislocation and destruc- operations. An aviation squadron within the tion of enemy forces from tactical through UA will integrate with UAVS to provide a ro- operational levels. Direct lethal action will bust reconnaissance capability with manned contribute to the following joint efforts: and unmanned aviation (man-in-the-loop) in support of the brigade mission. Addition- ally, they will engage to destroy high-payoff

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-29 or most dangerous target sets with organic defeat advanced threats well into the future. weapons or by employing external networked The Abrams tank closes with and destroys fires under brigade control. enemy forces on the integrated battlefield using mobility, firepower and shock effect. The NLOS battalion is the UA’s primary pro- The 120 mm main gun on the M1A1 and vider of destructive, suppressive, protective M1A2 Family of Vehicles, combined with the and special purpose fires that enable the UA powerful 1,500-hp turbine engine and special to conduct decisive operations. It is envi- armor, make the Abrams tank particularly suit- sioned that the NLOS Cannon will provide able for attacking or defending against large accurate, reliable, responsive, on-demand, concentrations of heavy armor forces on a 24-hour, all-weather, all-terrain and close-sup- highly lethal battlefield, as well as in support porting fires with a wide array of precision and of the global war on terrorism. The Abrams nonprecision munitions. The NLOS Launcher recapitalization program is a modernization System provides a networked system of program focused on the current armored missile launchers with command and control force and seeks to ensure the Abrams main systems that will provide both precision and battle tank remains relevant to the developing loitering attack munitions. NLOS mortars Future Force until fully replaced by the MGS (organic to the UA combined arms battalion) variant of the FCS by maintaining combat will also provide supporting fires to the UA. overmatch. The combination of NLOS mortar, cannon, and launcher systems in the UA and HIMARS The Army has a recapitalization procurement in the UE will provide the future commander and modernization strategy under the Abrams with a greatly increased precision and lethal Integrated Management (AIM) Program that capability. provides M1A1 tanks with rebuilt AGT1500 engines and improvements to selected tank Discussion of Key Ground Force subsystems that bring the tanks to a zero- Materiel Programs hours/-miles rebuild condition. The AIM Pro- gram provides selected technology insertions Abrams Tank designed to extend the service life of the fleet while reducing O&S costs. Some of these improvements include revised hull and turret Materiel Annex D network boxes, a digital electronics control unit, a driver’s hatch interlock sensor system, an upgraded tank commander’s panel, an eye-safe laser range finder, a pulse jet air system, and a battlefield override (mechani- cal fuel and transmission bypass) system. A development and integration effort leading to the insertion of a single second-generation thermal sensor in the gunner’s primary sight is currently underway. Description. The Abrams tank moderniza- tion strategy supports the Army Campaign The M1A2 SEP program began in FY99 and Plan by providing the Abrams tank the lethal- selectively upgrades M1 tanks or retrofits ity, survivability and fightability necessary to M1A2 tanks with rebuilt critical components

D-30 2005 Army Modernization Plan that bring the tanks to a near zero-hours/ The Army completed fielding M1A1 AIMs to -miles condition. M1A2 SEP tanks have 2nd Infantry Division and the 1st Armored a second generation FLIR sensor in the and 1st Infantry brigades in Europe. The next commander’s independent thermal viewer units to be fielded are the brigades of the 1st (CITV) to enhance target acquisition and Armored and 1st Infantry Divisions at Fort significantly improve lethality, hardware and Riley, the Army prepositioned stock (APS) and software that supports Army digitization and the 3rd Infantry Division beginning in FY07. the FBCB2 system, digital diagnostics sys- Currently, the Army is projected to procure a tem that enhances tank maintenance and total of 1050 AIM tanks. Modernization of the sustainment, thermal management system ARNG continues through cascading of M1A1 that reduces the tank’s battlefield signature, HA tanks from the AC. and an improved armor system that improves survivability against emerging threats. Bradley Fighting Vehicle

The Abrams modernization strategy also Description. The Bradley recapitalization includes a major improvement program for program rebuilds and upgrades M2/M3A2s to the current AGT1500 engine coined the To- the most modernized M2/M3A3 configuration. tal Integrated Engine Revitalization (TIGER) The A3 adds two second generation forward Program. This effort serves to execute looking infrared (2GF) devices (one in the an integrated program that will sustain the commander’s independent viewer (CIV) and AGT1500 engine for the benefit of the entire one in the improved Bradley acquisition sight Abrams tank fleet with an average mean (IBAS)), a position/navigation (POS/NAV) sys- time between depot replacement (MTBDR) tem, core elec- of at least 1,400 hours. The TIGER Program tronic architec- establishes a single standard for overhauled ture, and digital engines, addresses current readiness issues, C2. These up- improves durability, reduces O&S costs, and grades improve implements automated data collection in sup- the crew’s abil- Annex D port of fact-based maintenance decisions. ity to navigate, Materiel The development of the TIGER Program will pinpoint and continue through FY05, with procurement identify friend- beginning in FY06. ly and enemy positions, and Program Status. The Army completed field- engage two ing of M1A2 SEP tanks to the 1st Cavalry separate tar- Division and is scheduled to complete fielding gets nearly si- to the 4th Infantry Division in FY05. Efforts multaneously are underway to field M1A2 SEP tanks to the in both day and night conditions. Also, the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment beginning in digital C2 provides a near real-time integrated FY07 and two squadrons to the 11th Armored data link between the M2A3 and other combat Cavalry Regiment beginning in FY09. Cur- vehicles and headquarters. rently, the Army is projected to procure 803 M1A2 SEP tanks. Program Status. The 1st Cavalry Division and 4th Infantry Division will be fielded with 408 M2A3 Bradleys. The 3rd ACR will be

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-31 fielded with 131 OIF recapitalized Bradley • Survivability enhanced by all-around 14.5 Cavalry/Scout vehicles (M3A2 OIF configura- mm armor piercing and 152 mm artillery tion) containing FBCB2, the IBAS and a bal- airburst protection (add-on armor provides listic fire control system. Selected III Corps protection against RPG antitank weap- engineer battalions will be fielded with 342 ons) converted M3A2 ODS-D vehicles. These digitized vehicles will vastly improve the • Accurate target acquisition with Long- lethality, survivability and situational aware- Range Advanced Scout Surveillance ness for the engineers and supported units. System (LRAS3) mission package Further digitization to the active fleet will be • Accurate target engagement with Remote determined as the Army builds the FY06-11 Weapon Station (MK 19 grenade launcher program plan. and/or M2 .50 caliber machine gun)

Stryker Family of Armored Vehicles • Decisive offensive action with dismounted infantry assault (ICV) • Bunker-busting capability with 105 mm cannon (MGS) for roles in immediate fire support of dismounted infantry operations and with TOW bunker-buster munitions (ATGM) Description. The Stryker Family of Armored • Responsive indirect fires with 120 mm Vehicles is the centerpiece combat and com- dismounted mortar (MC) bat support platform for the SBCTs. Two vari- ants of the Stryker will be fielded: the Mobile • Antitank capability with TOW 2B (ATGM) Gun System (MGS) and the Infantry Carrier and Javelin-equipped dismounted infantry Vehicle (ICV). There will be eight additional (ICV) configurations of the ICV: Reconnaissance • Mobility enhanced by mine plow, roller and Vehicle (RV), Mortar Carrier (MC), Command- detector (ESV) er Vehicle (CV), Fire Support Vehicle (FSV), Engineer Squad Vehicle (ESV), Medical • Integrated NBC sensor capability (NB- Materiel Annex D Evacuation Vehicle (MEV), Antitank Guided CRV) Missile Vehicle (ATGM), and Nuclear, Biologi- cal and Chemical Reconnaissance Vehicle The Stryker provides a unique family-of-sys- (NBCRV). Stryker capabilities include: tems approach that maximizes commonality and integrated capabilities while filling an im- • Strategically responsive and deployable mediate capabilities gap in the Current Force. on the complete U.S. Air Force (USAF) Supporting Stryker fielding is a complete new family of aircraft home station equipment training package for both operators and maintainers. • Roll-on/roll-off combat capable with mini- mum preparation Program Status. Planned procurement is • Superior situational awareness with inter- for 2,444 vehicles consisting of two variants: netted/networked communications ICV and MGS. The Stryker program obtained an FRP decision on seven of the 10 variants

D-32 2005 Army Modernization Plan Figure D-6. SBCT Fielding Schedule

in Feb 04; these include the ICV, RV, CV, Program Status. In Nov 02, the M777 en- FSV, ESV, MEV and ATGM. The Army has tered LRIP for 94 USMC nondigitized howit- fully funded, and the Secretary of Defense zers to be delivered in FY04 and FY05. The (SECDEF) has authorized, the procurement FY06-11 program plan funds the procurement and fielding of six SBCTs to fulfill the defense and fielding of the digitized, self-locating, strategy and national security requirements. self-aiming/-pointing upgrade of this system This year, Congress added additional funds (M777E1) to selected Army units, beginning to support the building of a seventh SBCT. with the SBCTs in FY06-08. USMC howitzers HQDA is currently working the plans for this will be retrofitted for the digitized upgrades new organization. Figure D-6 provides the once fielding to Army units begins. A multi- Annex D current SBCT fielding schedule. Service operational test and evaluation Materiel (OT&E) will be conducted during Oct 04, and Lightweight 155 Howitzer (M777) a multi-year production decision is planned for 2QFY05. Description. The Army has a requirement for an advanced, towed, lightweight 155 mm howitzer, with self-locating and aiming capa- bility, that meets increased operational thresh- olds for mobility, survivability, deployability and sustainability. The M777 Lightweight 155 mm Howitzer is funded in the FY06-11 program plan as a weapon system that meets this requirement. A joint U.S. Marine Corps (USMC)/Army program, the M777 will provide accurate, reliable, responsive, on-demand, 24-hour, all-weather and all-terrain close sup- port fires to maneuver forces.

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-33 Future Combat Systems (FCS) architecture to help meet the commander’s requirements. These networked capabilities Description. The core of the Future Force’s include networked communications, net- maneuver UA is the FCS, comprised of 18 worked operations, sensors, battle command manned and unmanned platforms centered systems, training platforms, and both manned around the Soldier and integrated by a and unmanned reconnaissance and surveil- secure battle command network. FCS will lance capabilities. These capabilities will provide Soldiers with significantly enhanced enable improved situational understanding situational awareness—enabling them to see and operations at a level of synchronization first, understand first, act first and finish deci- heretofore unachievable. sively. This allows the Joint Force to achieve overmatching combat power with the lethality, Program Status. The first major step for agility, sustainability and versatility necessary the FCS was achieved in May 03 with the for full-spectrum military operations from successful approval of the Milestone B deci- small-scale contingencies to stability and sion. This decision confirmed the feasibility support operations to major combat. of technology and initiated implementation of the original acquisition strategy to achieve an The FCS comprises a family of advanced, IOC in 2010 and a full operational capability networked, air- and ground-based maneuver, (FOC) by 2012. In Jul 04, the FCS program maneuver support, and sustainment systems. was restructured to reduce program risk FCS employs a revolutionary, integrated while simultaneously improving the Current Materiel Annex D

Figure D-7. Future Combat Systems

D-34 2005 Army Modernization Plan Force with the insertion of FCS technolo- provide sustained fires capability for both gies that will close Current Force capability precision (Excalibur) and area fires (suppres- gaps while maintaining the Army’s focus on sion) to forces in combat and are networked FCS UA development. This will result in an to joint fires. Its networked capability and high FCS-equipped UA (all 18 + 1 systems) IOC rate of fire enable it to provide rapid fires at in 2014 and FOC in 2016. The acceleration extended ranges. System development will of FCS technologies will be accomplished by be integrated with the development of a suite a series of four “spirals” into modular BCTs of munitions and complementary ISR capa- (heavy, infantry and Stryker). bilities that locate, track, identify, engage and destroy all target types with effects scaled by The first of four spirals will begin in FY08 with the mission and target set. T&E by a single Current Force unit (evaluation BCT or E-BCT) that will serve as the consis- Program Status. The Army, in partner- tent organization for the development and ship with the Defense Advanced Research evaluation of FCS-related systems. Spiral 1 Projects Agency (DARPA) has established will start fielding to the Current Force in 2010. an aggressive, collaborative demonstration Subsequent spirals will be fielded initially program in support of the FCS initiative. This to the E-BCT, then to select Current Force demonstration included both live-fire and modular BCTs. The priority of the spiraling mobility phases. An FCS program manager effort is initially to the network, unattended has been assigned to DARPA and the overall munitions and sensors, and unmanned sys- management authority for the FCS program tems. Elements of the network will be spi- resides with the Program Executive Officer raled into each of the four spirals. Manned (PEO) for Ground Combat Systems. NLOS-C Ground Vehicle (MGV) development will be transitions to SDD as a component of FCS. extended out to meet the 2014 IOC date for the first FCS-equipped UA. However, the Non-Line-of-Sight Launcher System Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon (NLOS-C) will lead (NLOS-LS) MGV development and deliver preproduction Annex D NLOS-C systems in 2008 and begin fielding Description. The NLOS-LS is currently part Materiel Block 0 common chassis of NLOS-C proto- the overall FCS program architecture. The types in 2010. NLOS-LS is a networked system of missile launchers with an integrated command and Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon (NLOS-C) control system that will provide precision and loitering attack munitions (PAM and LAM). It Description. The NLOS-C is currently em- will provide accurate, reliable, responsive, bedded in the overall FCS program archi- on-demand, 24-hour, all-weather and all- tecture. The NLOS-C will provide accurate, terrain fires as an integral part of the Future reliable, responsive, on-demand, 24-hour, all- Force. NLOS-LS will provide networked, weather and all-terrain close supporting fires extended-range targeting and precision at- as an integral part of the Future Force. It will tack of armored, lightly armored and other utilize the Modular Artillery Charge System stationary and moving targets during day, (MACS) and inductively set fuses, such as the night, obscured and adverse weather condi- M762/A1, M767/A1 and multiple option fuze, tions. The system’s primary purpose is to artillery (MOFA). As the primary fire support provide responsive precision attack of high- asset available to the UA commander, it will payoff targets (HPT) in support of the UA

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-35 in concert with other UA NLOS systems as well as other Army, JIM system capabilities. Future technology improvements will allow the system to provide a discriminating capa- bility via automatic target recognition (ATR) and contribute to battle damage assessment (BDA). The system has flexibility to respond to all UA sensors, SOF, and other UE joint and multinational elements. The NLOS-LS will be a self-contained system with multifunctional munitions capability. The system will be ca- pable of multimodal transport and be fired from the ground or from manned/unmanned missile fires to a depth of 300 km. Mounted tactical transport vehicles. NLOS-LS consists on an FMTV chassis, HIMARS is C-130 of the container launch unit (CLU) housing transportable, combat loaded, and provides individual containerized munitions, PAM and full Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) LAM, and an onboard command and control family of munitions (including GMLRS and capability. Operational requirements may ATACMS) capability, yet requires 70 percent necessitate the development of additional fewer airlift resources to transport than the munitions variants such as thermobaric and current M270 MLRS launchers. HIMARS nonlethal applications. Variants will be the Advanced Concept Technology Demonstra- smallest number that satisfies all require- tion (ACTD) prototype launchers were suc- ments. The system has an external mission cessfully employed in OIF, providing preci- planning software application designed to sion fires in support of USSOCOM and Army operate on the future battle command system operations. for planning and execution of multiple and si- multaneous missions, including engagement Program Status. HIMARS is in LRIP with with different munitions. FUE programmed for 2QFY05 to the XVIII Airborne Corps. Program Status. The Army, in partnership with the DARPA, is involved in an aggressive, Discussion of Key Ground Force Materiel Annex D collaborative demonstration program in sup- Munitions Programs port of the NLOS-LS initiative that transitioned to an Army SDD effort in FY04. An NLOS-LS Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) Task Force was formed under PEO Tactical Family of Munitions Missiles to facilitate the transition and coordi- nate actions to ensure initiation of NLOS-LS Description. The ATACMS family of muni- Block I SDD. tions (FOM) provides the joint force com- mander with a surface-to-surface, all-weather, High Mobility Artillery Rocket System responsive, deep-strike weapons capability (HIMARS) for the attack of area and point targets from ranges of 25-300 km. ATACMS has been Description. HIMARS provides Current and produced since 1990 in a logical series of Future Forces with continuous, all-weather, improvements to range, accuracy and lethal- precision, medium- to long-range rocket and ity. ATACMS Block I proved its effectiveness

D-36 2005 Army Modernization Plan during Operation Desert Storm. A significant technology that allows the gunner to lock on number of Blocks I, IA and Quick Reaction to the target, fire the missile, and immediately (QR) Unitary were successfully employed in take cover. Other features include a tandem OIF in support of USAF, USMC, USSOCOM warhead, an imaging IR seeker and a soft and Army operations. The entire ATACMS launch that allows the missile to be fired from FOM is launched from improved MLRS enclosures. In addition to its high lethality, M270A1 and HIMARS rocket and missile Javelin is ideally suited to rapid deployment launchers. due to its size, its high reliability, and its very small logistics tail. The Javelin has won high Program Status. The FY06-11 program funds praise from commanders engaged in combat procurement of ATACMS Unitary missiles and operations during OEF and OIF. For example, initiates a Service Life Extension Program during the Apr 03 battle of Debecka Pass in (SLEP) for Block I and IA missiles that are northern Iraq, the Javelin missile played a de- approaching the end of their shelf life. An cisive role in enabling an SF unit to destroy an ATACMS Penetrator attacking armor formation. Lessons learned (ATACMS-P) variant from these operations are shaping the Javelin is being developed P3I program. and demonstrated as part of a coop- Program Status. Javelin FUE was Jun 96 erative Army/Navy with FRP beginning in May 97 and scheduled ACTD that will be to continue through FY09. Javelin is currently completed in FY05 being fielded to infantry, armor scouts, and with three test firings combat engineer units. The Block I program and delivery of six includes improvements in the command residual missiles to launch unit for better target detection, recog- United States Forces, Korea (USFK). There nition and identification, and extended sur- is no follow-on program for ATACMS-P. veillance time; the missile includes improved performance at maximum range, reduced Annex D Chemical Energy Missiles—Javelin and flight time, reduced acquisition time and Materiel TOW 2B Counteractive Protective System interface. The Javelin weapon system is part of the Description. The Javelin missile provides FCS, dismounted with the ICV and integrated dismounted infantry with a medium-range, with the Armored Robotic Vehicle-Assault man-portable, shoulder-launched, fire- Light (ARV-A (L)) multifunctional utility/logis- and-forget, anti-armor weapon system that tics and equipment (MULE), and provides risk provides a highly formidable capability able mitigation paths for the ARV-A (6-ton vehicle). to defeat all known armor threats for the The Feb 04 joint requirements validation of dismounted close fight. As a fire-and-forget the Stryker ORD included a revision to in- missile with top and direct attack modes and 2.5 times the range, Javelin is a leap- ahead improvement over the Dragon system. Moreover, the Javelin’s command launch unit incorporates an integrated day/night sight and greatly improves battlefield surveillance and survivability. Javelin has fire-and-forget

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-37 tegrate the Javelin into the Stryker Remote Guided MLRS (GMLRS) Rocket Weapons Station (RWS) on the ICV variant of the Stryker vehicles. Description. The MLRS M26 basic rocket is nearing the end of its shelf life and is now out- Description. The TOW weapon system is a ranged by many enemy artillery and rocket crew-portable, vehicle-mounted, heavy anti- systems. Guided MLRS is a major upgrade armor weapon system designed to defeat to the M26 series armored vehicles and other targets such as rocket that integrates field fortifications. The TOW weapon system a guidance and con- provides the heavy anti-armor/assault capa- trol (C&C) package bility for the Army’s infantry forces (airborne, and a new rocket air assault, light, SBCT and Bradley-equipped motor to achieve mechanized) and the USMC forces with the greater range and TOW-equipped HMMWV, LAV and Cobra heli- precision accura- copters. The TOW family of missiles provides cy. Launched from a man-in-the-loop, precision-point targeting an M270A1 MLRS capability, which serves to minimize collateral tracked or HIMARS damage—a preeminent consideration in cur- wheeled launcher, GMLRS rockets are pre- rent and emerging operating environments. cision-guided munitions (GPS-aided Inertial During OIF, the TOW missile fired from the Measurement Unit (IMU)) that enable a force Improved Target Acquisition System (with to engage and destroy targets at ranges in second generation FLIR), won accolades excess of 60 km, with precision, and with from the 101st Airborne Division (air assault) fewer rockets, reducing the logistical resup- for the decisive role these systems played in ply burden associated with unguided area enabling the division to employ precision fires munitions. to destroy enemy forces while also avoiding collateral damage. The modernized TOW 2B The Dual Purpose Improved Conventional (Aero) missile provides even greater range Munition (DPICM) version of the GMLRS and countermeasure defeat to TOW-equipped contains 404 submunitions (M77 grenades) units and will mitigate TOW inventory risk. to attack area targets. Fuze improvements, The TOW Bunker Buster missile (TOW BB) combined with the improved accuracy will Materiel Annex D was fielded to the first SBCT in Nov 03 as an also greatly reduce the hazard to operational in-lieu-of mitigation item for the Stryker ATGM maneuver and collateral damage from unex- until the Stryker MGS is fielded. ploded ordnance. A self-destruct fuze for the DPICM grenades is also being developed with Program Status. Procurement was 2,861 European partners and will be incorporated TOW 2B missiles from the projected require- into production. The GMLRS Unitary rocket ment of 12,332 missiles funded in the FY06- variant will replace the DPICM submunitions 11 program plan. The Army plans additional payload with a unitary warhead that will have procurements in the FY06-11 program plan to a multimode (point detonating, delay and maintain a minimum production line sustain- proximity) fuze capability. ment rate. Typical threats to be engaged include self- propelled and towed artillery; multiple rocket launchers; forward-positioned, surface-to-

D-38 2005 Army Modernization Plan surface missiles or enemy air defense; a wide a variety of protected targets. Targets are variety of active and passive, soft or lightly threat infantry protected by field fortifications, armored vehicles; and area or point targets masonry walls, or lightly armored vehicles. with no collateral damage constraints. The 120 mm mortars are key organic lethality GMLRS Unitary rocket will provide the abil- platforms for the Current and Future Forces. ity to attack critical area and point targets in PGMM is the key lethality system for the restricted terrain (under foliage, urban envi- close fight. ronments, and heavy snow) that may require reduced collateral damage effects. Program Status. PGMM transitioned into the SDD phase in 1QFY04 with production Program Status. GMLRS DPICM develop- scheduled to begin in FY08 and fielding in ment was an international program with the FY10. United Kingdom, Germany, France and Italy. GMLRS DPICM began LRIP in FY03 and will Excalibur achieve IOC in 3QFY05. GMLRS Unitary is currently a U.S.-only effort in SDD. The Description. Excalibur is a cannon-de- GMLRS Unitary rocket development has been livered, precision-guided, extended-range accelerated and will be developed and fielded family of 155 mm artillery projectiles that using an evolutionary acquisition strategy self-guide to a programmed aim point using and spiral development process to field a GPS. Excalibur will deliver 10-meter circular capability no later than the end of FY06. The error probable accuracy from minimum (8 km) evolutionary strategy approach will deliver a to maximum (35-40 km) range in all weather capability to the Soldier in increments, recog- conditions. Anti-jam technology and an in- nizing, up front, the need for or opportunity ertial navigation system are used to provide to integrate technologies that support future precision-strike capability in a GPS- jamming capability improvements. environment. Target and fuze data are pro- grammed into the projectile via an inductive 120 mm XM395 Precision Guided Mortar projectile programmer Enhanced Portable Annex D Munition (PGMM) Inductive Artillery Fuze Setter (EPIAFS). Materiel Excalibur uses an optimized (near-vertical) Description. PGMM is a 120 mm laser-guided terminal trajectory to engage targets in urban precision mortar munition, designed to defeat and complex terrain with minimal collateral high-payoff targets with low collateral dam- damage. Excalibur will overcome the limita- age. It is the maneuver task force command- tions of current area engagement munitions er’s “hip pocket” indirect precision with precision, increased range, lethality and effect, capable of providing minimal collateral damage. responsive, standoff defeat Program Status. Excalibur is in SDD and of high- is a cooperative international development v a l u e program with Sweden. The first spiral of In- targets. Current military opera- crement I will provide an initial capability to the tions have underscored the immediate and JLW 155 Howitzers (M777E1) for the Stryker significant need for an organic, responsive, brigades in FY06. The second spiral of In- indirect-fire, extended-range, precision-strike crement I will provide an IOC to the M777E1 munition that has significant capability against and NLOS-C in FY08. Future unitary variant

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-39 spirals will reduce costs, refresh technology being fired from a platform at extended range and enhance performance capabilities to BLOS targets. There are currently two MRM reflect evolving requirements. round concepts being pursued, MRM-KE and MRM-CE. Course Correcting Fuze (CCF) MRM-KE is an advanced guided, boosted, Description. CCF and the Navy’s Guidance kinetic energy (KE) anti-armor smart munition Integrated Fuzing (GIF) program represent a capable of defeating current and advanced cooperative effort to demonstrate, further de- armored threat vehicles from close in to velop and produce a fuze that will enhance the extended BLOS ranges. It utilizes a kinetic accuracy and effectiveness of DOD’s conven- energy rod and rocket motor technology to tional artillery munitions stockpiles. GIF/CCF thrust the round towards the target at a very will use GPS guidance and small canards to high speed for defeat. An MMW autonomous apply minor corrects to the ballistic trajectory seeker or SAL, along with radial maneuver of conventional artillery projectiles. The round thrusters, is used to acquire and guide the will follow a normal ballistic trajectory, and the round towards the target with high accuracy. fuze will apply in-flight corrections to deliver The projectile uses fins to aerodynamically the round to the target with much greater ac- induce spin and accelerometers to provide curacy than current rounds. The program’s body motion data to ensure proper dynamics intent is to deliver increased accuracy at a for seeker search area processing. low cost. It will represent the middle of the spectrum of capabilities available for the MRM-CE is an advanced, guided, chemi- commander, providing significantly increased cal energy (CE) anti-armor smart munition accuracy over current artillery rounds, but not capable of defeating current and advanced the degree of accuracy provided by precision armored threat vehicles from fairly close in munitions such as Excalibur. to extended BLOS ranges. It utilizes a dual tandem, chemical energy, shaped-charge Program Status. CCF RDTE begins in PB06 warhead at relatively slow round impact and the first delivery of CCF fuzes is expected speeds for target defeat. A dual-mode MMW, in FY09-10. imaging infrared (IIR) autonomous seeker or SAL is used to acquire and guide towards Materiel Annex D Mid-Range Munition (MRM) the target with high accuracy. The sensors are mounted on a unique ball-joint gimbal to Description. MRM is an autonomous and accomplish sensor imaging and large sensor laser-guided smart munition fired from an search areas for target acquisition. The pro- FCS Mounted Combat System Increment I jectile uses canards and fins to stabilize the vehicle. This munition extends the ma- round and IMU technology to allow it to glide neuver commander’s battlespace BLOS to accurately towards the target during seeker more than 12 km. MRM exploits the ability search and terminal impact. of the FCS-equipped UA to identify targets at greatly extended ranges, as well as pass Program Status. The MRM program com- digitized targeting information, in real time, to pleted an ATD phase in Dec 03. A Milestone B the maneuver commander or shooter. It also decision was made in 4QFY04. The SDD exploits autonomous and smart munitions phase will start FY05 with a Milestone C deci- technologies to provide a munition capable of sion scheduled for FY09 and FRP in FY10.

D-40 2005 Army Modernization Plan Force Application Capabilities Summary Protection is accomplished through the planned and integrated application of several Stryker, FCS, HIMARS and the other materiel security-related and supporting operations programs described in this appendix readily and programs including law enforcement, demonstrate the Army’s modernization efforts physical security, protective services op- to develop network-centric forces enabled erations, critical infrastructure protection, by superior situational understanding and information operations, crisis response, decision-making speed, capable of dominant consequence management, intelligence and maneuver and precision engagement (force counterintelligence, intelligence fusion, coun- application) as part of the joint team. terterrorism and antiterrorism, and through air and missile defense (AMD) and chemical, As the Army transforms to a Future Force biological, radiological, nuclear and high-yield design and capability, it will explore new and explosive (CBRNE) defense measures. promising technologies that will provide en- hanced force application capabilities. Inher- The Army provides full-dimensional protec- ent in this design is the requirement for all tion against enemy effects at the strategic, means of precision engagement to operate operational and tactical levels to the home- within a joint and combined system of systems land, our allies and coalition partners, and and to be strategically responsive so that it the Joint Force. The protection of national remains an effective partner in the joint fight. or host nation assets and national centers of This means that the Army must maximize gravity is vital to the strategic level of opera- commonality of organizations and equipment tions from which national or combat power is as well as fully leverage information technolo- generated. gies. Army transformation will meet these key requirements. The Army’s priority of efforts in force protec- tion remain focused on supporting operational Appendix 2: Protection forces and equipment deployed and in-transit; capitalizing on threat reporting and coordina- Annex D

Protection is the sum of all actions taken to Materiel tion with international/national intelligence prevent an adversary’s effect on the Joint and law enforcement agencies; enhancing Force and the population that the Joint Force detection and deterrence capabilities for protects. These actions include protection of CBRNE threats; institutionalizing installation personnel, infrastructure and critical computer access control for personnel and vehicles; networks. Because WMDs pose a unique improving policy and doctrine; strengthening and catastrophic threat to personnel and in- training and exercises; and expanding force frastructure, special measures must be taken protection assessments. to deter and mitigate the effectiveness of an adversary’s use of WMD. These measures The Army continues to ensure all mission include WMD counterproliferation, nonpro- essential systems are hardened to survive liferation before an attack, active defense NBC effects, function in NBC environments, measures during an attack, and our ability to and are decontaminable. This will ensure conduct effective consequence management that Current and Future Forces are prepared following an attack using WMD. to operate in NBC environments.

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-41 Physical security programs continue to the area-denial/anti-access strategies ad- focus on ensuring the adequacy of policy versaries will employ, and the asymmetrical and programs, physical security technology aerial capabilities they will use against joint initiatives, access control, and civilian police and coalition forces. AMD forces are postured and guard initiatives necessary to ensure the to fight as part of the joint team at strategic, security of individuals and property in support operational, and tactical levels and possess of worldwide Army operations. The Army is the required capabilities to successfully exe- continuing to assess its critical infrastructure cute all assigned warfighting missions. AMD’s to ensure adequate protection against poten- transformation fully supports Army modular tial threat actions. force conversion in that it provides the com- batant commander with scalable, modular This appendix provides a brief discussion and tailorable force packages that possess of Army protection capabilities, specifically, a joint and expeditionary mindset. This is Army AMD and CBRNE defense capabili- accomplished via the joint AMD system-of- ties and key materiel programs associated systems approach that will also contribute with these capabilities. The importance of to the attainment of Defense Transformation space-based capabilities and their role in Planning Guidance (TPG) operational goals. force protection is also described. AMD transformation is consistent with and draws from Joint Operating Concepts, Joint Air and Missile Defense Capabilities Functional Concepts, and Joint Integrating Concepts. In the midst of AMD transformation efforts, AMD forces remain deployed worldwide in All of these factors combine to ensure that support of current U.S. efforts in the global war AMD transformation efforts in the DOTMLPF on terrorism and homeland defense. Patriot domains result in a strategically integrated, units are positioned in South Korea as a de- responsive, deployable, agile, versatile, le- terrence measure and sign of continuing U.S. thal, survivable and sustainable force that commitment to that nation. Air and missile is a critical enabler to the Future Force and defense battalions are supporting operations an indispensable asset to the Joint Operat- in OIF. In addition, Air Defense and Airspace ing Concepts. En route to the desired end Management (ADAM) Cells are deployed with state, Army AMD will pull as many capabilities Materiel Annex D their parent SBCTs, with additional ADAM forward from the future as technology and re- Cells slated to deploy in support of OIF 3. sources will allow, enhancing the warfighting AMD units also contribute to the defense of capabilities of the Current Force. the National Capitol Region. AMD weapon systems and integration platforms are viable Role in the Army enablers to the President and SECDEF’s joint command and control network, which is The AMD mission states that AMD forces— crucial to homeland defense operations. fighting interdependently with other elements of the JIM team at strategic, operational and The U.S. AMD transformation plan is fully tactical levels—will provide AMD and contrib- aligned with ongoing and future DOD, Army ute to situational awareness/understanding, and joint transformation policy guidelines. airspace management, and operational force AMD forces are designed to meet the chal- protection to deter or defeat enemy aerial lenges of the future operational environment, threats, protect the force and high-value as-

D-42 2005 Army Modernization Plan sets, enable freedom to operate, and contrib- joint third-dimension situational awareness ute to victory. and understanding; provide Army linkage to the joint identification/engagement authori- To accomplish this ties; facilitate planning, coordination and syn- mission, transformed chronization of airspace activities and linkage AMD forces must be to the Joint Airspace Control Authority (ACA); able to dominate, help enable trajectory clearance for ground- enable, control and to-ground, ground-to-air and air-to-ground exploit the third di- fires; and protect friendly aerial objects. mension of the area of responsibility (AOR). Control. Control is exercising, regulating, and governing the Army use of airspace in Dominate. Army AMD will help dominate the close coordination with the joint airspace con- third dimension, interdependently with JIM trol authority. Control assures discrimination forces, at strategic, operational and tactical of all airspace objects, virtually eliminating the levels, through joint attack operations; joint, risk of fratricide; enhances force protection layered active defense operations; joint pas- for air and ground forces; and increases the sive defense measures; and integrated battle overall effectiveness of the force. command. Modular, scalable, multifunctional Army AMD formations will be employed when Exploit. By dominating and enabling in the and where required to deter and dissuade airspace, joint and coalition forces can better adversaries from using air and missile threats. exploit it for their exclusive operational ben- Army AMD will help integrate and execute JIM efit. AMD and joint forces will exploit the third offensive and defensive operations to deny dimension by using it to conduct inter- and enemy launch points and kill enemy air and intra-theater operational maneuver from stra- missile threats on the ground before they can tegic distances and to sustain noncontiguous be launched. Mission-tailored AMD will also forces via air. Modular, multifunctional AMD destroy enemy aerial RSTA beyond standoff, task forces will be deployable on C-130/Fu- Annex D contributing to friendly force ability to see first ture Force airlift and will help enable the Materiel by forcing the enemy to see last (or not at all). force to project and sustain in an anti-access Army AMD will proactively kill in the air during environment by protecting critical bases of midcourse and terminal phases of flight, at operation and protecting joint vertical entry sufficiently long ranges to preclude warheads forces. Army AMD ground and elevated or target debris from harming friendly forces sensors will provide extended range surveil- or assets. lance of aerial and ground targets that can be exploited to support offensive and defensive Enable. Army AMD will help enable the third NLOS engagements. Army AMD elevated dimension and contribute to information su- sensors will be multifunctional platforms pro- periority by integrating its sensor and battle viding long-endurance communications relays command elements into the joint distributed to distribute actionable information to enable network and providing continuous surveil- commanders to effectively integrate, coordi- lance information that will support the Single nate and synchronize warfighting operations Integrated Air Picture (SIAP) portion of a with dispersed forces on the nonlinear battle- three-dimensional COP. These AMD sensors field. Army AMD and joint forces will leverage and battle command elements will provide space and aerial ISR capabilities to support

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-43 joint attack operations and provide early warn- kinematic ranges, lack of a fused air picture, ing of air and missile attack to at-risk forces no persistent wide-area detection capability and civilian populations. and limited engagement battlespace—due to the range and terrain limitations of single System of Systems (SoS) systems.

Integrated AMD capabilities are crucial el- The Army AMD SoS program is synchronized ements supporting our National Security with other Services and in many aspects is Strategy. Capability integration will reflect an leading the way to develop a Joint Force AMD understanding that solutions or systems oper- SoS to counter ballistic missiles, CMs, un- ating in each of the domains have strengths manned aerial vehicles, tactical air-to-surface and weaknesses. The joint force commander missiles, rockets, artillery and mortars, and will arrange and employ capabilities in mutu- rotary/fixed-wing aircraft threats. To better ally beneficial ways to capitalize on strengths maximize the SoS approach, Army AMD is and offset weaknesses. changing the way it organizes and fights with the development of composite AMD units that Global considerations will influence operation- are modular and multifunctional. The benefits al focus against threats that can rapidly deliver of this dual transformation are significant: WMD against the homeland and outside the offsets the limitations of a single system, AOR. This will require offensive/defensive ca- significantly increases the effectiveness of pability integration and operations within and the area air defense commander’s defense among Joint Force commands. Active AMD design, enhances modular or task force op- will provide a layered defense with multiple erations, reduces the limitations created by engagement opportunities against threats. autonomous operations, reduces fratricide and increases the engagement battlespace The regional fight may be constrained by against all AMD threats. limited assets due to strategic imperatives, short warning times for deployment, limited AMD Organizational Transformation lift, and immature AORs. The Joint Force will mitigate these challenges through offen- The first phase of the organizational transfor- sive/defensive JIM integration through AMD mation effort is based on expanding joint and Materiel Annex D integration platforms. Army future concepts; Future Force attributes and characteristics; changes in technology; Joint, integrated AMD is a critical warfight- AMD lessons learned from OIF and other ing requirement that protects our homeland, operations, wargames, and experiments; and deployed forces, friends and allies. This ca- current joint and Army AMD capability gaps pability is achieved through an effective SoS analyses. application and synergy consisting of sensors, shooters, and battle management command, AMD organizations will be structured to meet control, communication, computers and in- National Military Strategy (NMS) needs and telligence (BMC4I). The Army AMD SoS is support future joint and Army formations in designed to offset the problems related to Ser- garrison and war. The AMD organizational vi- vice-specific or stovepiped systems—limited sion is fully embedded with the modular Army interoperability or joint functionality, limited Future Force vision. All forces are considered capability to maximize engagements out to “pooled” and available to support any future

D-44 2005 Army Modernization Plan JIM headquarters with mission-tailored pack- on the defense of the CONUS and the other ages. Army AMD transformation will optimize geographic combatant commanders’ AORs. the synergy between the AC and RC forces The Terminal High Altitude Area Defense in order to meet the requirements inherent (THAAD) and Joint Land Attack Cruise Mis- in homeland security, strategic deterrence, sile Defense Elevated Netted Sensor System stability operations, and major combat opera- (JLENS) systems, along with their supporting tions Joint Operating Concepts. command and maintenance units, are envi- sioned to be assigned to regionally focused Unit transformation begins with the battal- AMD brigades. ions but stretches across all AMD echelons. Composite AMD units (combat formations Army AMD transformation is aligned with the that possess the full spectrum of AMD combat Defense Strategy, recommendations from the potential) will be created. Initially consisting of 2001 Quadrennial Defense Report and sup- Patriot and Avenger batteries, they will evolve ports attainment of DOD’s critical operational into a Surface-Launched Advanced and Me- goals, the Army Transformation Roadmap, dium Range Air-to-Air Missile (SLAMRAAM) Joint Vision 2020, JTAMD 2010 Operational and Medium Extended Air Defense System Concept and the Protection Joint Functional (MEADS) combination. AMD batteries or bat- Concept. Army AMD transformation supports tery teams will be the primary battle elements joint interdependence by reducing focus on to achieve effects on the battlefield at maneu- areas well covered by the Joint Force (such as ver UA, UEx and strategic levels. They can defeating the fixed-wing threat) and by provid- rapidly deploy, achieve one or more required ing the Joint Force its only current capability lethal effects without augmentation, and sus- against short-range ballistic missiles and the tain unit operations. They can fight indepen- first integrated capability against advanced dently but generally will serve as subordinate CMs. Over 85 percent of Army AMD’s in- multifunctional AMD task force elements. All vestment strategy is dedicated toward filling AMD combat units will be pooled at the UEy critical Joint Force capability gaps. level under AMD brigades for rapid integra- Annex D tion into UEy or UEx formations, in support of The critical components of the capabilities Materiel BCTs, as the operational/threat environment essential to the Joint Force include the Com- requires. bined Aggregate Program (PAC-3/MEADS), THAAD, JLENS, SLAMRAAM and Integrated The AAMDC is the senior Army AMD battle Fire Control (IFC). command headquarters at the UEy level and commands AMD forces (brigades) assigned As a result of changes in the future opera- to operate at that level. It has, in concert tional environment, our Army is pursuing the with the Joint Force’s Area Air Defense Com- most comprehensive force transformation in mander, overall mission responsibility for the the past century as part of the joint effort to planning, integration and execution of Army transform America’s military to protect our air and missile defense operations. AAMDCs national security interests. Army AMD contin- are regionally focused headquarters. The two ues to be an essential element of Joint Force AC AAMDCs conduct frequent, short-notice operations and provides the right capabilities deployments in support of USPACOM and for joint and Army Future Force success. USCENTCOM. The RC AAMDC is focused

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-45 Discussion of Key AMD Materiel currently fielded Patriot forces in conjunction Programs with recapitalization efforts. Also, the evolu- tionary development and fielding of MEADS Army modernization for AMD provides key provides linkage to the Army’s fully networked components and capabilities of the joint AMD battle command capabilities bridge from the SoS. Current to Future Force, enables interde- pendent network-centric warfare, facilitates Shooters. Aerial threats have diverse pro- FCS interoperability, and fully supports the files and target characteristics that impact Joint Operating Concepts. Finally, the CAP active defense weapon systems design and ensures that required AMD capabilities are development. Army modernization is on fielded to achieve the protection joint func- schedule to provide systems capable of de- tional concept construct: detect, assess, feating a wide range of the aerial threats from warn, defend and recover. advanced CMs up through tactical ballistic missiles. Joint interdependence—Patriot and Within the Current Force, Patriot is a corps/ THAAD provide the only capability against theater AMD system that can simultaneously tactical ballistic missiles (TBMs). Addition- engage and destroy multiple air and missile ally, Army AMD will provide the first integrated threats at varying ranges and altitudes. It is advanced CM capability with the development the world’s only battle-proven theater AMD of SLAMRAAM. system and will be a key AMD element for the next 20 years. The Patriot system will provide PAC-3/MEADS Combined Aggregate the foundation for Army AMD transformational Program (CAP) efforts, and will be the core of initial AMD composite units, comprised of Patriot and Avenger batteries. In the future, as MEADS MEIs are incrementally fielded to Patriot units, these composite AMD units will consist of MEADS and SLAMRAAM batteries. This construct will provide combatant commanders with modular, scalable, mission-tailored ca- pabilities to dominate, enable and exploit the Materiel Annex D third-dimension battlespace and contribute to Description. With the approval of the De- operational force protection in support of UA, fense Acquisition Executive (DAE), the Army UE, and joint force commanders in the future has combined the management, development operational environment. and fielding of the Patriot and MEADS pro- grams. The PAC-3/MEADS CAP is based on Currently, only eight of 10 AC Patriot bat- the concept that the MEADS objective capa- talions are funded for upgrades to PAC-3, bility will be achieved through an evolutionary allowing for a mixed force of battalions with approach by incrementally inserting MEADS significantly different capabilities. PAC-3 major end items (MEIs) into the current Patriot provides a remote-launch capability, which system, thereby providing increased capa- significantly extends the defended area; in- bility to the field in a timelier manner. This creases range, altitude, and firepower with approach allows for earlier modernization new hit-to-kill missile and ground support and fielding of enhanced capabilities to the equipment; and engages multiple TBMs,

D-46 2005 Army Modernization Plan air-breathing threats (ABT) and CM threats. number of operational configurations. The Patriot recapitalization is ongoing to im- objective MEADS battery will be scalable and prove the operational capability by bringing tailorable to operational requirements. It will existing Patriot assets to a “like-new” (zero- consist of a BMC4I tactical operations center miles/-hours) state, thereby achieving OSD’s (TOC) that is capable of integrating into Army Setting the Force objectives and enabling the and joint SoS BMC4I architectures, enabling Army to meet future combatant commander distributed system operations and BLOS en- requirements. PAC-3 system upgrades are gagements, for maximum protection of sup- planned to counter evolving threats, improve ported forces by engaging at longer ranges; joint interoperability, and increase surveil- a lightweight launcher capable of transporting lance and detection capabilities required as and launching up to eight missiles; a reloader; part of evolutionary development. Further, the PAC-3 missile; an ultra-high frequency to support current operations, congressional (UHF) surveillance radar (SR) that provides committees have resourced nine capability 360-degree coverage and near-range to long- upgrades that will be fielded to Patriot units range detection of low-radar, cross-section in FY05-07 to correct deficiencies identi- targets; and two X-band Multifunction Fire fied in OIF lessons learned. These Patriot Control Radars (MFCR) that provide 360- OIF fixes include upgrades in air-to-ground degree coverage and are designed for high- Annex D communications, software improvements in precision handover to the in-flight missile, Materiel training scenarios to address spurious tracks discrimination capabilities, and short-range and track correlation, software upgrades that target detection and horizon search. improve classification, identification, friend or foe (IFF) enhancements, Link-16 joint range In addition, MEADS will provide significant extension, embedded data recorder replace- improvements in strategic deployability, trans- ment, radar shroud monitor, battery command portability, mobility and maneuverability. Its post (BCP) acceleration, and upgrades to substantially reduced lift requirements enable AMD training centers. MEADS to be deployed rapidly with essential combat loads via inter-/intra-theater land, sea MEADS will provide joint and coalition forces and airlift anywhere in the world. MEADS critical asset and defended area protection will provide combatant commanders with an against multiple and simultaneous attacks AMD system that is fully transportable by by TBMs, CMs and other ABTs. MEADS will C-130 aircraft, thus increasing strategic and have a netted and distributed architecture tactical mobility. Further, its decreased size with modular components to increase sur- and weight and ability to conduct rapid march vivability and flexibility of employment in a order and system emplacement will enhance

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-47 maneuverability, thereby providing better vantage of the significant improvements of the AMD protection to maneuvering forces. MSE missile, providing increased protection to tactical formations and defended assets. While the PAC-3 missile is the baseline mis- sile for MEADS, the Missile Segment En- CAP Acquisition Increment 3 (FY15). The hancement (MSE) missile is being developed Increment 3 architecture will begin integrat- to meet U.S. operational requirements. MSE ing the objective MEADS configuration. An will provide a more agile and lethal intercep- updated BMC4I will include a communica- tor that increases the engagement envelope tions backbone and software functionality to while enhancing insensitive munitions com- enable rapid transition of elements within the pliance. MSE will significantly contribute to architecture to support tactical mobility re- increasing MEADS capability to “defend” as quirements. Also, Increment 3 integrates the part of the Protection Joint Functional Con- new SR and two MFCRs into the fire unit/bat- cept construct. tery. The associated surveillance, fire control, classification discrimination and identification The CAP increments will improve the current (CDI) and battle management functionality will Patriot capability to protect forces during the offset current operational shortfalls/capability transformation to MEADS. MEADS MEIs will gaps in the areas of sectored systems, stress- be developed and fielded in three acquisition ing threats, strategic and tactical mobility and increments that comply with and are in sup- combat identification (CID). Enhancements port of Air Space and Missile Defense (ASMD) in CID will significantly contribute to fratricide and joint SoS capabilities: prevention by incorporating the capability to noncooperatively classify targets by type and CAP Acquisition Increment 1 (FY09). The specific platform, thereby contributing to the Increment 1 architecture integrates the initial identification of unknown targets that may MEADS BMC4I capability into the Patriot have nonfunctional IFF transponders. force. The BMC4I TOC will be C-130 deploy- able and will provide for an initial common Program Status. The Army’s plan for the BMC4I for both the PAC-3/MEADS CAP and combined management, development and the SLAMRAAM, which enables BLOS en- fielding of the Patriot and MEADS programs gagements with SLAMRAAM using JLENS was approved by the DAE at the Defense Materiel Annex D or Patriot fire control data. Acquisition Board (DAB) on 07 Apr 03. On 01 Jul 04, the DAB approved Milestone B for CAP Acquisition Increment 2 (FY11). The all three CAP increments, with a FUE date in Increment 2 architecture includes the MSE 2015 (battery-level). The Milestone B deci- missile in a single-canister configuration, the sion approved the program’s entry into SDD MEADS near-vertical launcher with reloader, and the following LRIP quantities. and an associated BMC4I software update to support fire control of the new missile. All Terminal High Altitude Area Defense three of these components, when integrated (THAAD) into the SoS architecture with JLENS (el- evated sensor), will significantly increase the Description. THAAD is a ground-based defended area by enabling engage-on-remote missile defense system being developed (EOR) capability against incoming threats. to protect forward-deployed military forces, EOR capability will enable units to take ad- population centers and civilian assets from

D-48 2005 Army Modernization Plan short- and medium-range ballistic mis- FY05 and an engagement capability in FY07. siles. As an element of the Missile Defense The first THAAD battery (-) will begin fielding Agency’s (MDA) terminal defense segment, in FY09 with a second in FY11. THAAD will provide the opportunity to engage ballistic missiles—outside or inside the earth’s Surface-Launched Advanced Medium- atmosphere—that were not destroyed earlier Range Air-to-Air Missile (SLAMRAAM) in the boost phase or midcourse phases of flight by other Ballistic Missile Defense Sys- tem (BMDS) elements, such as Aegis.

A THAAD unit consists of a command and control/battle management component, truck- mounted launchers, interceptors, an X-band radar and ground support equipment. The THAAD interceptor is comprised of a single- stage booster and a kinetic kill vehicle, which destroys enemy warheads through hit-to-kill collisions. The THAAD radar is a solid-state, phased-array, X-band radar that performs Description. SLAMRAAM will defend search, track, discrimination and other fire designated critical assets and maneuver control functions. The THAAD radar also forces against aerial threats. It will replace sends updated target information to the kill the Avenger in the Army’s AMD force and vehicle while in flight. is being developed in concert with the USMC’s CLAWS system. SLAMRAAM is a lightweight, day-or-night, adverse-weather, NLOS system for countering CMs, UAVs, RSTA platforms, and rotary and fixed-wing threats with engagement capabilities up to Annex D 30 km. The system consists of SLAMRAAM Materiel components—a HMMWV-mounted launcher platform; launch rails; launcher electronics; Program Status. MDA is developing THAAD onboard C4 components; and AIM-120 Ad- in incremental, capabilities-based blocks. vanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missiles Flight tests scheduled to begin in FY05 are (AMRAAMs), supported by the Sentinel part of an extensive T&E program that will Enhanced Target Range Acquisition Classi- demonstrate the capability of the ongoing fication (ETRAC) sensor, which is linkable to research and development activities. The other joint and Army external sensors. THAAD acquisition strategy will rely on test program results to gain knowledge and will Program Status. The SLAMRAAM entered use that knowledge to make future acqui- the SDD phase in Sep 03. It is funded for sition and Army transition decisions. The development and fielding of one battery in first THAAD fire unit will be fielded in FY09. FY06 and one battalion in FY08. THAAD will have an emergency activation surveillance capability with Army Soldiers in

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-49 Ground-Based Midcourse Defense limited defensive operations in 2004 with an (GMD) additional mission as a developmental test bed. The Strategic Planning Guidance directs the MDA to develop options for expanding GMD beyond the test bed.

Sensors: Elevated and ground-based sensors provide effective detection of all aerial threats and work with Future Force capabilities to provide enduring, persistent surveillance and third-dimensional situational awareness. The Army has two sensor pro- grams in JLENS and Sentinel that are key components of the joint integrated AMD ar- chitecture. Shooter sensors (Patriot, MEADS and THAAD) also feed into the joint, fused, integrated third-dimensional network. Joint Description. GMD is a fixed, land-based interdependence—JLENS provides the only system designed to provide limited protection long-endurance, elevated sensor capable of to the United States against an intercontinen- providing fire control quality data throughout tal ballistic missile (ICBM) attack. The GMD the joint network. design focuses on ensuring high defense effectiveness against ballistic missile attacks Joint Land Attack Cruise Missile Defense of limited scope (e.g., accidental, unauthor- Elevated Netted Sensor System (JLENS) ized, or authorized limited launch). The GMD SoS architecture consists of the following components: GMD Communications Network (GCN), GMD Fire Control (GFC), Missile In- Flight Communications, and Ground-Based Interceptors (GBI). GMD is part of a SoS architecture that includes Upgraded Early Materiel Annex D Warning Radars (UEWR), X-Band Radars (XBR), Aegis and the Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS).

Program Status. GMD is an element of Description. JLENS is an Army-led, joint pro- the MDA’s broader Ballistic Missile Defense gram employed with a theater or UE organiza- System (BMDS), a capabilities-based devel- tion. JLENS is an elevated, long endurance opmental acquisition program utilizing a block system that uses advanced sensor and net- approach. The Army has served as lead Ser- working technologies to provide 360-degree vice for GMD (less acquisition) since 1999, Wide Area Surveillance Radar and Precision and today has focused its efforts on provid- Track Illumination Radar (PTIR) against the ing installation support, facilities, resources, land attack cruise missiles (LACMS) threat force protection and operational personnel in and can also serve as a long-endurance com- support of the deployment of a capability for munications relay. JLENS enables joint and

D-50 2005 Army Modernization Plan Army AMD SoS to conduct BLOS and NLOS Platform. AB-1309, 117-foot tower or 15- engagements against aerial targets out to meter aerostat (work is being conducted for each respective interceptor’s maximum effec- an airship platform). tive kinematic range and to enable engage- ments in clutter. JLENS provides detection Sensor. Provides 24/7, 360-degree visual and tracking of fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, coverage with an electro-optic (EO) color UAVs, TBMs in boost phase, and surface daytime camera, an infrared black/white day moving objects when performing a selec- or night camera, and a laser range finder with tive moving target indicator (SMTI) mission. pointing azimuth indicator for precisely locat- JLENS directly supports all facets of joint ing targets of interest out to 13 km (personnel) theater AMD (JTAMD) active air defense and or 20 km (vehicles), allowing the commander contributes to offensive counter air (OCA)/at- in the field to respond in a timely, safe and tack operations and C4I through multi-link appropriate manner. dynamic data distribution. JLENS supports JTAMD mission set execution by providing Ground Control Station. For sensor display surveillance and supporting integrated fire and control with video recording/playback control (IFC), and aerial CID activities. JLENS capability EO/IR fully passive sensor system, is a major contributor to the JTAMD Capstone color EO daytime and black/white IR day or Requirements Document (CRD) objectives night capability with laser range finder, and of SIAP and CID, providing precision track- pointing azimuth indicator. ing and measurement information. As a key element of the SIAP, JLENS integrates data Program Status. JLENS is a key component from multiple sensors and C3I networks and of the Army’s cruise missile defense (CMD) provides correlated data to BMC4I nodes. acceleration initiative, developed as a joint JLENS is less expensive to buy and operate solution in an SoS framework, to provide com- than fixed-wing aircraft and can stay aloft for batant commanders with an increased CMD up to 30 days, providing 24-hour battlespace contingency capability by FY08, with FUE in coverage over extended areas. FY10. JLENS is being developed, demon- Annex D strated and procured using an evolutionary Materiel In Dec 02, the VCSA tasked Army material acquisition strategy consisting of spirals and developers, in coordination with the REF, increments. Each increment is traceable to to determine what material solutions could the ORD block requirements (e.g., Incre- be made rapidly available to improve force ment 1 is equivalent to ORD Block I). Incre- protection for Soldiers in Afghanistan and ment 1 consists of two spirals; each spiral is elsewhere. In response to the VCSA initiative, being constructed to support air directed sur- the JLENS project office proposed, developed face-to-air missile (ADSAM) engagements, and deployed three force protection pack- SIAP and CID capabilities. Increment 2 will ages known as JLENS Rapid Aerostat Initial provide an increased fire control radar capa- Deployment (RAID) to Afghanistan in sup- bility and a wide area surveillance capability port of OEF in Mar 03 for $6.1 million. These with each sensor hosted on a nontethered elevated, multispectral sensor systems were platform. Increment 3 provides an increased fully operational by early Apr 03. system capability with sensors hosted on a nontethered, single platform for high mobil- The JLENS RAID system consists of three ity. A Milestone B decision is scheduled for main components:

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-51 FY05, and a Milestone C decision is expected identifies and reports targets. Targets can in FY09. be hovering or fast moving, from nap of the earth to the maximum engagement altitude of Due to the success of the RAID effort, funding short-range weapons. The radar operates in in the amount of $38.3 million for 18 additional the X-band, transmitting 1,100 pencil beams units was part of the $87 billion FY04 supple- per rotation. It rotates at 30 rpm (two-second mental spending bill passed by Congress for update). The instrumented range and altitude support of OEF, OIF and Noble Eagle. are 40 km and 4 km, respectively. The Sen- tinel data utilizes SINCGARS AN/VRC-92A Sentinel and EPLRS AN/VSQ-2 radios. These can provide a track file of more than 60 targets. Sentinels will be in the composite battalions, providing 360-degree surveillance to coun- ter CMs, UAVs other ABT threats, enabling Avenger today and SLAMRAAM in the future to defeat those threats.

Program Status. The program completed its primary Sentinel procurement in FY01 and is currently undergoing preplanned product improvement (P3I) to improve surveillance and tracking capabilities. Sentinel completed fielding to Active Army and National Guard units in FY03. Additional upgrades and sys- Description. Sentinel is a trailer-mounted tem modifications are currently scheduled radar system that detects, tracks, classi- through FY08 for many AC and RC units to fies and identifies CMs, UAVS, helicopters take advantages of advances in technology and fixed-wing aircraft to cue short-range and software upgrades. ETRAC modifica- air defense weapons. Sentinel is a key part tions will be applied to 20 radars by FY05. of Army modular force conversion providing The ETRAC modifications consist of two airspace management and third dimensional upgrades: Phase 1A improves the radar Materiel Annex D capabilities to the Army’s UExs. It is em- detection range against low-observable and ployed in the division and corps areas and is stealthy targets; Phase 1B improves the radar C-130 deployable. Data is passed through classification of low-observable and stealthy the Forward Area Air Defense Command and targets at extended ranges. The Phase 1B Control (FAAD C2) to short-range air defense capability for target airframe classification weapons. The Sentinel is comprised of a will support the joint identification and target radar-based sensor system with its HMMWV classification function that allows short-range prime mover, power, IFF, and command and weapons to operate at maximum effective- control interfaces. The antenna/transceiver ness. group has an advanced three-dimensional battlefield air defense radar housed aboard a BMC4I. Integrated BMC4I provides the AMD light tactical trailer (LTT) chassis. The radar SoS backbone. Without the ability to provide employs a modern phased array antenna fused, near real-time information with fire that automatically detects, tracks, classifies, control quality data, Army AMD SoS will not

D-52 2005 Army Modernization Plan be able to provide such key AMD capabilities UEx. Within the UEx, ADAM Cells are located as BLOS or wide area engagements. There in Tactical Command Posts One and Two— are no BMC4I systems that can provide fire one per each of the four BCTs and one in the control quality data throughout the SoS. fires brigade. Consideration is being given to Development of a SIAP or integrated fire ADAM Cells for each modular aviation, ma- control capability evolution may eventually neuver enhanced (ME) and RSTA brigade. To provide a single BMC4I solution among the date, 34 of the currently required 127 ADAM Services and the Joint Force, but that capa- Cells have been resourced through FY10. bility has not yet been developed, planned or Another 32 have been identified as part of the programmed. FY05 supplemental reprogramming action. Seven have been fielded, and five additional Air Defense and Airspace Management ones will be fielded by Dec 04. (ADAM) Cell Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS) Description. The ADAM Cell consists of six Multi-Mission Mobile Processor (M3P) air defenders and aviators and is organic to the BCT and SBCT HHC. The ADAM Cell is equipped with an Air and Missile Defense Work Station (AMDWS), an Air Defense System Integrator (ADSI), Tactical Airspace Integration System (TAIS) Airspace Worksta- tion (AWS) and Forward Area Air Defense Command, Control, and Intelligence (FAAD C2I) processor. The mission of the ADAM Cell is to conduct continuous AMD plan- ning and coordination and maintain aerial situational awareness proportionate with the service sensors deployed within the brigade Annex D area of operations (AO). The ADAM Cell Materiel also provides the commander and staff with Description. The Multi-Mission Mobile the aerial component of the overall COP. As Processor (M3P) is a P3I of the current, op- the operation evolves, the ADAM Cell works erationally proven JTAGS system. JTAGS continuously with the staff to ensure the M3P is being acquired as part of the mobile commander’s intent, with respect to aerial ground segment for the Space-Based Infra- situational awareness and defenses, is ex- red System (SBIRS), the successor to the ecuted. The ADAM Cell continuously monitors Defense Support Program (DSP). JTAGS the AMD situation and conducts METT-TC M3P is a transportable missile warning and analysis to achieve situational understanding communications system that receives and of friendly and enemy third dimensions. processes direct downlink raw data from DSP and SBIRS sensors. The capability Program Status. ADAM Cells are fielded to supports simultaneous operations in multiple SBCTs serving in Iraq and are scheduled to theaters and provides the theater combatant be fielded to BCTs and select divisional head- commander with organic in-theater tactical quarters deploying to Iraq. Currently, modular ballistic missile threat warning. In addition, force conversion requirements are seven per the JTAGS M3P with the SBIRS sensors will

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-53 provide battlespace characterization data for Air and Missile Defense Command and situational awareness. JTAGS M3P will in- Control System (AMDCCS) terface with DCGS-A to provide warning and situational awareness data down to the tacti- cal command level. The JTAGS M3P data processor and communications equipment are contained in a 42-foot van and includes two 100-kW generators, three 5-ton cargo trucks, one 5-ton tractor, three tri-band anten- nas and one HMMWV. The JTAGS program has incorporated a block acquisition approach to upgrade the M3P configuration and meet objective performance requirements. This approach secures an evolving and increas- ing capability to access the similarly evolving data provided by DSP sensors as the SBIRS Description. The AMDCCS provides constellation replaces the aging DSP inven- both command and control and a sensor- tory. Block 1 maintains supportability and to-shooter link for Army AMD operations DSP compatibility by upgrading the JTAGS and is the current backbone for Army AMD to the M3P configuration. command and control systems. It consists of two components: FAAD C2 and the Air Program Status. The Army will replace the and Missile Defense Planning and Control five fielded DSP-compatible M3P systems, System (AMDPCS). AMDCCS automates of which three sections are permanently for- C4 and ISR digital linkages; integrates AMD ward deployed, beginning in 1QFY06. The sensors, weapons and C3I systems; and in- Army-approved requirement calls for a JTAGS terfaces with the Army Battle Command Sys- M3P force of three full detachments (six sec- tem (ABCS), Global Command and Control tions total). The sixth section is currently not System (GCCS), and joint and allied battle funded. The transition to Block 2 will occur as management systems. It provides selected the SBIRS High Earth Orbit (HEO) and Geo- AMD elements a fire control system via the synchronous (GEO) satellites are launched ADSI for monitoring and controlling engage- Materiel Annex D and assume operational capability. With the ment operations by subordinate battalions. SBIRS program replanning underway, Block 2 AMDCCS provides a common AMD staff plan- implementation has not been approved. How- ning and battlespace situational awareness ever, application of the upgrades to the Army tool via the Air and Missile Defense Work- M3P systems is projected to begin in FY11. station (AMDWS), which presents airspace M3P Block 3 is planned to incorporate data situational understanding to Army commands. from the technologies developed by the MDA AMDWS also enables Army interoperability and their development efforts with the Space with joint theater AMD forces. AMDPCS is Tracking and Surveillance System (formally the foundation for the ADAM Cell, a critical SBIRS Low). MDA is conducting technology component of the maneuver commander’s demonstrations that will lead to a Low Earth ability to execute effective Army airspace Orbit (LEO) constellation that will support the command and control (A2C2). Ballistic Missile Defense System and strategic and tactical missile warning.

D-54 2005 Army Modernization Plan Program Status. FAAD C2 is an Acquisition facilitating freedom of action for maneuver Category (ACAT) II program in procurement forces and space assets. It involves four with an Aug 95 approved ORD. AMDPCS is interrelated objectives: an ACAT III program with a May 97 approved ORD currently under revision. The FY06- • Surveillance of space assets to under- 11 program plan funds both FAAD C2 and stand their mission and operations as AMDPCS to provide AMDCCS to all SBCTs, well as threat characterization and rules selected AC and RC modularly configured of engagement (ROE) validation BCTs, and UEx headquarters and ARNG • Protection (defensive or offensive) of Avenger battalions. space systems from hostile actions AMD Summary • Prevention (active or passive) of unauthor- ized access to and exploitation of space AMD Future Force organizations and systems systems reflect the culmination of ongoing system improvements, new system capabilities and • Negation (deny, disrupt, deceive, degrade state-of-the-art technologies. They will be or destroy ground or space assets or com- modular, highly mobile, tailorable and in- munications links between them) of hostile teroperable with Army, joint and multinational space systems that place the combatant forces and interagency team members. They commander’s interests at risk will be fully capable of proactively protecting joint forces, providing aerial situational aware- Our ever-increasing reliance on space, com- ness, and contributing to airspace manage- bined with the advantages an adversary can ment across the range of military operations. garner from both foreign government and Future Force AMD systems development and commercial space capabilities, makes space subsequent resourcing challenges the Army control a long-term operational priority. to pursue and analyze technologies that sup- The Army contributes to the nation’s space port valid operational concepts and doctrine. Annex D control capability through use of the ground- Materiel This ongoing analysis will ensure the Army based space surveillance systems on Kwa- funds effective DOTMLPF solutions that opti- jalein Atoll. When not committed to Ballistic mize capabilities for the Future Force. Missile Defense research and development, these radars help the U.S. Strategic Com- Space Capabilities Enabling Force mand identify and characterize potential Protection adversary space capabilities. Tactical surveil- In addition to AMD and CBRNE capabilities lance capabilities are also being developed to supporting force protection, military depen- enhance support to ground maneuver forces. dence on such space force enhancement Additionally, the Army is currently using Big capabilities as position, velocity, navigation, Crow, operated by the Army Space and Mis- timing services, ISR, communications and sile Defense Command (SMDC)/Army Stra- weather, terrain, and environmental monitor- tegic Forces (ARSTRAT) Space Electronic ing (WETM) data continues to grow. Space Warfare Detachment (SEWD), as a space control is an evolving facet of force protection control asset to support current operations. that helps assure access to these capabilities Big Crow is a multifaceted electronic warfare while denying adversaries the same, thus (EW) test bed capability that assesses and

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-55 stresses space control systems in develop- CBRN defense systems, obscurants and ment that also has operational applications. their enabling technologies allow the Army The Army is conducting S&T and RDTE ef- to fully achieve force protection, information forts, developing doctrinal, organizational dominance and full-dimensional protection and operational concepts; and planning an in a WMD environment. The Army’s CBRN acquisition strategy to bring new space con- defense strategy is to employ a focused trol capabilities to the warfighter. The Army is defense against CBRN threats so that only also partnering with sister Services to pursue units directly affected by the hazard would be terrestrial-based space control solutions for warned to take protective measures. Using direct Army and Joint Force support. focused defense, large numbers of units will no longer assume a full protective posture as CBRN Defense Capabilities a precautionary measure. Focused defense allows units to operate in the lowest required The Army’s dedicated chemical, biological, protective posture without unacceptably radiological and nuclear (CBRN) defense increasing the risk to Soldiers. The Army’s units; corps of trained defense experts; and obscuration strategy is to deny the threat’s enhanced NBC medical treatment capabili- use of the electromagnetic spectrum while ties, significantly mitigate the effects of threat preserving our ability to exploit it at will. CBRN weapon employment. The Army’s concept to employ “focused defense” against In addition to providing the means of general CBRN weapons enables units to operate CBRN defense and obscuration common to at the lowest required protective posture all units, the Army provides increased CBRN without increasing risk to the Soldier. CBRN defense and obscuration capability with reconnaissance and surveillance units, with specialized chemical units. CBRN recon- their point and standoff detectors and battle naissance and surveillance units, with their management/C2 procedures, are the principal point and standoff detectors, are the principal means of contamination avoidance. This pro- means of contamination avoidance. Decon- tection extends throughout the full spectrum tamination units restore combat power after to include homeland defense. The Army is resources (personnel, equipment and facili- augmenting installation commanders with ties) are contaminated. Biological detection the ability to respond to terrorist and CBRN units provide capabilities to shorten response Materiel Annex D attacks through dedicated force structure and time to initiate their medical response to the training. growing threat of biological warfare (BW) agents. Information dominance is supported The Army activated the 20th Support Com- through development and employment of mand (CBRNE) in Oct 04. This headquarters obscurants that are effective in the visual, is a “one-stop shop” for CBRNE matters. infrared and millimeter ranges. They will integrate, coordinate, deploy and provide trained and ready forces to respond The CBRN defense mission area also in- to CBRNE incidents both at home and abroad. cludes the Army’s efforts to address homeland They will command and control both explo- security. Today, the nation recognizes that sive ordnance disposal and technical escort CONUS installations and power projection units. platforms are no longer a sanctuary. The very ability to execute our force projection strategy requires CBRN-focused defense over strate-

D-56 2005 Army Modernization Plan gic forces and the means to employ them from tion plans, although additional systems are premobilization through conflict termination also under development. and demobilization. Key CBRN Modernization Programs Chemical Vision 2010 is the implementing vision of the Army’s CBRN defense modern- M31/M31A1/M31E2 Biological Integrated ization effort. It enables the commander to Detection System (BIDS) minimize casualties and preserve combat power in a CBRN environment and to create information superiority by using obscurants. Operationally, if the enemy has an offensive CBRN capability, our primary goal is to deter threat use. If deterrence fails, our mission is to defend against a CBRN attack with minimal casualties and degradation, allowing com- manders to quickly restore full combat power and continue their mission across the full spectrum of operating environments.

The principles of CBRN defense in Chemical Vision are sense, shape, shield and sustain. Description. The BIDS is a collectively pro- The principles of obscuration are sense, tected shelter mounted on a dedicated vehicle shape, shield, attack and deceive. These (M1097A1 HMMWV) and equipped with a principles support the patterns of operations biological detection suite employing comple- in Army Vision 2010 (protect the force and mentary technologies to detect large area information dominance) and the principles in biological attacks. The P3I BIDS is capable of Joint Vision 2020 (full-dimensional protection detecting all types of BW agents in less than and information operations). 10 minutes, and identifying any eight agents Annex D simultaneously in less than 30 minutes. Materiel In providing the CBRN defense and obscu- ration systems for the Army’s transformation Program Status. The NDI and P3I versions strategy, the Army will equip its specialized of the BIDS have been fielded. The M31E2 chemical units and provide CBRN defense version is being fielded with a projected and obscuration items common to all units in completion in FY05. accordance with the three tenets of the Army’s overall modernization strategy (1) focusing its Stryker-NBCRV S&T efforts on the Future Force, (2) meeting immediate SBCT operational needs, and (3) Description. The Stryker-NBCRV will in- maintaining and improving the warfighting corporate the Block II NBCRV integrated capabilities of the rest of the Current Force chemical and biological point detectors that through a judicious combination of selected will allow on-the-move standoff biological modernization, recapitalization and sustained and chemical agent detection. The Chemical maintenance of essential systems. The fol- Biological Mass Spectrometer (CBMS) Block lowing paragraphs elaborate on some of the II will improve the detection and identification key CBRN systems in the Army’s moderniza- of liquid chemical agents while providing a

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-57 first-time biological agent detection capability the wide proliferation of advanced visual and to the reconnaissance platform. The Block II IR sensors. sensor suite will automatically integrate con- tamination information with data from onboard Program Status. Fielding of the M56 contin- navigation and meteorological systems and ues through FY05. Application of the MMW rapidly transmit contamination hazard and P3I begins in FY06 with the application of clear area intelligence to the appropriate op- modification kits to previously fielded sys- erations center. Integration of the common tems. A total of 241 systems will be upgrade CBRN technical architecture will allow for with the MMW kit. The Army Acquisition Ob- expansion/upgrading of the onboard comput- jective of 265 has been met. ers at minimal cost, as well as the command and control of CBRN-sensing UAVs and un- Vehicle Obscuration Smoke Systems manned ground vehicles (UGVs) in the Future (M6 and M7) Force system. Description. Vehicle obscuration smoke systems provide an immediate smoke screen Program Status. Stryker-NBCRV Mile- stone C was reached in 4QFY04 and this al- that can obscure threat surveillance, target lows the start of LRIP. Production verification acquisitions, and weapon guidance systems testing and initial operational test and evalu- in the visual through the infrared spectrum. ation (IOT&E) are planned for FY06-07. The The system provides approximately 20-120 FY06-11 plan funds Stryker NBCRV fielding seconds of obscuration, which enables the ve- to all SBCTs. hicle to maneuver out of the immediate threat area. The M6 countermeasure discharger is M56 Wheeled Smoke System (Coyote) installed on Stryker platforms to provide this capability. The M7 Light Vehicle Obscuration Description. The M56 Coyote provides large Smoke System provides this capability for area multispectral screening for maneuver Up-Armored HMMWVs. Both systems utilize and support forces from the M1113 HMMWV. 66 mm grenades and a launcher configura- The M56 Coyote can generate large area ob- tion of four tubes. Multiple launcher systems scurants throughout the battlespace to coun- are utilized to provide all-around screening ter enemy reconnaissance, surveillance and capability. Materiel Annex D target acquisition systems. Missions include providing static and mobile visual, infrared Program Status. The M6 program is cur- and/or millimeter wave (MMW) screening in rently funded to equip all SBCTs. The M7 is the form of a haze, blanket, and curtain. Major not currently funded to fulfill all requirements components include a turbine smoke generat- for FY05. ing system. It has the capability of providing continuous visual smoke for up to 90 minutes Chemical Biological Protective Shelter and 30 minutes of infrared screening smoke. (CBPS) A P3I will add a 30-minute millimeter wave Description. CBPS consists of a lightweight obscuring capability to defeat enemy radar multipurpose shelter (LMS) mounted on an RSTA devices and weapon systems. A two- expanded-capacity HMMWV variant and person crew operates the M56 and has the a 300-square-foot air beam supported soft capability to counter the threat arising form shelter. CBPS provides a contamination free, environmentally controlled working area for

D-58 2005 Army Modernization Plan The program is a multi-Service effort between the Army and Air Force. All Services use field hospitals, which are comprised of the same building block components. Hospitals vary in size and configuration between the Services. Collective protection is provided through the addition of M28 Collective Protection Equip- ment (CPE), CB-protected environmental control units and heaters, CB-protected medical, combat service and combat service latrines and water distribution systems; low- support personnel to obtain relief from the pressure alarms and other integration com- continuous need to wear chemical-biological ponents necessary for a fully operational CB- protective clothing for 72 hours of operation. protected hospital facility. All components are All ancillary equipment required to provide designed to integrate into fielded hospitals. protection, except the generator, is mounted Components will be packaged as a set to be within the shelter. provided to units fielding to threat areas. The CP DEPMEDS is installed during set up of Program Status. CBPS is currently un- the hospital. dergoing a P3I to upgrade the system to a nonhydraulic system. CBPS received full Program Status. The FY06-11 program plan materiel release in Oct 03. Field continues supports procurement of an additional eight through FY11. systems bringing the total procurement to 20 systems. CP DEPMEDS will be prepositioned Collectively Protected Deployable to support rapid deployments and placed in Medical System (CP DEPMEDS) Army War Reserve.

Sorbent Decontamination System, M100 Annex D Description. The M100 Sorbent Decontami- Materiel nation System (SDS) is intended to replace the M11 and M13 Decon Apparatuses: Por- table (DAPs) currently employed in opera- tors’ spray-down operations associated with immediate decontamination. The M100 SDS uses a reactive sorbent powder to remove Description. CP DEPMEDS enables field chemical agent from surfaces. Use of the combat support hospitals (CSH) to sustain M100 SDS decreases decontamination time medical operations in a CB environment for and eliminates the need for water. 72 hours. CP DEPMEDS provides a clean, toxic-free, environmentally controlled patient Program Status. With initial issue complete, treatment area, maximizing the use of exist- the M100 is now available for purchase using ing equipment to the hospital unit base of normal supply channels. fielded deployable medical systems/medical reengineering initiative CSHs for the Army.

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-59 Joint Portal Shield Detector System distances up to 5 km. Enhanced early warn- (JPS) ing for contamination avoidance is the com- petency of the system. When avoidance is not possible, JSLSCAD will provide extra time for Soldiers to don full protective equipment.

Program Status. The JSLSCAD is in a five-year developmental effort that includes ground-, air- and sea-based platforms. Incre- ment I provides initial capability to the Stryker- NBCRV and the JSLNBCRS. Increment II will seek a commercial off-the-shelf solution to support all ground mo- bile, fixed Description. The Joint Portal Shield (JPS) s i t e , a n d is DOD’s first automated networked biologi- s h i p b o a r d cal detection systems. The system uses an applications, innovative network of sensors to increase a c h i e v i n g probability of detecting a BW attack while de- FRP in FY08. creasing false alarms and consumables. The Increment III JPS system can detect and presumptively will integrate identify up to eight BW agents simultaneously and test the Increment II design into aerial in less than 25 minutes. platform applications.

Program Status. JPS operates in Korea Joint Service Lightweight NBC Recon and Southwest Asia. Twelve additional sites System (JSLNBCRS) have been directed by the Deputy SECDEF for Pacific Command and Central Command Description. The JSLNBCRS is a HMMWV- combatant commanders. The Defense Emer- or armor-based system that will provide rapid, gency Response Fund (DERF) funds the on-the-move (up to 45 kph), standoff-and- Materiel Annex D upgrade of 237 fielded portal shield units with point chemical agent vapor detection; on-the- Biological Aerosol Warning Sensor (BAWS). move, point chemical agent liquid detection Fifty-four additional units will be procured and identification; stationary point biological as part of CB Installation Protection Equip- agent detection and identification; nuclear/ ment. radiological detection, warning, marking and solid/liquid sample collection capabilities on a Joint Service Lightweight Standoff host platform that is capable of protecting the Chemical Agent Detector (JSLSCAD)

Description. JSLSCAD is a lightweight, passive, standoff and chemical agent detec- tor capable of providing up to 360-degree, on-the-move vapor detection from a variety of tactical and reconnaissance platforms at

D-60 2005 Army Modernization Plan crew from chemical and biological hazards. information with command, control, com- The JSLNBCRS is a detection system which munications, computers, information and is an integrated SoS consisting of an on-the- intelligence (C4I2) on the battlefield. JWARN move, standoff chemical agent vapor detector; automates the NBC warning and reporting Joint Service Lightweight Standoff Chemical processes now performed manually through- Agent Detector (JSLSCAD) point chemical out the Services. It will provide additional data agent liquid/vapor detector/identifier; Chemi- processing, production of plans and reports, cal Biological Mass Spectrometer Block II and access to specific NBC information to (CBMS Block II), a dismountable handheld improve the efficiency of NBC personnel. chemical agent monitor; Improved Chemi- cal Agent Monitor (ICAM), a point biological Program Status. Block I (D) software featur- agent detector/identifier; and Joint Biological ing some functionality has been fielded and Point Detector System (JBPDS), a CB agent is in use in many Army major commands sample collector; and fielded AN/VDR 2 and (MACOMs). The JWARN IOC is scheduled AN/UDR-13 radiological detectors mounted for FY07 (objective)/FY08 (threshold). IOC on a mobile platform. It supports contamina- shall be achieved when JWARN is fielded to tion avoidance in the battlespace. initial units and training bases, unit personnel are trained, training base is established, and Program Status. IOC is scheduled for a maintenance system is in place. 1QFY05. FUE is projected for FY06. Joint Service Man-Portable Joint Chemical Agent Detector (JCAD) Decontamination System (JSM-PDS)

Description. JCAD will Description. JSM-PDS will be a man-por- be a combined portable table system consisting of decontamination monitoring and small applicators and decontaminants, if required, point chemical agent de- for use primarily in immediate and operational tector for individual Sol- decontamination operations/scenarios. JSM- Annex D dier applications. This PDS replaces the M11 and M13 DAP. Materiel handheld, pocket-sized detector will be designed Program Status. IOC Increment I is sched- to automatically detect, uled for FY07. FOC Increment I is scheduled identify and quantify for FY08. chemical agents. Joint Service Sensitive Equipment Program Status. Testing of candidate Decontamination (JSSED) System systems is underway at Edgewood Chemi- cal Biological Center. Increment I fielding is Description. The JSSED provides the ca- scheduled for 4QFY07. pability to decontaminate CB warfare agents from sensitive equipment, vehicle and aircraft Joint Warning and Reporting Network interiors, and associated cargo that cannot (JWARN) be decontaminated and reused through cur- rent decontamination procedures. JSSED Description. The JWARN provides standard is required to reach contaminated areas of integration and analysis of NBC detection the equipment that are not accessible via a

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-61 surface wipe. JSSED will limit the transfer Large-Scale System (JSTDS-LS) replaces of contamination; restore mission essential the M12A1 Power-Driven Decontamination functions; increase survivability; allow for Apparatus in SRC 03 heavy decontamination lower levels of MOPP sooner; allow high-cost units; and will be capable of decontaminating sensitive equipment to be reused instead of fixed sites, terrain, large aircraft and seaports destroyed; and allow maintenance personnel of debarkation (SPODs)/aerial ports of debar- to be able to work on the equipment without kation (APODs). having to wear protective clothing. Program Status. Milestone B was signed on Program Status. IOC is scheduled for FY09. 1 Mar 04. IOC of 350 systems is scheduled FOC is scheduled for FY11. for FY07. FOC is scheduled for FY09.

Joint Service Transportable Joint Service Personnel/Skin Decontamination System (JSTDS) Decontamination System (JSPDS)

Description. This mobile (tactical) system Description. JSPDS replaces the M291 SDK provides the capability to conduct operational and will decontaminate the skin and individual and thorough decontamination of medium to equipment and weapons of personnel and large mobile or fixed equipment, aircraft, facili- casualties, including those with wounds that ties, shelters, surface areas and terrain. This have been exposed to CBRN warfare agents/ system will be vehicular mounted but may be contamination and toxic industrial materials/ dismounted for specific operations, thereby toxic industrial chemicals (TIMs/TICs) and enabling the decontamination system to be nontraditional agents (NTAs). IOC is sched- moved to the equipment requiring decontami- uled for FY07 and will be achieved when nation. This system will be initially located in JSPDS is fielded to forward-deployed units, the UE to enable freedom of action by the UA rapid deployment units and the training base; as required. Specifically, this system will be unit personnel are trained; a training base is a cross-spectrum system designed to sup- established; and a maintenance system is in port Current and Future Forces, or homeland place. Total number of actual combat systems security operations. is 66,380. Materiel Annex D Small-Scale System (JSTDS-SS) replaces Program Status. FOC is scheduled for FY09 the M17 Lightweight Decontamination System and will be achieved when the JSPDS Army (and M12A1 power-driven decontamination Acquisition Objective (AAO) is reached and apparatus in non-SRC 03 units), and will be all authorizations are filled. Total number of transportable via HMMWV/HMMWV trailer. It systems is 2,285,451. will be used during operational and thorough decon, and will come with a noncorrosive, Joint Service Sensitive Equipment nonhazardous decontaminant. Decontamination Joint Platform Interior Decontamination System (JSSED-JPID) Program Status. Milestone B was signed on 1 Mar 04. Milestone C decision is scheduled Description. JSSED-JPID will be a family of for Sep 05. IOC is scheduled for FY07. FOC applicators and decontaminants that will pro- is scheduled for FY09. vide thorough decontamination capabilities in hostile and nonhostile environments. The

D-62 2005 Army Modernization Plan JSSED-JPID systems will provide the ability modifiable biological agent identification and to the Army to thoroughly decontaminate the diagnostic system capable of simultaneous interior of vehicles and aircraft which contain reliable identification of multiple biological sensitive equipment (avionics, electrical, agents of operational concern and other electronic, and environmental systems equip- pathogens of clinical significance. JBAIDS ment) and the associated cargo. The use of Block I tests a variety of environmental rapid/effective decontamination systems to samples and clinical specimens for nondiag- decontaminate vehicle and aircraft interiors nostic purposes, and performs confirmatory that contain sensitive equipment will enable testing of samples collected by existing and the warfighter to restore combat power if the future biological detection systems. Block II interior of the platform becomes contami- focuses on the militarization and hardening of nated, and to continue their mission in lower critical toxin identification technologies based levels or no MOPP. Thus the JSSED-JPID on a COTS/NDI candidate system. JBAIDS system will significantly enhance the Future Block III is planned to be a handheld, FDA- Force’s ability to remain mission capable in approved device capable of providing the full a CBRN environment. range of biological agent identification and diagnostics. Program Status. The IOC for this system is projected in FY07, with FOC planned for Program Status. JBAIDS Block I is currently FY12. under development and testing, with a LRIP for 1QFY05. It is scheduled for an FRP de- Joint Service General Purpose Mask cision in 4QFY05. Block II development is (JSGPM) scheduled for FY07.

Description. JSGPM is designed to replace National Guard Weapons of Mass Destruc- the M40/M42 series mask. JSGPM will tion Civil Support Team (WMD-CST) Uni- increase the Soldier’s ability to perform mis- fied Command Suite (UCS) sion essential tasks because physiological Annex D burdens such as breathing resistance will be Description. The UCS provides the WMD- Materiel substantially reduced, and the field of vision CST with mission essential C4 support. The will be significantly improved. A key feature of UCS capability includes state-of-the-art radio, the mask will be reduced weight and bulk. satellite and cellular communications sub- systems that will provide dedicated LOS and Program Status. JSGPM replaces existing NLOS secure and nonsecure intra-team and mask systems (M40/M42) at the end of their intra-vehicular voice and data reachback. The 10- to 15-year service life. Fielding is sched- UCS provides voice, data and video reach- uled to begin in 4QFY06. back capabilities to WMD-CST operations centers, incident command posts, and the Joint Biological Agent Identification and various military forces, federal, state and local Diagnostics System (JBAIDS) law enforcement and emergency service units that support domestic incident responses. Description. The JBAIDS program is the These communications subsystems oper- first effort by the DOD to develop and field ate in handheld, base station and vehicle a common medical test equipment platform configurations capable of interoperating with among all the Services. JBAIDS is an evo- military and commercial radio communica- lutionary, three-block, reusable, portable and

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-63 tions systems in various terrain and urban objective is to improve the installation’s emer- environments. This system is currently not gency first responder capability and leverage overseas deployable. existing physical security, logistics, sustain- ment, maintenance and C2 capabilities to Program Status. In production and fielded maximize effectiveness while reducing the with National Guard WMD-CSTs throughout resource impact (time, funding and personnel) the United States. on the installation. This program is currently funded to address 62 of 187 Army posts. National Guard Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Team (WMD- Program Status. The first installations will CST) Analytical Laboratory Suite (ALS) be fielded with their initial CBRNE response capability sets in FY05. The remainder of the Description. The ALS provides the WMD- initial 62 installations will be equipped through CST with a mobile laboratory capability that FY11. The systems provided to the installa- allows the CST commanders to analyze sam- tions are not deployable. ples on-site in support to the first responder incident commander. The ALS is a mobile CBRN Summary analytical laboratory capable of providing the CST a presumptive analysis for the presence Among the significant changes to the future of chemical, biological or radiological con- strategic environment, proliferation of WMD tamination. The ALS is a System Enhance- is recognized as a principal asymmetric threat ment Program to replace the current Mobile capable of providing an adversary military ad- Analytical Laboratory System and interim vantage to neutralize overwhelming conven- Dismounted Analytical Platform. The ALS pro- tional superiority. Having an effective CBRN vides advanced technologies with enhanced defense is a necessary component of any sensitivity and selectivity in the detection and defense strategy that seeks to demonstrate identification of chemical warfare agents and to the adversary that use of WMD will not gain toxic industrial materials. the advantage sought. Modernizing the force while conducting a robust S&T effort is critical Program Status. In production and fielded to preventing technological surprise from new with National Guard WMD-CSTs throughout

Materiel CB agents or different employment means. Annex D the United States. This system is currently Recapitalizing and maintaining the Current not overseas deployable. Force is necessary to enable transformation and mitigates risk by extending the useful life CBRNE Installation Protection Program of current systems within fiscal constraints. (IPP) This modernization plan assures a disciplined approach to meeting mission-based require- This program, initiated after Description. ments and secures orderly change as we the catastrophic attacks in 2001, will provide transition to the Future Force. installations with an integrated and effec- tive CBRNE installation protection capability consisting of CBRNE detection, identifica- Summary of Protection tion, warning, protection, decontamination, The Army’s protection capabilities must information management, medical protection, continue to improve against an expanding, surveillance and response. The program

D-64 2005 Army Modernization Plan significant threat arsenal, which includes Protecting Tactical Wheeled Vehicles information operations, terrorist attacks and other asymmetric threats. The Army’s AMD As an important part of the Army’s responsibil- and CBRNE defense modernization programs ity to sustain the Joint Force with equipment and leveraging of space-based protection as- and directly related to the critical requirement sets are increasingly important to developing to provide protection against an adversary’s these protection capabilities. These critical effect on that force, the Army has initiated systems and the sound, doctrinal operational an aggressive approach to protect its tacti- concepts they support will mitigate these cal wheeled vehicles. The highest priority threats by improving freedom of action for is to provide such protection to our forces friendly forces during deployment, maneuver, involved in ongoing operations in Iraq and and engagement and providing better protec- Afghanistan, though integrated efforts will be tion at all echelons, both at home and abroad. both short and long term in their impact. The In this way, Army protection capabilities will immediate goal is to provide by Jun 05 some enable force application capabilities of the type of armor protection to all tactical wheeled Joint Force. vehicles operating in these theaters. To help accomplish this, the Army has established Appendix 3: Focused Logistics (FL) an Armoring Task Force with the purpose of identifying requirements, developing an Focused logistics (FL) is the ability to sustain integrated strategy, determining ways to ac- the Joint Force with the right personnel, equip- celerate production and installation of armor ment, supplies and support in the right place solutions, determining funding solutions, and at the right time, and in the right quantities, identifying a longer-term strategy. across the full range of military operations. This is made possible through a real-time, The Army is using three distinct levels of armor web-based information system providing ac- protection that are being provided to tactical curate, actionable visibility as part of a COP, wheeled vehicles. The first category, level I, effectively linking the operator and logistician refers to fully integrated armor installed during Annex D across joint forces. Key support functions in- production and retrofit. The second, level II, Materiel clude deployment distribution, global mobility, includes officially approved add-on armor kits ability to sustain the force and medical support that can be installed on vehicles, either in the to combat forces. United States or in the theater of operations. Finally, the third category, level III, includes This appendix provides a brief discussion locally fabricated armor using approved steel, of the Army’s FL capabilities that support which provides added protection as an interim required Joint Force capabilities and the key measure until a level I or II kit can be applied. materiel programs associated with these These various levels are being employed, capabilities. Highlighted are improvements along with ongoing efforts to assess and test to the deployment distribution process, the other technological improvements, to ensure equipment-lift capabilities necessary to make that all tactical wheeled vehicles involved in the Army more strategically responsive, and operational missions are equipped with the key materiel programs that provide assured best protection available. mobility and force sustainment.

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-65 Considerable efforts as well as significant protection for medium and heavy tactical progress have been made in this endeavor wheeled vehicles, and these current require- since late 2003, and the pace has been ac- ments are due to be met by Jun 05. celerated in response to the rapidly changing operational requirements. The initial priority The Army has developed a strategy for ad- has been placed on up-armoring light tactical dressing and funding these urgent require- vehicles, primarily the HMMWV, by a combi- ments in the near term and sustaining it nation of increased production and providing over the longer term. A summary of the key add-on armor kits for older vehicles. The elements of the strategy, the current require- requirement for armoring these vehicles has ments, and progress to date is shown in escalated dramatically from a few hundred in Figure D-8. Mar 03 to over 8,000 by Dec 04, and the Army has already provided over 6,000 and expects In addition to the essential materiel solutions to meet current requirements by Mar 05. The to these operational requirements today, the priority has now shifted to providing armor Army is also fully involved in pursuing non- Materiel Annex D

Figure D-8. Protecting Tactical Wheeled Vehicles

D-66 2005 Army Modernization Plan materiel measures that can directly improve II, estimated to begin production in 4QFY05, the sustainment and protection of the Joint and has plans for Spiral III and Spiral IV to Force. These steps include the work of the meet the needs of the Future Force. The Spi- Army-led JIEDD TF, which is working across ral I production will equip USCENTCOM with the interagency and international spectrum on almost 8,200 Warlock devices by the end of materiel and nonmateriel solutions to defeat 4QFY05, before Spiral II fielding begins. this threat. Tangible results include effec- tive countermeasures, fielding systems that Improving the Deployment Distribution increase detection and enhance detonation, Process and training solutions that increase aware- ness and incorporate lessons learned. In the The central responsibility of the Army under end, this is and will remain a high-priority task Title 10, U.S. Code, is to conduct prompt and for the Army and one that is fully integrated sustained operations on land as a component into equipping and operational requirements of the Joint Force. Fulfilling this responsibility and responses. rests, to a very large extent, on the Army’s ability to rapidly project lethal, survivable and Discussion of Key Equipment— sustainable combat power as part of the Joint Protecting Against IEDs Force. While the Army is dependent to a large extent on Joint Force projection capabilities, Warlock we continue our own efforts to enhance our deployment capability and responsiveness Description. Warlock is a family of systems while reducing our deployment requirements. designed to protect against remote-controlled Our efforts will continue to enhance our speed improvised explosive device (RCIED) am- and agility in today’s threat environment. bushes. It is a quick-reaction capability (QRC) currently providing force protection in Opera- We have increased our capabilities to de- tion Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring feat both anti-access and area-denial efforts Freedom. The Warlock establishes a limited through speed of deployments, leveraging Annex D protective “electronic bubble” for personnel information technology, modular force design, Materiel and equipment. It is an SoS solution teaming future concepts and improved equipment. intelligence, operations (tactics, techniques The Army provides unique capabilities to gain, and procedures), training and materiel to enhance and maintain assured access. We mitigate the RCIED threat. have reviewed the current security environ- ment and initiated actions to reposition forces Program Status. Warlock is not yet a pro- and equipment to support today’s security en- gram of record and is not included in the vironment and tomorrow’s emerging threats. FY06-11 program plan. This rapid fielding Forward-deployed forces, prepositioned initiative program, led by the Joint IED Defeat stocks, regional bases/flotillas and facilities, Task Force (JIEDD TF) as the user represen- assured access through standing agreements tative, has received funding from congres- with allies and other nations, regional engage- sional additions, the Iraqi Freedom Fund, the ment by special operation and conventional REF, and a DOD funding decision. Working forces, and multinational exercises are all against a rapidly evolving threat, the program instrumental in shaping a position of strength manager, Counter-RCIED Electronic Warfare in a given region. (CREW) is rapidly developing Warlock Spiral

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-67 Improving deployment and sustainment of critical to support efforts designed to defeat the force requires enhanced command and anti-access and area-denial methods. High- control and information systems that network speed, shallow draft vessels can leverage and integrate information and data across numerous ports in all areas of the world and the Joint Force. The Army continues to work thus support the concept of multiple, parallel toward this standard in our Future Force de- seaports of debarkation, which is fundamental velopment. The Army currently has a num- in overcoming anti-access challenges. ber of automation systems, each with a joint foundation, that are designed to assist in the Existing strategic air platforms such as the overall command, control, movement, and C-5 Galaxy can carry enormous loads but tracking of personnel and equipment during are dependent on world-class airports for deployments and operations. both embarkation and debarkation. The C-17 and C-130 provide the only capability today The design and emergence of systems of bypassing these major chokepoints from such as the Global Combat Support System appreciable distances while maximizing load (GCSS) Army, Battle Command Sustainment capacities. Even so, they are still constrained Support System (BCS3), and Transporta- to at least a 3,000-foot runway and in many tion Coordinators’ Automated Information cases (weather, terrain and environment for Movement System II (TC-AIMS II) will dependent) may require 5,000-6,000 feet enhance the deployment and sustainment with sizeable loads. The venerable C-130 of forces by facilitating the exchange of data is further hampered by significant payload, between Army units and the combatant com- altitude and range limitations and cannot be manders, thus providing improved situational refueled in air. These capability limitations not awareness and the ability to respond faster only severely constrain our ability to execute to unforeseen circumstances. assured access strategies, they demand a nearby intermediate staging base to transload Equipment Lift Capabilities equipment, personnel and sustainment from inter- to intra-theater lift platforms. None of Extensive analysis and wargaming has shown the airlift platforms are suitable for air sus- that both current as well as many planned tainment, nor can they support rapid shift of strategic and intra-theater air and sealift maneuver forces and sustainment across the Materiel Annex D platforms do not support future warfighting breadth and depth of the battlespace. concepts. Many current sealift platforms re- quire deep-water ports to berth and off load. To overcome the limitations of these strategic The availability of such ports is limited geo- air platforms, larger capacity Super Short graphically to industrial nations and they are Takeoff and Landing (SSTOL) and/or Heavy conspicuously absent in most nations south Lift Vertical Takeoff and Landing (HLVTOL) of the equator. platforms are required in substantial quantities for air movement of the Future Force. Shal- Further, the limited number of these ports low draft high-speed sealift and advanced, makes them more vulnerable to many intra-theater sealift designs are required for anti-access measures and jeopardizes the austere seaport access. Whether the goals deployment of the joint warfighting force. encompass operational maneuver from stra- Advanced sealift capabilities that provide for tegic distances, use of multiple simultaneous brown water and over-the-horizon sealift are austere points of entry, vertical maneuver and

D-68 2005 Army Modernization Plan envelopment, dominant maneuver, precision within a radius of 1,000 miles. The ability to engagement and focused logistics, SSTOL insert combat vehicles vertically gives the and HLVTOL technology solutions are needed commander unparalleled speed and agility. sooner rather than later. Generally independent of ground conditions, it enables the joint force commander to conduct These kinds of platforms further provide a vertical envelopment and vertical maneuver, quality of versatility and adaptability neces- as well as the ability to avoid predictable, sary to enable Army and joint force com- linear patterns of operation. It also offers manders to adjust movement of forces and significant benefits to vertical joint logistics sustainment in stride in response to the evo- over-the-shore. lution of the campaign and the enemy’s own actions. Funding the S&T and procurement Discussion of Key Equipment-Lift required to bring advanced lift capabilities to Materiel Programs the Joint Force is a joint challenge. The Army alone cannot develop, procure and field such Joint High Speed Vessel (JHSV) systems due to both budgetary and regulatory (formerly the Theater Support Vessel constraints. Instead, the Army encourages (TSV) joint S&T emphasis on the following efforts.

Shallow Draft High-Speed Ship (SDHSS). An SDHSS is a strategic ship that can deliver troops, equipment, and sustainment together in sufficient size and at a considerable speed to provide immediate combat power to the joint force commander. Because it has a shal- low draft feature, it can bypass established seaports and discharge its combat power wherever there is at least a 10-foot draft and Annex D an acceptable offload site. With a C4I suite Description. The JHSV is the operational Materiel onboard, commanders can conduct en route version of the strategic SDHSS. It is another planning, receive intelligence updates, and source of flexibility and agility within a theater integrate with the joint force commander. as it allows the joint force commander to insert combat power and sustainment into austere Super Short Takeoff and Landing (SSTOL) ports worldwide. Supporting APS and Joint Aircraft. The SSTOL is a joint aircraft with Logistics Over-the-Shore (JLOTS), the JHSV the ability to carry two FCS platforms 3,500 expands the reach and possibilities of prepo- miles. It can land on 750 feet of road or field sitioning both on land and afloat. The JHSV is in the joint area of operations, which avoids a high-speed, 40+ knots, shallow draft sealift fixed airfields and adds innumerable points of platform that will maximize current commer- entry. It provides the joint force commander cial ferry technology. The JHSV provides the the ability to achieve operational surprise. capability to conduct operational maneuver and repositioning of intact unit sets while Heavy Lift Vertical Takeoff and Landing conducting en route mission planning and (HLVTOL) Aircraft. The HLVTOL is an rehearsal. This intra-theater vessel provides aircraft with the ability to deliver one FCS the combatant commander with increased

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-69 throughput, increased survivability, increased descent, steering into the wind as necessary, responsiveness and improved closure rates. and permitting highly accurate ground touch- This transport transformation enabler helps down locations. JPADS is a critical logistics obtain force deployment goals as well as transformation enabler that facilitates dedi- achieving full distribution-based logistics. cated aerial sustainment and helps achieve full distribution-based logistics. Program Status. The Department of the Army and Department of the Navy are com- Program Status. Program maturity for bining their requirements in accordance with JPADS capabilities continues through FY05. the JCIDS, merging the Army’s TSV and the The Milestone B decision for the 2,000-pound Navy’s High-Speed Intra-Theater Surface variant is scheduled for the second quarter of Connector programs. Although the Army FY05. The 10,000-pound variant is expected initially determined a requirement for 24 ves- to mature from ACTD to program manage- sels and a critical requirement for 12 vessels, ment (PM) and is scheduled for a Milestone a joint requirements and solution set has not A decision in 1QFY05. In response to an Op- yet been determined. To insure joint interop- erational Needs Statement, the JPADS 2,000- erability, minimize redundant capabilities and pound variant was deployed to OIF with an gain economies of scale, the Army, Navy and urgent material release. The PM will leverage Marine Corps have signed a Memorandum actual field experience and data to augment of Intent to transfer the acquisition lead for the system’s upcoming test program. the Army program to the Navy. The plans for funding the JHSV program will be determined Assured Mobility Capabilities as part of the joint acquisition process that will be executed by the acquisition team and The engineer future force will be organized, the program office, led by the Department manned, equipped and trained to be more of the Navy, in close coordination with the strategically responsive, deployable, agile, Department of the Army. An ACTD is ongo- versatile, lethal, survivable and sustainable ing and scheduled for completion at the end across the full spectrum of military operations. of FY05. The future engineer force structure will be comprised of modular, scalable and flexible Joint Precision Airdrop Systems organizations for prompt and sustained land Materiel Annex D (JPADS) operations capable of quickly transitioning between changes in task, purpose and direc- Description. JPADS is a high-altitude-ca- tions. pable, autonomously operated precision airdrop system. The system consists of a Assured mobility capabilities support force family of different-sized airfoils, allowing air- application by maneuver forces as well as drop of weight categories up to approximately focused logistics by sustainment forces. A 42,000 pounds. JPADS is not totally wind critical factor in sustaining operations is the dependent and is releasable from altitudes ability of forces to move and to properly ma- up to approximately 35,000 feet mean sea neuver over the depth and breadth of the level. Based upon winds and release altitude, battlefield while impeding, slowing or blocking 50 km standoff distances are also possible. our enemy’s movement. Current operations Space-based GPS technology provides for in OEF and OIF highlight the enduring impor- aerial navigation/maneuverability throughout tance of systems that provide ground forces

D-70 2005 Army Modernization Plan the capability of detecting, defeating and em- a Sweep Monitoring System (SMS) and spe- placing minefields and other obstacle effects, cially constructed training mine simulators. allowing unparalleled freedom of maneuver and force sustainment. This capability sup- Program Status. AN/PSS-14 entered low ports the commander’s dominant maneuver rate production in FY03 and achieved Mile- capabilities that are critical to gaining the stone C in 1QFY04. The program is projected positional advantage needed to retain the to receive full material release in Sep 05. initiative and enhance joint precision fires as Available systems are fielded to designated well as ensuring sustainment force move- engineer units currently deployed or soon ment remains effective across the distributed to deploy in support of OEF and OIF opera- battlefield environment. tions.

Discussion of Key Assured Mobility Ground Standoff Minefield Detection Materiel Programs System (GSTAMIDS)

AN/PSS-14 Handheld Standoff Mine Detection System (HSTAMIDS)

Description. The AN/PSS-14 is a handheld mine detector capable of detecting metallic and nonmetallic antitank (AT) and anti-per- sonnel (AP) mines. It combines ground pen- etrating radar (GPR) and an improved metal Description. GSTAMIDS Block 0 is a route- detection to provide a robust probability of clearance system capable of clearing a 20 km detection for both large and small metallic and route in 12 hours using a remote-operated nonmetallic AT detection vehicle, the Buffalo Mine Protected and AP mines. Clearance Vehicle (MPCV), and a towing The AN/PSS- vehicle with proofing trailers. The detection Annex D 14 significantly vehicle utilizes a multisensor mine-detection Materiel improves the suite consisting of metal detection, GPR, detection of the quadruple resonance and infrared to locate smaller, low- antitank mine types. The MPCV provides metal AP mines Soldiers a blast-protected vehicle from which by allowing the to remotely operate the lead detection vehicle o p e r a t o r t o and mine-detection subsystems. GSTAMIDS tune out metal- FCS is a time-phased developmental program lic clutter. The designed to provide the warfighter a capability system requires to execute on-route countermine missions for 40 hours of op- the FCS. GSTAMIDS FCS will be employed erator training on an overpass-capable countermine MULE and frequent variant UGV. The system will employ future refresher training due to the erosion of skills improvements that will automatically detect, over time. The systems will be fielded with mark and neutralize all metallic and nonme- complete training support package to include tallic AT mines.

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-71 Program Status. Two GSTAMIDS Block 0 Improved Ribbon Bridge (IRB) systems are currently fielded and sup- porting ongoing combat operations in OIF. Description. The IRB, fielded to multi-role GSTAMIDS FCS will begin engineering and bridge companies (MRBC), provides a de- manufacturing development in with project pendable roadway or raft capable of cross- Milestone C in FY08. ing assault vehicles or tactical vehicles over nonfordable wet gaps. The capability of this Spider (Antipersonnel Land Mine system is military load classification (MLC) Alternative (APL-A)) 100 wheeled and MLC 80 tracked. The bridge sections are transported by Common Bridge Transporters (CBTs). The CBT is a heavy, expanded mobility tactical truck providing enhanced, multipurpose transportation capa- bilities. Each MRBC will have the capability of emplacing 210 meters of bridging. The system is external airlift transportable by CH- 47 and CH-53 helicopters. The bridge bays are air transportable, partially disassembled, in C-130s. The IRB has enhanced capabili- ties of operation in swifter water speeds up to 10.3 feet per second and over 2.1 meter banks. It provides a 4.5 meter wide roadway, Description. The Spider APL-A is a compact, improved hydrostatic capabilities, and various lightweight, hand-emplaced, AP munitions other design improvements. system designed to replace the M16 and M14 AP mines for Army and Marine use. The Spi- der is comprised of three main assemblies: a remote control system, a repeater and up to 84 munition control units (MCU). Each MCU holds up to six miniature grenade launchers and is embedded with a GPS to provide accu- Materiel Annex D rate location to field components. The remote control unit (RCU) allows for man-in-the-loop, on-off-on and self-destruct capabilities via remote control. Additionally, Spider includes a munition adapter module that will initiate electric blasting caps and shock tubes to fire other lethal (Claymore, SLAM) and nonlethal munitions.

Program Status. Spider is currently in the SDD phase and projected to reach Mile- stone C in 1QFY06. LRIP will begin in FY06 and FRP in FY07. FUE is scheduled for FY07 and IOC in FY08.

D-72 2005 Army Modernization Plan Program Status. A five-year, multi-year flat-rack loads of bridge components, one contract awarded in FY00 provides for 13 M1077 flat-rack load of launch beams and a of 20 MRBCs with the IRB. Four units were launcher vehicle. fielded in FY03, with the remaining 9 units being fielded with the IRB in FY04-05. Program Status. A multi-year contract awarded in FY00 provides the DSB to 15 of Rapidly Emplaced Bridge System 20 MRBCs. Fielding initiated in FY03 will (REBS) continue at approximately two MRBCs per year for systems funded. Description. The REBS is a wheeled vehicle- launched bridge system providing a four- Sustainment Capabilities meter roadway width, MLC 30 Tracked (T) and Wheeled (W) normal and MLC 40(T)(W) Army forces must be sustainable across the gap crossing capability up to 13 meters. spectrum of conflict. Sustainability require- Transported on a CBT, each SBCT will have ments reflect the continuous, uninterrupted 4 REBS. This system is transportable by provision of combat service support to Army CH-47 and CH-53 helicopters and C-130 forces. A full-spectrum Army will require a aircraft. Two Soldiers can deploy the REBS combat service support reach capability that in the daytime within 10 minutes with little or allows commanders to reduce stockpiles in no site preparation. theater while relying on technology to provide sustained velocity management and real-time Program Status. A five-year, multi-year tracking of supplies and equipment. contract was awarded in FY01 for 18 systems with an option for 22 systems. FUE is sched- Leveraging information technology and inno- uled for 3QFY05. vative concepts to develop an interoperable, joint command, control, communications, Dry Support Bridge (DSB) computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) architecture is also Annex D Description. The DSB is a modular bridge critical to the development of a joint operation- Materiel that can span a 40-meter gap and can be al picture that includes logistics information. emplaced in 90 minutes by eight Soldiers. Future Force units will “see first” by identifying It significantly reduces the manpower and current status of equipment readiness and time needed to construct a tactical bridge sustainment requirements and the flow of as compared to current systems and pos- logistics to enhance combat power. sesses greater load capability. One bridge set provides either a 40-meter bridge or two The Current Force has employed advanced 20-meter bridges. The bridge will cross MLC technologies coupled with a ubiquitous array 96W/70T traffic and will allow the crossing of networked ground, air and space sensors of a heavy-equipment transporter carrying a to provide the commander an unprecedented combat-loaded M1 tank. The DSB consists logistics operating picture. Sensors (RF tags of a launcher permanently mounted on a and interrogators) coupled with the Movement PLS, three CBTs and three PLS trailers that Tracking System (MTS) have enabled a clear carry the modular components as palletized picture of the movement of supplies to the loads. A bridge set consists of six M1077 warfighter.

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-73 Future data fusion and systems, like the joint line for the deployment infrastructure needed Global Information Grid (GIG), coupled with to meet Future Force deployment objectives. innovative leader training, will enable logistic The Army is the lead for the development of decision makers to view a synthesized COP this joint system, which addresses critical of sustainment requirements. This COP will shortfalls in the movement of materiel and provide near real-time status and locations of personnel in support of DOD operations and inventories to effect combat power. This will the joint deployment process. CJCSI 3020.01 enable the commander to develop and evalu- directed the Services to field TC-AIMS II to ate effective offensive and defensive courses their early-deploying units by the end of FY03. of action in line with logistical parameters. TC-AIMS II merges the best business prac- tices of the current Service-unique transpor- The COP produced by seeing first will allow tation automated information systems into a leaders of the Joint Force to understand cur- single system that combines the requirements rent logistic postures and supplies and the for unit movement, Installation Transportation ability to respond to known requirements. Office/Transportation Management Office, Leaders at all levels—strategic, operational and theater distribution functional areas as and tactical—will observe the COP and simul- well as integrating several legacy systems taneously analyze and share assessments of each of the four Services. TC-AIMS II im- through a collaborative planning process proves joint capabilities for rapid worldwide enabled by information technologies. deployment and redeployment, and enables individual units the autonomous capability to Future Force commanders will be able to le- conduct rapid crisis response at BCT level. verage this information to enhance collabora- Each battalion and separate company will tive planning, reduce the decision cycle and be trained on TC-AIMS II and provided with seize the initiative, build combat power prior a complete suite of computer hardware. to, during and after operations. Program Status. The TC-AIMS II program The BCS3 embedded within the ABCS, and has been segmented into five blocks of re- the C4 and ISR enhancements will improve quirements that support a spiral software the connectivity and network between tactical, development strategy. TC-AIMS II Block I operational and strategic units and provide a was fielded to USAREUR, fielding continues Materiel Annex D logistical COP to all commanders. ABCS is to the Army and the USN to achieve a FOC interoperable with both joint and multinational in all Services by FY09. systems and leverages theater assets, like the Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar Movement Tracking System (MTS) System (JSTARS). Description. MTS is a critical logistics trans- Discussion of Key Sustainment Materiel formation enabler. It provides continuous CS/ Programs CSS asset visibility and situational awareness for the joint logistics corporate enterprise, Transportation Coordinators’ Automated enables expeditionary logistics, and is a key Information for Movement System II (TC- step in achieving the sense-and-respond ca- AIMS II) pabilities required to support network-centric warfare operations. MTS assists CS/CSS Description. TC-AIMS II is a Logistics Trans- formation enabler that establishes the base- unit commanders in planning and executing

D-74 2005 Army Modernization Plan key to building and sustaining combat power in a continuous operational environment over extended distances. BCS3 will rapidly col- lect, store, analyze and disseminate critical logistics, medical and personnel information. BCS3 is the CSS component of the ABCS, as well as a key logistics enabler in the Army’s transformation efforts and will be interoper- able with GCSS Army. BCS3 is comprised of computer units, common operating software and unique software. BCS3 is deployable in a tabletop configuration, with or without operations with the capability to identify and storage/transit cases, and in Standardized track positions, monitor progress, and com- Integrated Command Post Systems (SICPS) municate with tactical wheeled vehicles sup- configurations. porting CS/CSS operations within the tactical area. MTS supports BFT by passing position location information into the logistics COP via BCS3. MTS is a satellite-based tracking/ communications system consisting of mobile units, transceivers, control stations, a GPS, common operating software and MTS-unique software.

Program Status. MTS has been fielded with a priority given to units supporting OIF and units undergoing reset following rotation from OIF. These have included 3rd Infantry Annex D

Division (ID), 4th ID, 42nd ID and SBCTs. The Materiel system will continue fielding with phased up- grades to include embedded GPS, integrated radio frequency identification (RFID), and anti-spoofing technology. Current funding Program Status. BCS3 is being fielded levels will permit fielding of 48 percent of the under an urgent needs requirement to Army Army Acquisition Objective (37,718) to AC and USMC units supporting OIF and OEF. It and RC through FY11. will be fielded to U.S. Forces Korea early in CY05 as it continues development to reach Battle Command Sustainment Support full IOC in FY06. System (BCS3) [previously the Combat Service Support Control System Global Combat Support System (GCSS) (CSSCS)] Army Description. The BCS3 is a decision-support Description. GCSS Army is the Army’s system embedded within the overall ABCS primary enabler for CSS transformation. It that assists commanders and their staffs in supports the functions of manning, arming, planning and executing CSS operations and is

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-75 fixing, fueling, moving and sustaining Sol- ing users and transferring accurate, timely diers and their systems. GCSS Army will be information on a highly mobile battlefield. integrated with the Logistics Modernization Program (LMP) by use of the web-enabling Program Status. CAISI is currently being features of Product Life-cycle Management fielded to Active and Reserve units in line with Plus (PLM +) product to comprise the Single the Army transition to a modular force and the Army Logistics Enterprise (SALE). The result overall implementing directions in the Army will be a seamless enterprise-wide logistics Campaign Plan. CAISI continues to field units environment that spans from the factory to deploying in support of OIF. the foxhole, fully integrated with emerging joint battle command architectures. Both Combat Service Support (CSS) Satellite LMP and GCSS Army feature centralized Communications (SATCOM) total asset visibility, distribution-based supply, and enterprise-wide maintenance data, and Description. CSS-SATCOM provides rapidly near real-time logistics readiness information. employed, BLOS communications enabling Improved software will achieve CSS integra- hardware to logisticians at the tactical and tion that is currently lacking in the Army’s operational levels. The program, which grew present business systems/processes. Most out of the G-4 Connect the Logistician Focus importantly, the modernization is targeted to Area, provides COTS-based very small aper- improve business operations up and down the ture terminals (VSAT) and a supporting, global supply chain while providing the capabilities infrastructure to logistics activities integrated to meet Future Force CSS objectives. within and supporting the Army’s modular force structure. Program Status. The Army selected SAP America, Inc.’s Enterprise Resource Planning Program Status. CSS-SATCOM has com- software in FY04 to fulfill the requirements pleted fielding to the 3rd Infantry Division. of GCSS Army. The Program is currently The system is currently being fielded to the mapping GCSS Army requirements to SAP 101st and 10th Divisions and is aligned with software modules to support design of the the Army Campaign Plan for future fieldings. enterprise solution. Mapping is scheduled CSS-SATCOM was designated a formal to be complete in FY05 with fielding to begin program in the 1QFY05 under the auspices Materiel Annex D in FY07. of PEO EIS. Formal program management constructs will be developed in FY05. Combat Service Support Automated Information System Interface (CAISI) Advanced Aviation Forward Area Refueling System (AAFARS) Description. CAISI allows legacy and emerging battlefield CSS automation devices Description. AAFARS M100A1 is a modu- to electronically exchange information with lo- lar, four-point refueling system. The principal gistics support areas and via tactical networks components are engine, pump, filter and with other battlefield, CSS and sustaining control modules, along with hoses, nozzles, base automated systems; provides com- couplings, defueling pump, fuel blivets (500- manders and managers an interface device gallon drums), fire-suppression equipment, to support current and future CSS doctrine fuel spill containment berms, nozzles and during peacetime and wartime—concentrat- fuel test kit. The AAFARS is transported

D-76 2005 Army Modernization Plan inter-theater in three specialized shipping organizational design. SATS consists of a set containers. of professional-grade tools with lifetime war- ranties, physical security, protection from the Program Status. Fielding began in Oct 04. elements, and rapid tool identification for im- proved accountability and inventory as well as Tactical Electric Power (TEP) deployability. The design and storage method of SATS facilitate rapid inventory and enable Description. TEPs are all-mobile, engine- the operator to verify within two hours or less driven, electric power generating sources, that all items are present and secured in their 750 kW and smaller, which are skid-mounted, designated storage locations. The most wheel-mounted or man-portable. TEPs are significant advantage gained through use of capable of independently producing electric SATS is its impact on the logistics footprint; power when operating on diesel, gasoline or through standardization and modernization, other fuel sources. Included are follow-on SATS reduces the tool load weight by 18,000 power sources such as fuel cells and ther- pounds in the forward maintenance company moelectric devices. These mobile, tactical (FMC) of the SBCT, eliminating the need for generators provide quality power to operate four tactical wheeled vehicles and trailers. DOD systems away from a fixed power grid The same tool weight savings is realized in and are found in nearly every organization both the forward support company (FSC) and in the Army. They directly support all field brigade support company (BSC) in the FXXI electrical systems such as C4ISR, medical, Division design along with a reduction of five maintenance, fire direction and controls, tactical wheeled vehicles and trailers in each target acquisition, life support, sustainment company. and illumination. These functions are critical to mission accomplishment across the entire Program Status. SATS begins LRIP in FY05 spectrum of military operations. and full production in FY06 with FUE sched- uled in FY05. Program Status. TEP Tactical Quiet Gen- Annex D erators (TQGs) are currently in production Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles Materiel and being fielding. The next generation (FMTV) of TEP generators, the Advanced Medium Mobile Power Sources (AMMPS), reached Milestone B in Nov 03 and begins production in FY08. To date, half of the older MILSTD generators have been replaced by TQGs and over 30,000 remain to be replaced by TQGs and/or AMMPS.

Standard Automotive Tool Set (SATS)

Description. Modular, flexible and stan- Description. The FMTV is built around a dardized, SATS replaces multiple field-level common chassis and drive train, featuring shop sets with a single, consolidated base over 80 percent commonality of parts and tool set augmented with packages that are components between models and weight tailorable to unit mission requirements and classes. Operating worldwide in all weather

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-77 and terrain conditions, the FMTV provides unit mobility, resupply and transportation at all organizational levels. It serves as the weapon systems platform for HIMARS and the sup- port vehicle for Patriot. FMTV enhances crew survivability through the use of hardened cabs, three-point seat belts, central tire infla- tion, and machine gun ring-mount capability. It provides enhanced tactical mobility and is strategically deployable in C-5, C-17, C-130 and C-141 aircraft. FMTV reduces the Army’s logistics footprint by providing commonality of increased ballistic (up to 7.62 mm NATO AP) parts and components, reducing maintenance and blast protection (12-pound mine, front; downtime, and lowering operation and sup- 4-pound mine, rear). port costs that older trucks require. Program Status. In full production since Program Status. FMTV is in full production FY85, current full production includes the with over 18,500 trucks and 1,450 trailers HMMWV A2 (USMC and FMS only) expand- fielded as of Oct 03. A competitive multi- ed-capacity variants (M1151/M1152) and the year contract was awarded in Apr 03 to the up-armored variants (M1114). HMMWVs are current producer, Stewart and Stevenson, being fielded to MP units (M1114), data inter- adding new models that include an expansible change customers (M1151/M1152), SBCTs van, 10-ton dump, and 8.8-ton Load Handling and other select units. System (LHS) truck and companion trailer compatible with flat racks, container roll-in/ Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck roll-out platform (CROPs), and International (HEMTT) Standardization Organization (ISO) shelters/ containers. The HIMARS launcher chassis production build began in Oct 03.

High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Materiel Annex D Vehicle (HMMWV)

Description. The HMMWV is a light, highly mobile, diesel-powered, four-wheel-drive vehicle that uses a common chassis. Us- Description. The HEMTT family of vehicles ing common components and kits, it can provides all-weather, rapidly deployable be configured as a troop carrier, armament transport capabilities for resupply of combat carrier, shelter carrier, ambulance and TOW vehicles and weapon systems. There are missile carrier. It is a tri-Service program that six basic configurations of the HEMTT se- also provides vehicles that satisfy USMC, ries trucks: M977 cargo truck with Material USN, USAF and foreign military sales (FMS) Handling Crane (MHC), M978 2,500-gallon requirements. The Up-Armored HMMWV is fuel tanker, M984 wrecker, M983 tractor, the a key asset in the ongoing security and sta- M1120 HEMTT-LHSs and M985 cargo truck bilization operations in OEF and OIF with its with MHC. A self-recovery winch is also avail-

D-78 2005 Army Modernization Plan able on certain models. HEMTT-LHS provides loaded on the M1 at depots, transported via the Soldier with an efficient and economic container ship to theater, picked up by the system with capabilities that cannot be rep- PLS truck and carried forward without the licated in the light and medium truck fleets. use of any materiel handling equipment. The The HEMTT family of vehicles is designated PLS provides the Soldier with an efficient and as an FCS-complementary system and is a economical system with capabilities similar to key enabler to achieving a distribution-based that of HEMTT-LHS, and is a major enabler logistics system. in the Army’s drive to achieve a distribution- based logistics system. Program Status. All variants of the HEMTT are currently in production. The FY06-11 field- Program Status. The PLS is currently in ing schedule includes SBCTs 4-6, ADRS units, production. The FY06-11 fielding schedule in- and air defense units (Patriot and THADD). cludes AC and RC engineer mission modules, APS and OIF combat loss replacements. Palletized Load System (PLS) Containerized Kitchen (CK)

Description. The Containerized Kitchen (CK) integrates standard and commercial kitchen equipment into an expandable 8’x8’x20’ ISO container. The CK has onboard refrigeration and uses the improved modern burner unit. The CK has a running water system and the interior is environmentally controlled. The CK can feed three meals a day to 800 Soldiers. Its efficiencies over the Mobile Kitchen Trail- Description. The PLS is composed of a ers (MKTs) include overall decreased footprint prime mover truck with integral self-loading and manpower requirements. Annex D and unloading transport capability, a 16.5- Materiel ton payload trailer, and demountable cargo Program Status. The CK has been in con- beds (flat racks). The vehicle can also be tinuous production since FY02. Over 200 equipped with materiel-handling equipment systems have been produced and fielded and/or a winch. PLS is a key transportation and a new contract award is scheduled for component of the ammunition distribution the 2QFY05. system and provides long-range hauling, lo- cal hauling and unit resupply of ammunition. Unit Water Pod System (Camel) The PLS is capable of transporting multiple configurations of cargo utilizing a variety of Description. The Camel system contains flat racks. The M1077 and M1077A1 are a 900-gallon storage capacity, heater/chiller sideless flat racks used to transport pallets unit, government-furnished M1095 (5-ton) of ammunition and other classes of supplies. medium tactical vehicle (MTV) trailer, and The M1 flat rack carries identical classes of contractor-developed components mounted supplies. It is ISO/CSC certified and is suit- on or carried by the trailer. It will provide a able for intermodal transport, including trans- maneuver company operating in a temperate port on container ships. Ammunition can be environment 2+ days of supply of water at a

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-79 minimum sustaining consumption rate. It will availability of construction equipment or mate- have provisions for at least six retail dispens- riel handling equipment. The LMFF consists ing points, and be fully capable of stand-alone of 2,500-gallon, ISO-framed fuel tank racks operation. Camel will be capable of transport- and 400-GPM, ISO-framed pumping mod- ing both full and partial loads of water in ac- ules. The pumping module will have a pump, cordance with approved OMS/MP standards engine, fuel/water separator, control panel, by C-130 and larger aircraft, external lift heli- hoses, nozzles and other support equipment. copter, and low-velocity air droppable means. The 35,000-gallon-capacity LMFF consists Camel replaces the M107, M149, and M1112 of 14 tank racks and two pumping modules. series water trailers. The 45,000-gallon-capacity LMFF consists of 18 tank racks and two pumping modules. Program Status. The Camel ORD was ap- The LMFF is compatible with the PLS and proved in Mar 02. The Camel contract was the HEMTT-LHS, allowing these systems to awarded in Aug 03. The design and build of recover the tank racks and pumping modules, four prototypes for production qualification transport them to the new location, and em- testing (PQT) is projected for Dec 04 through place the system. Apr 05. Program Status. ORD approved at the De- Load Handling System (LHS) Compatible partment of the Army. Production verification Water Tank Rack System (Hippo) test occurred in 4QFY04 and FUE in FY06. SBCTs will be the first units to be fielded the Description. The Hippo consists of a 2,000- LMFF. Milestone C decision package is be- gallon, ISO-framed, potable water tank rack. ing prepared for approval, which will include The Hippo has an organic 125-GPM water the deletion of an 18-rack system and the pump, filling stand, 70-foot hose reel for creation of a line item number for a single both bulk suction and discharge and retail storage tank rack. distribution. The Hippo will enhance water distribution by providing one system that en- 1,500-GPH Tactical Water Purification ables both hardwall bulk water transportation System (TWPS) and unit retail water support. It will allow for water transport directly from water purification Description. The TWPS is a mobile water Materiel Annex D points to supported maneuver elements and purification system capable of purifying, stor- can be used as a water distribution point. ing and dispensing water, meeting tri-Service field water quality standards for long-term Program Status. All testing is complete. consumption. Once emplaced, the system is Milestone C FRP decision is expected in Jan intended to supply potable water, from a broad 05. Fielding of the Hippo will begin following range of source waters, to ground, amphibi- Milestone C decision. ous and air-mobile units of the U.S. Army and Marine Corps. It can also be used to provide Load Handling System Modular Fuel potable water support to civilian agencies or Farm (LMFF) host nations for emergencies, disaster relief, humanitarian efforts and peacekeeping mis- Description. The LMFF provides the ability sions. TWPS can purify up to 1,500 gallons of to rapidly establish a fuel distribution and stor- water per hour from any water source, includ- age capability at any location regardless of the ing 60,000 total dissolved solids, salt water

D-80 2005 Army Modernization Plan and NBC contaminated sources. TWPS pro- Container/Material Handling Equipment vides water support for division and brigade (C/MHE) ground units operating in remote areas. It will be mounted on an LHS- or PLS-compatible Description. C/MHE includes all container flat rack and can be transported on a C-130 and material handling equipment required to fixed-wing aircraft. Fielding may be delayed support the deployment of unit equipment and for units without LHS or PLS, pending avail- the distribution of sustainment items. The ability of required LHS or PLS systems from primary tactical C/MHE includes the Rough production. Terrain Container Handler (RTCH), the All Terrain Lifter Army System (ATLAS), and the Program Status. Scheduled for 3QFY05 4K Rough Terrain Forklift (4K RTFL). The fielding. RTCH is the primary capability for handling 20- and 40-foot long containers weighing up to Rapidly Installed Fluid Transfer System 53,000 pounds. The RTCH is deployable by (RIFTS) air, operates on all types of terrain, and is ca- pable of stacking containers up to three high. Description. RIFTS is a petroleum distribu- The ATLAS has a 10,000-pound capacity and tion system capable of rapidly deploying to is capable of handling fully loaded 463L Air distribute 875,000 gallons of fuel in a 24-hour Force pallets, has a variable reach boom for day. Rapidly installed hose lines provides the removing items from 20-foot containers, and ability to rapidly transfer fluid while decreasing is capable of deploying by air. The 4K RTFL traffic on main supply routes. RIFTS provides is capable of entering containers to remove fuel distribution that is 10 times faster than the items. The 4K RTFL fleet is reaching the current Inland Petroleum Distribution System end of its economical useful life and requires (IPDS). Procurement of RIFTS is conducted replacement. The Army Node Transloader in two blocks. Block I includes development (ANT) is being investigated as a possible re- of the conduit (hoses), Employment Retrieval placement for the 4K RTFL. The ANT concept System (ERD) and auxiliary equipment. Block is based on the commercial materiel handling Annex D II includes the Automated Pump Stations forklifts that are transported on the distribution Materiel (APS), Command and Control Module (C2M) platform, eliminating the need for secondary with leak detection, computer-based planning transportation for the forklift. This approach aid and all auxiliary equipment. provides a distribution capability that has never existed, creating new options for the Program Status. Block I production qualifi- distribution of sustainment items. cation testing/reliability is scheduled from Jun to Oct 05. Block I Milestone C is scheduled Program Status. The RTCH program was for Jan 06 and the FRP contract award is terminated in FY04 with 342 of 463 AAO total scheduled for Mar 06. Block II Milestone B systems fielded. The ATLAS initial produc- and contract award dates are projected for tion contract ends in FY05. A Milestone C is 1QFY06. scheduled in FY05 for ATLAS with a follow-on production contract for an upgraded model beginning in FY07. The ANT will complete a user demonstration in FY05. A requirements document to support procurement of the ANT

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-81 will be generated using the results of the user Program Status. MC4 has an approved demonstration in FY05. ORD. The program is currently scheduled for a Milestone C decision in 1QFY04 and a Maintenance Support Device (MSD) FRP decision in 3QFY04.

Description. Formerly the Soldier Portable Man-Transportable Robotic System On-System Repair Tool (SPORT), the MSD (MTRS) is a lightweight, rugged, portable tester employed at all levels of maintenance. It Description. The MTRS provides a two- is the Army’s standard system tester used person, portable, lightweight robotic system to automatically diagnose weapon system capable of being helicopter transported, to operations, both electronic and automotive, give EOD Soldiers remote reconnaissance and identify faulty components for immediate capability in situations where current robotics replacement. The MSD and its predecessor, are too large to employ. Current operations the SPORT, are in wide use throughout the have shown a need for smaller, portable, ro- Army’s ground combat and CSS vehicle fleets botic systems. Lack of this capability requires as well as in the Army aviation fleet. EOD Soldiers to physically approach explo- sive devices and manually perform reconnais- Program Status. The MSD is currently in sance and render safe procedures in confined FRP and fielding. A recent change in the spaces. Requirements for additional MTRS basis of issue will provide the MSD to orga- were initiated and validated in response to nizational level maintainers at a ratio of 1:3 the increased threat and sophistication of per maintainer occupational skill. potential threats.

Medical Communications for Combat Program Status. The new MTRS AAO of 461 Casualty Care (MC4) System incorporates additional requirements resulting from lessons learned in OIF and OEF. These Description. The MC4 system is a theater, requirements are included in the program plan automated combat health support (CHS) from through FY10. system that links commanders, health care providers and medical support providers at Forward Repair System (FRS) Materiel Annex D all echelons with seamless, integrated medi- cal information. It will receive, store, process, transmit and report medical C2, medical sur- veillance, casualty movement/tracking, medi- cal treatment, medical situational awareness, and medical logistics data across all levels of care. The MC4 system is fully operational with standard Army systems and operates on standard commercial hardware. The MC4 system is fully joint operations compatible and operates from a family of joint software. The MC4 system supports the commander with a streamlined personnel deployment system Description. The FRS is a high-mobility for- using digital medical information. ward maintenance system that reduces repair

D-82 2005 Army Modernization Plan cycle time. In one package, the FRS places Appendix 4: Battlespace Awareness proven tools, test equipment and heavy lift capability to support forces in forward battle (BA) areas. The FRS includes the prime mover, Battlespace awareness (BA) is the ability as well as a maintenance enclosure with a to sense and understand the operational 35 kW generator, crane, welding equipment, environment with its mix of friendly “blue” industrial-quality power air and hand tools, air forces, enemy “red” forces and nonaligned compressor and tool cabinets, and accepts actors/noncombatants, as well as terrain and FBCB2 and MTS connectivity. The FRS weather aspects that can aid or hinder friendly meets a maneuver commander’s need for a force operations. BA relies on the continu- repair system that is responsive and effective, ous collection, processing, fusion, analysis and reduces the number of systems requiring and modeling of data from a large mix of evacuation. highly responsive sensors (e.g., unattended, human, intrusive and remote) to provide the Program Status. The FRS is in production commander and his force elements with and fielding. The first units fielded are III near real-time, collaborated, tailored, action- Corps, BCTs undergoing modular conversion, able battlespace information. Enhancing BA and SBCTs. capabilities provides the commander with more confidence in his understanding of the Focused Logistics (FL) Summary operational environment and the associated Sustainment of forces, in any environment, is operational risks. This translates to better critical to successful mission accomplishment. and faster decision making in the planning This appendix focused on the lift equipment and execution of operations. BA is the key to modernization programs for assured mobility increasing the reach, persistence and agility and sustainment systems. More important of our military capabilities while increasing the than materiel programs, however, is the entire range of military options available. redesign of the Army’s force to a Future Force

Observation and information collection occurs Annex D design and the accompanying logistics trans- Materiel formation effort addressed in the main body throughout the battlespace from traditional of this 2005 Army Modernization Plan. This ISR sensors and collectors, such as satellite new design will greatly enhance the Army’s constellations, airborne and proximate sen- ability to rapidly deploy and successfully sors, human intelligence (HUMINT), sensors carry out missions across the full spectrum specifically designed to support weapons of operations. systems (e.g., Firefinder), to nontraditional sources, such as commercial and open As the Army continues to transform itself into a sources. Each of these entities represents Future Force design, the specific requirements a node in the BA grid. Nodes provide data needed to enhance mobility and sustainability and information to the grid and draw informa- will become clearer. The current plan funds tion as required from the grid. Nodes range those programs with proven potential for the from every Soldier in the field as a potential Future Force while enhancing the capabilities sensor to the future space-based radar, as a and readiness of the Current Force. primary provider of an extremely fine-grained depiction of the battlespace. Through these nodes, intelligence on current and future

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-83 activities in the operational environment and the DOD DCGS family of systems concept, updated baseline environmental information to incorporate ISR data and information from is collected, fused, analyzed and presented to all sensors and analytic centers, regardless create a comprehensive battlespace picture. of the source. It will provide the red and gray Baseline environmental data includes infor- weather and environment portions of the COP mation on the weather, cloud cover, vertical to commanders and decision makers down to temperature profile, humidity, wind, precipita- the individual Soldier. tion, soil moisture, ice cover, sea ice, electron density profile, vegetation, terrain, infrastruc- The shared visibility between operations and ture, resources (e.g., water, energy sources, intelligence provides the venue to predict the building materials), transient infrared sources, effects of threat actions and changes in the second-order effects like trafficability and sen- operational environment as well as assess sor field of view; and significant social aspects potential courses of actions against the threat such as the cultural, religious, economic, operations. Decision making and forecasting political and security situation. By utilizing tools will continuously evaluate changes in en- the collection capability of all possible nodes, vironmental data to identify potential impacts the reach, robustness and persistence of the on ongoing operations and alert the relevant entire sensing network are greatly enhanced decision authority to the perturbation. Predic- to create a pervasive, detailed understanding tive analysis and modeling will allow potential of the battlespace. courses of action to be evaluated with a better understanding of the potential impacts on the One significant area of joint development that operational environment. The simultaneous supports enhanced BA capabilities is space. current and forecasted depictions of the bat- Space is the backbone for the national and tlespace, coupled with the responsiveness military ISR architecture and the domain of of sensors, will allow commanders to quickly choice for commercial broad-area sensing evaluate sensor mission utility and retask enterprises with military utility. Space-based multiple sensors to react to emerging opera- communications provide reach and NLOS tional situations. connectivity while space-based ISR and commercial imagery platforms substantially Current and projected operational information enhance strategic, operational and tactical will be continuously fused by robust knowledge Materiel Annex D intelligence collection, processing and dis- management systems and disseminated to all semination. Soldiers in OEF and OIF use levels of users through adaptable, flexible, space-based systems to communicate, navi- networked communications systems. Within gate, target, find and fix the enemy, anticipate this “producer interactive network,” force weather, receive missile warning, avoid frat- elements will subscribe to products or data ricide and much more. (including archival data). Software agents will broker data and products, posting some The Tactical Exploitation System (TES) unprocessed information. In this manner, all embedded in the corps and division force joint, allied and coalition warfighters will have structures is providing vital space-based im- access to common data, within security ac- agery, signals intelligence (SIGINT), BFT and cess and transportation layer constraints, to communications reach for OIF. The Army is construct their own tailorable, relevant opera- currently developing the Distributed Common tional pictures. Access to the combat support Ground System-Army (DCGS-A), as part of

D-84 2005 Army Modernization Plan agencies’ data is key to achieving dominant inherent in other Future Force programs such battlespace awareness. as the Aerial Common Sensor and the FCS. Milestone B decision is scheduled for 2QFY06 Below is a brief discussion of some of the to field an objective capability by 2010. The key materiel programs supporting BA capa- 525th MI Brigade, XVIII Airborne Corps, dem- bilities. onstrated a DCGS-A capability in FY04.

Discussion of Key Battlespace All Source Analysis System (ASAS) Awareness Materiel Programs

Distributed Common Ground System- Army (DCGS-A)

Description. DCGS-A is a family of systems and an integral component of the Army’s ISR networking strategy. DCGS-A will migrate capabilities of disparate ISR systems into a joint, common, interoperable multi-intelligence architecture to improve the ground command- er’s ability to act faster than the enemy’s decision cycle, or ability to react. DCGS-A Description. ASAS provides accurate, clear, software/hardware used throughout the Army relevant, timely, and predictive automated ac- and joint environments will task, post, process tionable intelligence about the current enemy and use Army, joint, national, interagency and situation. The ASAS sets the environment multinational ISR sensor data and information that the commander and his staff need to plan in support of Future Force, joint task force and execute battles, engagements, and other and multinational operations. DCGS-A is an missions across the full spectrum of opera- FCS complementary system, providing the tions in both a structured and nonstructured Annex D threat, weather and terrain data to the UA threat environment. ASAS assists the com- Materiel through its embedded software capabilities. mander in visualizing the battlespace, orga- Fixed and mobile DCGS-A transparently nizing his forces and controlling operations to operates with embedded DCGS-A software achieve the desired tactical objectives or end applications within the FCS, operating in a state. Inherent within ASAS is the capability to secure collaborative, networked environment. plan and direct intelligence, surveillance and DCGS-A provides real-time, sensor-to-com- reconnaissance operations, produce relevant mander, sensor-to-shooter, and sensor-to information and intelligence, and disseminate -analyst information tailored to mission, task intelligence and other critical information in an and purpose of the recipient. understandable format to those who need it, when they need it. Program Status. The DCGS-A program will employ an evolutionary acquisition strategy, Program Status. ASAS Block II is in SDD providing incremental milestone decisions with several components in FRP. The most throughout the SDD phase based on vali- significant of these is the ASAS Light, the dated/approved requirements for DCGS-A intelligence staff support tool currently be- capabilities and the DCGS-A capability needs ing fielded to the force. The ASAS Block II

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-85 Analysis and Control Element (ACE) Light dominant maneuver, precision engagement, is a software component of interim DCGS-A information superiority and decision domi- at 525 MI Corps and may become part of nance throughout a nonlinear framework and DCGS-A software. noncontiguous battlespace. Onboard battle command and communications relay packag- Aerial Common Sensor (ACS) es will ensure uninterrupted, joint integrated C4I. Through a modular, open architecture, onboard communication in- telligence (COMINT), elec- tronic intelligence (ELINT), imagery intelligence (IMINT) and measurement and sig- nature intelligence (MA- SINT) sensors incorporating electro-optic (EO), infrared (IR), synthetic aperture ra- dar (SAR), moving target indicator (MTI), multi- and hyperspectral imagery sen- sors, as well as onboard operators, will ensure sen- sor/processing technology enhancements maintain Description. ACS is the Army-led, joint pace with evolving threats via software vice airborne ISR system that meets the Army hardware solutions. and Navy’s requirements for a worldwide, self-deployable asset that can begin opera- Program Status. ACS is in the SDD phase tions immediately upon arrival into theater, with Milestone C decision scheduled for in front of, or alongside the Future Force. 4QFY08. FUE will be an aerial exploitation ACS will support the theater down to the UA battalion in FY10, with four additional systems commander and will merge the capabilities of fielded at a rate of one every two years. Materiel Annex D Guardrail Common Sensor and Airborne Re- connaissance-Low into a single multifunction Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data platform to provide the requisite networked System (AFATDS) situational awareness and joint network-cen- tric and deep-strike precision targeting for the Description. AFATDS is the primary fire future joint force commander. ACS provides support system at division and below that distributed, wide-area, persistent surveillance provides tactical fire solutions, including throughout the breadth of the joint opera- weapon-target pairing, mission planning and tions area battlespace and multi-intelligence execution. AFATDS provides the fires COP precision targeting. Using the DCGS for the at each echelon, as well as the technical fire ground station component, ACS, via robust control providing ballistic solutions for can- sensor-to-shooter and reach links will pro- nons and rockets. AFATDS is a true joint vide commanders at every echelon with the system, fully fielded by the USMC, on USN tailored, multisensor intelligence required for ships and interoperating with the USAF via

D-86 2005 Army Modernization Plan the Air Force’s theater battle management (cooled infrared), long-range optics, laser system (TBMCS). As such, AFATDS provides range finder, GPS interferometer, day video the capability to identify, track and respond to camera, and a link to FBCB2 for automated targets across the entire battlespace, using handoff of target locations. As the premier all fire assets available. ground scout sensor system, it enables the scouts and cavalry units to conduct RSTA AFATDS also operates at echelon above missions while remaining outside of threat division levels, providing a strategic and op- acquisition and engagement ranges during erational picture of the battlefield to meet the all-weather and dirty battlefield conditions commander’s top seven priorities. AFATDS (i.e., fog, dust, smoke and sand). LRAS3 is provides the friendly picture of the location also being integrated with a laser designator and status of all friendly fire support (FS) as- module (LDM) as the Fire Support Sensor sets; the enemy situation, including tracking System (FS3) for the Stryker Fire Support Ve- all enemy target locations; and a running fire hicles and the Knight Fire Support Vehicles. support logistics status (munitions, rounds, and petroleum, oil and lubricants). AFATDS Program Status. LRAS3 is in FRP, and provides graphic control measures, maintain- LRAS3 procurement is funded for AC heavy ing a complete database of FS geometries and light divisions. LRAS3 is being fielded and FS coordinating measures (FSCMs), to HMMWV-mounted scouts and is being and performing appropriate levels of coordi- integrated into the Stryker Reconnaissance nation as required. The AFATDS FS target Vehicles. database and weapon status-tracking feed the commander’s situation report. AFATDS Tactical Exploitation System (TES) management of the FSCM and capability overlays ensure optimal weapon target pair- Description. TES is the Army’s Tactical Ex- ing and strategic attack analysis. ploitation of National Capabilities (TENCAP) system that receives, processes, exploits Program Status. AFATDS is currently and disseminates intelligence data from Annex D fielded to 12 USN ships, 100 percent of USMC direct downlinks and other ground stations. Materiel FS units, over 95 percent of the AC Army FS The TES family of systems is a key part of units and 50 percent of the ARNG FS units. the emerging DCGS architecture with TES Version 6.3.2 software is currently in use variants in Army, USN, USMC and limited and will be replaced by version 6.4 in 2005. USAF units. The TES program combines Future improvements will focus on increased the intelligence functions of four previous joint interoperability, and new weapons and stovepiped ISR collection systems into an munitions functionality. integrated downsized, open, scalable, modu- lar and network-centric architecture with all Long-Range Advanced Scout elements fully transportable by C-130 air- Surveillance System (LRAS3) craft. TES tasks, receives, processes and exploits ELINT, COMINT externals, IMINT Description. LRAS3 provides unmatched and MTI data from selected national, theater, long-range target acquisition and far target and tactical platform/sensors and generates location capabilities to armor and infantry timely information, intelligence and targeting scouts. It consists of Horizontal Technology data. TES also is capable of limited MASINT Integration (HTI) second generation FLIR processing and analysis. TES receives

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-87 space-based BFT data and provides it to the DCGS-A in the Future Force in 2008. IMETS GCCS Army. TES has a direct digital/net- ingests local aviation surface weather and work interface with the AFATDS and Auto- artillery upper observations, weather satel- mated Deep Operations Coordination System lite data, and observations from unattended, (ADOCS). TES performs the preprocessor automated observing equipment. IMETS functions for the ASAS, Common Ground receives transmissions of centrally prepared Station (CGS) and Digital Topographic Sup- USAF forecast products. IMETS uses Army port System (DTSS). Designed for split-base weather effects software linked to current and operations, TES supports joint, combined and forecast data to determine weather effects on early-entry operations. friendly and enemy personnel, equipment and operations. IMETS provides tailored weather Program Status. TES-Main and TES-For- forecasts and space weather impacts for ward systems have been fielded to 18th Air- planners and operations, including chemical borne Corps, V Corps, III Corps and 513th MI defense. Weather effects are linked to us- Brigade. Division-TES (DTES–division level ers within each supported tactical operations assets) will be fielded to all AC divisions by center (TOC) by direct machine-to-machine Jan 05. TES-Forward (minus) systems will be interface, enabling users to interact with the fielded to 501st MI Brigade and to I Corps in database to determine details on adverse FY06. Plans to support the USFK Operational weather effects. IMETS is the gateway and Needs Statement for a complete TES-Forward communications interface to support major system for the 501st MI Brigade have been subordinate commands and warfighters with- curtailed due to funding. Twenty-one TES- out direct weather support. Light systems will be fielded to SOF, ACR, Republic of Korea Army and selected brigade- Program Status. IMETS is primarily an NDI, level elements starting in FY05. A number of which will have three separate, distinct con- TES systems were deployed in OEF and OIF figurations: the vehicle-mounted; the com- and judged in after-action reports as being mand post (CP), and the light. The vehicle- very supportive of high-OPTEMPO, ISR and mounted and light configurations are in FRP. dynamic targeting demands. TES systems The IMETS objective software applications were the primary interface for missile launch underwent testing in 4QFY04 with fielding notifications within the corps and divisions. to be initiated in FY05. This is the hardware Materiel Annex D Although the draft DCGS-A roadmap contains and software baseline that will support ABCS TES-Forward configuration items, TES or an 6.4 and provide the bridge until DCGS-A and equivalent capability has yet to be integrated FCS integrate the capabilities. into the modernization plans of the objective ISR architecture. TES systems will be in the Prophet force structure until the objective DCGS-A system is fully fielded, sometime after 2015. Description. Proph- et provides a near Integrated Meteorological System real-time view of the (IMETS) brigade/ACR/SBCT/ UA area of operations Description. IMETS supports the Current through the use of Force, including aviation, SOF and SBCTs. COMINT sensors, and It will migrate through spiral development to includes the capability

D-88 2005 Army Modernization Plan to detect, identify and electronically attack Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (TUAV) select enemy emitters. It is a dedicated, Shadow 200 dynamically retaskable asset, allowing the tactical commander to visually depict and understand his battlespace, now and in the future. It provides expanded frequency and area coverage for situational development and awareness, as well as force protection operations. Prophet can operate on-the- move, mounted on a HMMWV, or stationary in a mounted or dismounted configuration. It has an open architecture that supports pro- Description. The RQ-7A Shadow 200 TUAV grammed improvements and mission-specific provides the maneuver commander with a technical insertion components. This makes near real-time, highly accurate, sustainable Prophet relevant throughout the entire spec- capability for over-the-horizon RSTA, and trum of operations. Prophet has been an Battle Damage Assessment (BDA). Each invaluable and critical collection asset in the Shadow 200 TUAV system consists of four global war on terrorism. Shadow 200 air vehicles, six HMMWVs, two Ground Control Stations (GCS), one portable Program Status. Prophet Block I began field- GCS, and four remote video terminals that can ing in Nov 02. In fact, Prophet Block I was provide near real-time video to commanders fielded to all deploying forces in support of on the ground. The Shadow 200 TUAV cur- the global war on terrorism. Prophet Blocks rently has an onboard EO/IR sensor payload. II/III went into the SDD phase in Mar 03 with Objective payloads may include but are not an FUE of 4QFY05. limited to advanced EO/IR, all-weather SAR and MTI, and SIGINT sensors. The threshold Annex D Materiel

Figure D-9. Critical Sensors Fielding Schedule

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-89 range is 50 km with an objective range of 200 iris scan algorithms for HUMINT data fusion km and an on-station endurance of four hours. and correlation of detainee, employee and The threshold payload is 60 pounds with an refugee tracking during stability and support objective capacity of 100 pounds. OPTEMPO operations (SASO). CHIMS also provides the requires a threshold of 12 hours per 24-hour capability of document exploitation (DOCEX) period and an objective of 18 hours per 24- for the screening/triage in over 40 languages hour period. with planned Arabic-to-English audio and visual look up enhancements. Program Status. TUAV IOT&E was com- pleted in May 02 followed by a Milestone III Program Status. CHIMS is a spiral develop- FRP decision in Sep 02. FUE was 3/2 IN ment effort with Version 4.2 currently in FRP SBCT in May 02 and IOC was achieved in with all procurement in direct support of OEF Oct 02. Production and fielding continues and OIF. The software in the SDD phase is under the FY06-11 program plan. The TUAV planned for integration into the DCGS-A Spiral is currently supporting the global war on ter- Four initiative and should start production in rorism. The TUAV program was revalidated FY06. by JROC in 2004. Battlespace Awareness (BA) Summary Counterintelligence/Human Intelligence Information Management System BA supports and is supported by the other (CHIMS) functional concepts. BA enables JC2, force application and force protection to bring Description. CHIMS provides counterin- combat power to bear at critical points, avoid telligence (CI) investigator/interrogator and enemy denial and deception, breakthrough HUMINT agent/Soldiers with automation or circumvent anti-access and area-denial support for the collection, analysis, produc- strategies, and thwart enemy attempts to tion and dissemination of HUMINT and CI harm U.S. interests worldwide. data/information. CHIMS provides the Army commanders at all echelons down to the BA capabilities strive to achieve superior BCT with automation for the collection man- situational understanding of the threat and agement, analysis and production of CI and battlespace; decision superiority using preci- Materiel Annex D HUMINT data into actionable intelligence. sion actionable intelligence to achieve desired It is designed to support the commander’s effects rather than physical destruction alone; ability to anticipate and react to a wide range integration of multifunctional tactical and of force protection threats and situations. national intelligence sensors and sources; The system is message and reporting in- precision targeting and armed aerial recon- teroperable with the Army ASAS at the tacti- naissance; and denial of enemy access to cal level with planned enhancements to be friendly information. interoperable with the Portico program and the Defense Counterintelligence Information Recent operations have shown the value of System (DCIIS) at the strategic level. The space-based, airborne and ground C4 and Biometric Automated Tool (BAT) system that ISR systems that are networked with manned has evolved out of OIF and OEF has been ground systems to achieve Joint Force BA integrated into the CHIMS software to capture capabilities. The Army is developing organi- and store fingerprints, facial recognition and zations and fielding equipment to capitalize on

D-90 2005 Army Modernization Plan this operational experience in today’s Current tric. Both are focused on achieving better Force as well as in the building of tomorrow’s situational understanding and decision domi- Future Force with future Joint Force BA ca- nance. pabilities. Battle Command

Appendix 5: Command and Control The Army views battle command, the art and (C2) science of applying military leadership and de- cision making, as the essential capability that C2 is the exercise of authority and direction enables the conduct of current and future joint by a properly designated commander over operations. Enabled by C4 and ISR, battle assigned and attached forces in the accom- command enhances the commander’s abil- plishment of the mission. To accomplish this ity to gain information and decision-making effectively, the commander fuses battlespace advantages over any adversary. Further, C4 information with information on force locations and ISR networks within the GIG will provide and capabilities, as well as other information an inherently joint, top-down network that relevant to mission planning, into a COP. The provides common situational awareness to commander develops alternative plans of improve battle command. Army battle com- action, selects a course of action and directs mand modernization efforts are designed to force employment exercising C2. This can bridge the Current Force to the Future Force, be either a deliberate process in preparation enable network-centric warfare, and allow for a campaign or battle, or a hasty process the operational and tactical commander to in response to battlefield opportunities or see first, understand first, act first, and finish challenges. Key elements of C2 are a decen- decisively with unprecedented situational tralized, networked and collaborative com- understanding and decision superiority. munications and computer environment that provides the precision guidance and timing One recent initiative to enhance Current Force capabilities that collectively support acceler- capabilities is termed “good enough” battle

command. This initiative reviewed current Annex D ated decision-making processes throughout Materiel the Joint Force. The synergy of this collab- operational requirements in order to resource orative environment with the COP allows current combatant commander’s needs with subordinate commanders to self-synchronize a baseline command post capability as a first their activities, based on knowledge of the step in bringing these capabilities to the Cur- commander’s intent and of the current situ- rent Force. This capabilities-based baseline ation in battlespace, and to execute actions uses existing resources in the ABCS program seamlessly, with minimal or no requirements to standardize software in 2004, ensure joint for deconfliction or coordination. interoperability of essential capabilities, and distribute this capability across the Current Army C2 is a critical enabler for and a fully Force by FY07. This initiative is part of an interoperable component of JC2. Army C2 overall “Army Battle Command Way Ahead” consists of Army battle command (cognitive strategy that develops a single standardized and technical aspects) and the Army network battle command system that incorporates component of the GIG. The joint concepts operational lessons, the requirement for Joint for JC2 and Army battle command concepts Battle Management Command and Control are complementary and commander-cen- (JBMC2), and emerging joint requirements.

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-91 The Network systems that receives and transmits informa- tion among the Joint Force. ABCS consists Concepts for network-centric warfare, full- of subsystem software that provides specific spectrum dominance, and decision superiority support for the Battlefield Functional Areas, are driving C2 modernization efforts for the including Global Command and Control Army’s Future Force and the Joint Force. System-Army (GCCS-A), Maneuver Con- These concepts require a robust, modular, trol System (MCS), Air and Missile Defense deployable, and always capable network that Workstation (AMDWS), Force XXI Battle provides universal access to all relevant au- Command, Brigade and Below (FBCB2), thorities, assets and capabilities. This network All Source Analysis System-Light (ASAS-L), consists of integrated information systems, Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System supporting information infrastructure and a (AFATDS), Integrated Meteorological System knowledge-based force of individuals located (IMETS), Digital Topographic Support System across the entire spectrum of the battlefield (DTSS), Battle Command Sustainment Sup- from the Soldier on point, through a variety of port System (BCS3), Integrated Systems operations and support centers in theater, to Control (ISYSCON) and Tactical Airspace home station operations and support centers Integrated System (TAIS). Additionally, com- located worldwide. To achieve this level of mon software products enable information networking, the focus is being shifted from a sharing with other systems and provide situ- bottom-up to a top-down approach that de- ational awareness of the battlefield to every velops integrated C2 network architectures echelon. designed to support battle command capabili- ties for the Current and Future Forces in the Program Status. The Army has reassessed JIM, full-spectrum operational environment. the ABCS software and will conduct an The Army is currently identifying baseline operational test and evaluation (OT&E) for network capabilities for the JIM environment ABCS 6.4 in 2QFY05. The new baseline and will use a single Army lead for network software will be used on all ABCS systems. development to enhance the Current Force 6.4 will maintain a joint interoperability with and accelerate network development for the other Services at the division level and Future Force. Materiel Annex D Below is a discussion of key Army C2 materiel programs that support JC2 and development of a COP.

Discussion of Key Command and Control Materiel Programs

Army Battle Command System (ABCS)

Description. ABCS is the Army’s com- ponent of the Global Command and Control System (GCCS) and combatant commander deployment C2. It is a complex system of

D-92 2005 Army Modernization Plan above, while still providing the COP at division Services (NCES), during Block 1 execution and brigade levels within Services. The test in FY06-07. will also assess the current distribution and sustainment strategy to see what initiatives Mounted Battle Command on the Move can take place in order to further promote (MBCOTM) ABCS interoperability across the Army and within the Joint Force structure. Description. MBCOTM provides the ma- neuver commander and his staff with a highly Global Command and Control System- mobile, self-contained and reliable combat Army (GCCS-A) vehicle-based digital command post. The MBCOTM mission equipment platform con- Description. GCCS-A is a computer-based sists of a suite of communications and digital strategic C2 system that provides readiness equipment/software integrated on a combat reporting, mobilization and deployment of platform to enable commanders to influence AC and RC forces. It also provides detailed the battle while maneuvering across the information on intra-theater planning and battlefield. The MBCOTM provides situational movement, the joint interface between JC2 awareness and a COP, which allows the com- systems, and the Army ABCS components. mander to maintain situational understanding GCCS-A provides joint COP information to while moving and physically separated from Army users and provides Army forces infor- a fixed command post. Future plans include mation to the joint COP. GCCS-A is a seam- variants for the HMMWV, the Bradley Fighting less Army extension to the joint GCCS at Vehicle and the Stryker. echelons above corps through modular BCT levels. GCCS uses a common open systems Program Status. Program is currently funded hardware architecture that has a combina- for RDTE in the FY06 budget. tion of government and COTS hardware and software. The GCCS-A is an integral compo- Maneuver Control System (MCS) nent of the GCCS family of systems (FoS), a Annex D networked system of information systems to Materiel facilitate joint command and control.

Program Status. GCCS-A is a fielded sys- tem within the ABCS. GCCS-A upgrades are based on operational needs and technical interoperability requirements with joint GCCS, DII COE and ABCS. GCCS-A, along with the other GCCS FoS, is mandated to migrate to a net-centric C2 capability; the current program in development to accomplish this direction is the DOD JC2 capability initiative. The JC2 capability program is projected to begin fielding the new net-centric capabilities, inte- Description. MCS is an automated C2 grated with the GIG Net-Centric Enterprise system that provides a network of computer terminals to process combat information for battle staffs. This is the proponent system for

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-93 the common picture (integrates information Air and Missile Defense Command and horizontally and vertically to provide friendly Control System (AMDCCS) and enemy unit locations). It provides auto- mated assistance in the collection, storage, review and display of information to support the commander’s decision process. Both text and map graphics are provided to the user.

Program Status. The Army is preparing a test strategy in accordance with the ABCS “Way Ahead” strategy. The IOT&E for MCS is scheduled for 2QFY05 as part of a new Army test strategy.

Army Airborne Command and Control System (A2C2S) Description. AMDCCS provides both C2 and a sensor-to-shooter link for AMD operations. Description. A2C2S is the Army’s above- It consists of two components: the Forward the-ground battle command platform that Area Air Defense Command and Control provides the commander with an airborne, (FAAD C2) and the Air and Missile Defense self-contained and reliable integrated digital Planning and Control System (AMDPCS). command post that transforms the Army AMDCCS fully automates C4 and ISR link- from the Current Force to Future Force. The ages, integrates AMD sensors, weapons A2C2S integrated on a UH-60L aerial plat- and C3I, and interfaces with ABCS, GCCS form enables the commander and his staff to and joint and allied C4I. It provides AMD ele- traverse the battlespace while maintaining ments and ADA brigades with a fire control situational understanding through C4I con- system via the air defense system integrator nectivity at the decisive point on the battlefield for monitoring and controlling engagement at critical times. It provides a LOS and BLOS operations by subordinate battalions. voice and digital communications package. This system is fielded to UAs through UEs AMDCCS provides a common AMD staff plan- Materiel Annex D for OIF. Future plans include variants for the ning and battlespace situational awareness UH-60M aerial platform. tool via the Air and Missile Defense Work- station (AMDWS), which presents airspace Program Status. The program is currently situational understanding to Army commands. producing LRIP aircraft platforms for FY05. This workstation also provides interoperability Unit training is ongoing with existing aircraft with JTAMD forces. fielded in 4QFY04 to support the operations in OIF. Other resources are being funded to Program Status. FAAD C2 is an ACAT II pro- support the installation of INMARSAT onto gram in procurement with an Aug 95 approved the initial LRIP and current assets. ORD. AMDPCS is an ACAT III program in final development with a May 97 approved ORD currently under revision. The FY06- 11 program plan funds both FAAD C2 and AMDPCS to provide AMDCCS to all SBCTs

D-94 2005 Army Modernization Plan and III Corps units through the fielding of the of a communications suite, four workstations ADAM Cells. and ancillary equipment housed in a rigid- walled shelter v5, mounted on an M1113 Space Support Element Toolkit (SSET) HMMWV. Initial UEx design incorporates a six-person SSE equipped with an SSET. This Description. The SSET is a mission es- limited placement of personnel and equip- sential item of equipment for ment will help further the Space Support Element refine space support to (SSE) resident within the the tactical force. UEx headquarters. It provides the nec- Program Status. The SSET is an emerging requirement that is not funded in the FY06-11 program. It has been developed through the efforts of the SMDC Space Directorate Bat- tle Lab. ASA(ALT) is in the process of align- essary capabili- ing SSET responsibility ties needed by the with appropriate PEO/ SSE to conduct space PM, which will type- operations planning, integra- classify and certify this tion and coordination. These functions aid in item to transition procurement duties to the enabling the joint force commander to achieve materiel developer. the precision engagement, information supe- riority and battle command capabilities across Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Annex D the full spectrum of distributed ground force Below (FBCB2) Materiel combat operations through better exploita- tion of space-based systems, products and Description. FBCB2 is a joint interoperable, services. The SSE approach is part of the digital, battle command information system for space operational architecture supporting brigade level and below. FBCB2 is designed Current and Future Force requirements as to provide mounted and dismounted combat noted within Army doctrine, TRADOC PAM elements with near real-time, integrated 525-3-14, Concept for Space Operations in situational awareness and C2 functionality. Support of the Future Force (updated 31 Dec FBCB2 enhances the ability of tactical com- 03). The SSET is currently a non-type-classi- manders to better synchronize their forces, fied COTS/government off-the-shelf (GOTS) achieve agility, and gain a “feel” of the bat- prototype system and has been combat tested tlespace through improved situational aware- in OEF and OIF. Employment during OEF and ness and better combat awareness reporting OIF has demonstrated that the space-based while on the move. FBCB2 is a key compo- products provided by SSET-equipped teams nent of the ABCS. The FBCB2 operates over provided enhanced C2 and situational aware- both terrestrial communications networks ness for land force commanders. It consists and SATCOM networks; the system con-

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-95 sists of a ruggedized computer with a touch Grenadier BRAT (GB) and Mini- screen and keyboard in which the Soldier Transmitter (MTX) Blue Force Tracking sees either a digital map or satellite imagery (BFT) Systems overlaid with icons representing the vehicle’s location, other FBCB2/BFT vehicles, known Description. GB and MTX are BFT systems enemy units, and objects such as minefields that take advantage of the existing national and bridges. FBCB2/BFT was expeditiously space infrastructure. They give commanders fielded in reduced quantities to every MACOM the ability to track and receive status reports, as well as the USMC and United Kingdom in near real-time, from friendly forces that forces participating in OEF and OIF. As a require a low probability of intercept/low prob- result of lessons learned in OEF and OIF, the ability of detection (LPI/LPD) C2 link. GB and Army revised its Army battle command plan MTX systems substantially enhance security to deliver a consistent solution across the and reliability through the use of LPI/LPD force within 18-24 months in order to provide Cobra (collection of broadcasts from remote partial “good enough” capabilities over time. assets) waveforms, encryption certified by the FBCB2 requirements were refined to acceler- National Security Agency, and military GPS. A ate fielding efforts (OIF-like capability) to the space-based BFT Mission Management Cen- entire Army and 15 eSBs ter (MMC) supports GB/MTX use of the exist- by FY05. In addition, ing Cobra architecture by coordinating with another national system managers and warfighting 18 eSBs units to help collect, process and disseminate and mod- warfighter BFT data. During OEF and OIF, the ular force GCCS successfully integrated disparate BFT fieldings systems used by different units and services. have now SOF forces used the Cobra-based BFT sys- been incorporat- tems due to the security advantages, while ed into the FBCB2 Coalition Forces Land Component Command master schedule for execution. After initial (CFLCC) main formations used FBCB2. BFT fielding efforts are achieved (in FY05), the systems gave operational level commanders rest of the key leader option (KLO) distribu- the most robust COP to date by substantially tion efforts will be completed for the AC, six increasing their situational awareness. Materiel Annex D SBCTs, National Guard eSBs and OIF/OEF mission requirements by FY07. Program Status. Initially fielded 400 GB to USASOC, USAREUR and USARSO. Program Status. FBCB2 is currently funded Currently procuring an ad- to continue improvements in joint/coalition ditional 400 systems interoperability, migration to JTRS, future for USASOC to communications studies, Type 1 encryption support ongo- efforts, software enhancements and the ing real-world development of satellite spectrum and Tac- contingency tical Internet interoperability. The program operations. has reached FRP and continues to procure There are ap- systems for under the Army Fielding Plan proximately 3,000 (key leader option) for distribution within the MTX systems produced and FY06-11 planning period. fielded to USSOCOM compo-

D-96 2005 Army Modernization Plan nents; e.g., every USAF Special Operations Program Status. The Milstar satellite Secure Command airframe and ground team has an Mobile Anti-Jam Reliable Tactical Terminal MTX. The GB was acquired as a Warfighter (SMART-T) provides a protected (anti-jam) Rapid Acquisition Program product, and the wideband, BLOS capability for Army modular MTX and the MMC were developed and divisions, BCTs and SBCTs. The program is fielded as a result of Combat Mission Needs currently in production and continues to be Statements. fielded. The Phoenix, an SHF multiband sat- ellite terminal, HMMWV-mounted, air-trans- Satellite Communications (SATCOM) portable system was awarded a development contract on 15 Apr 03. The first Phoenix field- Description. SATCOM systems provide a ing was in Jul 04. Tri-band terminals (X, C robust, flexible and seamless network capa- and Ku) will be fielded in FY04 and FY05. A bility that extends and in some cases replaces quadband upgrade in FY06 will add Ka band. terrestrial capabilities with responsive, BLOS Phoenix will be fielded to echelon above divi- communications throughout the battlefield sion signal units. that permits users to access large databases necessary to support strategic, operational Combat Service Support (CSS) Satellite and tactical missions. SATCOM global con- Communications (SATCOM) nectivity supports the command and control capabilities of planning, coordinating, directing Description. The CSS-SATCOM provides and controlling. SATCOM use is essential for rapidly employed, BLOS communications-en- the real-time direction of operations at each abling hardware to logisticians at the tactical echelon of command. SATCOM enables tac- and operational levels. The program, which tical forces to exploit improved capabilities to grew out of the G-4 Connect the Logistician coordinate fires; conduct operational maneu- Focus Area, provides COTS-based very small ver on the unstructured, asymmetric battle- aperture terminals (VSAT) and a supporting fields of today; assess the effects of previous global infrastructure to logistics activities operations and anticipate enemy actions. An integrated within and supporting the Army’s Annex D integrated high-capacity SATCOM backbone modular force structure. Materiel provides reachback connectivity that allows implementation of split-based command and Program Status. CSS-SATCOM has com- control and logistics support concepts. This pleted fielding to the 3rd Infantry Division. architecture will also support interoperabil- The system is currently being fielded to the ity with joint, coalition, commercial and civil 101st and 10th Divisions and is aligned with communications networks. As a result, Cur- the Army Campaign Plan for future fieldings. rent and Future Forces will have reliable, on CSS-SATCOM was designated a formal pro- demand, BLOS/NLOS communications for gram in the first quarter of FY05 under the enhanced early warning, en route mission auspices of the Program Executive Office planning and rehearsal, and responsive CSS Enterprise Information Systems (PEO EIS). while maintaining a reduced footprint in the- Formal program management constructs will ater. Reliable SATCOM enhances increased be developed in FY05. responsiveness, agility, versatility, survivabil- ity and sustainability.

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-97 Global Positioning System (GPS) enhancements to operational capability in the Tactical Internet environment. Description. GPS is a space- based radio position/navigation Program Status. A production delivery order (POS/NAV) system that provides was awarded in 3QFY04 to procure congres- extremely accurate, continuous, sionally directed assets for the ARNG and all-weather, common grid, world- SBCTs. As of May 04, approximately 250,000 wide navigation and three-dimen- radios have been fielded. sional positioning, velocity and timing information to land, sea, air and space Warfighter Information Network–Tactical users. Components are the space, ground (WIN-T) control and user equipment segments. Description. WIN-T provides an integrating, Program Status. The Defense Advanced secure, high-capacity backbone communica- GPS Receiver (DAGR) includes the Selective tions network Availability Anti-Spoofing Module (SAASM) for the Future and will replace the current Precision Light- Force and is weight GPS Receiver (PLGR), which will be now designed cascaded to other units, primarily in the Re- to spiral capa- serve units. Fielding begins in 1QFY05. The bilities into the DAGR itself will be replaced by an improved Current Force, DAGR projected for FY13 when the associ- enabling them ated satellite constellation and ground control to achieve and stations have reached FOC. sustain com- plete information dominance at all levels, Single Channel Ground and Airborne environments and global locations. WIN-T Radio System (SINCGARS) is an integrated communications network optimized for offensive and joint operations, providing the theater combatant commander with capability to perform multiple missions simultaneously. WIN-T integrates dispersed Materiel Annex D operations over extended distances from fixed and mobile platforms; is scaleable, tai- lorable and dynamically adaptive to missions; and consists of a three-tiered architecture Description. SINCGARS provides com- (ground, airborne and space) that expands manders with a highly reliable, secure, easily and contracts with the fight. Special features maintained combat net radio that has both of the network eliminates stovepipe commu- voice and data handling capability in support nications systems utilizing a single integrated of C2 operations. SINCGARS, with the Inter- framework, provides broadband on-the-move net controller, provides the communications communications, and reduces vehicle and link for the digitized force. The Advanced Sys- Soldier footprints through use of the airborne tem Improvement Program (ASIP) models are tier. WIN-T ensures the uninterrupted flow of of a reduced size and weight, providing further timely, relevant and actionable information; the right information to the right Soldier, at

D-98 2005 Army Modernization Plan Figure D-10. Warfighter Information Network-Tactical the right time, while seamlessly linked to the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS). Description. JTRS is a family (ground, air Program Status. On 10 Sep 04, the Defense and maritime domains) of common software- Annex D Acquisition Executive (DAE) authorized a defined radios that provide seamless network Materiel revised acquisition approach, which calls for connectivity throughout the battlefield in sup- combining the two prime SDD contractors into port of Joint Vision 2020 objectives. JTRS is a single team. General Dynamics is now the the military’s affordable, mobile, high-capacity, single prime contractor with Lockheed Martin lightweight, multiband radio system providing as its major subcontractor. The acquisition simultaneous voice, data and video communi- details are presently being worked on, keep- cations. JTRS replaces 32+ currently fielded ing the program aligned with FCS, and postur- radio systems and will be a key component ing it for initiatives to provide capabilities to the of the Tactical Internet using a family of net- Current Force. Currently, development and work waveform applications. The Army is the operational testing is scheduled for 1QFY06, executive agent for the JTRS program and is with Milestone C approval is scheduled for the lead Service for developing and testing 2QFY06. Production contract award/LRIP is all waveforms and certifying Software Com- scheduled for 2QFY06 with an initial opera- munications Architecture (SCA) compliance. tional test scheduled for 4QFY08. Additionally, the Army is responsible for two (Clusters 1 and 5) of the three primary Cluster

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-99 efforts (Clusters 1, 5 and AMF). Cluster 1 is bone network (high-speed and high-capacity) developing the ground vehicular and airborne that will enable them to exchange information rotary-wing aviation form factors, while Clus- (voice, data and video) throughout the tacti- ter 5 is developing the handheld, manpack, cal UEy and into the sustaining base. The and small form fit form factors. objective of the BFN is to incrementally insert increased capability COTS solutions to the Program Status. Cluster 1: The JTRS Army’s Current Force to satisfy Current Force ORD was updated in Apr 03 to Version 3.2. capability gaps. BFN capability increments JTRS Cluster 1 is in the SDD phase. Clus- build off the recapitalization of the current ter 5: JTRS Cluster 5 received a success- Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE) and TRI- ful Milestone B decision on 26 Apr 04 and Services Tactical Communications (TRI-TAC) awarded a SDD contract to GDDS on 16 Jul tactical communications systems. 04. A Milestone C decision is scheduled for 2QFY08. The JTRS Cluster 5 program is Program Status. JNN was fielded to 3ID pursuing a two-spiral acquisition strategy. with fielding to 4th ID, 10th ID and 101st AA Spiral 1 focuses on the near-term manpack ongoing with anticipated completion 4QFY05/ requirements, while Spiral 2 focuses on the 1QFY06. technology needed to meet current and future warfighter requirements. JTRS Cluster 5 is Joint Network Node (JNN), (formerly structured to be synchronized with Project known as the Area Common User Manager UA and Land Warrior program ca- System Modernization Plan (ACUS MP) pabilities and time lines. Description. JNN is the Army’s component Bridge-to-the-Future Network (BFN) of the GIG and provides Army interconnectiv- ity when embedded within the joint task force Description. BFN is the Army’s bridging and ties in network-centric enterprise services strategy to deliver increasing net-centric ca- via GIG-bandwidth expansion. Spiraling JNN pabilities into the Current Force today, and into the force will provide commercial satellite will be followed by the initial transition to the augmentation to Army MILSATCOM, Internet WIN-T capability. Capability enhancements Protocol (IP)-based services, voice-over IP are increased voice, data and video services (VOIP) augmentation to Defense Switched Materiel Annex D that are joint network ready and supports the Network (DSN), unclassified/classified In- Army’s modular force designs (UA brigades, ternet down to the battalion level, secure Units of Employment (UEx, division 2-star digital telephone down to brigade level, and and UEx 3-star) and (UEy, theater)). BFN situational awareness. JNN provides a high- fuses the Army’s Joint Network Node (JNN), speed, high-capacity network communications Connect the Logistician–Combat Service backbone connection that is joint-capable, Support (CSS), and intelligence Trojan Spirit supports the warfighter’s rapid movement and initiatives into a single “good enough” strat- simultaneous operations, and disseminates egy to deliver increased capabilities to the information will all levels of security. Key warfighter today. items of the JNN are a SATCOM hub node, a joint network node, and a battalion command BFN will provide the Current Force with a post (Ku SATCOM) node, as well as embed- state-of-the-art COTS communications back- ded local area network components.

D-100 2005 Army Modernization Plan Program Status. The FUE with the JNN is leverage theater assets such as JSTARS. the 3rd Infantry Division with fielding com- During OEF and OIF, the Army demonstrated pleted in Oct 04. Fielding of the next three a significant increase in combat power when spirals (101st AA, 4th ID and 10th Mountain) it exercised these capabilities. The Army will began in Jan 05. continue to incorporate lessons learned from operating ABCS in developing the C4ISR Command and Control (C2) Summary infrastructure for the Future Force.

Army C2 and JC2 supported by fully lever- Annex D Summary aged communications and computers and ISR capabilities are at the core of realizing Annex D of the 2005 Army Modernization Plan the required characteristics envisioned in the provides an overview of key Army materiel Future Force. Networked communications programs funded in PB06. These programs and intelligence packages will dramatically are framed within the five emerging joint improve command and control, making it pos- functional concept/capability categories used sible to achieve significant advances in stra- by the new Joint Capabilities Integration and tegic responsiveness. The Army has already Development System (JCIDS) process to made important steps towards this goal. The analyze Joint Force future requirements and ABCS and the C4 and ISR infrastructure for guide Army and other Service modernization the current digitized forces provides a real- efforts towards those requirements as they time blue force picture to ground maneuver emerge. Other annexes in the 2005 Modern- units. The artillery and AMD components ization Plan examine modernization paths of of ABCS are interoperable with both joint doctrine, training, installations, personnel and and multinational systems. ABCS can also force structure. Annex D Materiel

2005 Army Modernization Plan D-101 Materiel Annex D

D-102 2005 Army Modernization Plan Annex E: Personnel

Introduction 2. Civilian personnel management initiatives will improve management support Continuing our support of a relevant and for DACs and overcome workforce ready force, the personnel focus remains shortfalls anticipated over the next 10 having the right quality and quantity of years due to retirements. The National personnel (military, civilian, contractor) at the Security Personnel System (NSPS) and right place and time. Moreover, to provide Senior Army Workforce (SAW) are key and better manage personnel support—in components. concert with other modernization efforts—the Army requires up-to-date, web-enabled tools 3. Manning objectives will reshape, stabilize that are reliable and responsive to today’s and train the force for transformation to the environment. Our contribution to winning the Future Force and joint and interagency global war on terrorism centers on personnel operations. transformation (PT) and fielding a modular 4. “Continuum of service” will maximize Army. and retain human capital across all The PT initiative fundamentally changes the components of the Army. Soldiers and way the Army manages its manpower (forces civilians will be able to more easily move and structure) and personnel (Active and between components and duty stations. Reserve Components (AC/RC)), families, 5. Scientific studies will address selection, veterans, retirees, Department of the Army classification, recruiting and retention of civilians (DACs), and contractors). It in- Soldiers. Surveys ensure we are targeting cludes the transformation of manpower and the right skills. personnel programs, policies, processes and systems associated with the eight personnel 6. Manpower and Personnel Integration life-cycle functions that comprise the Army’s (MANPRINT) promotes superior opera- personnel system. tional suitability through planned Soldier-

system design. It yields safer systems Personnel 1. Implementation of an enterprise-wide Annex E with more efficient use of manpower, personnel and pay system will provide personnel and training. a single, authoritative data source and integrate all applications on one platform. 7. Army well-being will help support Army This will centralize and simplify the per- transformation by improving Soldier sonnel community’s information technol- performance, readiness, recruiting and ogy solutions, enhance responsiveness, retention. Three important ongoing, high- improve data accuracy and enable reach visibility well-being initiatives are Rest and efforts. Recuperation (R&R) Leave, Deployment

2005 Army Modernization Plan E-1 Cycle Support (DCS), and the Disabled and recreation (MWR) services; casualty op- Soldier Support System (DS3). erations; personnel accounting and strength reporting; replacement operations; and es- 8. Force stabilization will increase combat sential personnel and pay services will con- effectiveness, sustain high levels of tinue to be provided to the deployed Soldier readiness, and provide for trained and as part of the Army G-1 mission, but will be cohesive units while reducing personnel administered differently and more efficiently. and unit turbulence and other factors that detract from achieving increased combat Army Enterprise Human Resources effectiveness. System (Army eHRS)

Personnel Transformation The Army’s human resources community will address those processes and capabilities PT will improve how we acquire, distribute, DIMHRS does not fulfill by developing and develop, deploy, compensate, sustain and implementing additional compatible modules structure all categories of personnel in all of PeopleSoft products. To bridge the gap components. Transformation requires chang- between the functionality our legacy systems es in how we organize, equip, man, train and provide and future HR systems, the Army will employ our personnel, activities and forma- leverage available technology, implement tions on the battlefield, as well as in garrison. improvements to enhance capability, prepare PT seeks to provide better human resources customers for change, and position intermedi- (HR) support to Soldiers on the battlefield, ate personnel systems for integration and/or while dramatically reducing the personnel/unit inclusion. Much progress to date has been footprint in the area of operations. Much of achieved in the current high-operational- the HR services and support will be accom- tempo (OPTEMPO) environment without plished through reach capabilities provided external funding and limited manpower, but by an enterprise personnel and pay solution can only continue with additional resources afforded by fielding of the Army Enterprise and personnel who have functional and/or Human Resources (eHRS) and Defense In- technical expertise in developing and field- tegrated Military Human Resources System ing large commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) (DIMHRS). HR systems. Training HR professionals and specialists to operate in the new environment The Enterprise Approach will be done in conjunction with the DIMHRS effort at the higher levels, but the Army will Enterprise architectures facilitate change be solely responsible for training the Army and offer Army HR providers the enabler to HR community through classrooms, labs and become a culture of innovation. An enterprise self-paced online classes. Annex E

Personnel architecture will provide the full-spectrum support system that meets the demands and Defense Integrated Military Human expectations of the Army’s Future Force. It Resources System (DIMHRS (Pers/Pay)) will be knowledge-based and sophisticated, The Army is in the forefront of the Department but simple-to-use, near real-time, 24/7-ac- of Defense (DOD) effort to develop the con- cessible, and responsive to the commander gressionally mandated DIMHRS, which will and Soldier. Traditional battlefield services be implemented using PeopleSoft, a COTS such as postal operations; morale, welfare,

E-2 2005 Army Modernization Plan HR management system. DIMHRS will pro- to mitigate against risks associated with the vide a single unclassified, integrated military DIMHRS fielding schedule. Increased funding personnel and pay management system for for this is needed to support critical near-term all DOD military personnel during peace, war wartime requirements and to provide greater and mobilization/demobilization. DIMHRS visibility of mobilized RC Soldiers. creates a single record of service for each Service member. This record supports the Deployed Theater Accountability Service member throughout his or her entire Software (DTAS) career regardless of his or her status, ensur- ing accurate and timely access to information The Deployed Theater Accountability Soft- for all authorized users, including Service ware (DTAS) application is being developed to members. In an effort to fuse this DOD serve as a strength accounting tool, with clas- endeavor with its ongoing PT initiatives, the sified processing capability, that is compatible Army has volunteered to be the first Service to with and complements eMILPO capabilities. field DIMHRS. The projected initial operating DTAS will provide near real-time personnel capability of DIMHRS for the Army is FY06. asset visibility of deployed Soldiers at all ech- The deployment sequence will be lead by the elons by enabling deployed commanders/first U.S. Army Reserves, followed by the regular sergeants to account daily for personnel by Army and Army National Guard. name, unit and grid coordinates. This software provides a number of firsts for the Army per- eMILPO sonnel community as it will provide a discon- nected-operations capability that will update The eMILPO application continues to serve as through the classified Secret Internet Protocol the Army personnel community’s premier tool Router Network (SIPRNET) when communi- for personnel accounting. As a web-based cations are available. It will meet the Office of application, it has modernized many person- the Secretary of Defense’s (OSD’s) medical nel processes. Through the Datastore query surveillance guidance as well as track person- tool, units and personnel specialists have nel deployment ready access to information that previously dates history. It is was limited and cumbersome to obtain. The designed to track design of the software also enables greater all categories of flexibility in modifying the application to meet personnel in a de- the changing needs of our Army at war. ployed theater to Since fielding on 1 August 2003, 12 software include all military

upgrades with 168 functional improvements Services, civilian Personnel have been made with major improvements government, civil- Annex E such as patient tracking and individual no- ian contractor, ci- navailability codes. In the second quarter vilian nongovern- FY05, eMILPO will subsume the current mental organiza- PERSTEMPO application. This will bring tions and coalition PERSTEMPO software into compliance with forces. This ca- National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) pability enhances 2004 changes and reduce stovepipe per- senior leader decision making by providing sonnel systems. Continued funding for this a clearer picture of deployed forces. The program is essential for eMILPO to continue software also can be compatible with and pro-

2005 Army Modernization Plan E-3 vide complementary capability to DIMHRS. tary of the Army and the Chief of Staff of the Funding for this program must be increased Army in Army Knowledge Management (AKM) to provide additional capabilities such as Memo #3, all manpower and personnel sys- a PDA for greater mobility, fully integrated tems must be registered in the SOSA. It pro- strength management capability for better vides an accountability of and tracks detailed responsiveness for replacement operations, information about systems, reports, extracts and full integration of the manifesting capabil- and databases maintained within the Army HR ity to reduce the number of separate systems community. The SOSA is a living document and improve data reliability. that portrays a current view of the Army G-1’s “as is” information systems architecture. It Personnel Services Delivery Redesign contains vital system information such as per- (PSDR) sonnel system descriptions; the proponent’s administrative information (name, address, PSDR provides the construct to provide end- telephone number, etc.); system interfaces; to-end services to Soldiers to support the Federal Information Security Management Act Army’s modular transformation by maximizing (FISMA) data requirements; Business Man- the capabilities of enhanced personnel infor- agement Moderation Program (BMMP) data mation technology and bandwidth capabili- requirements; and other important functional ties. PSDR addresses the loss of personnel and technical information. This repository services battalion/Soldier support battalion of information is accessible via the Internet structures by migrating tasks to battalion (https://www.armyhr.hoffman.army.mil) with a and brigade S1 sections resourced with HR preapproved password. The SOSA is a tool professionals in adequate numbers to ac- that will help facilitate a smooth data migration complish expanded requirements, enabling from legacy systems to DIMHRS, Enterprise them to bridge directly to the appropriate Human Resource System (eHRS), and other CONUS-based HR professionals to accom- functional development efforts. plish personnel services tasks. Empowering battalion and brigade S1s enables delivery Personnel Transformation Challenges of most personnel services close to Soldiers and supports the intent of transformation. A The Army has over one million military per- course of action that defines how we will de- sonnel geographically dispersed across liver critical theater-level personnel services seven continents. Soldiers are continually in the areas of postal; casualty; and rede- moving both geographically and between ployment, return-to-duty, R&R, reception and components of the Army and duty statuses; replacement (R5) support is being staffed. entering and exiting the Army; and requiring Theater-level support will require SRC12 frequent personnel services. The Army cur- structure to provide modular, deployable, rently relies on five major databases and over

Annex E trained and scalable organizations with the

Personnel a hundred different applications, subsystems, capabilities to accomplish these tasks. reports and queries to manage manpower and personnel services. Many of these da- Army Systems of Systems Architecture tabases and subsystems use different data (SOSA) Database standards and protocols, making moderniza- tion and integration difficult and expensive. A The SOSA is the Army’s personnel system single, integrated military personnel and pay data repository. By direction of the Secre- management system is critical. Such an in-

E-4 2005 Army Modernization Plan tegrated personnel database will allow better personnel systems improvements for PT. tracking of Soldiers from home station through The Army personnel community continues mobilization to the battlefield and back, to improve data quality, reduce redundant managing sensitive casualty information in manual input of common data elements, and a media-rich environment, and measuring eliminate manpower intensive analysis of the OPTEMPO of individual Soldiers. Future raw information. These improvements will be Force Soldiers will train for a more complex complemented by efficiencies realized from warfight. As a result, there will be an ever- the enterprise approach to Army HR systems, increasing need for quality recruits. The Army business process reengineering, leveraging web technology, data cleansing, and prepar- ing for a multicomponent, joint, DOD pay and personnel system. All these efforts are de- signed to improve strategic responsiveness, enable Army transformation, enhance person- nel services, and provide reach capability, thus enabling reductions in redundant layers of personnel staff on the battlefield.

Strength Management System Redesign (SMSR)

The fielding of the Enlisted Specialty (ES) will be in sustained competition with industry model in mid-FY05 will mark the completion to identify and recruit quality people with of the SMSR effort, a multiyear effort to build an aptitude for high-tech skills. After initial a new Army strength analysis and forecasting training, these Soldiers must sustain current system for the Army G-1 and all stakeholders. skills and develop new skills needed to stay The suite of new models, collectively known current with rapidly changing technology. As as the Active Army Strength Forecaster these highly skilled Soldiers reach decision (A2SF), uses the latest algorithms, proces- points on whether to continue their careers in sors, databases and telecommunications to the Army, competition will remain keen from form a state-of-the-art strength management the civilian job market, where opportunities and forecasting system. Among the numer- abound for their qualifications. Increased se- ous improvements, this new system increases curity concerns provide additional challenges flexibility in modeling manpower policies

in providing readily accessible information to and programs; provides greater accessibil- Personnel Annex E leaders, while protecting the privacy of the ity though web-based technology; improves individuals served by the personnel commu- projection accuracy; and reduces operation nity. Security concerns put multiple demands and maintenance costs by a half million dol- on our HR assets, draining our units, leaders lars per year. and Soldiers of valuable time and energy once applied to other critical areas. Recently added Military-to-Civilian Conversions demands of homeland defense further stress the Army’s ability to fund efforts such as well- The Army has embarked on a strategy to being programs for Soldiers and their families, convert military positions to civilian as a down personnel research and development, and payment to build and sustain at least 10 new

2005 Army Modernization Plan E-5 AC brigades. This initiative will enhance was no documented process for accountabil- Army force capabilities, reduce stress on ity of deployed civilians. The Army received the Current Force, enable the transition to a approval from the Office of Personnel Man- Future Force, and increase agility by creating agement (OPM) to file actions in the civilian modular units. Military-to-civilian conversions personnel folder as permanent documents. are a critical part of kick-starting the additional The Army established unique authority codes brigades for modular conversion. During the identifying the military operation/exercise that FY06-11 budget planning process, the Army will allow reporting capability for deployed identified nonmilitary essential missions being civilians. The Civilian Personnel Manage- performed by military personnel. Each oper- ment Service (CPMS) is recommending that ating agency was provided a target number of all DOD components adopt this process. spaces to convert. Those conversions have been documented beginning in FY05, and National Security Personnel System funding was programmed for the increased (NSPS) civilian authorizations. The Army documented 7,227 conversions in FY05. Additional con- The National Security Personnel System versions are programmed for the out-years in (NSPS) will allow DOD and the Army to es- Defense health programs. Overall, the Army tablish a more flexible civilian management has programmed almost 10,000 conversions. system. NSPS will allow the Army to become We continue to work with the Joint Staff and a more competitive and progressive employer the OSD for additional conversions in joint at a time when the country’s national security and Defense programs. demands a more responsive system. NSPS will streamline the hiring process, improve the Online Civilian Personnel Systems performance management process, increase flexibility to reassign employees, and increase The Army continues to be in the forefront of supervisor and employee accountability. initiatives to create a fully automated civilian NSPS will bring about essential change while personnel support system that is web-based, preserving the core and enduring values of real-time and 24/7-accessible for Civilian Per- the Civil Service. A limited implementation is sonnel Operations Centers (CPOC), Civilian projected to begin in July 2005, and will con- Personnel Advisory Centers (CPAC), manag- tinue until the Army’s approximately 230,000 ers, and employees. With the development civilian employees are included. All DOD of the Army Portal, FASCLASS and tracking civilian employees will transition from 2005 of deployed civilians, the Army has continued through 2008. to reach these goals. The Army Portal will provide a one-stop, web-based application Senior Army Workforce (SAW) for access to all Army civilian HR tools and The Army must continuously grow highly Annex E applications. FASCLASS is an automated Personnel repository for all Army civilian HR position skilled civilian leaders. This requirement was descriptions. This automated tool provides validated through the workforce analyses the ability for managers, employees and HR conducted as part of the CPMS XXI study and specialists to search for (in a variety of que- the Army Training and Leader Development ries), modify and create position descriptions. Panel (Civilian). Due to downsizing of the The Army has also developed a process for current workforce and the projected retire- tracking deployed civilians. Previously, there ments at all grade levels in all occupations,

E-6 2005 Army Modernization Plan this need must be addressed now. The SAW, national emergency, the short-term projection as it is proposed, is an innovative strategy to shows the Army increasing in strength. assure that the Army grows and sustains its civilian leaders. This cadre of multifunctional Manning the Force leaders will facilitate Army’s military to civilian noncore task conversion, enabling Army to The Army continues to implement a progres- plan, project and meet requirements rather sive and multifaceted personnel and unit than respond reactively. The SAW uses stabilization system to overcome mission- drivers from CPMS XXI, the Army Training impeding personnel turbulence distracters. and Leader Development Panel Civilian As the Army continues to conduct combat (ATLDP-C) study and data that all point to cer- operations, it is transforming to a unit focused tain common trends that must be addressed manning strategy. The Army’s force stabiliza- now—the aging civilian workforce, the lack of tion policy increases unit readiness and de- focused development for civilian leaders and ployability while reducing Soldier turbulence. limited human capital planning tied to budget- This directly impacts a unit’s ability to train, ing and mission requirements. The key tenet fight, win and return together from missions. of the SAW is the centralized selection and Unit focused stability (UFS) is setting the con- management of civilian leaders, supervisors, dition for the Army to build more deployable and managers in grades GS-12 to -15 (or their combat units. However, the primary focus equivalents) Army-wide. SAW assignment continues to be on the deployed force while specialists will centrally manage assignments stabilizing the home station forces in order and selections in a similar manner as the to set the conditions for increased readiness Officer Personnel Management Directorate and proficiency throughout the Army. The of the Human Resources Command. This Army is distributing Soldiers based upon two centralization will enhance the ability of the priorities. Manning priority 1 (MP1) units will Army to provide the right person to the right be manned between 98-102 percent in the job when needed, removing the organization’s aggregate. Manning priority 2 (MP2) units requirement to find the right person. The five will be manned between 90-97 percent in the key components of the SAW foundation are aggregate. The Army will establish policies central management, training and develop- for the length and frequency of tours, and ment, multifunctional career tracks, a com- number of deployments for the AC and RC. petency-based system and mobility. This will lead to a thorough force structure analysis that will result in recommended force End Strength structure adjustments, including formerly

identified required adjustments to the AC/RC Personnel As mandated by Congress in public law, the force mix. The Army is continuing to address Annex E Army was projecting less than a year ago the necessary refinements for the proper mix that its end strength would be 482,400. At of manpower among the military, DACs and the end of FY04, the Army was slightly less contract support requirements. This ongoing than 500,000 strong and Congress passed refinement process ensures that the Army a bill that raises the future end strength to clearly delineates core and noncore functions 502,400 and eventually 512,400. With the in the effort to privatize noncore functions. implementation of Stop Loss, the need for a The metric for success for all actions will be temporary increase as the Army transforms the decrease of turmoil on units, Soldiers, into modular units, and the continued state of

2005 Army Modernization Plan E-7 and families resulting in increased combat military occupation specialties (MOSs) and at readiness throughout the Army. larger installations are likely to be stabilized longer than those in lower-density MOSs or at Force Stabilization smaller installations, all Soldiers can expect to be assigned to their posts for greater periods Force stabilization is intended to produce of time than a typical tour today. Stabilization highly cohesive combat teams capable of meets the CSA’s intent to stabilize Soldiers increased operational effectiveness, while and families in CONUS with more predict- decreasing turbulence and increasing pre- ability and stability in their unit and community dictability and stability for Soldiers and their assignments. families. To achieve unit cohesion and higher Unit focused stability serves as a key enabler for unit rotations by synchronizing the assign- ment of Soldiers with the unit’s operational time line. Unit focused stability is supported by two manning methods, cyclic and life-cycle manning, which are applied based on unit mission, operational requirements and the overall situation. Cyclic manning has been approved by the CSA as a method, but not yet for implementation. Life-cycle manning has been approved by the CSA and will affect all maneuver Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs). G-1, in coordination with G-3, has established the life-cycle implementation schedule based operational capability in our combat units, the on current and future operational deployment Army must (1) synchronize the assignments and redeployment time lines as well as the of large numbers of Soldiers with training and current modular transformation schedule. employment of units, (2) manage personnel Currently, the 172nd SBCT is well underway gains and losses to reduce daily person- with life-cycle manning while two other acti- nel turnover stemming from the individual vated modular BCTs, 3/10 and 4/101, began replacement system, and (3) manage force life-cycle manning in September 2004. Six modernization and force structure changes more BCTs will undergo life-cycle manning within the force stabilization concept. Force in FY05, and the goal is to have all BCTs un- stabilization is supported by two manning dergo life-cycle manning by the end of FY09. strategies: stabilization and unit focused Under the life-cycle manning model, Soldier stability. assignments to that unit are synchronized to

Annex E the unit’s established 36-month or life cycle. Personnel Under the stabilization strategy, all Soldiers Soldiers arrive, train and deploy together dur- stationed at CONUS installations are stabi- ing the unit life cycle, providing commanders lized at their current assigned post for longer and Soldiers with a predictable environment periods and will be moved by HRC based on where they will be able to build, train and sus- three prioritized criteria: needs of the Army, tain high-performing, cohesive teams. Life- leader development and individual prefer- cycle manning will help reduce nondeploy- ence. Although Soldiers in higher-density ability problems because each Soldier’s time

E-8 2005 Army Modernization Plan line will be synchronized with the unit’s life requiring minimum annual training require- cycle, and Soldiers will not PCS/ETS (unless ments for all IRR members, will create a viable ETS is due to chapter action) during the unit source of manpower. Long-term initiatives will life cycle but at the end of it. Together, these also be initiated and ultimately help redefine strategies that support force stabilization will IRR eligibility, utilization and culture. support the combatant commander with more deployable, combat-ready forces, while also Army Recruiting and Retention benefiting the Soldier and his family.

Individual Ready Reserve (IRR) Management and Mobilization

Prior to the global war on terrorism, the IRR had been characterized as a “Cold War relic,” and “incapable of meeting the needs of the 21st century.” The Army is currently in the midst of the largest Army Guard and Reserve mobilization since World War II and has recently looked to the IRR to fill critical shortages within the force. The challenges to mobilizing the IRR include individuals who require extensive train-up time, are Army recruiting continues to provide Sol- nondeployable, have mismatched required diers to man our Army. The entire accession skill sets or cannot be located. The current process is being shaped to provide the right state of the IRR provides a false sense of Soldier in the right MOS, to the right unit, security that does not support transformation at the right time. This requires that Army initiatives or future operational requirements. recruiters engage communities across the The Army has created an expectation that United States, presenting the full range of op- individuals who have a remaining military portunities offered for serving as a Soldier in service obligation (MSO) can complete their today’s Army. The Army aggressively shapes service in an inactive/nonparticipant status. its incentives programs to continue to attract While mechanisms are in place to enforce high-quality men and women. This ranges the MSO, a systemic change needs to be from well-established enlistment bonuses to implemented immediately—one that meets dynamic programs such as Partnership for

the Army’s expectations as well as the expec- Youth Success (PaYS). The Army continues Personnel tations of the individual Soldier. The Army has to improve the accession process in ways Annex E proposed a plan to reset and reinvigorate the as varied as more advanced technology at IRR by returning to best practices and back- the recruiter level, applying better business ing established policies in order to increase practices, honing high-paced and rigorous the Army’s ability to maintain a trained and training in the training base, and providing ready reserve force. Reshaping the IRR by fully trained Soldiers to our units. implementing near-term initiatives such as resetting the force, initiating an intense recruit- The Army’s retention program is designed ing campaign, enforcing the MSO—not only to increase retention and reduce attrition by in contracts, but verbally by recruiters—and empowering Soldiers through counseling and

2005 Army Modernization Plan E-9 mentoring. The overall goal is to match the duty if needed, after retirement from a “tradi- needs, wants and desires of a Soldier with tional” career of service. Personnel life-cycle current Army needs. Retaining quality Sol- management policies will allow all Soldiers to diers enhances readiness in all components. have flexibility in career management. Army readiness is enhanced by aligning the Current Force with Army force structure re- Changes in the operational environment quirements based on established priorities at are driving other COS initiatives. The RC the time of reenlistment. Reenlistment is criti- is undergoing a new force generation that cal to supporting Army needs. Commanders will enhance their operational readiness for and unit leaders are ultimately responsible for the global war on terrorism. RC units will the retention of Soldiers, career counselors generally face a one-year rotation in a cycle provide advice and counsel, and the Army of six years. The IRR is to be revamped and provides the necessary tools. The Army re- streamlined into a force of trained individuals cruits an individual but will retain a family. associated with troop program units and more prepared for contingencies. Further, several Continuum of Service (COS) thousand nonmilitary essential authorizations are to be civilianized through 2009 and sys- The Army will institutionalize personnel sup- tems put in place to retain qualified Soldiers port for a lifetime of service. The key reason who are departing active duty to fill those is flexibility in support of modular and tailor- positions. COS is developing a new para- able forces. This includes formalizing the digm in personnel management to provide concept of “continuum of service” that sup- more flexibility in creating needed joint and ports fluid, progressive movement across expeditionary capabilities. Army components, including civilians and retirees, based on the needs of the Army and Compensation and Entitlements the individual. The COS program, jointly led by the G-1 and the Assistant Secretary of the The Army strongly supports maintaining an Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) (ASA equitable and effective compensation pack- (M&RA)), will enable the Army to meet opera- age. A strong benefits package is essential tional readiness requirements by supporting to recruit and retain the quality and dedicated requirements of the total Army team and will Soldiers necessary to execute the National promote acquisition and maintenance of high- Military Strategy. In recent years, the ad- tech and other needed skills. Its focus will be ministration and Congress have supported recruiting, retention, and transition/integration compensation and entitlements programs as and has an overall mission of maximizing hu- a foundation of Soldier well-being. An effec- man capital development for the Army. tive compensation package is critical to efforts in the global war on terrorism as we transition to a more joint, expeditionary, unit-centered

Annex E New initiatives, such as the “blue to green” Personnel program to transfer qualified U.S. Air Force and cohesive force. The FY05 President’s and U.S. Navy personnel downsized by their Budget continued providing pay raises at Service to the Army, and the 09L Arabic Employment Cost Index plus 0.5 percent, Translator Aide program are bringing needed which helps make the Army more competitive skills to the Army and improving operational with the civilian sector. This equates to a 3.5 capabilities. Incentives will be developed and percent raise for FY05. instituted to reward voluntary returns to active

E-10 2005 Army Modernization Plan portunity by providing academic access, any- time and anywhere, across the Army. Initially fielded at Fort Campbell, Fort Hood and Fort Benning, almost 50,000 Soldiers are enrolled in eArmyU at 16 enrolling installations. More than 16,300 Soldiers have transitioned from post to post, seamlessly accessing 146 de- gree programs at 29 regionally accredited colleges and universities. All eligible Soldiers receive tuition assistance, up to the estab- The Army continues to improve housing lished semester hour cap and ceiling, books, opportunities for our Soldiers by eliminat- fees; an Internet service provider account; ing average out-of-pocket housing costs by an e-mail account; eArmyU “boot camp” tuto- 2005 as reflected in the Basic Allowance for rial; online academic tutoring; digital library Housing program. This initiative improves services; 24/7 help desk and technology the well-being of our Soldiers and families support. Effective FY05, access to the cut- and contributes to a ready force by enhancing ting-edge eArmyU program will be available to morale and retention. all eligible active duty enlisted Soldiers Army wide. Through eArmyU, all eligible enlisted The Army has undertaken a number of initia- Soldiers have an online capability to earn a tives to provide special compensation for Sol- degree without regard to duty hours, deploy- diers who serve their country under hazardous ment schedule or family issues. conditions, and we continue to look for ways to compensate Soldiers for the hardships they Army Selection Board System (ASBS) and their families endure during time of war. In addition to supporting increases in hostile The Army Selection Board System (ASBS) is fire pay and family separation allowance, the a fully operational, automated tool used by the Army has implemented numerous programs U.S. Army Human Resources Command and to encourage volunteerism while simultane- the Secretariat for Department of the Army ously improving unit readiness. The Army Selection Boards to prepare, view and cast makes maximum use of assignment incen- votes to candidate’s files appearing before tive pay to provide Soldiers the opportunity active duty officer promotion, command and to serve in a variety of assignments. We school selection boards. It takes information will continue to emphasize fair and equitable once viewed in hard copy and microfiche

and displays that information on computer Personnel compensation and benefits for Soldiers and Annex E their families and develop new programs to screens. ASBS significantly improves the address the dynamic environment of a trans- quality of documents viewed and streamlines forming Army. the preparation of files and the selection pro- cess. In addition, ASBS is being used in the eArmyU development of My Board File (MBF) which will allow all personnel eligible for consider- This award-winning, state-of-the-art, virtual ation by a selection board to view and certify learning program revolutionizes education their file via a web-based system before it is by eliminating barriers to postsecondary op- seen by a selection board. ASBS is further

2005 Army Modernization Plan E-11 being developed to incorporate the active duty mand (USCENTCOM) R&R; the DS3; and enlisted and RC selection board systems. the Well-Being Liaison Office (WBLO) Army information line, 1-800-833-6622. Effectively Army Well-Being designed, executed and delivered, well-being is an integrated approach that balances the Army well-being, “the human dimension of needs of the people with the needs of the readiness,” offers a multidimensional ap- Army in which they serve. proach to the Army’s people programs. It is the cultural change agent to transformational Disabled Soldier Support System (DS3) initiatives such as modular force conversion, force stabilization, and Installations as Flag- On 30 April ships concepts. Well-being accomplishes 2004, the De- this by expanding the Cold War concept of p a r t m e n t o f “quality of life” through an alignment of core the Army intro- competencies and functions of the Army’s duced the DS3. people programs. This holistic approach fo- This program cuses on the mental, physical, material and provides se- spiritual growth of our people in support of an verely disabled ever-changing Army. Well-being initiatives Soldiers and that support this transformation are based on their families four overarching strategic goals that reflect with a system of the aspirations of every Soldier, DACs, and advocacy and family member: “To Serve”—personifies the follow-up with professional development and the intangibles personal sup- of military service, such as values and cama- port to assist raderie; “To Live”—refers to the physical and them as they transition from military service material needs related to shelter, food and to the civilian community. DS3 incorporates health care; “To Connect”—refers to programs and integrates existing programs to provide that allow the individual to develop a pride holistic support services for severely disabled and sense of belonging—a connection to the Soldiers and their families throughout their Army team through leadership, family pro- phased progression from initial casualty notifi- grams, and welfare that creates acceptance, cation to their return to home station and final contribution and social interaction; and “To destination. In addition, DS3 is a system to Grow”—refers to an individual’s need to ex- track and monitor severely disabled Soldiers pand his capabilities creatively and intellectu- for a period of time beyond their medical ally through citizenship, education, recreation retirement in order to provide appropriate as- and family member employment. Well-being sistance through an array of existing service

Annex E establishes a measurable set of objectives providers. DS3 facilitates communication Personnel and links them to institutional outcomes that and coordination between severely disabled impact readiness, retention and recruiting, Soldiers and their families as well as per- and provides the Army a tool for monitoring tinent local, federal and national agencies the well-being of the forces. New well-being and organizations such as the Department of initiatives that support the global war on terror- Veteran of Affairs (DVA), Department of Labor ism include the DCS; the U.S. Central Com- (DOL), and many veterans service organiza-

E-12 2005 Army Modernization Plan tions (VSO). The Army’s goal is for DS3 to Also, the Army initiated the use of post-de- work in concert with other key organizations ployment health care management guidelines to ensure that severely disabled Soldiers and (PDHCMG) to provide continuous medical their families are given the care, support and screening and assistance to AC and RC Sol- assistance they so rightly deserve for their diers and their family members. PDHCMG selfless service and sacrifice to our nation. covers deployment-related health concerns, Soldiers and family members can learn more uses embedded deployment health-care about the DS3 by calling toll free 1-800-833- ombudsmen and advocates in the primary 6622, or by visiting the DS3 web site at www. health-care system, and addresses other ArmyDS3.org. medical-related concerns in support of Sol- diers and family members. Deployment Cycle Support (DCS) Program For the Army National Guard and U.S. Army Reserve, commanders are responsible for The Army continues to execute the DCS con- conducting redeployment and post-deploy- cept plan (CONPLAN) that prepares Soldiers ment personnel operations, as described in and deployed DACs for the return home to the DCS CONPLAN, for all units returning their family members and their predeploy- from deployment. They undergo the same ment environment. The CONPLAN directs process as their AC counterparts for the reintegration training (RIT) to occur during the reconstitution phase. Upon arrival at their reconstitution phases (in-theater for Soldiers demobilization station, they undergo a five- and redeploying DACs) with family members day postdeployment/demobilization training receiving RIT at home station, and post-de- schedule, which incorporates the critical ployment RIT at home station/demobilization postdeployment phase DCS RIT tasks. Upon stations, and concludes with reconstitution release from active duty (REFRAD) the units RIT at home station. Additionally, a web return to their home station. At the direction site (http://www.armyg1.army.mil/WellBeing/ of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Man- DeployCycleSpt.asp) was established with power and Reserve Affairs, reservists are not posted reference/support materials to assist required to attend drill for 60 days from their units and commanders with accomplishing REFRAD date. Once they return to drilling DCS tasks. status, they undergo the reconstitution phase of DCS RIT. To further assist Soldiers, DACs, and family members, Army One Source (AOS), a toll-free Rest and Recuperation Program

phone line, became operational on 15 August Personnel 2004, providing information and referrals On 23 September 2003, the Under Secretary Annex E 24/7 to include six face-to-face counseling of Defense, Personnel and Readiness (USD sessions and crisis education materials. It is (P&R)) approved an R&R Leave program for available to all AC, RC and deployed DACs. personnel serving in the USCENTCOM area The toll-free CONUS number for the AOS is of responsibility (AOR) in support of Operation 1-800-464-8107. The OCONUS number is Iraqi Freedom. USCENTCOM also authorized (access code) 800-464-8107. If the toll-free personnel four days of off-duty “pass” to R&R service is not available, collect calls may be locations throughout the theater in the Fighter made to 484-530-5889. Management Program now called the Rest and Recreation Pass Program. The R&R

2005 Army Modernization Plan E-13 Pass and Leave program at a given time. Prior to intra-theater programs are movement, commanders conduct R&R leave separate, yet briefings with assigned personnel that include complementary, modified DCS tasks (i.e., risk assessment, programs. The medical, reunion/reintegration, and suicide underlying as- prevention). Tasks at the gateways include, sumption is that but are not limited to, customs screening R&R opportu- and onward travel arrangements to facilitate nities are vital individual R&R leave plans. By the end of to maintaining September 2004, the program had provided combat readi- R&R leave opportunities to over 111,000 ness and capa- participants. bility when units are deployed Army Retirement Services and engaged in intense, sustained operations. These oppor- Established to ensure that Soldiers and family tunities increase operational effectiveness as members are provided the very best advice the effects of prolonged combat stress and in preparation for retirement and to further family separation are mitigated. ensure that retirees and their families or sur- vivors are taken care of in their postretirement On 25 September 2003, USCENTCOM initi- years, Army Retirement Services provides ated the R&R Leave program for all Service policy oversight and frequent guidance to members, AC or RC, and DACs assigned to the worldwide installation Army retirement a 12-month tour of duty. The R&R leave Pro- services offices. To support more Soldiers, gram provides eligible individuals two weeks retirees and families with smaller installation of chargeable leave between their third and eleventh months in theater.

On 20 September 2003, OSD designated the Army as the executive agent for the USCENTCOM AOR R&R Leave program (policy, programming and budget). OSD also approved the designation of three additional “gateways” (aerial ports of debarkation or APODs): Atlanta, Dallas/Fort Worth and Los Angeles. Effective 19 December 2003, OSD approved fully funded onward travel for R&R

Annex E leave participants. R&R leave participants Personnel receive round-trip tickets from the AOR to Retirement Services staffs, this program uses the nearest commercial airport of their leave web-enabled tools. Soldiers preparing for destination and return. retirement and their family members can learn about retirement through the Army Retirement Operational requirements and Service mem- Services home page at http://www.armyg1. ber preference are all factors in determining army.mil/retire. Further, the law dictates that which individual participates in the R&R Leave the Survivor Benefit Plan (SBP), authorized

E-14 2005 Army Modernization Plan by Congress in 1972, be publicized and Army Career and Alumni Program managed by properly trained counselors at (ACAP) installation level. Recent changes in law that affect active duty deaths make it even more An integral element of the Army personnel life important that SBP counseling is available at cycle, the ACAP is the Army’s comprehensive installation level. transition program for Soldiers, DACs and their family members. The program includes Army regulations also stipulate that Head- preseparation counseling, benefits counsel- quarters, Department of the Army (HQDA) ing, job search training and employment as- publish Army Echoes periodically to help sistance. Federal law requires the Services keep retirees and their families informed of to provide transitioning Service members with any changes to laws or procedures, health preseparation counseling not later than 90 care changes, and a wide variety of helpful days prior to separation or retirement date, to information. As the retired and annuitant inform them about the Verification of Military population approaches the one million mark, Experience and Training (VMET) document it is vital to be able to flow information to all and establish permanent employment assis- parts of our personnel base. In addition to tance centers. ACAP partners with internal publishing Army Echoes three times per year Army service providers as well as the DOD, and in an effort to make information more ac- DOL and DVA to offer the best possible transi- cessible and cost efficient, Army Retirement tion services available. Services uses its web page to electronically update retirees on a regular basis. Thus far, The ACAP online web site at http://www.acap. over 5,000 retirees have volunteered to re- army.mil provides information on the location ceive Army Echoes by e-mail vice receiving of the 53 ACAP centers, types of services hard copy mail. offered by each center, and listings of ACAP job fairs and job opportunities posted by pri- Army Retirement Services also supports vate sector employers and federal and state the CSA Retiree Council that meets in April agencies. and October, both meetings ending with an update briefing to the CSA. In addition, each ACAP also supports mobilized RC Soldiers Army installation is required to host a retiree by delivering the mandatory preseparation appreciation day annually to honor and serve counseling and follow-on services at the time retirees. of demobilization. ACAP recently established a specific web

Furthermore, the Army Benefits Center-Civil- Personnel ian has earned an outstanding reputation for page at http://www.ds3soldierconnection. Annex E supporting retiring civilians and has greatly army.mil to provide job connections for our improved retirement application processing disabled (DS3) Soldiers. times. Without question, Army Retirement ACAP makes a difference to Soldiers—not Services, both at HQDA and at the installation only those who use the program, but those level, remains a vital part of the personnel life who continue to serve in the Army. Knowing cycle and must be maintained as a part of the that ACAP will be available to them when it modernization of our Army. is their turn to leave, serving Soldiers are

2005 Army Modernization Plan E-15 more dedicated to the Army as a result of Equal Opportunity (EO) Program the positive effect the program has on their departing fellow Soldiers. ACAP has a strong The EO Program formulates, directs and sus- linkage with the Army’s recruiting program, by tains a comprehensive effort to maximize hu- providing a reassurance to potential recruits man potential and to ensure fair treatment for and families that the Army takes care of their all persons based solely on merit, fitness and sons and daughters when they have finished capability in support of readiness. Command- serving their country. ACAP is relevant and ers are responsible for sustaining a positive good for all who serve in our Army. command climate that fosters unit cohesion. The goals of the EO Program are to: Army Center for Substance Abuse • Provide EO for military personnel and Programs (ACSAP) family members, both on and off the The ACSAP has developed and promulgated installation within the limits of the laws of the Risk Reduction Program (RRP) to assess localities, states and host nations the level of high-risk behaviors Soldiers are exhibiting in the form of substance abuse, • Create and sustain effective units by suicide, spousal/child abuse, AWOL, crimes eliminating discriminatory behaviors or against persons/property, driving while intoxi- practices that undermine teamwork, mutual cated, injuries/accidents, sexually transmitted respect, loyalty and shared sacrifice of the diseases and financial indebtedness. The men and women of America’s Army RRP is a very efficient way of providing com- • Provide equal opportunity and fair manders data and information about high- treatment for military personnel, family risk behavioral problems in their units. Once members and DACs without regard to high-risk issues are identified, commanders race, color, gender, religion or national can call upon installation resources for sup- origin and provide an environment free port in reducing or preventing future high-risk from unlawful discrimination and offensive behaviors. The program focuses on effective behavior use of installation resources and coordinated efforts between commanders and installation Sexual Assault Prevention and agencies to implement effective interventions. Response Program Because the RRP integrates information and installation human services program efforts, it On 6 February 2004, the Acting Secretary is an important support system for the Army of the Army directed the establishment of an Well-Being Initiative. RRP has also been in- Army task force to conduct a detailed review corporated into the DCS program. Because of the effectiveness of Army policies and pro- of the program’s popularity and success with cedures on reporting and addressing allega- senior mission commanders, the RRP will tions of sexual assault. The task force was Annex E Personnel become a formal and mandatory program charged with reviewing processes to ensure in FY06. When fully implemented, the RRP a climate in which victims feel free to report will directly contribute to force stabilization by allegations and leaders understand their re- enhancing Soldier personal readiness and sponsibilities to support victims and investi- reducing first-term attrition. gate allegations. The task force was charged with making recommendations for change to current policies, programs and procedures

E-16 2005 Army Modernization Plan for addressing sexual assault allegations and victim support. As a result, the task force developed the Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Program, which reinforces the Army’s commitment to eliminate incidents of sexual assault through a comprehensive policy that centers on awareness, education and prevention, victim advocacy and data collection. The Army has established a web site (www.sexualassault.army.mil) as a tool for leaders to help prevent and respond to incidents of sexual assault. of-the-art equipment to win wars. The Army’s Army policy promotes sensitive care for vic- program to ensure that Soldier issues are key tims of sexual assault and accountability for considerations in system design, development those who commit these crimes. Specifically, and acquisition is called MANPRINT. The the goals of the Sexual Assault Prevention objectives of MANPRINT are to (1) optimize and Response Program are to: both the quantity and quality of the personnel needed for systems; (2) design systems that • Create a climate that will prevent sexual are easily usable by Soldiers, safe to operate, assault in the Army cause no unnecessary health problems, and maximize Soldier survivability; and (3) ensure • Create a climate that will encourage acceptable trade-offs are made among per- victims to report incidents of sexual formance, design and Soldier issues. assault without fear of reprisal MANPRINT’s Strategic Value to the Army • Establish sexual assault training and awareness programs to educate Soldiers The MANPRINT process employs task and and leaders functional analyses and modeling to best de- • Ensure the sensitive, confidential and termine personnel efficiency in operating and comprehensive treatment of victims maintaining systems. The analyses, matched with the relevant personnel attributes and • Ensure leaders understand their roles well-planned training, yield lower manpower and responsibilities in response to sexual requirements per system. Because early assaults and thoroughly investigate design decisions are so critical to life-cycle Personnel

allegations of sexual assault costs, MANPRINT must be employed early in Annex E a system’s developmental cycle to maximize MANPRINT Program out-year operational and support savings. The continual improvement in MANPRINT Tomorrow’s battlefield will be a complex techniques and tools relies on adequate fund- environment, filled with new equipment and ing of additional Soldier-oriented research technologies. Real battlefield effectiveness and development. As we continue to push the results from a good match between the people envelope for battlefield dominance through who operate and maintain the equipment and technology advancements and innovations, the equipment itself. At the heart of the Army we must ensure that the Soldier remains the Vision are well-trained Soldiers, using state- centerpiece of our formation.

2005 Army Modernization Plan E-17 U.S. Army Research Institute for the type game-engine-based training. Future Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI) ARI leader development research will support development and assessment of the skills ARI’s mission is to maximize individual and needed by Future Force leaders for effective unit performance and readiness to meet Army performance in field settings; demonstrate operational requirements through research computer-based coaching for developing in the behavioral and social sciences. Our leader skills; and develop methods for grow- program in personnel, training and leader de- ing leaders who can meet anticipated 2020 velopment research covers the total life cycle requirements. of the Soldier and provides the foundation to select, assign, promote and retain the high- Conclusion est quality Soldiers; train and develop them to keep pace with technology and changing To remain relevant and ready, today and mission demands; and quickly develop lead- tomorrow, the Army must continue to recruit ers with the conceptual and interpersonal and retain the right Soldiers and civilians, skills to lead the Future Force. improve management systems that support a lifetime of service, and ensure the human Future ARI research in personnel will improve dimension is considered in the development officer accession and retention policy, improve of new systems and equipment. Of utmost enlisted attrition management, recommend importance, the Army must stay focused on future Soldier selection and classification supporting commanders in the field with per- systems, and support future unit focused sonnel systems and information that enhance stabilization. In training, ARI’s future research warfighting capability and agility. Ultimately, will develop prototype small unit leader and the success of transformation will be realized team training methods; new methods for only if the personnel community remains alert simulation-based collective training; joint to the current and future needs of out most training and feedback methods; and proto- valuable asset—People.

Annex E Personnel

E-18 2005 Army Modernization Plan Annex F: Facilities

Introduction support role to interagency (domestic) and multinational (international) cooperation. As the Army continues to transform, a myriad of actions and initiatives are being simulta- There are three essential tasks that must be neously implemented that must be synchro- accomplished for installations to meet their nized and coordinated in order to effectively challenging, evolving role: development of transform while at war. The Installations as strategies to posture installations as deploy- our Flagships Focus Area enhances Army ment platforms with robust, technology-rich installations’ ability to project power and reach capabilities; adjusting installation sup- support families. The Army will implement port and resourcing priorities to meet the fundamental changes in force structure, spiral needs of the Army at war and transforming; technology insertion and business processes. and maintaining support for the well-being of Our installations support a joint and expedi- all Soldiers and their families. Subtasks for tionary force where Soldiers train, mobilize these three essential tasks have been devel- and deploy to fight and win. These forces are oped, and the Office of the Assistant Chief of sustained through reach operations, reducing Staff for Installation Management (OACSIM) the in-theater footprint as well as providing un- and its executing agents, the Installation precedented battle command and situational Management Agency (IMA) and the U.S. awareness at home station. Soldiers and Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), continue their families who live on and off installations to refine strategies and objectives leading deserve the same quality of life as is afforded to realignment of resources or divestiture of the society they are pledged to defend. marginal tasks. The Army will continue to de- velop new strategies while adjusting existing The role of installations has changed sig- programs to ensure we properly identify and nificantly. No longer merely deployment validate our installation requirements. platforms and support for the well-being of Soldiers and their families, installations now Installation Strategy and Objective provide continuous support from the foxhole to home station throughout deployment. As While all installations serve a vital role in the Army transcends to an unprecedented maintaining and sustaining an expedition- level of force structure change and technol- ary Army ready to meet the Army’s mission ogy integration, installations will undergo a across a broad spectrum of contingencies, corresponding change in business processes, not all locations are geographically or eco- roles and responsibilities. The integrated, nomically suited to meeting the broad range collective capabilities and capacities of instal- of capabilities, characteristics or capacities on Facilities lations in any given geographic region will far a single post. Each installation has its own Annex F exceed what any one installation can provide. unique strength fostered either by individual The Army is simultaneously enhancing its joint capability or capacity for a given operational or mission function, or its proximity to key or

2005 Army Modernization Plan F-1 critical support “nodes.” The Army intends facilities will also reduce cramped condi- to harness this individuality or diversity. To tions, thereby improving both the opera- eliminate “have“ and “have not” scenarios, tional posture of the units stationed there the Army is simultaneously and aggressively and the quality of life or well-being of the implementing facility modernization through Army family on post. several Army initiatives such as the Focused Facility Strategy and Residential Communi- • OACSIM and IMA are developing policies, ties Initiative. Additionally, integrating installa- strategies and priorities to implement ag- tion services with the surrounding community gressive transformation of installations as develops an even stronger environment of well as meeting the global war on terror- civil-military community relations. The objec- ism support requirements. Through the tive is to develop and transform into a system implementation of the Army’s Installation of installation capabilities and resources to Information Infrastructure Architecture support a CONUS-based projection of forces. (I3A), installations will provide seamless There are three major thrust areas to achieve connectivity to Army and joint force com- these goals. manders across the full spectrum of opera- tions. A common information architecture • OACSIM is enabling technologies in will link all installations to commanders in partnership with industry and USACE in the field as well as joint, interagency and order to improve our military construction multinational (JIM) support infrastructures response times, facilities standardization worldwide. Installations will enable mission and criteria development, and employ- accomplishment by simultaneously provid- ing adaptive, modular facility designs. ing the means of reducing the in-theater Multipurpose, adaptive facility and facility footprint of deployed forces, and enhanc- complex designs will provide support to ing the commander’s tool kit by providing consolidated functions such as mainte- the vital information hubs, deployment nance, training and logistics in a single platforms and sustainment bases. complex. Single-purpose facility designs will be provided by exception as the Army Training centers will continue to provide migrates to the Future Force. Installations unique capabilities that are utilized on will no longer adopt the one-size-fits-all a rotational basis to conduct integrated posture. live-virtual-constructive (LVC) training for combined arms and collective train- CONUS-based installations will continue to support a mix of Current and Future Forces for the next few decades and will serve as an integral component of the ex- tended battlespace from home station to foxhole. As more installations convert to totally Future Force unit stations, excess space can be reallocated to reduce some of the facility maintenance and repair backlog within a geographic region. At some installations, the combined use of

Annex F regional assets and recovery of excess Facilities

F-2 2005 Army Modernization Plan ing tasks. These training centers will be mation hubs for access to knowledge centers simultaneously and seamlessly linked to and centers of excellence demands higher home station installations or institutional levels of security and protection. The threat centers to expand their training capa- environment (e.g., terrorism, biohazards, bilities. Digitally enabled training facilities computer hacking) facing Soldiers, their fami- and equipment will provide the flexibility lies, Department of the Army civilians (DACs), for Soldiers, units and command staffs to and contractors on an installation will require train from geographically separate loca- full-dimensional protection. tions in a synthetic environment, thereby optimizing training opportunities and in- creasing readiness. • Through detailed and regular coordination with Army Staff proponents and Major Army Commands, OACSIM is synchroniz- ing decisions and implementation mile- stones based on the efforts of the previous two axes. Having the right installation infrastructure and facility mix at the right place and time is vital to continued Army readiness and modernization. Moreover, Beyond standardizing access control points the Army requires modern, web-enabled for all installations that aggressively meets capabilities to manage, as well as provide the realities of today’s anti-terrorism and support across the doctrine, organization, force protection needs, installations may training, materiel, leadership and educa- incorporate advanced technologies such tion, personnel and facilities (DOTMLPF) as biometrics; smart cards; entity tracking; domains. networked sensors; and chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and high-yield explosives Hence, the Army installation transformation (CBRNE), and weapons or munitions detec- environment will require changes in business tion capabilities. Security procedures and processes, policies and installation man- capabilities will be linked to local, state and agement structure, as well as the following federal law enforcement activities, enhancing attributes and characteristics. The primary responsiveness and increasing survivability. thrust for this axis is the development of The use of emerging and advanced technol- policies and programmatic strategies that ogy such as sensors and detectors can en- support validation and verification of facility hance the security posture of the installation and infrastructure requirements to meet Army without having to resort to an entrenchment stationing and fielding time lines across all or “walled-city” environment. DOTMLPF domains. When services are integrated within the sur- Living and Working Environments rounding community, security considerations Facilities may extend beyond the installation boundary Annex F To achieve a balance between the increased to the extent feasible. At the same time, the dependence upon installations serving a vital security posture of installations is less intru- role for reach operations and serving as infor- sive as the aesthetics remain “pleasing to

2005 Army Modernization Plan F-3 the eye” while they belie the actual level of operational resources and training with infra- protection of the installation. structure and facilities sustainment.

Installations and communities will become in- For Soldiers and their families, installations creasingly integrated and mutually supportive. are configured to provide the same quality of Regional, city and installation master plan- life as is afforded the society they are pledged ners will work together to leverage common to defend. The past practice of accepting risk infrastructure and services to create mutual in infrastructure to maintain warfighting readi- benefits and decrease operating costs. Sur- ness has resulted in more than a decade of rounding communities may provide medical, chronic underfunding. More than 50 percent dependent education, or recreational or emer- of our facilities are in such poor condition that gency services to mitigate lack of on-post commanders have rated them as adversely capabilities. Civilian and military communities affecting mission and training requirements. may augment each other in mutual support agreements, thereby maximizing resource The Army has made significant progress investments within a community or region. to rectifying shortfalls and inadequacies as strategies are employed that identify re- Environmental strategies, land use and stew- dundancies, inefficiencies and priorities for ardship activities continue to be more fully investment as well as marginal areas where integrated into business processes and base divestiture increases resource availability for support services both on post and in coordina- shortfall mitigation. These successes are tion with state and local governments. The largely the result of consolidating installation fundamental objective will be to achieve com- management under a central organization mon or mutually supportive goals. Land-use such as the IMA and serve as models for and environmental considerations become Department of Defense application. Over less divisive as perspectives and apprecia- the past few years, the administration and tion for the benefits of close community ties Congress have helped the Army correct this outweigh the occasional disadvantages of situation with innovative business practices. close proximity to military installations. Conclusion Realigning Installation Management Army installations are essential to maintain- On 1 October 2003, the IMA was established ing the premier, expeditionary Army. The as a field operating agency of the OACSIM. key missions for installations continues to be IMA provides a corporate-focused structure the provision of effective facilities that meet for efficient and effective installation man- training, mobilizing and deploying the force, agement worldwide. At the garrison level, sustaining and reconstituting the force, and IMA is implementing creative management taking care of our families. programs to sustain quality installations and maintain the well-being of the entire Army What has changed is the criticality and dura- family. They are sustaining the requisite en- tion of support provided to deployed forces vironmental quality to fully support realistic and the level of technology integration ad- training. Operational commanders are freed opted. This has led to a greater desire for from the time-consuming tasks of running multipurpose, adaptive facilities that maximize Annex F Facilities an installation and the delicate balancing of

F-4 2005 Army Modernization Plan the economical and functional benefits of have been made and strategies continue to standardization. be refined.

Much progress has been made, but we have Installations exist to support the warfighters a long way to go to upgrade our installations and their continued well-being. The Army re- to support our missions, Soldiers and their mains dedicated to meeting the challenge of families. Adjustments to existing programs providing quality, mission-ready installations. Facilities Annex F

2005 Army Modernization Plan F-5 Annex F Facilities

F-6 2005 Army Modernization Plan Acronyms

A2C2 Army airspace command and control

A2C2S Army Airborne Command and Control System Acronyms A2SF Active Army Strength Forecaster AAFARS Advanced Aviation Forward Area Refueling System AAMDC Army Air and Missile Defense Command AAO Army Acquisition Objective AAR after action review ABCS Army Battle Command System ABT air-breathing threats AC Active Component ACAP Army Career and Alumni Program ACAT Acquisition Category ACE Analysis and Control Element ACIP Aircraft Component Improvement Program ACIS Aircrew Integrated Systems ACS Aerial Common Sensor ACSAP Army Center for Substance Abuse Programs ACTD Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration ACTF Army Constructive Training Federation ACUS MP Area Common User System Modernization Plan (currently known as the Joint Network Transport Capability–Spiral) ADA air defense artillery ADAM Air Defense and Airspace Management ADOCS Automated Deep Operations Coordination System ADRS Army National Guard Division Redesign Study ADSAM air-directed surface-to-air missile ADSI Air Defense System Integrator AFATDS Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System AFCS automatic flight control system AGSE Aviation Ground Support Equipment AIM Abrams Integrated Management AIS automated information system AKM Army Knowledge Management AKO Army Knowledge Online ALO level of organization ALS Analytical Laboratory Suite AMC Army Materiel Command AMD air and missile defense AMDCCS Air and Missile Defense Command and Control System

2005 Army Modernization Plan Acronyms-1 AMDPCS Air and Missile Defense Planning and Control System AMDWS Air and Missile Defense Workstation AMEDD Army Medical Department AMI Adaptive Medical Increments AMMPS Advanced Medium Mobile Power Sources AMPS Aviation Mission Planning Systems AMRAAM Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missiles ANCOC Advanced NCO Course ANT Army Node Transloader AO area of operations AOA Analysis of Alternatives Acronyms AOR area of responsibility AOS Army One Source AP anti-personnel APKWS Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System APL-A Antipersonnel Land Mine Alternative APOD aerial port of debarkation APS Automated Pump Stations APU auxiliary power unit AR Army Regulation ARFOR Army forces ARH Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter ARI Army Research Institute for Behavioral and Social Sciences ARNG Army National Guard AROC Army Requirements Oversight Committee ARSOA Army special operations aviation ARSOF Army Special Operations Forces ARSTRAT Army Strategic Forces ARV-A Armored Robotic Vehicle-Assault ASA M&RA Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) ASA(ALT) Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology) ASAS All Source Analysis System ASAS-L All Source Analysis System-Light ASBS Army Selection Board System ASE Aircraft Survivability Equipment ASIP Advanced System Improvement Program ASMD Air Space and Missile Defense ASPG Army Strategic Planning Guidance AT antitank ATACMS Army Tactical Missile System ATACMS-P ATACMS-Penetrator ATCCS Army Tactical Command and Control System AT-CDEP Army Transformation Concept Development and Experimentation Campaign Plan

Acronyms-2 2005 Army Modernization Plan ATD Advanced Technology Demonstration ATGM Antitank Guided Missile Vehicle ATIA Army Training Information Architecture ATLAS All Terrain Lifter Army System ATLDP-C Army Training and Leader Development Panel Civilian ATLDP-O Army Training and Leader Development Officer Panel ATNAVICS Air Traffic Navigation, Integration, and Coordination System ATR automatic target recognition ATS Army Targetry Systems Acronyms ATS/ATC Air Traffic Services/Air Traffic Control AVCATT–A Aviation Combined Arms Tactical Trainer–Aviation AW Air Warrior AWIS Aircraft Wireless Intercom System AWOL absent without leave AWS Airspace Workstation AWSS Aerial Weapons Scoring System BA budget activities; battlespace awareness BASIC body armor set individual countermine BAT Biometric Automated Tool BAWS Biological Aerosol Warning Sensor BAX Battle Area Complex BBS Battalion Battle Simulation BC Battle Command BCIS Battlefield Combat Identification System BCP battery command post BCS3 Battle Command Sustainment Support System (previously the Combat Service Support Control System) BCT Brigade Combat Team BCTC Battle Command Training Center BCTP Battle Command Training Program BDA battle damage assessment BEMT Basic Electronics Maintenance Trainer BES Battle Effects Simulator BFN Bridge-to-the-Future Network BFV Bradley Fighting Vehicle BFT Blue Force Tracking BIDS Biological Integrated Detection System BLOS beyond-line-of-sight BMC Battle Master Control BMC4I battle management command, control, communication, computers and intelligence BMDS Ballistic Missile Defense System BMMP Business Management Moderation Program BNCOC Basic NCO Course BOLC Basic Officer Leader Course

2005 Army Modernization Plan Acronyms-3 BSC brigade support company BW biological warfare C&C guidance and control C/MHE Container/Material Handling Equipment C2 command and control C2M Command and Control Module C3I command, control, communications and intelligence C4 command, control, communications and computers C4I2 command, control, communications, computers, information and intelligence C4ISR command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance Acronyms and reconnaissance CA civil affairs CAISI Combat Service Support Automated Information System Interface CALFEX combined arms live-fire exercise CAN capabilities needs analysis CAP Combined Aggregate Program CAPT civil affairs planning team CAT civil affairs teams CATS Combined Arms Training Strategies CATT Combined Arms Tactical Trainer CB chemical/biological CBCSE Common Battle Command Sim Equipment CBMS Chemical Biological Mass Spectrometer CBPS Chemical Biological Protection Shelter CBRN chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear CBRNE chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosives CBT Common Bridge Transporter CCD Charge-coupled detector (video) CCF Course Correcting Fuze CCTT Close Combat Tactical Trainer CD cavalry division CDA Commander Digital Assistant CDD Capability Development Document CDI classification discrimination and identification CE chemical energy CeaVa continuous early validation CES Civilian Education System CFF Central Funding and Fielding CFFT Call for Fire Trainer CFLCC Coalition Forces Land Component Command CGS Common Ground Station CGSC Command and General Staff College CHIMS Counterintelligence/Human Intelligence Information Management System CHS combat health support

Acronyms-4 2005 Army Modernization Plan CI counterintelligence CID combat identification CIDS Capabilities Integration and Development System CIE Clothing and Individual Equipment CITV commander’s independent thermal viewer CIV commander’s independent viewer CJCS Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff CJCSI Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff instruction Acronyms CK Containerized Kitchen CLAWS Complementary Low-Altitude Weapon System CLU container launch unit CM cruise missile CMD cruise missile defense CMOC civil-military operations center CMTC Combat Maneuver Training Center CMWS Common Missile Warning System COE contemporary operating environment COMINT communication intelligence CONPLAN concept plan CONUS continental United States COP common operational picture COS Continuum of Service COTS commercial off-the-shelf CP command post CP DEPMEDS Collectively Protected Deployable Medical System CPAC Civilian Personnel Advisory Centers CPE Collective Protection Equipment CPG Contingency Planning Guidance CPMS Civilian Personnel Management Service CPMS XXI Civilian Personnel Management System XXI CPOC Civilian Personnel Operations Centers CRD Capstone Requirements Document CREW Counter-RCIED Electronic Warfare CROP container roll-in/roll-out platform CRXXI Classroom XXI CS combat support CSA Chief of Staff, U.S. Army CSC Convention for Safe Containers CSH combat support hospital CSS combat service support CSSCS Combat Service Support Control System (currently the Battle Command Sustainment Support System) CSS-SATCOM Combat Service Support Satellite Communications CSSTSS Combat Service Support Training Simulation System CTC combined training center

2005 Army Modernization Plan Acronyms-5 CTIA Common Training Instrumentation Architecture CV Commander Vehicle CVC combat vehicle crewmen CVE common virtual environment DA Department of the Army DAART Digital After Action Review Tool DAB Defense Acquisition Board DAC Department of the Army civilians DAE Defense Acquisition Executive DAGR Defense Advanced GPS Receiver DAP Decon Apparatuses: Portable Acronyms DARP Deployable Range Package DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DBST Digital Battlestaff Sustainment Trainer DCGS-A Distributed Common Ground System-Army DCIIS Defense Counterintelligence Information System DCS Deployment Cycle Support DERF Defense Emergency Response Fund DIMHRS Defense Integrated Military Human Resources System DIS Distributed Interactive Simulation DITSCAP DOD Information Technology Security Certification and Accreditation Process DL distributed learning DLMP Doctrine Literature Master Plan DM designated marksman DOCEX document exploitation DOD Department of Defense DOL Department of Labor DOTMLPF doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leadership and education, personnel, and facilities DPICM Dual Purpose Improved Conventional Munitions DS3 Disabled Soldier Support System DSB Dry Support Bridge DSN Defense Switched Network DSP Defense Support Program DTAS Deployed Theater Accountability Software DTES Division-TES DTF Digital Training Facility DTI Doctrine Taxonomy Initiative DTLD doctrine, training, and leader development DTSS Digital Topographic Support System DTTP Distributed Training Technology Project DVA Department of Veteran Affairs EA executive agent E-BCT Evaluation Brigade Combat Team

Acronyms-6 2005 Army Modernization Plan EDM Electronic Data Manager eHRS Enterprise Human Resource System ELINT electronic intelligence eMILPO Electronic Military Personnel Office ENVG Enhanced Night Vision Goggles EO electro-optic; Equal Opportunity EOD explosive ordnance detachment EOR engage-on-remote Acronyms EPIAFS Enhanced Portable Inductive Artillery Fuze Setter EPLRS Enhanced Position Location Reporting System ER/MP extended range/multipurpose ERD Employment Retrieval System ERFS II Extended Range Fuel System II ES Enlisted Specialty eSB engineer support battalion EST Engagement Skills Trainer ESV Engineer Squad Vehicle ETRAC Enhanced Target Range Acquisition Classification ETS expiration term of service EW electronic warfare FA functional area FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAAD C2 Forward Area Air Defense Command and Control FAAD C2I Forward Area Air Defense Command, Control, and Intelligence FARRP forward area rearm and refueling point FBCB2 Force XXI Battle Command, Brigade and Below FCA future cargo aircraft FCB Functional Capability Board FCR Fire Control Radar FCS Future Combat Systems FDA Food and Drug Administration FDU force design updates FFW Future Force Warrior FISMA Federal Information Security Management Act FL focused logistics FLIR forward looking infrared FM field manual FMI field manual interim FMS foreign military sales FMTV Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles FOC full operational capability FOM family of munitions FoS family of systems FRP full-rate production FRS Forward Repair System

2005 Army Modernization Plan Acronyms-7 FS fire support FS3 Fire Support Sensor System FSC forward support company FSCM fire support coordinating measures FSV Fire Support Vehicle FTI Fixed Tactical Internet FUE first unit equipped FXXI Force Twenty One FY fiscal year FYDP Future Years Defense Plan GATM Global Air Traffic Management Acronyms GB Grenadier BRAT GBI Ground-Based Interceptors GCCS Global Command and Control System GCCS-A Global Command and Control System-Army GCN GMD Communications Network GCS Ground Control Stations GCSS Global Combat Support System GEO geosynchronous earth orbit GFC GMD fire control GIG Global Information Grid GII Global Information Infostructure GMD Ground-Based Midcourse Defense GMLRS Guided MLRS GOCO government-owned, contractor-operated GOGO government-owned, government-operated GOTS government off-the-shelf GPM gallons per minute GPR ground penetrating radar GPS Global Positioning System GSS Ground Soldier System GSTAMIDS Ground Standoff Minefield Detection System HEAB high-explosive airburst HEMTT Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck HEO High Earth Orbit HET Heavy Equipment Transporter HF Hellfire HICON higher headquarters HIMARS High Mobility Artillery Rocket System HITS Home Station Instrumentation Training System HLVTOL Heavy Lift Vertical Takeoff and Landing HMMWV High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle HMVD helmet-mounted visual display HPT high-payoff targets HQDA Headquarters, Department of the Army

Acronyms-8 2005 Army Modernization Plan HR human resources HSTAMIDS Handheld Standoff Mine Detection System HTI Horizontal Technology Integration HUMINT human intelligence I/R internment/resettlement I2 image-intensification I3A Installation Information Infrastructure Architecture IAMD Integrated Air and Missile Defense Acronyms IBA interceptor body armor IBAS improved Bradley acquisition sight ICAM Improved Chemical Agent Monitor ICBM intercontinental ballistic missile ICD Initial Capabilities Document ICV Infantry Carrier Vehicle ID infantry division IDM Improved Data Modem IED improvised explosive device IEWTPT Intelligence Electronic Warfare Tactical Proficiency Trainer IFC integrated fire control IFF identification, friend or foe IFR instrument flight rule I-GNAT Improved GNAT I-HITS initial-Home Station Instrumentation Training System IIR imaging infrared ILE Intermediate Level Education IMA Installation Management Agency IMETS Integrated Meteorological System IMINT imagery intelligence IMS international military students I-MTS Integrated-Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain Training System IMU Inertial Measurement Unit IO information operations IOC initial operational capability IOT&E initial operational test and evaluation IP Internet Protocol IPDS Petroleum Distribution System IPP Installation Protection Program IR infrared IRB Improved Ribbon Bridge IRR Individual Ready Reserve IS Instrumentation System ISO International Standardization Organization ISR intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance ISYSCON Integrated Systems Control ITSB integrated theater signal battalion

2005 Army Modernization Plan Acronyms-9 JAGCE Joint Air-Ground Center of Excellence JBAIDS Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostics System JBPDS Joint Biological Point Detector System JC2 Joint C2 JCAD Joint Chemical Agent Detector JCATS Joint Conflict and Tactical Simulation JCIDS Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System JDLM Joint Deployment Logistics Model JFC Joint Functional Concept JFLCC joint force land component commander JHSV Joint High Speed Vessel (formerly Theater Support Vessel) Acronyms JIC Joint Integrating Concepts JIEDD TF Joint IED Defeat Task Force JIM joint, interagency and multinational JLENS Joint Land Attack Cruise Missile Defense Elevated Netted Sensor System JLOTS Joint Logistics Over-the-Shore JMPS Joint Mission Planning System JNTC Joint National Training Capability JNN Joint Network Node (JNN), (formerly known as the Area Common User System Modernization Plan) JOA Joint Operational Area JOC Joint Operating Concept JOpsC Joint Operations Concepts JP Joint Publication JPADS Joint Precision Airdrop Systems JPALS Joint Precision Approach Landing System JPME Joint Professional Military Education JPS Joint Portal Shield Detector System JROC Joint Requirements Oversight Council JRTC Joint Readiness Training Center JSCP Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan JSGPM Joint Service General Purpose Mask JSLNBCRS Joint Service Lightweight NBC Recon System JSLSCAD Joint Service Lightweight Standoff Chemical Agent Detector JSM-PDS Joint Service Man-Portable Decontamination System JSPDS Joint Service Personnel/Skin Decontamination System JSSED Joint Service Sensitive Equipment Decontamination JSSED-JPID Joint Service Sensitive Equipment Decontamination Joint Platform Interior Decontamination System JSTARS Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System JSTDS Joint Service Transportable Decontamination System JSTDS-LS Large-Scale System JSTDS-SS Small-Scale System JTAGS Joint Tactical Ground Station JTAMD joint theater AMD

Acronyms-10 2005 Army Modernization Plan JTF joint task force JTRS Joint Tactical Radio System JWARN Joint Warning and Reporting Network JWCA Joint Warfighting Capability Assessment KE kinetic energy KLO key leader option km kilometer kW kilowatt Acronyms LACMS land attack cruise missile LAM loitering attack munitions LAN local area network LDM laser designator module LEO Low Earth Orbit LHS Load Handling System LLDR Lightweight Laser Designator Range Finder LMFF Load Handling System Modular Fuel Farm LMG light machine gun LMS lightweight multipurpose shelter LOS line-of-sight LPI low probability of intercept LPD low probability of detection LRAS3 Long-Range Advanced Scout Surveillance System LRIP low-rate initial production LT2 Live Training Transformation LT2-FTS Live Training Transformation-Family of Training Systems LTT light tactical trailer LUH Light Utility Helicopter LVC live-virtual-constructive LVC-IA Live-Virtual-Constructive-Integrated Architecture LW Land Warrior M&S modeling and simulation M3P Multi-Mission Mobile Processor MACOM major command MACS Modular Artillery Charge System MANPRINT Manpower and Personnel Integration MASINT measurement and signature intelligence MATCH Modular Armored Tactical Combat House MBCOTM Mounted Battle Command on the Move MBF My Board File MC Mortar Carrier MC4 Medical Communications for Combat Casualty Care MCG microclimate cooling garment MCS Maneuver Control System; Microclimate cooling system MCU multicomponent unit; munitions control unit MDA Missile Defense Agency

2005 Army Modernization Plan Acronyms-11 ME maneuver enhancement; maneuver enhanced MEADS Medium Extended Air Defense System MEDEVAC medical evacuation MEI major end item MEL military education level MEP mission equipment package METL Mission Essential Task List METT-TC mission, enemy, terrain and weather, time, troops available and civilian MEV Medical Evacuation Vehicle MFCR Multifunction Fire Control Radars MGS Mobile Gun System Acronyms MGV Manned Ground Vehicle MHC Material Handling Crane MI military intelligence MIHDS Modular Integrated Helmet Display System MILES Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System MILSATCOM military satellite communications MILSTD Military Standard MKT Mobile Kitchen Trailer MLC military load classification MLRS Multiple Launch Rocket System MMC Mission Management Center MMW millimeter wave MOFA multiple option fuze, artillery MOPP mission-oriented protective posture MOS military occupational specialty MOTS Mobile Tower System MOUT military operations in urban terrain MOUT IS MOUT Instrumentation System MP military police; manning priority MPCV Mine Protected Clearance Vehicle MRBC multi-role bridge company MRE mission rehearsal exercise MRI Medical Reengineering Initiative MRM Mid-Range Munition MRX mission readiness exercise MSD Maintenance Support Device MSE Missile Segment Enhancement; Mobile Subscriber Equipment MSFA Modular Support Forces Analysis MSG master sergeant MSO mission staging operation; military service obligation MSTF Mission Support Training Facility M-TADS/PNVS Modernized Target Acquisition Designation Sight/Pilot Night Vision Sensor MTBDR mean time between depot replacement MTI moving target indicator

Acronyms-12 2005 Army Modernization Plan MTRS Man-Transportable Robotic System MTS Movement Tracking System MTV medium tactical vehicle MTX mini-transmitter MULE Multifunctional Utility/Logistics and Equipment MW Mounted Warrior MWS Modular Weapon System MWSS MW Soldier Systems Acronyms NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NBC nuclear, biological and chemical NBCRV Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Reconnaissance Vehicle NCO noncommissioned officer NCOES NCO Education System NDAA National Defense Authorization Act NDI nondevelopmental item NDS National Defense Strategy NETOPS network operations NFI Noninvasive Filler Identification NGATS New Generation Army Targetry Systems NGO nongovernmental organizations NLCS Nonlethal Capabilities Set NLOS non-line-of-sight NLOS-C Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon NLOS-LS Non-Line-of-Sight Launcher System NMS National Military Strategy NOSC Network Operations and Security Center NSA National Security Agency NSPS National Security Personnel System NSS National Security Strategy NTA nontraditional agent NTC National Training Center NVG night vision goggles O&O organizational and operational O&S operating and support OACSIM Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management OBP Object-Based Publishing OCA offensive counter air OCONUS outside continental United States OCSW Objective Crew Served Weapon ODS Operation Desert Storm OEF Operation Enduring Freedom OES Officer Education System OICW Objective Individual Combat Weapon OIF Operation Iraqi Freedom OIPT Overarching Integrated Process Team

2005 Army Modernization Plan Acronyms-13 OIS Objective Instrumentation System OMS/MP Operational Mode Summary/Mission Profile OneSAF One Semi-Automated Forces OneTESS One Tactical Engagement Simulation System OPFOR opposing force OPM Office of Personnel Management OPTEMPO operational tempo OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense OSTS Opposing Forces Surrogate Training Systems OSTV OPFOR Surrogate Tank Vehicle OSV OPFOR Surrogate Vehicle Acronyms OSWV OPFOR Surrogate Combat Wheeled Vehicle OT&E operational test and evaluation P3I preplanned product improvement PAC-3 Patriot Advanced Capability-3 PAM precision attack munitions PaYS Partnership for Youth Success PB06 FY06 Presidential Budget PCP program change packages PCS permanent change of station PDHCMG Post-Deployment Health Care Management Guidelines PEO Program Executive Officer PEO EIS Program Executive Office Enterprise Information Systems PERSTEMPO Personnel Tempo PGMM Precision Guided Mortar Munition PLDC Primary Leader Development Course PLGR Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver PLM + Product Life-cycle Management Plus PLS Palletized Load System PM program management PME Professional Military Education POI program of instruction POL petroleum, oil and lubricants PoP proof of principle POS/NAV position/navigation POTF psychological operations task force PQT production qualification testing PSDR Personnel Services Delivery Redesign PSYOP psychological operations PT Personnel Transformation PTIR Precision Track Illumination Radar PVT positioning, velocity and timing QDR Quadrennial Defense Review QR quick reaction QRC quick-reaction capability

Acronyms-14 2005 Army Modernization Plan R&R Rest and Recuperation R5 redeployment, return-to-duty, R&R, reception and replacement RAID Rapid Aerostat Initial Deployment RC Reserve Component RCIED remote-controlled improvised explosive device RCU remote control unit RDA research, development, and acquisition RDEC research development and engineering center Acronyms RDTE research, development, test and evaluation REBS Rapidly Emplaced Bridge System REF Rapid Equipping Force REFRAD release from active duty RF radar frequency RFI Radar Frequency Interferometer; Rapid Fielding Initiative RFID radio frequency identification RIFTS Rapidly Installed Fluid Transfer System RIT Reintegration Training ROE rules of engagement RPG rocket-propelled grenade RRP Risk Reduction Program RSTA reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition RTCH Rough Terrain Container Handler RTFL Rough Terrain Forklift RV Reconnaissance Vehicle RWS Remote Weapons Station S&T science and technology SaaS Soldier as a System SAASM Selective Availability Anti-Spoofing Module SAF semi-automated forces SAL semi-active laser SALE Single Army Logistics Enterprise SAR synthetic aperture radar SASO stability and support operations SATCOM Satellite Communications SATS Standard Automotive Tool Set SAW squad automatic weapon; Senior Army Workforce SAWE Simulated Area Weapons Effects SBA Small Business Administration SBCT Stryker Brigade Combat Team SBE stay-behind equipment SBIRS Space-Based Infrared System SBP Survivor Benefit Plan SC special compact S-CATT Soldier Combined Arms Tactical Trainer SDD System Development and Demonstration

2005 Army Modernization Plan Acronyms-15 SDHSS Shallow Draft High-Speed Ship SDS Sorbent Decontamination System SE Core Synthetic Environment Core SECDEF Secretary of Defense SEMA special electronic mission aircraft SEP Soldier Enhancement Program SEWD Space Electronic Warfare Detachment SF special forces SFC sergeant first class SIAP Single Integrated Air Picture SICPS Standardized Integrated Command Post Systems Acronyms SIGINT signals intelligence SIIRCM Suite of Integrated Infrared Countermeasures SIMNET-T Simulation Network Training SINCGARS Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System SIPRNET SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network SIRFC Suite of Integrated Radio Frequency Countermeasures SJFHQ Standing Joint Force Headquarters SKA skills, knowledge and attributes SLAM selectable lightweight attack munitions SLAMRAAM Surface-Launched Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile SLEP Service Life Extension Program SMART Simulation and Modeling for Acquisition, Requirements and Training SMART-T Secure Mobile Anti-Jam Reliable Tactical Terminal SMC Sergeant Major Course SMDC Space and Missile Defense Command SMS Sweep Monitoring System SMSR Strength Management System Redesign SMTI selective moving target indicator SOAED special operations aviation expeditionary detachment SOAR(A) Specials Operations Aviation Regiment (Army) SOF Special Operations Forces SoS system of systems SOSA Systems of Systems Architecture SPOD seaport of debarkation SPORT Soldier Portable On-System Repair Tool SR surveillance radar SRC standard requirements code SRP Sustainable Range Program SSE Space Support Element SSET Space Support Element Toolkit SSF system-of-systems framework SSH Secret System High SSTOL Super Short Takeoff and Landing STE Synthetic Training Environment

Acronyms-16 2005 Army Modernization Plan STRAC Standards in Training Commission SWB software blocking T&E test and evaluation T2 Training Transformation TAA Total Army Analysis TACSIM Tactical Simulation TADLP The Army Distributed Learning Program TADSS training aids, devices, simulators and simulations Acronyms TAF Training Analysis and Feedback TAIS Tactical Airspace Integration System TARP Training Augmentation Range Packages TBM tactical ballistic missile TBMCS theater battle management system TC-AIMS II Transportation Coordinators’ Automated Information for Movement System II TDDT Training and Doctrine Development Tool TE Training Environment TENCAP Tactical Exploitation of National Capabilities TEP Tactical Electric Power TES Tactical Exploitation System THAAD Terminal High Altitude Area Defense THP take home package TI Tactical Internet TIC toxic industrial chemical TIM toxic industrial material TIN tactical installation and networking TLM target locator module TLO terminal learning objective TMDE test, measurement, and diagnostics equipment TOC tactical operations centers TOW tube launched, optically tracked, wire guided TPFDD time-phased force deployment data TPG Transformation Planning Guidance TQG TEP Tactical Quiet Generator TRADOC Training and Doctrine Command TRI-TAC TRI-Services Tactical Communications TSIU Tactical Simulation Interface Units TSS Training Support System TSV Theater Support Vessel (currently Joint High Speed Vessel) TTP tactics, techniques and procedures TUAV Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle TWPS Tactical Water Purification System TWS Thermal Weapon Sights UA Unit of Action UAV unmanned aerial vehicle

2005 Army Modernization Plan Acronyms-17 UAVS unmanned aerial vehicle systems UCS Unified Command Suite UE Unit of Employment UEWR Upgraded Early Warning Radars UGV unmanned ground vehicle UHF ultra-high frequency USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers USAF United States Air Force USAJFKSWCS U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School USAR U.S. Army Reserve USAREUR United States Army Europe Acronyms USARSO United States Army South USASOC United States Army, Special Operations Command USCENTCOM United States Central Command USD Under Secretary of Defense, Personnel and Readiness USF Unit Set Fielding USFK United States Forces, Korea USMC United States Marine Corps USN United States Navy USPACOM United States Pacific Command USSOCOM United States Special Operations Command VAA value-added analysis VCSA Vice Chief of Staff, Army VMET Verification of Military Experience and Training VOIP voice-over IP VSAT very small aperture terminals VSO veterans service organization VV&A verification, validation and accreditation WA2R2 warfighting alternative analysis requirements and resources WAN wide area network WARSIM Warfighters Simulation WBLO Well-Being Liaison Office WIM WARSIM Intelligence Model WIN-T Warfighter Information Network-Tactical WMD weapons of mass destruction WMD-CST Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Team WOES Warrant Officer Education System XBR X-Band Radars XML Extensible Markup Language

Acronyms-18 2005 Army Modernization Plan Army G8-FD Director, Force Development 700 Army Pentagon Washington, D.C. 20310-0700 www.army.mil