Concepts Topographic Map Contour Lines

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1/14 Concepts Highway Design Project WWhoho to stastart?rt? What are the steps? Highway Design Principals Amir Samimi Civil Engineering Department Sharif University of Technology 2/14 3/14 Topographic Map Contour Lines Contou r lin es ar e lin es th at co nnect po ints t hat a re o f t he sa me elevation. They show the exact elevation, the shape of the land, and the steepness of the land’s slope. Contour lines never touch or cross. A topographic map, also known as a contour map, is a map that shows the shape of the land using contour line. It is a map that shows and elevation field, meaning how high and low the ground is in relation to sea level. 4/14 5/14 What is a benchmark? What is a contour interval? A bebenchmarknchmark isis a popointint wwherehere eexactxact eelevationlevation iiss knknownown aandnd iiss A cocontourntour inintervalterval iiss tthehe ddifferenceifference in eelevationlevation betweebetweenn two marked with a brass or aluminum plate. It is marked BM on contour lines that are side by side. the map with the elevation numbers given in feet. Remember that a contour interval is not the distance between Benchmarks are useful to help determine contour lines. the two lines – to get the distance you need to use the map scale. 6/14 7/14 Close Together? Dark Colored Contour Lines If the co ntou r lin es ar e cl ose togethe r, t he n t hat ind icates t hat The da rk colo red co ntou r lines rep rese nt eve ry fift h co ntou r area has a steep slope. line to make it easier to read the map. If the contour lines are far apart, then that indicates the land has a gentle slope (low slope). 8/14 9/14 How to Use Contour Lines? Vertical Alignment VeVeryry ssimple.imple. ObjectObjective:ive: You guess! Determine elevation to ensure Proper drainage Acceptable level of safety Primary challenge Transition between two grades VtilVertical curves Sag Vertical Curve G1 G2 G1 G2 Crest Vertical Curve 10/14 11/14 Horizontal Curve Superelevation Rv ≈ Objective: W p F f Fcp Geometry of directional transition to ensure: Fc Safety Comfort Primary challenge e Transition between two directions W 1 ft Horizontal curves Fundamentals Circular curves α Superelevation Δ WV 2 WV 2 W sin f s W cos sin cos gRv gRv 12/14 13/14 Superelevation Parameters Superelevation Transition PrPracticalactical limilimitsts oonn supesuperelevationrelevation (e) Climate Constructability Adjacent land use Side friction factor (fs) variations Vehicle speed Pavement texture Tire condition 14/14 Cost Benefit Analysis The ma in steps an d objecti ves.

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