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Annual Prevalence of HRV and Its Genotypes in Asia, Review

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Annual Prevalence of HRV and Its Genotypes in Asia, Review Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2016; 4(5): 97-104 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 JEZS 2016; 4(5): 97-104 Annual prevalence of HRV and its genotypes in © 2016 JEZS Received: 15-07-2016 Asia, review Accepted: 16-08-2016 Sonia Aslam Sonia Aslam, Hameed Ur Rehman, Maryuem Humayun, Zakir Ullah, Department of Zoology, Saeed Ahmad, Muhammad Ayub Jadoon, Javid Khan, Mian Numan, Kohat University of Science and Technology, KPK, Pakistan. Muhammad Naeem and Kausar Saeed Hameed Ur Rehman Abstract Department of Chemistry, Human rhinovirus is the major pathogen among all age groups causing common cold and can be Kohat University of Science and Technology, KPK, Pakistan. associated with severe infections like asthma, pneumonia, wheezing which may lead to hospitalization. Phylogenetic analysis has led to the classification of human rhinovirus into three genotypes i-e HRV-A, Maryuem Humayun HRV-B and HRV-C. These genotypes have different biological properties, clinical outcome and provide Department of Microbiology, information for studying the epidemiology and pathogenesis. This review article characterizes the Abbottabad University of Science distribution of HRV and its genotypes for the first time in Asia. 94 published articles (2005-2015) related and Technology, Pakistan to HRV and its genotypes in Asia were searched. Children were more infected with HRV in Asia than in any other age group. HRV is the main agent causing acute respiratory infections in Asian countries, Zakir Ullah Department of Microbiology, responsible for mild to severe respiratory infections in all age groups, particularly in children. Effective Abbottabad University of Science preventive measures are needed on urgent basis to control the disease burden. and Technology, Pakistan Keywords: Human rhinoviruses, genotypes, ALRTs, epidemiology, prevalence, seasonality and Saeed Ahmad transmission Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Pakistan Introduction Respiratory infections are the most common in human beings all around the world and a root Muhammad Ayub Jadoon cause of death in children less than 5 years of age [1]. Due to the ease in transmission among Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science hosts, viral ARTIs within childhood spark a wide-range connected with disease severeness; and Technology, Pakistan from common cold to severe life-threatening respiratory tract infections. Thus, they impose extensive load on healthcare systems and is a reason for a large amount of emergency visits to Javid Khan hospital and hospitalizations and due to which viral ARTIs are the main concernin the global Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science health problems. Inspite of the progression within medication, the common cold is still a great and Technology, Pakistan burden on society regarding human sufferings, medical visits, school and work absenteeism and economic losses. Of the several viruses that cause the disease, the role of rhinoviruses is Mian Numan Department of Animal Genomics& most prominent. Dr. Winston Price in 1956 first isolated human rhinoviruses at Johns Hopkins Biotechnology, PARC institute of University. It is responsible for upper respiratory tract infection (URI), common cold, acute Advance Studies in Agriculture otitis media, sinusitis, chronic pulmonary disease, asthma, severe bronchiolitis in infants and NARC Islamabad, Pakistan children, pneumonia in elders and immunocompromised adults [2]. HRVs infections are Muhammad Naeem restricted mostly to the upper airways due to the best replication of HRVs at a temperature of [3] Department of Zoology, Hazara 33-34 °C . Being acid labile it do not replicate in the gastrointestinal tract and this helps in University distinguishing Rhinoviruses from other enteroviruses [4]. Rhinovirus infections occur in all seasons. In temperate climates it is most prevalent in the fall Kausar Saeed Department of Zoology, Abdul and spring. It is usually transmitted by respiratory- salivary route, directly from one individual Wali Khan University Mardan to another or through aerosol [5]. HRVs show greater genetic diversity and three species have Buner Campus, Pakistan been recognized: HRV-A, HRV-B, and HRV-C [6].There are more than 100serotypes of human rhinoviruses, HRV-A with 74 serotypes, and HRV-B with 25 serotypes. HRVs are non enveloped single stranded RNA (ssRNA) containing viruses having a diameter of 24 to 30 nm and 7200 bp belongs to genus Enterovirus and family Picornaviridae. The viral capsid is made of 4 proteins designated VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4, arranged in 60 repeating protomeric icosahedral units carrying the RNA genome while the nonstructural proteins are involved in replication and assembly. Proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3 have antigenic sites and are responsible for host immune response, VP4 holds the RNA core to the capsid. The 5′UTR is typically Correspondence Hameed Ur Rehman ~650 bases, the open reading frame ~6500 bases (~2100 encoded amino acids) and the 3′UTR [2] Department of Chemistry, consists of ~50 bases . Kohat University of Science Recently in America, Australia, and Hong Kong a new variant of HRV was recognized in and Technology, KPK, Pakistan patients having acute RTIs that shares 53 to 57% homology at the amino acid level to HRV-A ~ 97 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies and HRV-B. The main symptoms of patients infected with disease burden associated with human rhinovirus infection in this new strain vary by location: patients from Australia and Asia. Hong Kong mainly have bronchiolitis, wheezing, and asthmatic exacerbation, while in contrast to America HRV prevalence primarily present with flu-like symptoms [7]. The aim of the In this study, we report for the first time in Asia the present review is to find the prevalence and clinical impact prevalence of HRV in different age groups. Data related to of HRV in Asia. Asia is the world largest continent, covering HRV was found in 94 articles from different countries i.e about 30% of the earth’s land. There are 53 countries in Asia. Cambodia, Taiwan, Turkey, India, Israel, Japan, Iran, Jordan, As vaccination is currently inaccessible for human Laos, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippine, Thailand, rhinoviruses, it is necessary to observe epidemic patterns, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Qatar, Korea, Cyprus, efficient identification of serotypes and their control to China and Bangladesh. 126,026 individuals were screened prevent future epidemics. This study will help to determine for HRV and 21,156 (16.8%) were infected. Table 1: Prevalence of HRV infection determined by molecular methods, sampling, associated symptoms and seasonal distribution in several countries HRV+/Total Country Method of detection Sample Symptoms Seasonality Ref % 52/177 Realtime Nasopharyngeal Jan, Feb, June, July, Bangladesh Sneezing, nose picking [8] (29.3%) RT-PCR aspirate Nov, Dec 1229/20507 Multiplex RT-PCR, Blood culture, nose & Pneumonia, cough, Cambodia - [9-12] (6%) Mass Tag PCR throat swab bronchiolitis, fever ≥38 °C. 116/325 [13, Cyprus Multiplex RT-PCR Nasopharyngeal swab - Winter (35.7%) 14] 53/216 Taiwan RVP assay, cell culture - Febrile ARTI - [15] (24.53%) Nasopharyngeal 49/182 Bronchiolitis, cough, runny [16, Turkey Multiplex RT-PCR aspirate, middle ear - (27%) nose, acute otitis media 17] fluid 6/2737 India Conventional RT-PCR Nasal & throat swab - - [18] (0.2%) 346/465 Israel Acute bronchiolitis Winter [19] (74.4%) 166/1107 Real time PCR, Nasal wash, Cough, sore throat, wheezing, [20- Iran Autumn, winter (15%) Reverse transcriptase PCR nasopharyngeal swab asthma, sneezing, rhinorrhea 25] Nasal mucus, 143/946 Multiplex real time PCR, Pharyngitis, bronchitis, asthma, Sep, dec, march, [26- Japan nasopharyngeal (15.1%) Viral culture, RT-PCR wheezing, fever ≥38 °C april, june 28] aspirate and swab 276/1053 Nasopharyngeal [29, Jordan Real time RT-PCR Fever respiratory symptoms - (26.2%) aspirate 30] Nasopharyngeal Bronchiolitis, pneumonia, 4395/19522 Multiplex RT-PCR, real aspirate, [31- Korea croup, asthma, acute respiratory (22.5%) time PCR oropharyngeal swab, 44] infection - throat swab 188/2252 Real time PCR,RT-PCR, Pneumonia, bronchiolitis, Autumn& winter [45- Kuwait - (8.3%) Conventional PCR recurrent chest infection, croup (oct to march) 47] 102/292 Nasopharyngeal & Laos Multiplex RT-PCR Cough, fever, polypnea All seasons [48] (35%) throat swab 69/268 Nasopharyngeal Rhonchi, vomiting, asthma, [49, Malaysia Reverse transcriptase PCR - (26%) aspirate & throat swab bronchiolitis, wheezing 50] 552/4907 All seasons peak in [51, Mongolia Multiplex real time PCR Nasopharyngeal swab Acute RTI (11.2%) fall 52] Nasopharyngeal & 787/3666 RT-PCR, Taq man & Pneumonia, fever≥ 38 °C, [53- Philippine throat swab, serum, (21.46%) multiplex real time PCR cough, wheezing, runny nose 55] blood culture - 102/1038 Asthma, COPD, acute [56, Qatar Real time PCR,DFA Nasal swab winter (10%) bronchiolitis 57] 5741/30870 Pneumonia, abnormal WBC [58- Thailand RT-PCR Nasopharyngeal swab (18.6%) count, abnormal breath sound - 61] 64/500 Singapore Hemi nested PCR Nasopharyngeal swab - - [62] (13%) Nasopharyngeal Cough, breathing difficulty, 1161/4825 [63- Vietnam Multiplex RT-PCR aspirate, nose & throat pneumonia, bronchiolitis, (24%) - 67] swab, blood hypoxia, SARI Saudi 1307/3433 Sputum, Pneumonia, earache, wheezy [68- RT-PCR, multiplex PCR Arabia (38%) nasopharyngeal swab chest, runny nose, sore throat 71] - RT-PCR, conventional Nasal & throat swab, Sore throat, cough, wheezing, 4252/26738
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