Towards an Ecosystem-Based Approach of Guam's Coral Reefs: the Human Dimension
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University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Publications, Agencies and Staff of the .SU . U.S. Department of Commerce Department of Commerce 2016 Towards an ecosystem-based approach of Guam's coral reefs: The umh an dimension Mariska Weijerman NOAA Fisheries, Pacific sI lands Fisheries Science Center, 1845 Wasp Blvd Building 176, Mail Rm 2247, Honolulu, HI, [email protected] Cynthia Grace-McCaskey University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, 1000 Pope Road, Marine Science Bldg 312, Honolulu, HI Shanna L. Grafeld University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, 1910 East-West Road, Sherman 101, Honolulu, HI Dawn M. Kotowicz University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, 1000 Pope Road, Marine Science Bldg 312, Honolulu, HI Kirsten L.L. Oleson University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, 1910 East-West Road, Sherman 101, Honolulu, HI See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub Weijerman, Mariska; Grace-McCaskey, Cynthia; Grafeld, Shanna L.; Kotowicz, Dawn M.; Oleson, Kirsten L.L.; and van Putten, Ingrid E., "Towards an ecosystem-based approach of Guam's coral reefs: The umh an dimension" (2016). Publications, Agencies and Staff of ht e U.S. Department of Commerce. 546. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub/546 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Commerce at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications, Agencies and Staff of the .SU . Department of Commerce by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Mariska Weijerman, Cynthia Grace-McCaskey, Shanna L. Grafeld, Dawn M. Kotowicz, Kirsten L.L. Oleson, and Ingrid E. van Putten This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub/ 546 Marine Policy 63 (2016) 8-17 Towards an ecosystem-based approach of Guam's coral reefs: The human dimension Mariska Weijerman a,b,*, Cynthia Grace-McCaskeyc, Shanna L. Grafeld d, Dawn M. Kotowicz c, Kirsten L.L Oleson d, Ingrid E. van Putten e,f a NOM Fisheries, Pacific Islands Fisheries Sdence Center, 1845 Wasp Blvd Building 176, Mail Rm 2247, Honolulu, HI 96818, USA b Wageningen University, Environmental Systems Analysis Group, PO Box 47, 6700M Wageningen, The Netherlands C University of Hawai~ at Manoa, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, 1000 Pope Road, Marine Sdence Bldg 312, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA d University of Hawai~ at Manoa, Department of Natuml Resources and Environmental Management, 1910 East-West Road, Sherman 101, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA e CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001, Austmlia f University of Tasmania, Centre for Marine Sodoecology, Hobart, TAS 7001, Austmlia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Management of tropical reef ecosystems under pressure from terrestrial and extractive marine activities Received 10 July 2015 is not straightforward, especially when the interests of extractive and non-extractive marine resource Received in revised form sectors compete. Before implementing management actions, potential outcomes of alternative man 24 September 2015 agement strategies can be evaluated in order to avoid adverse or unintended consequences. In tropical Accepted 24 September 2015 reef ecosystems the continued existence of the cultural and recreational fishing activities and the eco nomically important dive-based tourism and recreation industry rest on sustainably managed marine Keywords: resources. Through a case study of Guam, an ecosystem model was linked with human behavior models Marine resource use for participation in fishing and diving to evaluate future socio-ecological impacts of different manage Coral reef ecosystem ment options. Ecosystem indices for reef status and resilience, and extraction potential were identified to Socio-ecological model Guam evaluate the performance of alternative management scenarios. These marine ecosystem indices link the Fisheries natural system to human uses (fishing and dive-based tourism and recreation). Evaluating management Tourism scenarios indicate that applying a single management tool, such as input controls or marine preserves, without also managing the watershed, is suboptimal. Combining different management tools has ne gative near-term costs, particularly for the fishing sector, but these are likely to be outweighed by the long-term benefits obtained from greater species abundance. Adopting watershed management mea sures in addition to fishery regulations distributes the burden for improving the reef status across multiple sectors that contribute to reef pressures. © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1. Introduction socio-economic systems [5,6]. Integrated models can simulate the ecological, social, and economic consequences of different man Ecosystem-based management is increasingly advocated for agement approaches [7-9]. Changing human behavior is the main marine fisheries around the world [1,2]. Typically, different man management lever, and thus a critical component of integrated agement strategies could be implemented to achieve the man ecosystem modeling [10]. However, human behavior models of agement objectives specified in an ecosystem approach. Manage non-commercial activities are seldom coupled to biophysical ment strategy evaluation (MSE), which compares and contrasts economic models. outcomes across multiple management objectives, is a tool im Typically, these integrated models depict economic behavioral drivers quantitatively through the use of metrics, such as profit plicit to an ecosystem approach [3,4]. One MSE approach involves maximization [11]. Yet these models fail to capture the significant, the development of integrated marine ecosystem models, which non-commercial element of the fishery system, where fish might requires intimate knowledge of the biophysical as well as the be taken for cultural or traditional celebrations, household con sumption or barter [5,12,13]. Moreover, this commercial focus on * Corresponding author at: NOM Fisheries, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science extraction ignores the significant economic importance of non Center, 1845 Wasp Blvd Building 176, Mail Rm 2247, Honolulu, HI 96818, USA. market and non-extractive uses of the marine ecosystem [14]. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Weijerman). Both reef-fish fisheries and reef-related tourism and recreation http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpo1.2015.09.028 0308-597X/© 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Marine Policy 63 (2016) 8–17 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpol Towards an ecosystem-based approach of Guam's coral reefs: The human dimension Mariska Weijerman a,b,n, Cynthia Grace-McCaskey c, Shanna L. Grafeld d, Dawn M. Kotowicz c, Kirsten L.L. Oleson d, Ingrid E. van Putten e,f a NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 1845 Wasp Blvd Building 176, Mail Rm 2247, Honolulu, HI 96818, USA b Wageningen University, Environmental Systems Analysis Group, PO Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands c University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, 1000 Pope Road, Marine Science Bldg 312, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA d University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, 1910 East-West Road, Sherman 101, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA e CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia f University of Tasmania, Centre for Marine Socioecology, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia article info abstract Article history: Management of tropical reef ecosystems under pressure from terrestrial and extractive marine activities Received 10 July 2015 is not straightforward, especially when the interests of extractive and non-extractive marine resource Received in revised form sectors compete. Before implementing management actions, potential outcomes of alternative man- 24 September 2015 agement strategies can be evaluated in order to avoid adverse or unintended consequences. In tropical Accepted 24 September 2015 reef ecosystems the continued existence of the cultural and recreational fishing activities and the eco- nomically important dive-based tourism and recreation industry rest on sustainably managed marine Keywords: resources. Through a case study of Guam, an ecosystem model was linked with human behavior models Marine resource use for participation in fishing and diving to evaluate future socio-ecological impacts of different manage- Coral reef ecosystem ment options. Ecosystem indices for reef status and resilience, and extraction potential were identified to Socio-ecological model evaluate the performance of alternative management scenarios. These marine ecosystem indices link the Guam fi Fisheries natural system to human uses ( shing and dive-based tourism and recreation). Evaluating management Tourism scenarios indicate that applying a single management tool, such as input controls or marine preserves, without also managing the watershed, is suboptimal. Combining different management tools has ne- gative near-term costs, particularly for the fishing sector, but these are likely to be outweighed by the long-term benefits obtained from greater species